Respiratory System-the system for exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body 1. Ventilation-movement of air in and out of the lungs;

Respiratory System -the system for exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body

1. Ventilation -movement of air in and out of the lungs; breathing

2. External Respiration -the exchange of gases between the air of the lungs and the blood

3. Transport -transport of gases by the blood between the blood and the cells of the body

4. Internal Respiration -exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body

5. Cellular Respiration -the process of oxygen utilization and production of Carbon dioxide by the cells of the body

6. Maintaining Homeostasis -supplying oxygen is necessary to provide energy for the cell, while removal of Carbon dioxide is needed to maintain homeostasis (pH)

The Pathway of Inspired Air

Nostrils (nares)

Hard palate

Soft palate

Uvula

Tongue

Nasal cavity

Oral cavity


Nostrils (nares)

Hard palate

Soft palate

Uvula

Tongue

Nasal cavity

Oral cavity

SuperiorMiddleInferior

Nasal conchae

Frontal sinus

Sphenoidal sinus

Pharyngeal tonsil

Lingual tonsil

Palatine tonsil


Nostrils (nares)

Hard palate

Soft palate

Tongue

Nasal cavity

Oral cavity

SuperiorMiddleInferior

Nasal conchae

Frontal sinus

Sphenoidal sinus

Hyoid

Nasopharynx

Laryngopharynx

Oropharynx Pharynx(throat)

False vocal cord

Glottis

Epiglottis

Vocal cord

Esophagus

Thyroidcartilage

Cricoidcartilage

Trachealcartilages Trachea

Larynx


Trachea

Esophagus

Trachealcartilages

Cricoidcartilage

Thyroidcartilage

False vocal cord

Vocal cordLaryngopharynx

Rightprimarybronchus

Leftsuperior

lobe

Leftinferior

lobe

Rightsuperior

lobe

Rightmiddle

lobe

Rightinferior

lobe

Larynx


Trachea

Esophagus

Trachealcartilages

Cricoidcartilage

Thyroidcartilage

False vocal cord

Vocal cordLaryngopharynx

Rightprimarybronchus

Secondarybronchi

Tertiarybronchus

Larynx

Terminalbronchiole

Alveolus


Alveolus

21% O2

16% O2

to pulmonaryveins

from pulmonaryartery

Inspiration of AirHow Does Air Move?

LL

H

Diaphragm lowers floorof thoracic cavity

According to Boyle:to make pressure go down,increase the volume

External intercostals pullribs up and out

Pectoralis minor raises ribs

Sternocleidomastoidelevates sternum

Expiration of AirHow Does Air Move?

HH

L

Diaphragm relaxes and floorof thoracic cavity recoils elastically

According to Boyle:to make pressure go up,decrease the volume

Internal intercostals pullribs down and in

Rectus abdominus, Transverus abdominus,Internal oblique, and External obliquecontract to force diaphragm higher

Respiratory System

1. Nose -contains nostrils, or external nares through which air can enter or exit-internal hairs guard openings, preventing inhalation of large particles

2. Nasal Cavity-separated from cranial cavity by ethmoid bone and from oral cavity by hard palate

1. Nose

2. Nasal cavity

-divided medially by the nasal septum

Rx - Deviated Septum -bending of the nasal septum during birth or during childhood-common cause of breathing difficulties and snoring

Respiratory System

2. Nasal Cavity -each side divided into passageways called meati by nasal conchae, which increase the surface area of the mucous membranes

goblet cell

cilia

cilatedepithelial

cell

mucous particle

-lined with mucous membranes, which warm (or cool) and moisten the air, and trap and push particles towards the pharynx, where they are mostly swallowed and disposed of in the stomach, digested by gastric juices

Respiratory System

3. Sinuses -air spaces in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones that open into the nasal cavity and are lined with the same mucous membranes -help warm, moisten, and filter air, and resonate the voice

1. Nose

2. Nasal cavity

3. Frontal sinus

3. Sphenoidal sinusRx - Sinusitis -inflammation of the sinuses due to infection or allergic reaction-inflammation blocks drainage into nasal cavity, creating pressure, headache

4. Pharynx -throat -common passageway for food moving from the oral cavity to the esophagus, and for air moving from nasal (oral) cavity to the larynx

4. Pharynx

Respiratory System

5. Larynx -passageway for air lying between the pharynx and the trachea

1. Nose

2. Nasal cavity

3. Frontal sinus

3. Sphenoidal sinus

4. Pharynx

5. Larynx

-epiglottis prevents foreign objects from entering trachea

-framework of cartilage and muscle bound together by elastic tissue

-thyroid cartilage (Adam’s Apple) protects vocal cords-arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages help change tension on the vocal cords and close the larynx during swallowing

-opening for air leading into the trachea

6. Glottis

6. Glottis

Respiratory System

7. Trachea -windpipe; passageway for air lying between the larynx and the bronchi

1. Nose

2. Nasal cavity

3. Frontal sinus

3. Sphenoidal sinus

4. Pharynx

5. Larynx

6. Glottis

7. Trachea

-ringed by about 20 C-shaped tracheal cartilages, which hold the trachea open, but are open posteriorly to allow for the expansion of the esophagus during the swallowing of a food bolus -lined on the inside with ciliated mucous membranes, which produce and secrete mucous to trap incoming particles, and propel the mucous toward the pharynx with cilia, where it is expectorated or swallowed

Respiratory System

8. Bronchi -passageways for air branching from the trachea and branching into smaller and smaller passageways called secondary and tertiary bronchi, contain cartilage plates

1. Nose

2. Nasal cavity

3. Frontal sinus

3. Sphenoidal sinus

4. Pharynx

5. Larynx

6. Glottis

7. Trachea

8. Primary bronchi

Rx - Bronchitis -common inflammation of the bronchi due to infection by bacteria or virus

Rx – Smoker’s Cough passages become coated with tar from cigarette smoking, become brittle, and break off, while irritants in smoke stimulate increased mucous production

-cilia of the respiratory

-increased mucousproduction accompanied by a decreasedability to get rid of mucous lead to apredisposition to chronic bronchitis anddifficulty breathing due to blocked respiratory passages

8. Secondary bronchi

8. Tertiary bronchi

Respiratory System

9. Bronchioles -passageways for air branching from the tertiary bronchi are called interlobular bronchioles, which in turn branch into smaller and smaller passageways called terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles, which branch into alveolar ducts

8. Primary bronchi

8. Primary bronchus

8. Secondary bronchus

8. Tertiary bronchus

9. Respiratory bronchioleAlveolar

duct

10. Alveolus

-smooth muscle only, no cartilage

Respiratory System

10. Alveoli -thin-walled air sacs across which the exchange of respiratory gases takes place with the capillaries

(to Tertiary bronchus)

9. Interlobular bronchiole

9. Terminal bronchiole

9. Respiratory bronchiole

Alveolar duct Alveolar duct

Alveolar sac

10. Alveolus

Respiratory System

10. Alveoli

Rx - Emphysema -fifteen times more likely to occur in those who smoke a pack of cigarettes a day compare to nonsmokers-cigarette smoking causes bronchioles to lose elasticity, can no longer absorb air pressure changes accompanying coughing, air pressure changes cause alveoli to burst, loss of surface area leads to shortness of breath and fatigue-predisposes a person to lung cancer

Rx – Lung Cancer -80% of all cases due to cigarette smoking-Radon gas second-leading cause-only 13% survive more than five years after diagnosis

Respiratory System -draw and label your own bronchial tree

Documents

Respiratory System-the system for exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body 1. Ventilation-movement of air in and out of the lungs;