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Respiration
A Dr. Production
Energy Concepts
• Thermodynamics & Reaction Rates
• RESPIRATION a process where organic (food) molecules are oxidized & broken down to release E
• Glycolysis is the 1o source of e- for the citric acid and e- transport chain
• CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energy
• Has both an anaerobic phase and an aerobic phase
• Associated with Mitochondria found in eukaryotic cells
• Respiration is a multi-step process that occurs in several places in the mitochondria. So it is important that you know the anatomy of the mitochondria
Glyco lysis, or "splitting of sugar" occurs in the cytosolGlucose is very stable, and must be converted to reactive
compound by phosphorylation Glucose (6C)
2ATP
2ADP + 2P
PGAL (3C) PGAL (3C)
NAD+ NAD+
NADH NADH
2ADP + 2P 2ADP + 2P
2ATP 2ATP
Pyruvic Acid (3C) Pyruvic Acid (3C)
Redox Reactions
• How NAD+ Works
Glycolysis
• net gain +2ATP, 2% total E in 1 molecule glucose, only 7% of E released
• 2ADP 2ATP
• 2NAD+ 2NADH + 2H+
• 1 Glucose 2Pyruvate
Conversion of Pyruvate• Conversion of Pyruvate occurs in the mitochondrial
membrane
Identify the components of Acetyl CoA
TCA/Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle
• Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
• each molecule acetyl Co-A yields the following from one molecule of glucose:
3NADH+ + H +
1FADH2
1ATP
2CO2
Or, for a more detailed look…
The Electron Transport Chain
E- Transport Chain occurs across the inner mitochondrial membrane and in the inter-membrane space
It uses O2 to transfer e- from 10NADH + H+ and 2FADH2
It separates H into e- and H+, carries e- away from H+ gradient
Which side is more basic than the other?
More acidic?
More alkaline?
ATPase attached to H + channels and uses kinetic E of H+ to join ADP + P this is called "chemiosmotic ATP synthesis"
each NADH+ + H + produces 3ATP = 30 ATP
each FADH2 produces 2ATP = 4 ATP
Glycolysis = 2 ATP
Kreb’s Cycle = 2 ATP
ATP Synthetase The Movie
Electron Transporters
Got O2?
• In the absence of O2…
• Fermentation occurs…
Pyruvate (3C) Pyruvate (3C)
CO2
Acetaldehyde (2C)
NADH + H+ NADH + H+
NAD+ NAD+
Ethanol Lactic Acid
Liver
Glucose Glycogen in the liver is a reserve of glucose.
When blood sugar levels drop below 4 to 5 mM glycogen phosphorylase is activated
• Fermentation generates 0ATP, so what is it’s usefulness?
• How did the first anaerobic heterotrophs make E?
• NAD+ is needed for glycolysis
• Pyruvic acid generates NADH from NAD+, fermentation regenerates NAD+
• Which is more efficient, aerobic or anaerobic respiration? What is the evolutionary significance of this?
Alternative Energy Sources for Muscles
• Hydrolysis of Sucrose in Intestines
• Fatty Acid Metabolism
RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION CYTOPLASM CYTOPLASM GLYCOLOSIS GLYCOLOSIS
HAPPENS HERE!HAPPENS HERE!
MITOCHONDRIAMITOCHONDRIARESPIRATION HAPPENS IN RESPIRATION HAPPENS IN
THIS ORGANELLE!THIS ORGANELLE!
PROTEINSPROTEINS CARBO’SCARBO’S(SUGARS)(SUGARS)
AMINOAMINOACIDSACIDS
FATSFATS(LIPIDS)(LIPIDS)
GLUCOSEGLUCOSECC66HH1212OO66
ACETYL-CoAACETYL-CoA
PYRUVICPYRUVICACIDACID
GLYCOLOSISGLYCOLOSISIN CYTOPLASM IN CYTOPLASM
NO OXYGEN!NO OXYGEN!
KREBS CYCLEKREBS CYCLE AND AND
ELECTRONELECTRONTANSPORTTANSPORT
MAKESMAKES34 ATPS34 ATPS
MAKESMAKES2 ATPS2 ATPS
OO2 2 ENTERS ENTERS HEREHERE
COCO22 IS IS RELEASEDRELEASED
ATP TOTALSATP TOTALS
GLYCOLOSIS=2GLYCOLOSIS=2
RESPIRATION=34RESPIRATION=34
BOTH=36!BOTH=36!
Gluconeogenesis• Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate
sources. Glucose must be synthesized after 12-24 hours of fasting or during prolonged exercise to maintain blood glucose concentration.
• The brain prefers to use glucose as fuel, although after a long period of starvation it can derive some of its energy requirements from ketone bodies.
• RBCs have an absolute requirement for glucose since they have no mitochondria and can not utilize ketone bodies.
• Occurs in the liver (& kidney cortex after prolonged starvation), in cytosol &mitochondria.
Glycolysis Pyruvate Intermediate
TCA Cycle E- Transport Chain
Fermen-tation
Where it occurs
Co-Enzymes used
Co-Enzymes produced
ATP Used
ATP Produced
MISC Inputs
MISC Outputs
References• Hibernation:
• Krebs cycle Tutorial
• Citric Acid Cycle tutorial
• A&P Animations & Quizzes
• ATP & Energy Storage
• Fermentation & Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• Step by Step Glycolysis
• Interactive Biochemistry Animations
• Overview of Glycolysis Heavy Chemistry
• Fundamentals of Biochemistry Animations
• Glycolysis with Redox Reactions
• Cellular Respiration Animation: Summary