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Respiratory FailureRespiratory Failure
A condition that occurs when respiratoryA condition that occurs when respiratory
system is unable to adequately exchange system is unable to adequately exchange
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide between Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide between
environment and tissues of the bodyenvironment and tissues of the body
Types of Respiratory FailureTypes of Respiratory Failure
Type I :Type I :
Oxygenation Failure (Hypoxemic)Oxygenation Failure (Hypoxemic)
Type II :Type II :
Ventilation Failure (Hypercapnic)Ventilation Failure (Hypercapnic)
AsthmaAsthma
Factors Determine Severe AsthmaFactors Determine Severe Asthma
History:History: - Frequent Attacks - Frequent Attacks
- Excessive use of - - Excessive use of - BronchodilatorsBronchodilators
- - SteroidsSteroids
- Previous admission to ICU- Previous admission to ICU
AsthmaAsthma
Physical ExaminationPhysical Examination Inability to speakInability to speak CyanosisCyanosis Respiratory rate >30/mtRespiratory rate >30/mt Heart Rate >115/mtHeart Rate >115/mt Pulsus Paradoxus >10 mmHgPulsus Paradoxus >10 mmHg Silent chestSilent chest
AsthmaAsthma
Blood GasesBlood Gases Respiratory acidosisRespiratory acidosis Hypoxemia (Low POHypoxemia (Low PO22))
Hypercapnia (High PCOHypercapnia (High PCO22))
AsthmaAsthma
TreatmentTreatment Oxygen by MaskOxygen by Mask Salbutamol (Ventolin) inhalerSalbutamol (Ventolin) inhaler Aminophylline I.VAminophylline I.V CorticosteroidsCorticosteroids
Pulmonary EdemaPulmonary Edema
Risk Factors:Risk Factors: - Ischemic Heart Disease- Ischemic Heart Disease
SmokingSmoking DMDM HTNHTN ↑↑LipidsLipids
- Rheumatic Heart Disease- Rheumatic Heart Disease
Symptoms:Symptoms: - Shortness of Breath- Shortness of Breath
- PND- PND
- Orthopnea- Orthopnea
Pulmonary EdemaPulmonary Edema
Physical Examination:Physical Examination:
- Gallop Rhythm- Gallop Rhythm
- - ↑JVP↑JVP
- - Basal CracklesBasal Crackles
- Lower Limb Edema- Lower Limb Edema
Investigations:Investigations: - - CXR,ECG,ECHOCXR,ECG,ECHO
Treatment :Treatment : - Oxygen- Oxygen
- Diuretics- Diuretics
- Digoxin- Digoxin
- After load Reduction- After load Reduction
PneumothoraxPneumothorax
Treatment:Treatment: Immediate Needle InsertionImmediate Needle Insertion
(Second Intercostal Space)(Second Intercostal Space)
PneumoniaPneumoniaHistory:History: - Cough- Cough
- Shortness of Breath- Shortness of Breath - Fever- Fever - Sputum- Sputum
Examination:Examination: - - DullnessDullness
- - ↑ Vocal fremitus↑ Vocal fremitus - - Bronchial BreathingBronchial Breathing - Crackles- Crackles
Treatment:Treatment: - - OxygenOxygen
- Antibiotics- Antibiotics
Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Embolism
Predisposing factors:Predisposing factors:
- Immobilization- Immobilization
- Recent surgery- Recent surgery
- Hyper coagulable state- Hyper coagulable state
Massive Pulmonary EmbolismMassive Pulmonary Embolism
Treatment:Treatment: Thrombolytic TherapyThrombolytic Therapy HeparinHeparin WarfarinWarfarin
Acute Respiratory Distress SyndromeAcute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Causes:Causes:
- Aspiration Pneumonia- Aspiration Pneumonia
- Near Drowning- Near Drowning
- Chest Trauma- Chest Trauma
- Severe Pneumonia- Severe Pneumonia
AtelectasisAtelectasis
Causes:Causes: Foreign bodyForeign body Endobronchial lesion Endobronchial lesion Excessive secretionsExcessive secretions
Respiratory FailureRespiratory Failure
Type II :Type II :
Ventilation Failure (Hypercapnic)Ventilation Failure (Hypercapnic)
Respiratory FailureRespiratory Failure
COPD:COPD:
Causes:Causes:EmphysemaEmphysemaChronic BronchitisChronic Bronchitis
COPDCOPD
Treatment:Treatment: OxygenationOxygenation Ventolin InhalationVentolin Inhalation Atrovent InhalationAtrovent Inhalation SteroidsSteroids AntibioticsAntibiotics