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Responding to AIDS from the Altar: Religion, Politics and AIDS in Brazil. Richard Parker, Ph.D. Miguel Munoz Laboy, Dr.PH. Jonathan Garcia, M.Phil. Laura Murray, M.H.S. May 7, 2009 HIV Center Rounds. 1995-2002. 1988-1994. 1980-1987. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Responding to AIDS from the Altar: Religion, Politics and AIDS in BrazilRichard Parker, Ph.D.
Miguel Munoz Laboy, Dr.PH.
Jonathan Garcia, M.Phil.
Laura Murray, M.H.S
May 7, 2009HIV Center Rounds
Space distribution of districts with at least one case of AIDS. Brazil,
1980 - 2002.
1980-1987
1988-1994
1995-2002
Stabilization of the epidemicTendency of AIDS epidemic: 1996-2007
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
19961997
19981999
20002001
20022003
20042005
20062007
AIDS cases, by year of diagnosis, 1996-2007
Source: National AIDS Program, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Boletim Epidemiológico AIDS. ANO V No. 01. 2008
Stabilization of the epidemicTendency of AIDS incidence rate 1983-2007
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
199019
91
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
MaleFemaleBrazil
Source: National AIDS Program, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Boletim Epidemiológico AIDS. ANO V No. 01. 2008
Research Problem
Little recognition of the fact that organized religion, religious beliefs and religious institutions and organizations have played a key role in shaping the Brazilian response to AIDS.
The impact of religion has arguably been as important as the impact of government programs and policies in shaping the ways in which Brazilians have confronted the epidemic and the challenges it has posed.
Historical Conceptual Framework Political economy of the religious movements in Brazil Social movements theory Community mobilization theory Political economy of AIDS in Brazil
Roman Catholic Church (1500 – Present)
Historical dominance of the Catholic church in the country for centuries
Liberation theology movement (1960s)
“Christian Base” Communities (CEBs)
Evangelical Church (doubled in the 1990s) Multiple denominations:
Assemblies of God Universal Church of the Kingdom of God The Pentecostal Church of Jesus Christ
Brazilian Candomblé (1549 – Present)Candomblé in Candomblé in
BahiaBahia Xangô in Xangô in PernambucoPernambuco
Candomblé Candomblé Jejé-NagôJejé-Nagô in in
Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro
Batuque in Rio Batuque in Rio Grade SulGrade Sul
Patterns of Religious Migration in Brazil
Roman Roman CatholicsCatholics
Source: De Almeida & Montero (2001).
Roman Roman CatholicsCatholics
Not ReligiousNot Religious
SpiritistsSpiritists
Source: De Almeida & Montero (2001).
Roman Roman CatholicsCatholics
Not ReligiousNot Religious
SpiritistsSpiritists
HistoricalHistoricalProtestantsProtestants
Source: De Almeida & Montero (2001).
PentecostalsPentecostals
Roman Roman CatholicsCatholics
Afro-BrazilianAfro-BrazilianReligionsReligions
Not ReligiousNot Religious
SpiritistsSpiritists
HistoricalHistoricalProtestantsProtestants
Source: De Almeida & Montero (2001).
PentecostalsPentecostals
Roman Roman CatholicsCatholics
Afro-BrazilianAfro-BrazilianReligionsReligions
Not ReligiousNot Religious
SpiritistsSpiritists
HistoricalHistoricalProtestantsProtestants
Source: De Almeida & Montero (2001).
PentecostalsPentecostals
Religious responses to AIDS emerged from long
traditions of institutional involvement in the health and illness of religious
followers.
Religious Responses to AIDS in Brazil
U.S. National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (Grant number: 1 R01
HD050118)
Project Specific Aims
1. To develop a comparative analysis of the multiple ways in which Catholic, Evangelical, Protestant, and Afro-Brazilian religions have responded to HIV and AIDS.
2. To empirically document the importance that each of these three major traditions have given to HIV and AIDS, and the reasons that have led them to do so.
Project Specific Aims
3. To assess the ways in which the responses of each of these religious traditions have interacted with local communities, the wider social universe of civil society, and the nation-state, in impacting upon the broader social response to the epidemic.
4. Through comparative analysis, to more fully understand the organizational and institutional structures that each religious tradition exhibits, and the ways in which each interacts with and articulates itself with communities, civil society, and the state, in order to shape the social and political response to AIDS.
