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Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections
June 20, 2012
APBP Webinar Series Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections | 6-20-2012 1 of 93
Today’s webinar presenters
Michael Moule, PE, PTOE has over 18 years of progressive traffic and transportation engineering experience, including traffic calming, conceptual design for Complete Streets, and theplanning of improved bicycle and pedestrian facilities. His projects accommodate all modes of transportation in order to help cities and states meet their mobility, economic development, safety, and quality of life goals. He has significant innovative design experience and specializes in improving conditions for non-motorized users without degrading motor vehicle capacity. Michael routinely leads community planning processes and training sessions to give citizens the basic skills they need to develop and review street design solutions.
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How to claim credit for CM or PDH
To claim credit for Certification Maintenance (AICP) or Professional Development Hours (PDH) for this webinar:
Log your attendance on the CM / PDH sign‐in sheet
Site hosts: return the completed sign‐in sheet to APBP after the webinar (fax to 866‐720‐3611 or e‐mail [email protected])
Attendees: For people who want a Certificate of Attendance: A fillable PDF form may be downloaded and printed here: http://www.apbp.org/?page=Webinar_certificate
Planners: The AICP has approved one CM credit for this webinar. Go to www.planning.org to claim credit.
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Resolving Conflicts at Complex IntersectionsAPBP Webinar Series
Michael Moule, PE, PTOE
Principal, Nelson\Nygaard Consulting Associates
June 20, 2012
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Geometric ToolsGeometric Tools
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Skewed intersectionsSkewed intersections
Skew increases crossing distance & speed of turning cars6
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Philadelphia PA
Cars can turn at high speedCars can turn at high speed7
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Skew increases crosswalk length, decreases visibility
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Right angle decreases crosswalk length, increases visibility
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Problems with skewed intersections10
APBP Webinar Series Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections | 6-20-2012 10 of 93
Minor solutions for skewed intersections
Protected left or right turn phases
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Major solution for skewed intersections12
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The same principle can be applied to multi-leg intersections13
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Large radii:Large radii:1.1. Increase crossing Increase crossing
distancedistance
2.2. Make crosswalk & Make crosswalk & ramp placement ramp placement more difficultmore difficult
3.3. Add uncertainty for Add uncertainty for bicyclistsbicyclists
4.4. Allow fast motor Allow fast motor vehicle turnsvehicle turns
ReduceReducecorner radiicorner radii
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Canyonville OR
Minimize curb radiusDonDon’’t choose larger design vehicle than necessaryt choose larger design vehicle than necessary
Bus makes turn several times an hourBus makes turn several times an hour15
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Santa Barbara CA
Moving van, once or twice a year; Moving van, once or twice a year; pedspeds cross every daycross every day
Minimize curb radiusMinimize curb radiusDonDon’’t choose larger design vehicle than necessaryt choose larger design vehicle than necessary
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Minimize curb radiusMinimize curb radiusLet trucks use 2Let trucks use 2ndnd lanelane
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Curb extensionsMost focus is on reduced crossing distance
• Better visibility between peds and motorists• Traffic calming• Room for street furniture
Other advantages:
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Better VisibilityBetter Visibility
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Crosswalk placement requires balancingCrosswalk placement requires balancingseveral goals that sometimes compete:several goals that sometimes compete:
•• Shortest crosswalk lengthShortest crosswalk length•• Minimal crosswalk setback to:Minimal crosswalk setback to: Reduce outReduce out--ofof--direction traveldirection travel Provide good sight lines between Provide good sight lines between pedspeds and and
motoristsmotorists
•• Proper ramp placement:Proper ramp placement: Ramps entirely contained in crosswalk Ramps entirely contained in crosswalk Two ramps preferred whenever possibleTwo ramps preferred whenever possible
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Small corner radii allow two ramps, Small corner radii allow two ramps, shortest crosswalks, direct travel pathsshortest crosswalks, direct travel paths
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Larger radii create large undefined areas
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Crosswalks at shortest crossing = longer walking distance
Right & leftRight & left--turning drivers donturning drivers don’’t see crosswalkt see crosswalk
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Single ramp reduces crosswalk setback but lengthens crosswalk
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Balancing the goals works best
Note:Note:Crosswalk length and setback Crosswalk length and setback are greater with large radii than are greater with large radii than with small radiiwith small radii
Note: 3Note: 3”” curb curb exposure between exposure between ramps allows them ramps allows them to be close to be close togethertogether
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Corvallis OR
Crosswalk
Crosswalk
Pedestrian crossing
Pedestrian crossing
Crosswalk placement: Observe pedestriansCrosswalk placement: Observe pedestrians
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The same principles work at skewed intersections or “ramp-like” connections
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Shortest CrosswalkShortest Crosswalk
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Most Direct RouteMost Direct Route
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Midway Solution Midway Solution –– Balances GoalsBalances Goals
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Where to place crosswalk?Where to place crosswalk?
