Respiratory And Digestive Respiratory And Digestive SystemsSystems

Liz CarrollLiz Carroll

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Intern Mini TopicsIntern Mini Topics

Respiratory System ReviewRespiratory System Review

The respiratory system provides for The respiratory system provides for the intake and output of air and the intake and output of air and makes it possible for the exchange makes it possible for the exchange of gases between the blood and of gases between the blood and the air.the air.

The components of the respiratory The components of the respiratory system are the lungs and the system are the lungs and the series of passageways leading in series of passageways leading in and out of them. and out of them.

There are two phases of There are two phases of respiration: inspiration and respiration: inspiration and expiration. expiration.

The main purpose of the system is The main purpose of the system is to supply oxygen to the body, to supply oxygen to the body, expel carbon dioxide, and to expel carbon dioxide, and to regulate the bodies acid-base regulate the bodies acid-base balances.balances.

The TravelThe Travel

Air flows in a and out of the body through several Air flows in a and out of the body through several passageways including:passageways including:

1.1. Nasal Cavity (Nasopharynx)Nasal Cavity (Nasopharynx)2.2. Pharynx (Oropharynx)Pharynx (Oropharynx)3.3. EpiglottisEpiglottis4.4. Larynx (Voice box)Larynx (Voice box)5.5. Trachea (Windpipe)Trachea (Windpipe)6.6. Bronchi (Left and Right Main stems)Bronchi (Left and Right Main stems)7.7. BronchiolesBronchioles8.8. Alveolar ductsAlveolar ducts9.9. Alveolar sacsAlveolar sacs10.10. LungsLungs11.11. Thoracic CavityThoracic Cavity

How they workHow they work

Nasal Cavity: It starts here and hair follicles filter out the air and Nasal Cavity: It starts here and hair follicles filter out the air and mucus and also warms the airmucus and also warms the air

Pharynx: Tube from back of nose and throat. Air and food travel Pharynx: Tube from back of nose and throat. Air and food travel throughthrough

Epiglottis: Flexible leaf shaped cartilage that protects the trachea Epiglottis: Flexible leaf shaped cartilage that protects the trachea from unwanted food and fluidfrom unwanted food and fluid

Larynx: Voice box that houses the vocal cords. Responsible for Larynx: Voice box that houses the vocal cords. Responsible for providing a patent airway and it closes for foodproviding a patent airway and it closes for food

Trachea: Windpipe. “C” shaped cartilaginous tube that runs towards Trachea: Windpipe. “C” shaped cartilaginous tube that runs towards lungs and splits at the base into two bronchilungs and splits at the base into two bronchi

……Continued…Continued…

Bronchioles: Branch of the main bronchi and bring air to the Bronchioles: Branch of the main bronchi and bring air to the alveolialveoli

Alveolar ducts: entrances into the alveoliAlveolar ducts: entrances into the alveoli

Alveolar sacs: around 300 million per lung. Capillaries are Alveolar sacs: around 300 million per lung. Capillaries are linked all around and O2 and CO2 exchange in the bloodlinked all around and O2 and CO2 exchange in the blood

Lungs: Center of system. Encased by the Pleural sacLungs: Center of system. Encased by the Pleural sac

Thoracic Cavity: House the system surrounded by ribs and Thoracic Cavity: House the system surrounded by ribs and muscles of the chestmuscles of the chest

Pleural SacPleural Sac

Fluid filled sac that aids in breathingFluid filled sac that aids in breathing

Diseases and DisordersDiseases and Disorders

There are several of these including: There are several of these including: Tonsillitis, Sinusitis, Influenza, Tonsillitis, Sinusitis, Influenza, Bronchitis, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, COPD, Croup…. All of these are range COPD, Croup…. All of these are range from acute to chronic problems. They from acute to chronic problems. They are common in different age groupsare common in different age groups

Example croup is children and infants Example croup is children and infants usually and COPD is elderlyusually and COPD is elderly

COPD… What is it?COPD… What is it?