Research Site 5: Porto AlegrePopulation: 3,950,000Accumulated AIDS cases until 12/2003: 11,190 (3.6%)
Research Site 4: São PaoloPopulation: 20,200,000Accumulated AIDS cases until 12/2003: 59,773 (19.3%*)
Research Site 1: RecifePopulation: 3,750,000Accumulated AIDS cases until 12/2003: 3,297 (1.1%*)
Research Site 2: BrasíliaPopulation: 3,500,000Accumulated AIDS cases until 12/2003: 3,672 (1.2%*)
Research Site 3: Rio de JaneiroPopulation: 12,150,000Accumulated AIDS cases until 12/2003: 29,352 (9.5%*)
* % of national accumulated AIDS cases until December 2003
Source: National AIDS Program, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Boletim Epidemiológico AIDS. ANO XVII No. 01. 2004
Religious Responses to HIV and AIDS in Brazil:Study Field Sites(Locations, Populations, AIDS Burden)
Research Team Structure Richard G. Parker, PhD (Principal Investigator)
Veriano Terto, Jr., PhD (PI– Brazil) Miguel Muñoz-Laboy,DrPH (Co-PI)
Rio de JaneiroCristina Pimenta, PhD
(Local PI)Ivia Maksud
Juan Carlos RaxachAline Lopes
SSao Paulo
Vera Paiva, PhD (Local PI)
Dani Carli Licciardi Andrea Paula Ferrara Alessandro O. Santos
Cristiane Silva
RecifeFelipe Rios, PhD (Local PI)
Cinthia OliveiraFrancisca Luciana de Aquino
Claudia CruzDavid Handerson Coelho
Porto Alegre Fernando Seffner, PhD
(Local PI)Luana Rosado Emil
Marcello MúscariCarolina Peres Terra
Columbia UniversityVagner de Almeida (Project Director)
Jonathan GarciaCarmen Yon
Laura Murray
Institutional Ethnography
Archival research
Ethnographic case studies including:
Oral Histories
Life histories
In-depth interviews
Participant Observation
Ethnographic Case Studies Themes explored with each institution:
Religious belief systems as they relate to HIV and AIDS Organizational structure and the internal organization of
ecclesiastical power Relations with the external world The construction of risk, illness, care and treatment
Location Catholics EvangelicalsAfro-
BrazilianActivists/Gov
Officials
Sao Paulo 24 18 17 6
Recife 25 23 33 14
Porto Alegre 17 16 19 6
Rio de Janeiro 17 29 18 23
“Strange Bedfellows”: The Brazilian National AIDS Program and the Catholic Church Strained relationship between Catholic
Church and government HIV programs in other
Brazil unique in terms of the nature of relationship between the National AIDS Program and the Catholic Church
Shared Values
We don’t discriminate at the time of funding a project. We have a historical principle to respect human rights, diversity, and this is how we establish partnerships, be they with the church, forming institutions, civil society, or the university. (National AIDS Program official)
So the Church finds itself faced with AIDS. [With] the reality of the person that needs treatment, of the person that needs affection, of the person that needs to be included and not excluded...The Church places itself before an infected person that needs to be seen with mercy, with the same care that God wants us to have for any person. (Catholic Priest)
Similar Backgrounds: Political Context
In Brazil, we can never separate the organization and the community work of the Church. I am convinced of this…when people ask me how is it that in Brazil…the government and civil society are able to work [together], I always respond the same way: it is because Brazil has a history where the Church, was progressive and worked a lot at the community level.” (former National AIDS Program official)
Right Place, Right Time: Social Networks
For us, it’s strategic, the churches arrive at places that it would take us too long to arrive. They are able to bring together an very large group of volunteers to be able to work, this is another characteristic of the dedication related to the cause; I would say that it is a war of positions, bringing together the possible movements with the ones allied with the church, to be able to expand the strategy. There is no doubt, it is a political strategy. (National AIDS Program official)
Political Alliances
Relationship between Catholic Church and National AIDS Program concretized through formation of the Pastoral da AIDS
Partnership seen as mutually beneficial: “It was hunger coupled with the desire to eat together.” (National AIDS Program official)
Lovers’ Quarrels
Condoms and Compromises They [the Church] have to understand that the families do what
they call sins, and they have to include the question of condoms, and other methods…there is a negotiation. The National [AIDS] Program does not want to say that “they have to use condoms,” but it is has to be put out there that there are relations outside of marriage, and that for these relations to be safe, they have to be protected. So the negotiation is in this sense, of being attentive a little to the language without taking away the content of the information. (National AIDS Program official)
Examples of Broader Findings, Cont. Stigmatization and sex Interaction and intersection between
HIV, youth, sexuality, and religion Gender, power, violence, and conflict
in intimate relationships
Final Year of Study: Next Steps Finalize case study write-ups
Finalize data analysis
Organize national seminar to
disseminate results
Next Steps Cont.