MidwayMidway
Shortest crossingShortest crossing
Mos
t dire
ct ro
ute
Mos
t dire
ct ro
ute
Washington DC
Observe pedestriansObserve pedestrians•• Younger woman takes direct route Younger woman takes direct route (looks over shoulder) (looks over shoulder) •• Older man seeks crosswalkOlder man seeks crosswalk•• Midway would be used by bothMidway would be used by both•• YIELD TO PED signs indicate a problem YIELD TO PED signs indicate a problem
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Crosswalk placement: Think like a pedestrianCrosswalk placement: Think like a pedestrianPhiladelphia PA 32
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Interchanges Interchanges –– treat each ramp terminus like a treat each ramp terminus like a normal intersection (right angles, bike lane normal intersection (right angles, bike lane
channelization, islands where needed)channelization, islands where needed)33
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Single Point Urban InterchangeSingle Point Urban Interchange
Signal timing; 3 movements Signal timing; 3 movements are run through one signalare run through one signal
Takes less ROW than split diamond
1. Through movements2. Left turns in one direction3. Left turns in other direction
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How to make SPUI work for pedestrians: Provide continuous sidewalks Break up crossings into several small steps Use good geometry; create tight, right-angle crossings; Make it clear to drivers where to expect pedestrians
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How to make SPUI work for cyclists:
Provide continuous bike lanes Use good geometry: tight, right-angle approaches Make it clear to drivers where to expect cyclists Ensure enough green time to cross: advance stop bar
Provide continuous bike lanes Use good geometry: tight, right-angle approaches Make it clear to drivers where to expect cyclists Ensure enough green time to cross: advance stop bar
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Aerial view of SPUI that mitigates many of the problems for pedestrians and bicyclists
Salem OR 37APBP Webinar Series Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections | 6-20-2012 37 of 93
Signalization ToolsSignalization Tools
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Restricting Turns on RedRestricting Turns on Red
Tampa FL
MUTCD Section 2B.54
Consider No Turn on Red signs where there is:Consider No Turn on Red signs where there is:•• Poor sight distance between vehicles and Poor sight distance between vehicles and pedspeds;;•• An unusual number of An unusual number of pedped conflicts with turns conflicts with turns
on red (compared to on red (compared to turns on green);turns on green);
•• An exclusive An exclusive pedestrian phase; orpedestrian phase; or
•• A leading pedestrian A leading pedestrian intervalinterval
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Restricting Turns on Red:Restricting Turns on Red:1.1.At all times At all times
Washington DC 40APBP Webinar Series Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections | 6-20-2012 40 of 93
Restricting Turns on Red:Restricting Turns on Red:2. By time of day 2. By time of day
Limits most turns Limits most turns on redon red
St Paul MN 41APBP Webinar Series Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections | 6-20-2012 41 of 93
Restricting Turns on Red:Restricting Turns on Red:3. Changeable message3. Changeable messagesign sign –– can be activatedcan be activatedwhen when pedped pushes pushes button or as set by button or as set by controllercontroller
Orlando FL
Note: An onNote: An on--demand NTOR sign can be used to demand NTOR sign can be used to improve the effectiveness of a Lead Pedestrian Interval improve the effectiveness of a Lead Pedestrian Interval
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Popular because all traffic stops and pedestrians Popular because all traffic stops and pedestrians can cross in any direction can cross in any direction (must ban turns on red)(must ban turns on red)
Exclusive Pedestrian Phase (Barnes Dance)Exclusive Pedestrian Phase (Barnes Dance)
MUTCD Figure 3B-20 (Markings) 43
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Pedestrians pay a price in delay:Pedestrians pay a price in delay:Pedestrians wait for traffic in one directionPedestrians wait for traffic in one direction
Pasadena CA 44APBP Webinar Series Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections | 6-20-2012 44 of 93
Pedestrians wait for traffic in other directionPedestrians wait for traffic in other directionPasadena CA 45
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Reward: pedestrians can cross in any directionReward: pedestrians can cross in any directionPasadena CA
Exclusive pedestrian phase increases safetyExclusive pedestrian phase increases safety(CMF = 0.66; CRF=34%)(CMF = 0.66; CRF=34%)
but decreases efficiency of intersectionbut decreases efficiency of intersection
Use where there are high Use where there are high pedped volumesvolumesand many turning vehiclesand many turning vehicles
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LPI = Lead Pedestrian IntervalLPI = Lead Pedestrian Interval
LPI gives pedestrians a head start
It’s like a “mini” exclusive phase
Link to video of LPI
MUTCD Sec. 4E.06, paragraphs 19-23 47
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Looks like a regular signal to drivers: Looks like a regular signal to drivers: greengreen--yellowyellow--redred
Salem OR 48APBP Webinar Series Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections | 6-20-2012 48 of 93
LPI : WALK comes on at least 3 seconds prior to the green signal;pedestrians enter crosswalk before turning vehicles arrive there.
