Restoration and the Eighteenth Century_curs

7/24/2019 Restoration and the Eighteenth Century_curs

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Restoration and theRestoration and theEighteenth CenturyEighteenth Century1660-18001660-1800 The Augustan Age The Augustan Age

The Neoclassical Period The Neoclassical Period

The Age of Reason The Age of Reason The Age of Enlightenment The Age of Enlightenment


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In the hado! of Eli"a#ethIn the hado! of Eli"a#eth

After $ames I% his !ea& son Charles I cameAfter $ames I% his !ea& son Charles I cameto throne% #ut the Puritans and theirto throne% #ut the Puritans and their'arliamentary 'arty had gained 'o!er('arliamentary 'arty had gained 'o!er(

)y 16*+ England !as em#roiled in ci,il !ar)y 16*+ England !as em#roiled in ci,il !ar#et!een the 'arliamentary 'arty and the#et!een the 'arliamentary 'arty and theRoyalists(Royalists(Charles I !as )eheaded #y Parliament asCharles I !as )eheaded #y Parliament as

they too& o,er England under the rule ofthey too& o,er England under the rule ofli,er Crom!ell.not royalty #ut a militaryli,er Crom!ell.not royalty #ut a militaryand 'olitical strategist !ho e,entually toreand 'olitical strategist !ho e,entually toreu' the constitution and #ecame a dictator(u' the constitution and #ecame a dictator(


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The Players The PlayersEli"a#eth I $ames I Charles I

li,erCrom!ell

Charles II


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2efeated and E3hausted2efeated and E3hausted

)y 1660 England !as)y 1660 England !asutterly e3hausted #yutterly e3hausted #y+0 years of ci,il !ar(+0 years of ci,il !ar(

)y 1400 it had li,ed)y 1400 it had li,edthrough a de,astatingthrough a de,astating'lague and a 5re that'lague and a 5re thathad left more thanhad left more than+ 7 of ondoners+ 7 of ondonershomeless(homeless(

esser countriesesser countries

!ould ha,e folded!ould ha,e folded


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Not EnglandNot England

)y the end of the 18)y the end of the 18 thth century% England hadcentury% England hadtransformed itself(transformed itself(

ome say they had no!here to go #ut u'(ome say they had no!here to go #ut u'(

9hy Augustan and Neoclassical: The9hy Augustan and Neoclassical: Thecom'arison to Rome under the reign ofcom'arison to Rome under the reign ofem'orer cta,ian !ho called himselfem'orer cta,ian !ho called himself;Augustus< meaning ;the e3alted one(< =e;Augustus< meaning ;the e3alted one(< =e

restored 'eace and order to Rome afterrestored 'eace and order to Rome after

$ulius Caesar>s assassination( $ulius Caesar>s assassination(Again there !as a return to classicalAgain there !as a return to classicallearning and a restoration of order(learning and a restoration of order(


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cta,ian and Charles IIcta,ian and Charles II


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9hat is meant #y9hat is meant #yRestoration:Restoration:

In 1660 the Anglican Church !asIn 1660 the Anglican Church !asrestored as the o?cial Church ofrestored as the o?cial Church ofEngland and @ing Charles II !asEngland and @ing Charles II !as

restored to 'o!er after ha,ing #eenrestored to 'o!er after ha,ing #eene3iled to rance% restoring thee3iled to rance% restoring themonarchy(Bmonarchy(B

They dug u' Crom!ell% #eheaded him% They dug u' Crom!ell% #eheaded him%then re#uried him(then re#uried him(

The monarchy !as restored !ithout The monarchy !as restored !ithoutshedding a dro' of #lood(shedding a dro' of #lood(


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The Age of Reason and The Age of Reason andEnlightenmentEnlightenment

As&ing the =o!: Peo'le !ereAs&ing the =o!: Peo'le !erechanging their !ays of ,ie!ingchanging their !ays of ,ie!ingthemsel,es and the !orld(themsel,es and the !orld(

Natural 'henomena !ere increasinglyNatural 'henomena !ere increasinglye3'lained #y scienti5c o#ser,ation ase3'lained #y scienti5c o#ser,ation as'eo'le #egan to as& ho! things'eo'le #egan to as& ho! thingsha''ened in the natural !orld(ha''ened in the natural !orld(


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)irth of odern Prose)irth of odern Prose

nder the inDuence of the Royalnder the inDuence of the Royalociety and $ohn 2ryden% Englishociety and $ohn 2ryden% English

'rose #ecame more 'recise% e3act%'rose #ecame more 'recise% e3act%and 'lain(and 'lain(

e!er meta'hors% Do!ery language%e!er meta'hors% Do!ery language%etc(etc(


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Changes in ReligionChanges in Religion

The ne! science inDuenced religion A The ne! science inDuenced religion Amo,ement called 2eism ,ie!ed themo,ement called 2eism ,ie!ed theuni,erse as a 'erfect mechanism% !hichuni,erse as a 'erfect mechanism% !hich

