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Layza da Rocha Soares National School of Statistics Science – ENCE/ IBGE
Luciana Togeiro de Almeida
São Paulo State University - UNESP
RESOURCE AND IMPACT DECOUPLING:
EVIDENCES FROM BRAZIL
ISEE 2016 University of the District of Columbia
Washington, DC
GOAL
To investigate the long-term relationship
between economic growth and the
environment in Brazil based on resource and
impact decoupling indicators.
EMPIRICAL STUDY
• Indicators of resource use were measured for all categories of materials (biomass, fossil
fuels carriers, non-metallic minerals and metallic minerals) by the Material Flow
Accounting method (MFA) from 1970 to 2013.
• Material Flow Accounting includes the calculation of flows and accumulation of inputs
(biomass extraction, fossil fuels, ores and minerals, and imports) and outputs (exports,
waste and pollutant emissions) in a national economy, in physical terms and measured in
tons. The material resources consumption of a country is given by the sum of the
domestic extraction and imports of inputs, subtracting exports (EUROSTAT, 2001;
KRAUSMANN et al., 2015; UNEP, 2010).
• The individual accounts of biomass, metal ores, non-metallic minerals and fossil energy
carriers material flows (only direct flows) were constructed for setting up the main
indicators: Domestic Extraction (DE), Physical Trade Balance (PTB) and Domestic
Material Consumption (DMC). They are mainly based on Krausmann and others (2015).
TABLE 1 - MATERIAL CATEGORIES ACCOUNTED BY MFA AND DATA
SOURCES
Category Subcategory Description Data sources
Biomass
Primary crops
Fruits, roots, tubers, cereals, nuts, vegetables,
fibres, pulses, oil bearing crops, sugar cane, and
other crops.
FAOSTAT (2015)
Crop residues (used)
The residual biomass used as feed, bedding
material, for energy production and others (such
as straw, sugar and fodder beet leaves etc.)
Crops which provide residues:
FAOSTAT (2015); conversion
factors: Krausmann et al.
(2015) e Wirsenius (2000).
Fodder crops and grazed
biomass
Different types of roughage including fodder
crops, biomass harvest from natural
environmental or improved grassland and grazed
by livestock.
Number of livestock:
FAOSTAT (2015); annual
roughage intake by grazing
animals (Krausmann et al.
2015)
Wood Industrial Roundwood; wood fuel and other
extraction. FAOSTAT (2015)
Fish capture and other
aquatic animals
Fish capture and extraction of other aquatic
animals and plants FAOSTAT (2015)
Metal ores and non-metallic minerals
Iron ores; non-ferrous metal
ores and non-metallic
minerals.
Run-of-mine production of 8 groups of ores and
18 groups of non-metallic minerals
DNPM (2015a,b); Uranium
from MME (2015)
Fossil energy carriers
Coal, petroleum, natural gas coal incl. peat, petroleum, NGL, LPG, natural
gas.
DNPM (2015a,b); coal from
MME(2015)
EMPIRICAL STUDY
Domestic Extraction (DE) = Biomass + fossil fuels carriers + non-metallic
minerals + metallic minerals
Physical Trade Balance (PTB)= Imports – Exports
Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) = DE + PTB
Main resource decoupling indicators
In addition, impacts indicators related to different environmental aspects (air, land,
water, biodiversity, sanitation) are also used.
Impact decoupling indicators
TABLE 2 - IMPACT INDICATORS PANEL AND DATA SOURCES BY
ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION Environmental
Dimension Pressure indicators Period Data Sources Unit of measure
Atmosphere
Anthropogenic GHG emissions 1990 to 2012 MCTI (2014) Gg CO2eq
Industrial consumption of ozone depleting
substances 1992 to 2013
IBGE (2015) Tons of O.P.P.
