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Response to Response to IndustrializationIndustrialization
Change in the WorkforceChange in the Workforce
Rise in Big. Biz = fewer Rise in Big. Biz = fewer people self- employed.people self- employed.
More & More wage earners.More & More wage earners. They come from:They come from:
A. People leaving farms.A. People leaving farms. B. “new “ Immigrants (Eastern B. “new “ Immigrants (Eastern
and Southern Europe) & and Southern Europe) & Chinese.Chinese.
Less skilled jobs (more Less skilled jobs (more “unskilled”)“unskilled”)
More women and Children in the More women and Children in the workforce.workforce.
““New” ImmigrantsNew” Immigrants
From Eastern And Southern EuropeFrom Eastern And Southern Europe
Jews and CatholicsJews and Catholics
Bad Working ConditionsBad Working Conditions
Early Industrial Early Industrial Workplace is Workplace is usually unsafe.usually unsafe.
Hours long (10-12 Hours long (10-12 hr. workdays).hr. workdays).
Wages low.Wages low.
Coal MinersCoal Miners
One of the worst jobs! Low pay and One of the worst jobs! Low pay and very dangerous and harmful to one’s very dangerous and harmful to one’s health.health.
Company TownsCompany Towns
Workers live in houses owned by the Workers live in houses owned by the company they work for.company they work for.
““Company Store.”Company Store.”
Often paid in “scrip”Often paid in “scrip”
Company TownCompany Town
If you were a worker in the If you were a worker in the Gilded Age, what would you do Gilded Age, what would you do
to get better wages and to get better wages and working conditions?working conditions?
Organization of LaborOrganization of Labor Workers organized Unions to get better pay, shorter work days, Workers organized Unions to get better pay, shorter work days,
better work conditions.better work conditions.
Union = group that represents workers.Union = group that represents workers.
Use Strikes and Boycotts when necessary.Use Strikes and Boycotts when necessary.
Most early strikes result in violenceMost early strikes result in violence
Business responds Business responds with:with: A. “lockouts.”A. “lockouts.” B. Yellow Dog B. Yellow Dog
ContractsContracts C. “Pinkertons”C. “Pinkertons” D. BlacklistsD. Blacklists E. “scabs”E. “scabs”
Public Response to Early Public Response to Early UnionsUnions
Most people blame Most people blame unions—rather than unions—rather than business owners—for business owners—for violence.violence.
Some union members Some union members (especially new (especially new immigrants) are immigrants) are anarchistsanarchists or or socialists.socialists.
State and federal govt. State and federal govt. send police/military to send police/military to stop strikes.stop strikes.
Anarchists Anarchists = people who want to = people who want to destroy society so it can be remade destroy society so it can be remade from scratch to form a more fair and from scratch to form a more fair and just society. just society. Feel that it is okay to Feel that it is okay to use violenceuse violence to achieve goals. to achieve goals.
Socialists Socialists = people who want the = people who want the government to own big businesses so government to own big businesses so that workers wont be exploited and that workers wont be exploited and businesses are run for the public businesses are run for the public good rather than for profit.good rather than for profit.
Capitalism Capitalism = Businesses are = Businesses are privately owned and are run for privately owned and are run for profit.profit.
STOPSTOP
Stop—have do cartoons (go over in Stop—have do cartoons (go over in class)class)
Do pri. Sources of unions as Do pri. Sources of unions as homeworkhomework
Thur = union chart and labor incident Thur = union chart and labor incident chart.chart.
Day 2 Early Labor StrugglesDay 2 Early Labor Struggles
Homestead ReadingHomestead Reading
What action (after the building of the wall) What action (after the building of the wall) was taken by Frick that started a was taken by Frick that started a confrontation with the workers?confrontation with the workers?
How did violence start?How did violence start?
Who won the labor struggle at Homestead? Who won the labor struggle at Homestead? The company or the wokrers? The company or the wokrers?
The First National UnionsThe First National Unions
National Labor Union (NLU) is the first.National Labor Union (NLU) is the first.
Want an 8-hour work day.Want an 8-hour work day.
Want restrictions on immigration (especially Want restrictions on immigration (especially Chinese).Chinese).
Not very successful, and they fall apart when Not very successful, and they fall apart when their leader dies.their leader dies.
Molly MaguiresMolly Maguires Militant Labor Organization of Irish Militant Labor Organization of Irish
immigrants in coal region of Pennsylvania.immigrants in coal region of Pennsylvania.
Used terrorist tactics—violence & murder.Used terrorist tactics—violence & murder.
Helped lead to public perception that Helped lead to public perception that unions were dangerous radicals.unions were dangerous radicals.
Much of the violence attributed to the Much of the violence attributed to the Mollys was really performed by people Mollys was really performed by people hired by the mine owners to discredit hired by the mine owners to discredit them.them.
The Great Railroad StrikeThe Great Railroad Strike 18771877
First national labor conflictFirst national labor conflict
10% wage cut for Eastern RR employees.10% wage cut for Eastern RR employees.
There are strikes and violence.There are strikes and violence.
State militias called out.State militias called out.
Pres. Hayes sends federal troops into W.Virginia.Pres. Hayes sends federal troops into W.Virginia.
Over 100 people are killed.Over 100 people are killed.
Strike ends after a few weeks—bad for labors reputation.Strike ends after a few weeks—bad for labors reputation.
Great Railroad Strike of Great Railroad Strike of 18771877
The Knights of LaborThe Knights of Labor
Founded in 1869 by Founded in 1869 by Philadelphia tailors.Philadelphia tailors.
Open to all workers both Open to all workers both skilled and unskilled, black skilled and unskilled, black and white, & Women.and white, & Women.
Leader is Leader is Terence Terence Powderly.Powderly.
