Responding to Liberalism

To what extent are Socialism and Marxism responses to Classical liberalism?

Early Socialists

Robert Owen – he recognized the contribution that the workers made to the profits of the owner. Without the workers there would be no products to sell.

New Lanark

Owen pressured the government to enforce an 8 hour work day; he refused to hire children under ten, restricted working hours, raised wages.

Early Socialists - Charles Fournier

Utopia – a “perfect place” could be created where people could prosper and develop to their greatest potential. Fournier believed in arranging people in small self-sustaining communities where they could see their economic, political and social needs met.

Socialist Values and Early Socialists

KARL MARX

Early Socialists Communist Manifesto –

throughout history there have been revolutions led by oppressed people against their oppressors. The struggle between classes is the most important force in society.

Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie Class-less society would be

based on collective values and public ownership of property

So where do these ideas fit??

Socialism vs. Capitalism

Together we will read page 148 1. Describe in your own words the

arguments made here against capitalism. (5 arguments) (5 points)

2. Why is Louis Blanc’s quotation so controversial? What are some examples of Classical Liberalism?

Early Democratic Socialism Developed during the 1800’s by socialists who

believed that modern liberalism did not provide the type of government intervention that would address the collective interests of society.

The Dec;aration of Principles of the Social Democracy of America of 1897 Men are born free and have certain rights

(life,liberty and happiness) Citizens have the same political rights but they

should also have the same economic rights = economic inequality should not exist!

Independent Labour Party

Socialism

Great Depression

October 29th, 1929 – start of the Great Depression. It began with the stock market crash of stock markets in New York and all the major financial centres around the world.

The crash was the result of an unregulated economy.

As a result government intervention was becoming a core principle in political and economic ideologies

Formation of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation CCF was founded in Calgary, AB

during the Depression. The effects of the Depression were particularly harsh on people living in the prairies. Their economy depended on ranching, farming and mining, sectors which were hit hard because of drought.

CCF and J.S. Woodsworth Regina Manifesto – the party’s goals

and plans for achieving them These Plans included ▪ Shelters for the jobless and homeless ▪ Job creation programs▪ Pensions for those people who has worked for

their lifetimes but could not be cared for by their impoverished children

▪ Health Services that would be subsidized by the government so that people could get medical help for a fraction of the normal cost.

christophermoorehistory.blogspot.com

CCF and Tommy Douglas In 1944 – Tommy Douglas was

elected as premier of Saskatchewan and formed North America’s first Democratic Socialist government and began a social welfare movement that influenced the entire country.

The CCF eventually became the NDP

Although the CCF never had any success on a federal level – many of the policies (job creation programs, social programs, and union support are reflected in Canadian government policies today.)

Socialism in Québec - Parti Québécois Post - WWII Québec:

Maurice Duplessis – stanch anti-communist and supporter of Laissez-faire capitalism

After his death, Quebec saw a rise in socialism which was tied to a growing movement supporting the sovereignty of Québec.

Québec’s Quiet Revolution began

Groupe Marxist Revolutionnaire – promoted the struggle for an independent Québec led by the working class.

By the 1960’s parties that embraced socialism came to power. [Premier Jean Lesage provided greater access to health care and education, to introduce family allowances, and to take over all private producers of hydroelectricity.]

This resulted in the creation of a Welfare State

Parti Québécois One of Jean Lesage’s cabinet ministers, René

Lévesque, went on to found a new political party, Parti Québécois .

While the main aim was to separate from Canada, the Parti Québécois also embraced socialist values.▪ “The real degree of civilization is also indicated to us by the treatment

shown to the unorganized and usually silent multitude of the weakest and most disadvantaged people: the elderly, defenseless children, the handicapped, families with many children on a modest income.”

Parti Québécois “la Solution: Le programme du Parti Québécois presénté par René Levesque” (1970) Université du Québec à

Chicoutimi

http://classiques.uqac.ca/collection_documents/parti_quebecois/la_solution/la_solution.pdf

Questions to Ponder … and do How has socialism

developed as a reaction to classical liberalism? (4 Marks)

On a sheet of Loose Leaf briefly describe Canadian responses to classical liberalism. (5 Marks)

What were the differences between utopian socialists and democratic socialists? (3 Marks)

List the main events/ideologies of the Quiet Revolution on a timeline. (6 Marks)

Exploring Soviet Communism How was communism in the Soviet

Union a rejection of Liberalism?

Understandings of communism Remember Marx? – Of course you do!!! Classless society in which all people share in

the production of goods and there is no government required! This is accomplished through REVOLUTION! Key Points of Karl Marx’s communism ▪ Collectivism favored over individualism ▪ Well being of individuals is the responsibility of the

government ▪ Collective ownership▪ Eliminate private property▪ Have economic equality

Evolution

During the 20th century different forms of communism developed.

Leninism and Stalinism developed in the Soviet Union; Maoism in China; Kim-il Sun in North Korea

All of these leaders interpreted Marx’s manifesto differently and adapted it to their people

Communism in the 20th Century

20th Century rejections of liberalism

Bloody Sunday January 1905 workers in Russia

marched to present a petition to the Czar asking for recognition of basic human rights such as freedom of speech, press, religion, etc.

