Restoring Balance: Bangladesh's Rural Energy Realities

8/9/2019 Restoring Balance: Bangladesh's Rural Energy Realities

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RON TJ\EB LCFM

K. Cscbuzzckcf

Bjudecs I. Lcrfns

Qoco`bur \. Mocfbmnr

T J \ E B L C F M T J \ M @ F D X C X N \ F J . 3 ? 3

\nstjr`fd Lcecfan

Lcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns


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K. CscbuzzckcfBjudecs I. LcrfnsQoco`bur \. Mocfbmnr

T J \ E B L C F M T J \ M @ F D X C X N \ F J . 3 ? 3

\nstjr`fd LcecfanLcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns

RON TJ\EB LCFM

Tcso`fdtjf, B.A.

Nfnrdy Qnatjr Kcfcdnknft Css`stcfan Xrjdrck


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Ajpyr`dot


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Ajftnfts

Camfjwenbdknfts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x`Carjfyks cfb Cllrnv`ct`jfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x```

^f`ts ji Kncsurn/Aurrnfay Nqu`vcenfts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Nfnrdy Ajfvnrs`jf Icatjrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv``

Nxnaut`vn Qukkcry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x`x

3. @ftrjbuat`jf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Toct @s ton Mfjwenbdn Lcsn: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Ajkpcr`sjf ji Nfnrdy sn Qtruaturn ly Nftnrpr sn Ejact`jf . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

9.3 Cffuce Ejcb Qonbb`fd, 3001


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1.38 Nenatrà E`dot`fd ly @fajkn cfb B`v`s`jf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ojusnojeb Nxpnfb`turn ly Nenatr`ffiact`jf Qtctus jf Mnrjsnfn cfb Jtonr

Nfnrdy Qjurans, ly @fajkn Drjup (Rm pnr yncr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.9 Tneicrn Dc`fs irjk Qw`tao`fd E`dot`fd Qystnks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Kàrjnftnrpr`sn B`str`lut`jf ly Ejact jf cfb Cat`v`ty Rypn . . . . . . . . . . . . . >.< B`str`lut`jf ji Drjwto-Anftnr Kàrjnftnrpr`sns ly \nd`jf . . . . . . . . . . . . . >1

>.1 B`str`lut`jf ji Nfnrdy Qjurans ly Cat`v`ty Rypn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >2

>.2 Kcgjr Nfnrdy Qjurans ly ^sn Rypn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >>

>.> Nfnrdy cs c Xnranftcdn ji Rjtce Ajsts ly Cat`v`ty Rypn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >>

>.9 Xràn pnr f`t ji Nfnrdy ijr Fjf-e`dot`fd Lus`fnss sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >9

>.4 Xnran`vnb Cbvcftcdns cfb B`scbvcftcdns ji Nenatrà`ty sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >4

>.? Xnran`vnb Cbvcftcdns cfb B scbvcftcdns ji Iunewjjb ^sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >?

>.0 Xnran`vnb Cbvcftcdns cfb B`scbvcftcdns ji Mnrjsnfn sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >?

>.38 Kàrjnftnrpr`sn B`str`lut`jf ly Ejact`jf cfb Enfdto ji Jpnrct`jf . . . . . . . >0

>.33 Kàrjnftnrpr`sn B str`lut`jf ly Fuklnr ji Nkpejynns cfb Ejact`jf. . . . . . 98

>.3< Ajkpcr`sjf ji Nfnrdy Jutput cfb Ajst ly sn cfb Ejact`jf . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

>.31 Qukkcry Qtct`stàs ji Jutajkns cfb Nxpecfctjry Ycr`clens

ji Nftnrpr`sn Nfnrdy Bnkcfb \ndrnss`jfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.32 Nst`kctns ji Nftnrpr`sn Nfnrdy Bnkcfb (F; Qukkcry Qtct`stàs ji Jutajkns cfb Nfnrdy sn Ycr`clens ji Nftnrpr`sn

Xrjffitclè ty \ndrnss`jfs (F;


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>.39 Niinats ji 3 Rm @farncsnb Nfnrdy sn jf Nftnrpr`sn Jutajkn

(cffuce Rm pnr nftnrpr`sn) (F;

>.3? @rr`dct`jf Kntojb cfb Nfnrdy Rypn ly B`v`s`jf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99>.30 Icrknr @rr`dct`jf Kntojb ly B`v`s jf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

>. Ojusnojeb B`str`lut`jf ly @fajkn Qjuran (pnranft). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

