Respiration

› Unconscious exchange of air between lungs and

the external environment

› Breathing

Two types

› External

Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the environment and the organism

› Internal

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between internal body fluids (Ex:

blood and individual cells)

Oxygen

› Breathed into the lungs (O2)

› Body has a 4-6 minute supply of oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

› Exhaled out of the lungs

› CO2

Gas exchange

› Transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood

and the transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood

into the exhaled air

› http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=5LjLFrmKT

SA&feature=endscreen

Nose/mouth

› Route to take in O2 and expel CO2. mucous

membranes warm and humidify air

Cilia

› Tiny hairs that protect the nasal passages, trachea

and bronchi

› Move back and forth as air is inhaled, pushing

foreign particles (dust) toward the nostrils or pharynx

Pharynx

› Throat

Larynx - AKA the voice box

Between pharynx and trachea

› Contains vocal cords that vibrate against each other to cause sound

› www.fauquierent.net/voice2.htm

Epiglottis

www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvGYvK6qScE

› Lidlike structure at the base of the tongue that

closes during swallowing so that food/drink does

not enter the lungs

Trachea › Windpipe

› Connects the pharynx to the lungs

› Wrapped in cartilage for protection

Bronchus (plural bronchi) › The trachea divides into two main bronchi (left

mainstem and right mainstem)

› Main airways within the lungs

Bronchioles › Branch off of the bronchi.

› Do not contain cartilage

› Small airways within the lungs

Alveolar sacs › Located at the end of the bronchioles

› Look like a bunch of grapes

› Surrounded by capillaries

› Site of gas exchange

Lungs › Right lung: 3 lobes

› Left lung: 2 lobes

Why is the left lung smaller than the right?

Normal vs. Abnormal lung structure

Auscultation › Listening to sounds within the body using a stethoscope

Percussion › Tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density

of the underlying tissue

› “is the underlying tissue solid or filled with air?

› Lungs should sound hollow when tapping over them; should NOT sound solid

› http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvyrA8c5cY0&NR=1

Sputum › Mucous expelled from the respiratory tract mixed with saliva

› Able to make diagnoses based on color and composition of sputum

Rales › Clicking, rattling and crackling noises

› Caused by the opening of small airways (alveoli collapse by fluid or lack of air)

› Heard during inspiration where there is fluid or pus in the alveoli

› Cause: pneumonia, bronchitis

Wheezing › Whistling sound caused by bronchial airways being

narrowed or obstructed

› Cause: asthma, bronchitis

Rhonchi

› Coarse rattling sound (like snoring) caused by

sputum in the bronchial airways

› Heard during inhalation and exhalation

› Cause: bronchitis

http://www.stethographics.com/main/physiology_

ls_vesicular.html

Chest X ray (CXR)

› X ray of the thoracic region of the body to look

for lung problems (pathology)

› Diagnose pneumonia, TB, asthma

Hypoxemia - low levels of oxygen in the

blood

Dyspnea - difficult, painful breathing

Shortness of breath (SOB) - difficulty

“catching” your breath

Intubation - placement of an endotracheal

(ET) tube into the trachea of a person who is

unable to breathe on their own

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRkleyIJi9U

Upper respiratory infection (URI) › The common cold, Viral illness, highly contagious

› Lasts for a week

› Symptoms: runny nose, cough, fever, sore throat, congestion

Would antibiotics be effective as treatment? Why/why not?

Influenza › The flu, Viral illness, highly contagious

› Symptoms: chills, fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, muscle pain, fatigue

› Annual vaccination is recommended for the elderly, health care workers, people with chronic diseases and pregnant women

Why is a vaccine needed every year?

Chronic, no cure

Alveoli lose elasticity and deteriorate, CO2 becomes

trapped in alveoli and they become over expanded,

gas exchange is poor

Usually caused by heavy smoking

Symptoms: dyspnea, feeling of suffocation, barrel chest, chronic cough, cyanosis

Treatment: bronchodilators, oxygen, avoiding smoking, prompt treatment of infections

Smoker’s lung with

emphysema Normal lungs

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Any chronic lung disease that results in

obstruction of the airways

Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma

and tuberculosis can lead to COPD

Smoking is the primary cause

Airflow obstruction due to bronchospasm, swelling of the bronchioles and/or bronchi, and increased mucous in the airways. › Bronchospasm: severe contraction of smooth

muscle covering bronchioles/bronchi

Symptoms: wheezing, cough, dyspnea, chest tightness, SOB

Reversible with inhaled medications that relieve the bronchospasm

Bronchoscopy

› A bronchoscope (camera) is inserted into the

airways through the nose or mouth so the doctor

may look for abnormalities within the bronchi.

Tracheostomy

› An airway is created by making an incision into the

trachea through the neck

› Used as an emergency or a

permanent fix