Salem OR 49APBP Webinar Series Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections | 6-20-2012 49 of 93
Protected Vs. Permissive Left TurnsProtected Vs. Permissive Left Turns
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Permissive Left TurnsPermissive Left Turns
Pedestrians cross at same time as left‐turning car;
Drivers turning left on a green ball don’t look for pedestrians.
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Permissive Left TurnsPermissive Left Turns
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Permissive Left TurnsPermissive Left Turns
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Permissive Left TurnsPermissive Left Turns
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Pedestrians cross before left‐turning car, with thru‐traffic;
Pedestrian and car not in conflict
Protected Left TurnsProtected Left Turns
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Protected Left TurnsProtected Left Turns
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Protected Left TurnsProtected Left Turns
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Protected Left TurnsProtected Left Turns
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Bike SignalsBike SignalsAt unusual At unusual intersections, bikeintersections, bike--specific signals can be specific signals can be used to provide a used to provide a specific phase to specific phase to bicyclists bicyclists
Davis CA
Note: Bike signals are still under experimental use Note: Bike signals are still under experimental use (except in California)(except in California)
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ExamplesExamples
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Bend, OregonBend, Oregon
Revised SkewRevised Skew
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Bend ORBend OR
Skewed intersection reduces visibilitySkewed intersection reduces visibilityDriver looks left, doesnDriver looks left, doesn’’t see pedestrian on rightt see pedestrian on right
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Adjust skew by bringing out curbAdjust skew by bringing out curb
Bend OR 63APBP Webinar Series Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections | 6-20-2012 63 of 93
Result: driver behavior changeResult: driver behavior change
Bend OR 64APBP Webinar Series Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections | 6-20-2012 64 of 93
Salem, OregonSalem, Oregon
Curb Extension and Reduced Curb Extension and Reduced Corner RadiusCorner Radius
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Before: high speed rightBefore: high speed right--turnsturns
Salem OR 66APBP Webinar Series Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections | 6-20-2012 66 of 93
After: slow speed rightAfter: slow speed right--turnsturns
Curb extension and new corner radius must be Curb extension and new corner radius must be designed together designed together –– see earlier radius discussionsee earlier radius discussion
Salem OR 67APBP Webinar Series Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections | 6-20-2012 67 of 93
Before: Pedestrians wait where they can see, in the streetBefore: Pedestrians wait where they can see, in the street
After: curb ext. puts him where he can see and be seenAfter: curb ext. puts him where he can see and be seenSalem OR 68
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Asheville, NCAsheville, NC
Reconfigured intersection at Reconfigured intersection at downtown squaredowntown square
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Before: Huge intersection; exclusive ped phaseBefore: Huge intersection; exclusive ped phase70Asheville NC
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After: smaller intersection, better crosswalksAfter: smaller intersection, better crosswalksAsheville NC 71
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Springfield, OregonSpringfield, Oregon
Reconfigured interchange rampReconfigured interchange ramp
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Flat angle = wide crossing & highFlat angle = wide crossing & high--speed turnsspeed turnsTight angle = short crossing & slow speed turnsTight angle = short crossing & slow speed turns
Springfield ORSpringfield OR
Old ramp alignmentOld ramp alignment
Reconfigured Ramp TerminusReconfigured Ramp Terminus
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•• Red line = old crosswalkRed line = old crosswalk•• Green line = new crosswalkGreen line = new crosswalk
Springfield OR
Reconfigured Ramp TerminusReconfigured Ramp Terminus
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BeforeBefore
75Springfield ORAPBP Webinar Series Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections | 6-20-2012 75 of 93
AfterAfter
Springfield OR 76APBP Webinar Series Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections | 6-20-2012 76 of 93
San Francisco, CASan Francisco, CA
Removal of 5Removal of 5thth leg of intersection leg of intersection (the inexpensive way)(the inexpensive way)
Market Street / Castro Street / 17Market Street / Castro Street / 17thth StreetStreet
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BeforeBefore78San Francisco
CA APBP Webinar Series Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections | 6-20-2012 78 of 93
AfterAfter79San Francisco
CA APBP Webinar Series Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections | 6-20-2012 79 of 93
BeforeBefore80San Francisco
CA APBP Webinar Series Resolving Conflicts at Complex Intersections | 6-20-2012 80 of 93
AfterAfterSan Francisco CA
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AfterAfterSan Francisco CA
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Portland, OregonPortland, Oregon
Bike signal for path at Bike signal for path at intersection cornerintersection corner
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BeforeBefore84Portland OR
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AfterAfter85Portland OR
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AfterAfterPortland OR 86
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New York CityNew York City
All of the aboveAll of the above
Not Times SquareNot Times Square
St. Nicolas Ave at Amsterdam AveSt. Nicolas Ave at Amsterdam Ave
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BeforeBefore88New York City
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AfterAfter89New York City
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BeforeBeforeNew York City 90
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AfterAfter91New York City
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92
Michael Moule, PE, TE, PTOE116 New Montgomery Street
San Francisco, CA 94105(415) 284-1544
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Thank you to our generous webinar sponsors
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