They also asked for a state-sponsored education system, better working conditions, fairer wages, an 8 hour workday, etc.

Hundreds were gunned down. Russians were outraged and

grew more dissatisfied. This eventually led to the Russian Revolution in 1917.

The Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a reaction to the

injustices of the authoritarian czarist system and uncontrolled free-market capitalism which exploited the proletariat (workers).

The Bolsheviks (communists), under Vladamir Lenin, sought to destroy this class-based system.

We’ve already looked at responses to classical liberalism (Classical conservatism, Marxism, socialism, and welfare capitalism).Now we will look at ideologies that completely rejected liberalism in favour of totalitarian systems of government such as the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.

Why did totalitarianism emerge?Communism and Fascism were the

two most influential ideologies to reject liberalism and both used totalitarian forms of government.

Totalitarianism means complete control of the government over the public and private lives of its citizens.

“Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.”

-Benito Mussolini

Totalitarian regimes are responding to what they see as dangerous and destabilizing changes. They consider the existing society in need of a complete transformation.

These transformations may be...

The nature of totalitarian regimes

RADICAL REACTIONARY As in the USSR The change desired is

a move toward the far left side of the economic spectrum and a complete rejection of political and economic traditions of the past

As in Nazi Germany The change desired is

a move toward an idealized past and an acceptance of economic inequality (accepting the belief that some people are naturally better than others.)

Political Freedom

EconomicFreedom

Political Control

Economic Control

Canada

United States

USSR

Nazi Germany

Refer to page 168 of your text

Like most ideologies, totalitarian regimes provide an account of the past, and explanation of the present, and a vision for the future. However, the extensive use of propaganda, coercive power, and communications technologies ensure the totalitarian governments maintain strict control over their citizens. This can include:• Extensive local, regional, and national organization• Youth, professional, cultural, and athletic groups (often forced participation)• A secret police using terror• Indoctrination through education• The censorship of the media• Redirecting popular discontent (using scapegoats)

The rise of totalitarianism in Russia

We are examining the rejection of Liberalism in Russia (USSR) and Nazi Germany

More then 80% of Russians were peasants; some of them were serfs (low income farmers who worked and were bound to the land of wealthy land-owners)

Czar Alexander II announced the emancipation of the serfs in 1861 but the government was slow to implement the changes.

Thus the reforms did little to satisfy Russian citizens

From the 1860s to the early 1900s Russia underwent massive change

Classical liberal economic policies led to rapid industrialization but Russia still lagged behind the rest of Europe

Russia also remained autocratic as the monarchy did not want to relinquish power

In 1881 the Czar was assassinated and Czar Alexander III took power. He imposed stricter political control; he exiled and persecuted dissidents using a secret police force.

Lenin and the rise of communism

Czar’s government was inefficient and authoritarian

Food shortages were common The secret police were ruthless Vladamir Lenin (1870-1924) appealed to the

struggling workers A revolution broke out in 1905 and although it

was suppressed, the Czar was forced to allow some reforms such as basic human rights, universal suffrage, and the creation of an elected Legislative Assembly called the Duma

These reforms were not enough to satisfy the people, especially since the Czar limited the powers of the Duma before its first session

The First World War broke out in 1914 which intensified the problems in Russia

In February 1917 discontent developed into an outright revolution.

Lenin’s communist Bolsheviks took over the machinery of the government in an organized attack in October 1917

“Land, Peace, and bread” Lenin and the Bolsheviks believed that violent

revolution was the only way to overthrow the government and avoid further development of liberalism in Russia

However taking power was easier than staying in power; a civil war erupted and lasted for 5 years.

By 1922 the war was over and communism was established

By 1924 Russia became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or Soviet Union), a dictatorial rule by the Communist Party

The rise of totalitarianism in Germany

Aftermath of the first world war

Immediately after the First World War in 1919, Germany became a republic with a modern, liberal democratic political structure.

This became known as the Weimar Republic

The Terms of the treaty of versailles

German army of no more than 100 000 men and no tanks

Reduce German navy, no submarines No German air force Alsace-Lorraine returned to France Germany loses all it’s colonies Rhineland became demilitarized Anschluss (union) with Austria forbidden Germany forced to recognize Poland and

Czechoslovakia Germany had to sign the War Guilt Clause (Article 231)

which placed blame on them A Reparations Commission decided Germany should pay

$33 billion US, they eventually paid $713 million US.

•Even though Germany had little choice in signing the treaty, much of the German population blamed the government for the humiliation and economic hardship the treaty was cause for years to come.•This resentment would undermine German confidence in their liberal democratic government•Furthermore, many Germans associated liberalism with the countries that defeated them in WW1

Economic turmoil After WW1 the German economy

was in ruins Germany had trouble with the

reparation payments and massive inflation saw savings being wiped out

Just when the economy started to improve the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression plunged the country into economic hardship once again.