This is a chronic obstructive This is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic pulmonary disease. Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma, Emphysema, and Bronchitis, Asthma, Emphysema, and any other chronic lung or breathing any other chronic lung or breathing diseases. diseases.

Affects all ages, but in particular Affects all ages, but in particular elderlyelderly

What is it caused by?What is it caused by?

Cigarette smoking is the leading Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Most people who cause of COPD. Most people who have COPD smoke or used to smoke. have COPD smoke or used to smoke. Long-term exposure to other lung Long-term exposure to other lung irritants, such as air pollution, irritants, such as air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust, also may chemical fumes, or dust, also may contribute to COPD. contribute to COPD.

What does it do to the What does it do to the passageways?passageways?

In COPD, less air flows in and out of In COPD, less air flows in and out of the airways because of one or more the airways because of one or more of the following:of the following:

1.1. The airways and air sacs lose their elastic quality. The airways and air sacs lose their elastic quality.

2.2. The walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed. The walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed.

3.3. The walls of the airways become thick and inflamed The walls of the airways become thick and inflamed (swollen). (swollen).

4.4. The airways make more mucus than usual, which tends to The airways make more mucus than usual, which tends to clog the airways. clog the airways.

AlveoliAlveoli

StatsStats

COPD is a major cause of disability, and it's the COPD is a major cause of disability, and it's the fourth leading cause of death in the United fourth leading cause of death in the United States. More than 12 million people are States. More than 12 million people are currently diagnosed with COPD. An additional currently diagnosed with COPD. An additional 12 million likely have the disease and don't 12 million likely have the disease and don't even know it.even know it.

COPD develops slowly. Symptoms often worsen COPD develops slowly. Symptoms often worsen over time and can limit your ability to do over time and can limit your ability to do routine activities. Severe COPD may prevent routine activities. Severe COPD may prevent you from doing even basic activities like you from doing even basic activities like walking, cooking, or taking care of yourself.walking, cooking, or taking care of yourself.

How is it treated?How is it treated?

medicines, vaccines, pulmonary medicines, vaccines, pulmonary rehabilitation (rehab), oxygen rehabilitation (rehab), oxygen therapy, surgery, and managing therapy, surgery, and managing complications complications

Also again lifestyle changes like Also again lifestyle changes like quitting smoking or exercising morequitting smoking or exercising more

What happens if left What happens if left untreated?untreated?

This disease has no cure, but if caught This disease has no cure, but if caught and lifestyle changes are made it allows and lifestyle changes are made it allows most people to return to regular most people to return to regular activities. activities.

If its left untreated it will sooner or later If its left untreated it will sooner or later destroy the system and the alveoli sacs destroy the system and the alveoli sacs will become inflamed and thin and not will become inflamed and thin and not be able to provide for proper gas be able to provide for proper gas exchangeexchange

Digestive SystemDigestive System

The function of the digestive system is to prepare The function of the digestive system is to prepare food for absorption and use by the cells. The food for absorption and use by the cells. The organs of the alimentary canal alter the physical organs of the alimentary canal alter the physical and chemical composition of food so it can be and chemical composition of food so it can be used by the bodyused by the body

The components are the alimentary canal and The components are the alimentary canal and associated organsassociated organs

Main purpose is to perform chemical and physical Main purpose is to perform chemical and physical breakdown of food so that it can be used by cells breakdown of food so that it can be used by cells and also the elimination of wasteand also the elimination of waste

Main organs Main organs

Alimentary canal: Digestive track, leads to small Alimentary canal: Digestive track, leads to small intestine to anus where feces is eliminatedintestine to anus where feces is eliminated

Mouth and Pharynx: This is used for chewing Mouth and Pharynx: This is used for chewing and saliva moistens food for easy breakdown and saliva moistens food for easy breakdown and then the throat takes the food to and then the throat takes the food to esophagusesophagus

Esophagus: tube that runs to stomach and uses Esophagus: tube that runs to stomach and uses peristalsis to move the foodperistalsis to move the food