/od had #uild and left to run on its o!n(/od had #uild and left to run on its o!n(Po'e>sPo'e>s Essay on ManEssay on Man

ir Issac Ne!tonir Issac Ne!ton $ohn oc&e $ohn oc&eChristianity #ut as&ing more and moreChristianity #ut as&ing more and morescienti5c Fuestionsscienti5c Fuestions


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Religion and PoliticsReligion and Politics

Religion determinedReligion determined'eo'le>s 'olitics('eo'le>s 'olitics(@ing Charles II@ing Charles II

outla!ed andoutla!ed and'ersecuted all the'ersecuted all the,arious Puritan and,arious Puritan andInde'endent sects.Inde'endent sects.do"ens of them !hodo"ens of them !hoall disagreed amongall disagreed amongthemsel,es(themsel,es(


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)loodless Re,olution)loodless Re,olution

Charles II had no legal heir(Charles II had no legal heir(9hen he died in 168G he !as succeeded #y9hen he died in 168G he !as succeeded #yhis #rother $ames II% a 'racticing Romanhis #rother $ames II% a 'racticing Roman

Catholic( Pressure !as so great that he DedCatholic( Pressure !as so great that he Dedto rance !ith his family in 1688(to rance !ith his family in 1688(

$ames II !as succeeded #y his Protestant $ames II !as succeeded #y his Protestantdaughter ary and her 2utch hus#anddaughter ary and her 2utch hus#and9illiam of range( E,er since% the rulers of9illiam of range( E,er since% the rulers ofEngland ha,e #een% at least in name%England ha,e #een% at least in name%Anglicans(Anglicans(


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The Ne! Players The Ne! Players

$ames II 9illiam and ary


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After the RestorationAfter the Restoration

9riters dre! on ;Ne! Classical< style of9riters dre! on ;Ne! Classical< style ofRoman% /ree&% and atin modelsRoman% /ree&% and atin models

Thin&ers of this Age of Reason Thin&ers of this Age of Reasonem'hasi"ed logic% scienti5cem'hasi"ed logic% scienti5co#ser,ation% factual e3'lanation( Theseo#ser,ation% factual e3'lanation( Theserational e3'lanations aHected somerational e3'lanations aHected some'eo'le>s religious ,ie!s('eo'le>s religious ,ie!s(

iterary tastes turned to !it and satireiterary tastes turned to !it and satireto e3'ose e3cesses and moralto e3'ose e3cesses and moralcorru'tion(corru'tion(


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In ournalism% the 'eriodical essay de,elo'ed%In ournalism% the 'eriodical essay de,elo'ed%commenting on 'u#lic manners and ,alues(commenting on 'u#lic manners and ,alues(

To satisfy the reading tastes of a de,elo'ing To satisfy the reading tastes of a de,elo'ing

middle class% !riters #egan to e3'erimentmiddle class% !riters #egan to e3'eriment!ith long 5ctional narrati,es called no,els(!ith long 5ctional narrati,es called no,els( Theaters closed #y the Puritans reo'ened% Theaters closed #y the Puritans reo'ened%and female actors !ere no! included on theand female actors !ere no! included on the

stageJ drama during the Restoration 'eriodstageJ drama during the Restoration 'eriod!as !itty% #a!dy% and cynical(!as !itty% #a!dy% and cynical(


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)y the end of the 'eriod% the)y the end of the 'eriod% thee3cesses of the rich and the onset ofe3cesses of the rich and the onset ofindustriali"ation turned 'eo'le>sindustriali"ation turned 'eo'le>stastes to an a''reciation for naturetastes to an a''reciation for natureand sim'licity(and sim'licity(


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a or Ideas of the Eraa or Ideas of the EraRationalismRationalism KKlogical reasoning #ased on factKKlogical reasoning #ased on factCosmologyCosmology KKne! !orld ,ie! #ased on Ne!tonianKKne! !orld ,ie! #ased on Ne!tonian'hysicsKanalysis of natural 'henomena as systems'hysicsKanalysis of natural 'henomena as systems

SecularismSecularism KKa''lication of scienti5c theories to religion andKKa''lication of scienti5c theories to religion andsocietysociety

Scientifc methodScientifc method KKe3'erimentation% o#ser,ation% hy'othesisKKe3'erimentation% o#ser,ation% hy'othesisOptimismOptimism KKanything is 'ossi#leKKanything is 'ossi#leToleranceTolerance KKa greater acce'tance of diHerent societies andKKa greater acce'tance of diHerent societies andculturescultures

Mass educationMass education

UtilitarianismUtilitarianism KKKKCosmopolitanismCosmopolitanismFreedomFreedomRe ormRe orm


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The Age oThe Age oEnlightenmentEnlightenment

rigins in the scienti5c and intellectualrigins in the scienti5c and intellectualre,olutions of the se,enteenth century(re,olutions of the se,enteenth century(Change and reason !ere #oth 'ossi#leChange and reason !ere #oth 'ossi#leand desira#le for the sa&e of humanand desira#le for the sa&e of humanli#erty(li#erty(Pro,ided a ma or source of ideas thatPro,ided a ma or source of ideas thatcould #e used to undermine e3istingcould #e used to undermine e3isting'olitical and social 'atterns('olitical and social 'atterns(