A legacy of authoritarian rule in germany

Since the creation of the German Empire in 1871 the government was authoritarian in many ways

The Kaiser and the Chancellor held power and created a welfare state with health, accident, old-age, and disability insurance.

Hence, many Germans saw authoritarian system as benevolent.

Nationalism, militarism, and law & order

When the Weimar Republic failed to provide Germans with any hope in hard times they looked back to authoritarian rule

Hitler capitalized on their fears Adolf Hitler’s Nazi party:

promoted absolute nationalism, which called for the unification of all German-speakers

Used paramilitary organizations to stifle dissent and to terrorize the opposition

Centralized decision making in a single leader to whom everyone owed loyalty

The Nazis’ advocacy of law and order appealed to many Germans who were tired of years of instability.

Read the VOICES section on page 178 of your text entitled Hitler on Communism and answer question 1 at the bottom of the page

Theories of racial superiority

Nazi ideology included a racial theory that claimed that Germans formed a superior, “Aryan race”

They also used Jews as a scapegoat; they claimed that the Jews were the cause of many of Germany’s problems

Anti-Semitism was not unique to Germany, many Christians blamed the Jews for the crucifixion of Jesus

Living with communism and nazism

How did ideologies that rejected liberalism affect citizens?

Any benefits that came out of these two ideologies were outweighed by the devastating costs to many of the people living in those countries.

While some citizens benefited, many others suffered or died.

Is it reasonable to suggest that the rejection of liberalism can be dangerous for citizens?

Communism in the soviet union

Marx and Engels had developed theories of communism with Western European society in mind.

Lenin believed Marxism had to be carried out differently in Russia

This came to be called “war communism” but the conversion could not take place as quickly as first hoped

In 1921, Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy which brought back some aspects of capitalism temporarily to stimulate the economy

The state retained control of banking, large industry, transportation, etc

Stalin: 5 year plans & collectivization

Lenin death in 1924 led to a 4 year struggle for power until Joseph Stalintook power

Stalin continued with making Russia more communist by centralizing economic planning and implementing 5 year plans (industrial production increase by 20% per year)

The government implemented collectivization-all land was taken away from private owners and combined into large, collectively worked farms

Along with collectivization came the persecution of the kulaks-a class of prosperous land-owning peasants

Kulaks who did not give up their property were arrested and deported, or in some cases executed; they became the scapegoats of collectivization

Few peasants were satisfied with the changes, some destroyed crops and farm equipment, and slaughtered their animals rather than give them up to the state

These disruptions to agricultural production led to food shortages such as the Holodomor in Ukraine

Stalin eliminates political opposition

Some became disillusioned with Stalin’s leadership

He responded with a period of political repression known as the Great Purge (1936-1938)

Political opponents were executed or sent into exile, it included most of the highest ranking officers of the Red Army

Almost 2 million were arrested, half of them executed; the rest sent to forced labour camps in Siberia. These camps were known as the Gulag

Fascism in Nazi Germany

CollectivismEvery citizen works for the greater good of Germany

Anti-liberalismAnti-individualism

Extreme Na-tionalism

Big Business-State-Military PartnershipCooperation between these aspects of society

RacismSuperiority of the Aryan race, anti-Semitism, eugenics

Leadership:Germany is Hitler, Hitler is GermanyTotal allegiance

Consolidating power In November 1932, the Nazi party

held 1/3 of the seats in the Reichstag. By 1933 Hitler was named Chancellor. Capitalizing on the situation he quickly turned Germany into a totalitarian state.

A fire in the Reichstag was used by Hitler to spread fear of a communist takeover. Although it is believed the Nazis actually started the fire he used the incident to solidify his power

Hitler passed the Reichstag Fire Decree and Enabling Act in 1933 which made it possible to:

Restrict personal freedom, freedom of opinion, freedom of the press, and freedom of organization and assembly

Eliminate the privacy of mail, telegrams, and phone conversations

Eliminate the need for warrants to conduct searches

Pass legislation through the office of the Chancellor without the approval of the Reichstag

Ban all political parties except the Nazi party

Germany had become a dictatorship by 1933 The Nazis purged Germany of opposition to

them When President Hindenburg died August 19,

1934, Hitler declared himself Führer While individual rights suffered, the economy

benefitted: 6 million Germans were unemployed in 1932, in 1936 only 1 million were unemployed

Foreign imports were restricted to promote German products designed to achieve autarky (self-sufficiency and independence from other nations)

Nazi Eugenics Nazi ideology promoted the superiority of

the Aryan race and eugenics-controlling human reproduction so that desirable genetic traits are encouraged and undesirable traits are eliminated

9-11 million people, including 6 million Jews, who were considered Untermenschen (sub-humans) and were killed by the Nazis.

The strict enforcement of law and order gave people a sense of security

Transportation improved

Rallies and propaganda brought hope and confidence

Hitler “is my mother and my father. He keeps me safe from all harm”

Women and youth Nazi Germany was a patriarchy

dominated society. Women were primarily to stay at home and raise children

Couples were rewarded for having children

The Nazis also saw the importance of young people as the future of the Reich

Children were active participants in Nazism and were even encouraged to report anti-Nazi acts even by their parents