Dr. Patrick Wilson’s supplement on the role of religious institutions in responding to HIV and AIDS among Black MSM in NYC (Grant number: 5 R01 HD050118)
Jonathan Garcia’s dissertation: Responses of Afro Brazilian religions to HIV and AIDS in Brazil (Grant number F31HD055153)
New research and interventions?
Publications and Presentations Conference
presentations in Brazilian and international settings
Publications for Brazilian and international readership
Academic and lay publications
PublicationsPublished Articles
Author Title Journal
Rios, L.F., de Aquino, F.L., Muñoz-Laboy, M., Oliveira, C., and Parker
Catholics, Fidelity, and AIDS: Between the Cross of the Moral Doctrine and the Swords of the Sexual Life of Everyday Followers
Debates do NER, 9(14):135-156, 2008.
Seffner, F., Silva, C.G.M., Maksud, I., Garcia, J., Rios, L.F., Natividade, M., Borges, P., Parker, R., and Terto Jr., V
Religious responses to AIDS in Brazil: impressions from research about the STD/AIDS Pastoral of the Catholic Church
Ciencias Sociales yReligión/Ciências Sociais e Religião, 10(10):159-180, 2008.
Seffner, F., Silva, C.G.M., Maksud, I., Garcia, J., Rios, L.F., Natividade, M., Borges, P., Terto Jr., V. and Parker, R.
Religious Responses to AIDS in Brazil Urbanitas. V: 10. 2008
Rios, L.F., Paiva, V., Maksud, I., Oliveira, C., Silva, C.G., Terto Jr., V., and Parker, R.
Young people’s socialization to be careful with the “flesh” Psicologia em Estudo. 13: 673-682. 2008.
Publications Accepted and Not Yet Published
Garcia, J., Muñoz-Laboy, M., de Almeida, V., and Parker, R
Local impacts of religious discourses on rights to express same-sex sexual desires in periurban Rio de Janeiro
Sexuality Research and Social Policy
PublicationsPublications Accepted and Not Yet Published Cont.
Silva, C.G., Garcia, J., Seffner, F., Rios, L.F., and Parker, R.
Afro-Brazilian religions face HIV/AIDS in Brazil in Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Recife, and Sao Paulo: preliminary research notes.
In: Afro-Brazilian Readings: territories, religions and health. Editora UFS
Silva, C.G., Santos, A.O., Carli, D., and Paiva, V.
Religion, adolescence and sexuality: between autonomy and rigidity
Psicologia em Estudo
Paiva, V., Garcia, J., Rios, L.F., Santos, A.O., Muñoz-Laboy, M., and Parker, R.
Working with religious communities on sexuality and human rights
Global Public Health Special Edition
Publications Under Review
Rios, L.F., de Aquino, F.L., Murray, L., Muñoz-Laboy, M., Oliveira, C., and Parker, R.
The catholic church, moral doctrine, and HIV prevention in Recife, Brazil: Negotiating the contradictions between religious belief and the realities of everyday life
Medical Anthropology
Paiva, V., Silva, C.G.M., Seffner, F., Maksud, I., Rios, L.F., Muñoz-Laboy, M., and Parker, R.
Acolhimento: religious communities facing youth sexuality and AIDS
Culture, Health, and Sexuality
Wilson, P., Muñoz-Laboy, M., Valera, P., and Parker, R.
Contributions of qualitative research in Informing HIV/AIDS interventions targeting black MSM in the U.S.: A Review of the Literature
AIDS
Thank you!
Richard G. Parker: [email protected] Miguel Munoz Laboy: [email protected] Jonathan Garcia: [email protected] Laura Murray: [email protected]