Land
Deforestation in the Legal Amazon 1988 to 2013 INPE (2015) km²
Use of fertilizers 1992 to 2013 IBGE (2015) Kg/ha
Land use 1990 to 2011 FAOSTAT (2015) %
Water
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 1992 to 2012 IBGE (2015) Mg/ l
Water Quality Index 1992 to 2012 IBGE (2015) Scale from 0 to 100
Beach water quality 1992 to 2012 IBGE (2015) NMP/100 ml
Biodiversity
Terrestrial protected areas 1992 to 2013 IBGE e MMA(2015) (%)
Marine protected areas 1992 to 2013 IBGE e MMA(2015) (%)
Fish Stocks 1990 to 2011 HSU et al., 2014 (%)
Sanitation
Access to drinking water 1992 to 2011 IBGE (2014) (%)
Access to sanitation 1992 to 2011 IBGE (2014) (%)
Access to waste collection service 1992 to 2011 IBGE (2014) (%)
Proper disposal of waste collected 1992 to 2011 IBGE (2014) (%)
Source: Own elaboration
EMPIRICAL STUDY
RESOURCE DECOUPLING RESULTS Figure 2 - Domestic Material Consumption per capita (t) and GDP per capita – in 2013
thousand Brazilian real (1970 – 2013)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
19
70
19
71
19
72
19
73
19
74
19
75
19
76
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
Biomass Metal ores non-metallic minerals Fossil fuels GDP
Source: Own elaboration based on data from COMTRADE (2015), FAOSTAT (2015), DNPM (2015a,b) and MME(2015).
FIGURE 3 - DOMESTIC EXTRACTION PER CAPITA (T) E GDP PER CAPITA – IN
THOUSAND BRAZILIAN REAL OF 2013 (1971-2013).
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
19
70
19
71
19
72
19
73
19
74
19
75
19
76
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
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19
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19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
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04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
Biomass Metal ores Non-metallic minerals Fossil fuels GDP
Source: Own elaboration based on data from COMTRADE (2015), FAOSTAT (2015), DNPM (2015a,b) and MME(2015).
RESOURCE DECOUPLING RESULTS
FIGURE 4 - PHYSICAL TRADE BALANCE (PTB), BY MAJOR CATEGORY OF
MATERIAL (IN MILLION TONNES), 1970 – 2013
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
19
70
19
71
19
72
19
73
19
74
19
75
19
76
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
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19
89
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91
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01
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02
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08
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20
11
20
12
20
13
Biomass Metal ores Non-metallic minerals Fossil fuels
RESOURCE DECOUPLING RESULTS
Source: Own elaboration based on data from COMTRADE (2015).
FIGURE 5 - VALUE OF EACH TONNE IMPORTED AND EXPORTED (US$ 2000)
(1970-2013)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
19
70
19
71
19
72
19
73
19
74
19
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19
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19
77
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19
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01
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04
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20
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20
09
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10
20
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20
12
20
13
Exported Imported
Source: Own elaboration based on data from COMTRADE (2015).
ABSENCE OF RESOURCE DECOUPLING IN
BRAZIL
• The resource decoupling in developed economies may be related to increased material
extraction and consumption that have been taking place in Brazil and in other Latin
American countries, as pointed out in the literature (OECD, 2008; RUSSI et al . 2008),
since the main resources consumed in Brazil, such as iron ore, soybeans, sugar and
ethanol are precisely the main products exported to developed economies (USA,
Netherlands, Japan, Germany) except China (BRASIL, 2013).
• Material intensity (DMC / GDP) increased 26% in the Brazilian economy, showing that
there was no rise in productivity of resources, such as raw material.
• As pointed out by Krausmann et al. (2008), when the countries go through an urbanization
and industrialization process there is a tendency of reducing the portion of consumed
biomass while mineral inputs increase. Accordingly, in Brazil, similarly to what occurred in
developed economies in terms of material consumption, and notwithstanding the large
growth experienced in all material categories, there was a slump in the biomass share
(from 90% in 1970 to 60% in 2013).
ABSENCE OF RESOURCE DECOUPLING IN
BRAZIL
• Another trend that occurred in developed economies which is also true in the case of
Brazil is the change in the energy matrix composition.