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What ad ecti!es "ould you use toWhat ad ecti!es "ould you use todescri#e these images$descri#e these images$
http://www.englishcountrydancing.org/1730.jpghttp://www.leeds.gov.uk/discover/images/2003415_182820619.jpg


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The e,en /rou's of English The e,en /rou's of Englishociety during this timeociety during this time

1(1( The /reat% !ho li,e 'rofusely The /reat% !ho li,e 'rofusely+(+( The Rich% !ho li,e ,ery 'lentifully The Rich% !ho li,e ,ery 'lentifully7(7( The iddle ort% !ho li,e !ell The iddle ort% !ho li,e !ell*(*( The 9or&ing Trades% !ho la#or hard% #ut The 9or&ing Trades% !ho la#or hard% #ut

feel no !antfeel no !antG(G( The Country Peo'le% farmers% etc(% !ho The Country Peo'le% farmers% etc(% !ho

fare indeHerentlyfare indeHerently6(6( The Poor% that fare hard The Poor% that fare hard4(4( The isera#le% that really 'inch and suHer The isera#le% that really 'inch and suHer

!ant(!ant( ---2aniel 2efoe---2aniel 2efoe


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2e#tor>s Prison2e#tor>s Prison


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The Age of atire The Age of atire

Ale3ander Po'e and $onathon !ift ofAle3ander Po'e and $onathon !ift ofaristocratic ,aluesB #oth used satire toaristocratic ,aluesB #oth used satire toe3'ose the moral corru'tion and crasse3'ose the moral corru'tion and crasscommercialism of the eighteenth-centurycommercialism of the eighteenth-centuryEngland(England(Artist 9illiam =ogarth shared many of theirArtist 9illiam =ogarth shared many of theirattitudes and ideas and e3'ressed hisattitudes and ideas and e3'ressed hissatire through art(satire through art(2aniel 2efoe stood for ,alues that !e thin&2aniel 2efoe stood for ,alues that !e thin&of as middle class.no interest in 'olishedof as middle class.no interest in 'olishedmanners and social 'oise(manners and social 'oise(


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The atirists The atirists


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The Age of $ournalism The Age of $ournalism

As the middle class gre!% ournalists suchAs the middle class gre!% ournalists suchas 2efoe% $ose'h Addison% and Richardas 2efoe% $ose'h Addison% and Richard

teele follo!ed this ne! 'rofession(teele follo!ed this ne! 'rofession(

a! themsel,es as ;reformers of 'u#lica! themsel,es as ;reformers of 'u#licmanners and morals(


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Po'ular TastePo'ular Taste

i&e ournalists of the day% !riters li&ei&e ournalists of the day% !riters li&ePo'e and !ift aimed at reformingPo'e and !ift aimed at reformingand educating their readers(and educating their readers(Po'e in 'articular% ho!e,er% !asPo'e in 'articular% ho!e,er% !asmuch too formal and classical in hismuch too formal and classical in hisstyle to dra! a !ide readershi'(style to dra! a !ide readershi'(

These readers instead Doc&ed to the These readers instead Doc&ed to theno,el(no,el(


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irst English No,elsirst English No,els

omething ne!omething ne!2e,elo'ment of the middle class2e,elo'ment of the middle class

ften #road and comicalften #road and comicalRo#inson Crusoe% #y 2efoeRo#inson Crusoe% #y 2efoe9omen !ere among the eager9omen !ere among the eager

readersreaders Tom $ones% =enry ielding Tom $ones% =enry ielding


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Pu#lic PoetryPu#lic Poetry

Poetry of the 'eriod !as not 'ri,ate%Poetry of the 'eriod !as not 'ri,ate%intimate% or s'ontaneousJ rather itintimate% or s'ontaneousJ rather it!as highly arti5cial and carefully!as highly arti5cial and carefullycrafted for 'u#lic occasions(crafted for 'u#lic occasions(

orms included elegies for grandorms included elegies for grand'eo'le% satire% odes('eo'le% satire% odes(


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The Age of $ohnson The Age of $ohnsonamuel $ohnson aamuel $ohnson a

commanding 5gure atcommanding 5gure atthe end of the 18the end of the 18 thth century% a man ofcentury% a man ofconser,ati,e andconser,ati,e andtraditional #eliefs( =etraditional #eliefs( =eFuestioned o'timisticFuestioned o'timisticassum'tion that theassum'tion that the

future !ould #efuture !ould #e#etter than the 'ast#etter than the 'astand that 'eo'le !illand that 'eo'le !illautomatically do !hatautomatically do !hat

is right(is right(


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The End of the Age The End of the Age

At the end of the century% asAt the end of the century% asindustriali"ation mushroomed%industriali"ation mushroomed%!riters returned to nature and fol&!riters returned to nature and fol&themes for ins'iration(themes for ins'iration(

Documents

Restoration and the Eighteenth Century_curs