Stomach: temporary storage for food where Stomach: temporary storage for food where further digestion takes place. Contains further digestion takes place. Contains sphincters to control the entrance and exit of sphincters to control the entrance and exit of foodfood

ContinuedContinued

Small intestine: Pretty much all Small intestine: Pretty much all absorption of food takes place here absorption of food takes place here then the food goes to bloodstreamthen the food goes to bloodstream

Large intestine: Absorbs water from Large intestine: Absorbs water from indigestible food and eliminates poopindigestible food and eliminates poop

Anal Canal: Eliminates waste with Anal Canal: Eliminates waste with use of sphinctersuse of sphincters

Other Accessory organsOther Accessory organs

Salivary glandsSalivary glands TeethTeeth LiverLiver Gall bladderGall bladder PancreasPancreas AppendixAppendix

Disorders and DiseasesDisorders and Diseases

Cleft PalateCleft Palate MumpsMumps Pernicious AnemiaPernicious Anemia HemorrhoidsHemorrhoids JaundiceJaundice DiabetesDiabetes Crohn's diseaseCrohn's disease

Crohn's diseaseCrohn's disease

Inflammatory disease of the Inflammatory disease of the digestive system which may affect digestive system which may affect any part of the GI tract from the any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus. mouth to the anus.

What causes it?What causes it?

The disease occurs when the The disease occurs when the immune system attacks the immune system attacks the gastrointestinal tract and for this gastrointestinal tract and for this reason, the true case is still unknownreason, the true case is still unknown

It is considered a inflammatory bowel It is considered a inflammatory bowel disease disease

#1 cause is smoking#1 cause is smoking

SymptomsSymptoms

main gastrointestinal symptoms are main gastrointestinal symptoms are abdominal pain, diarrhea, (which may abdominal pain, diarrhea, (which may be visibly bloody), vomiting, or weight be visibly bloody), vomiting, or weight loss. Crohn's disease can also cause loss. Crohn's disease can also cause complications outside of the complications outside of the gastrointestinal tract such as skin gastrointestinal tract such as skin rashes, arthritis, and inflammation of rashes, arthritis, and inflammation of the eye.the eye.

Symptoms vary from individualsSymptoms vary from individuals

How is it treated?How is it treated?

Unlike the other major types of Unlike the other major types of Inflammatory bowel disease, there is Inflammatory bowel disease, there is no known drug based or surgical cure no known drug based or surgical cure for Crohn's disease. Treatment for Crohn's disease. Treatment options are restricted to controlling options are restricted to controlling symptoms, putting and keeping the symptoms, putting and keeping the disease in remission and preventing disease in remission and preventing relapse. relapse.

StatsStats

This is thought to be genetically This is thought to be genetically connectedconnected

Siblings are at highest riskSiblings are at highest risk Males and females are equally effectedMales and females are equally effected affects between 400,000 and 600,000 affects between 400,000 and 600,000

people in North Americapeople in North America Usually seen in teens-20’s and then Usually seen in teens-20’s and then

again in the 50’sagain in the 50’s

If left untreated…If left untreated…

Colon CancerColon Cancer Chronic vomiting and diarrheaChronic vomiting and diarrhea BlockageBlockage BurningBurning UlcersUlcers

Colon CancerColon Cancer

Crohnie sores Crohnie sores

UlcersUlcers

Review QuestionsReview Questions

1.1. Which part of the GI track does Crohn's Disease affect?Which part of the GI track does Crohn's Disease affect?

2.2. Name two of the problems that COPD results in. Name two of the problems that COPD results in. (pertaining to the passageways)(pertaining to the passageways)

3.3. What is the #1 cause of Crohn’s Disease?What is the #1 cause of Crohn’s Disease?

4.4. What are the larynx and trachea also known as?What are the larynx and trachea also known as?

5.5. What is the function of the digestive system?What is the function of the digestive system?

6.6. Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place?take place?

7.7. What’s the center of the respiratory system?What’s the center of the respiratory system?

8.8. What filters out the air and mucus before it enters the What filters out the air and mucus before it enters the lungs?lungs?