Figure 6 - Distribution of domestic energy supply, from 1970 to 2013
38%
2%
1%
3%0%
5%
47%
5%
0%1970
PETROLEUM NATURAL GASSTEAM COAL COKING COALURANIUM HYDROPOWERFUELWOOD SUGARCANE PRODUCTS
41%
14%
2%3%
2%
11%
8%
16%
4%2013
PETROLEUM NATURAL GASSTEAM COAL COKING COALURANIUM HYDROPOWERFUELWOOD SUGARCANE PRODUCTS
Source: Own elaboration based on data from MME (2015).
IMPACT DECOUPLING RESULTS
Environmental
dimension Indicator Period Result
Atmosphere
Anthropogenic GHG emissions 1990 to 2012 Absolute decoupling
Industrial consumption of ozone depleting
substances 1992 to 2012 Absolute decoupling
Land
Deforestation in the Legal Amazon 1988 to 2013 Absence of decoupling
Use of fertilizers 1992 to 2013 Absence of decoupling
Land use 1980 to 2011 Relative decoupling
Water
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 1992 to 2013 Absolute decoupling
Water Quality Index 1992 to 2013 Absolute decoupling
Beach water quality 1992 to 2013 Absolute decoupling
Biodiversity
Terrestrial protected areas 1992 to 2013 Absolute decoupling
Marine protected areas 1992 to 2013 Absolute decoupling
Fish Stocks 1990 to 2011 Relative decoupling
Sanitation
Access to drinking water 1992 to 2011 Absolute decoupling
Access to sanitation 1992 to 2011 Absolute decoupling
Access to waste collection service 1992 to 2011 Absolute decoupling
Proper disposal of waste collected 1992 to 2011 Absolute decoupling
Source: Own elaboration.
Table 3 – Impact decoupling results by environmental dimension
FINAL REMARKS
• The evidences here corroborate the literature (OECD, 2008; Russi et al., 2008;
Eisenmenger, Martin and Schandl, 2007; West and Schandl, 2013): (i) the increase in
consumption of material resources in developing economies is related to decoupling in
some developed countries; (ii) the high growth of consumption and material intensity in
Latin American and the Caribbean countries is associated with their economic
development model based on primary commodity exports.
• Brazil's economic growth has been important to mitigate some environmental problems,
although it occurred unequally, since a large portion of the population still does not enjoy
its benefits.
• On the other hand, GDP growth has generated increase of consumption of non-renewable
natural resources and some impacts which require further studies to better evaluate their
environmental consequences, as it is the case of increasing fertilizer use intensity.
THANK YOU!
Mouth of the Doce River in the Linhares City after the outbreak of ore tailings dam in the
state of Minas Gerais.
Sea in Regência- ES, 3 months after the outbreak of ore tailings dam .
REFERENCES
EISENMENGER, N., MARTÍN, J. R., SCHANDL, H.. Análisis del metabolism energético y de materiales de Brasil, Chile y Venezuela. Revista Iberoamericana de Economia Ecológica v. 6, p. 17-39, 2007.
KRAUSMANN, F., WEISZ, H., EISENMENGER, N. SCHüTZ, H., HASS, W., SCHAFFARTZIK, A.. Economy – wide Material Flow Accounting: Introduction and Guide. Version 1. 0. Social Ecology Working Paper 151, Vienna, Fev. 2015.
DNPM. Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral. Sumário mineral. 2009 to 2013 Editions. 2014c. Available in: <http://www2.dnpm.gov.br/conteudo.asp?IDSecao=68&IDPagina=64> . Accessed on April. 20, 2015.
______. Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral. Anuário Mineral Brasileiro. 1972 to 2010 editions. São Paulo, 2015b
MME. Ministério de Minas e Energia. Balanço energético 2014. 2014. Available in: <https://ben.epe.gov.br/BENSeriesCompletas.aspx>. Accessed on July 24, 2015.
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (UNEP). Decoupling Natural Resource Use and Environmental Impacts from Economic Growth, A Report of the Working Group on Decoupling to the International Resource Panel. Fischer-Kowalski, M. et al. United Nations Environment Programme .2011
WIRSENIUS, S. Human Use of land and Organic Materials: Modeling the Turnover of Biomass in the Global Food System. Department of Physical Resource Theory. Chalmers University of Technology and Goteborg University. Goteborg, Sweden, 2000.