A big organizer is Mary A big organizer is Mary Harris “Mother” Jones.Harris “Mother” Jones.
““Mother” JonesMother” Jones
Do primary sourceDo primary source
What the Knights are for:What the Knights are for:
1. = pay for women.1. = pay for women.
2. End to child labor.2. End to child labor.
3. Graduated Income Tax.3. Graduated Income Tax.
4. 4. Co-op ownership of factories, Co-op ownership of factories, mines, and other mines, and other businesses.businesses.
5. They recruit blacks and women (although in the South 5. They recruit blacks and women (although in the South they are segregated).they are segregated).
6. They want limits on immigration (especially Chinese)6. They want limits on immigration (especially Chinese)
Haymarket Riot.Haymarket Riot.
1886—Police kill 4 protesters who 1886—Police kill 4 protesters who are striking the McCormick are striking the McCormick Harvester factory in Chicago.Harvester factory in Chicago.
1,000 workers then turn out for a 1,000 workers then turn out for a rally at Haymarket Square.rally at Haymarket Square.
During the rally, someone throws During the rally, someone throws a bomb and it kills 8 police a bomb and it kills 8 police officers and injures others.officers and injures others.
The police then fire into the The police then fire into the crowd killing 10 and wounding crowd killing 10 and wounding others.others.
8 of the organizers of the rally 8 of the organizers of the rally were put on trial for murder and 4 were put on trial for murder and 4 were hung. 1 killed self. 3 others were hung. 1 killed self. 3 others eventually pardoned by gov.eventually pardoned by gov.
HaymarketHaymarket
Fall of the Knights of LaborFall of the Knights of Labor
Haymarket (and other violence around Haymarket (and other violence around strikes) discredits them.strikes) discredits them.
People begin to associate Knights with People begin to associate Knights with anarchists and socialists.anarchists and socialists.
Rise of a new Union for skilled workers Rise of a new Union for skilled workers (AFL).(AFL).
The American Federation of The American Federation of Labor (AFL)Labor (AFL)
Led by Samuel Gompers.Led by Samuel Gompers.
Is only open to “skilled” workers.Is only open to “skilled” workers.
Does not call for joint ownership, Does not call for joint ownership, but increased benefits, better but increased benefits, better hours and wages.hours and wages.
Less antagonistic towards Less antagonistic towards management.management.
IWW (a.k.a. “Wobblies”)IWW (a.k.a. “Wobblies”)
Industrial Workers of the Industrial Workers of the WorldWorld
Leader was “Big” Bill Leader was “Big” Bill Haywood.Haywood.
Most radical union.Most radical union.
Want socialismWant socialism
OK using violenceOK using violence
Other strikes/violenceOther strikes/violence The Homestead strikeThe Homestead strike —1892 workers in —1892 workers in
Homestead, Penn. Are striking against a Carnegie Homestead, Penn. Are striking against a Carnegie plant. Carnegie hires 300 “Pinkertons” and plant. Carnegie hires 300 “Pinkertons” and eventually violence breaks out and several people eventually violence breaks out and several people are killed.are killed.
Pullman StrikePullman Strike —1894 Pullman workers go on —1894 Pullman workers go on strike when their wages are cut (but not their strike when their wages are cut (but not their rents at the company town). Eventually strike rents at the company town). Eventually strike goes national and is led by goes national and is led by Eugene V. Debs (head Eugene V. Debs (head of the ARU)of the ARU). There is much violence between . There is much violence between “guards” and strikers and many train cars are set “guards” and strikers and many train cars are set on fire and destroyed.on fire and destroyed.
The government issues an injunction to stop the The government issues an injunction to stop the strike and Debs is put in jail.strike and Debs is put in jail.
Eugene DebsEugene DebsHead of the American Railroad Head of the American Railroad UnionUnion
Later becomes a socialist and Later becomes a socialist and runs for president 4 times.runs for president 4 times.
Problems with early UnionsProblems with early Unions Mainly open to only skilled workers.Mainly open to only skilled workers.
Many did not allow women or blacks Many did not allow women or blacks (especially in the South).(especially in the South).
Many had hostility to “New “ Many had hostility to “New “ immigrants who made up a significant immigrants who made up a significant part of the industrial workforce.part of the industrial workforce.
Views of UnionsViews of Unions Government supported business Government supported business
owners and often sent in police or owners and often sent in police or national guard troops to stop strikes.national guard troops to stop strikes.
Most upper and middle-class people Most upper and middle-class people were against unions. Think they are were against unions. Think they are mainly anarchists and socialists and mainly anarchists and socialists and blamed them (rather than the business blamed them (rather than the business owners) for violence during strikes. owners) for violence during strikes. They think unions are un-American.They think unions are un-American.
To address the poor working To address the poor working conditions, long hours, and low pay conditions, long hours, and low pay of early industrialization, workers of early industrialization, workers (labor) begin to organize. (labor) begin to organize.
Who is the little man Who is the little man on his knees?on his knees?
What do the big men What do the big men standing represent?standing represent?
What does the title What does the title mean?mean?
What is the message What is the message of the cartoon?of the cartoon?
The First National UnionsThe First National Unions
National Labor Union (NLU) is the first.National Labor Union (NLU) is the first.
Want an 8-hour work day.Want an 8-hour work day.
Want restrictions on immigration (especially Want restrictions on immigration (especially Chinese).Chinese).
Not very successful, and they fall apart when Not very successful, and they fall apart when their leader dies.their leader dies.
http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haymarket/altgeldcartoon.jpg
Who are the 3 Who are the 3 figures in the figures in the cartoon?cartoon?
What is the message What is the message of the cartoon?of the cartoon?
Is it pro labor or Is it pro labor or owners?owners?