C3.9 Ojusnojeb Ajfsukpt`jf Nxpnfb`turn ly Lubdnt @tnk (Rm pnr yncr) . . . . . 383

C3.4 Ojusnojeb B`str`lut`jf ly Rypn ji Nfnrdy Ajfsukpt`jf (pnranft) . . . . . . 383

C3.? Cffuce Ojusnojeb Nfnrdy Ajfsukpt jf7 Cee B`v`s`jfs

(cvnrcdn pnr ojusnojeb). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

C3.38 Nfnrdy Ajfsukpt jf ly Lus`fnss Rypn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38>

C3.33 Ojusnojeb B`str`lut`jf ji Ajjm`fd Qtjvn Jwfnrso`p (pnranft) . . . . . . . . . 389C3.3< Ojusnojeb Jwfnrso`p ji Ajjm`fd Qtjvns ly Rypn

(fuklnr pnr 388 ojusnojebs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

C3.31 Ojusnojeb B str`lut jf ji Fuklnr ji Knces cfb Ajjm`fd R`kns

(pnranft b`str`lut`jf). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

C3.32 Ojurs ji Jpnrct fd Ajjm`fd Qtjvns ly Rypn (bcèy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

C3.3> Ojusnojeb Jwfnrso`p ji E`dot`fd Cppe`cfans

(fuklnr pnr 388 ojusnojebs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

C3.39 Ojurs ji \uff`fd E`dot fd Cppe`cfans (acsns pnr bcy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38?

C3.34 Ojusnojeb Jwfnrso`p ji Xeud-`f Nenatrà Cppe`cfans

(fuklnr pnr 388 ojusnojebs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38?

C3.3? Ojurs ji \uff`fd ton Xeud-`f Rypn ji Nenatrà Cppe cfans (bcèy) . . . . . . . . 38?

Ajftnfts v``


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C3.30 Jwfnrso`p ji @rr`dct`jf Xukps cfb Xjwnr R`eenrs/Rrcatjrs

(pnranft ojusnojebs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

C3.


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C3.11 Tjknfs R`kn sn ijr Ycr`jus Cat`v`t`ns (bc`ey ojurs pnr pnrsjf). . . . . . . . 33?

C3.12 R`kn Qpnft Kcm`fd Aecy Qtjvns (ojurs pnr stjvn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33?

C3.1> R`kn Qpnft jf Aecy Qtjvn Kc`ftnfcfan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

C3.19 \nspjfbnfts Ctt tubn tjwcrb Nenatr`a`ty (pnranft b`str`lut`jf) . . . . . . . . . . 330C3.14 \nspjfbnfts Ctt tubn tjwcrb Iunewjjb (pnranft b`str`lut`jf) . . . . . . . . . . 3


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x`

Camfjwenbdknfts

Ro`s stuby wcs ajfbuatnb w`to tnaofàce cfb i`fcfa`ce suppjrt irjk ton NfnrdyQnatjr Kcfcdnknft Css`stcfan Xrjdrck (NQKCX), ton ajeecljrct`vn niijrts ji tonLcfdecbnso @fst`tutn ji Bnvnejpknft Qtub`ns (L@BQ) `f Bocmc cfb ton Tjreb Lcfm. @fcbb`t`jf, c bntcènb lcamdrjufb survny ji kàrjnftnrpr`sns wcs ajkpentnb ly Bctc

@ftnrfct`jfce, Bocmc. Ron survny tnck ajkpentnb `ts wjrm `f cfb ton ajfsuetcfts

sulk`ttnb c prne`k`fcry rnpjrt tj ton Tjreb Lcfm f


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x```

Carjfyks cfb Cllrnv`ct`jfs

C\@ cautn rnsp`rctjry finat`jfLLQ Lcfdecbnso Lurncu ji Qtct`stàs

LAQ@\ Lcfdecbnso Ajufa e ijr Qa`nft ffia cfb @fbustr`ce \nsncrao

L@BQ Lcfdecbnso @fst`tutn ji Bnvnejpknft Qtub`ns

LXA Lcfdecbnso Xntrjenuk Ajrpjrct`jf

LXBL Lcfdecbnso Xjwnr Bnvnejpknft Ljcrb

AFD ajkprnssnb fcturce dcs

N\A Nfnrdy \nduectjry Ajkk`ss`jf

NQKCX Nfnrdy Qnatjr Kcfcdnknft Css`stcfan Xrjdrck

N_RJX Tjreb Lcfm Jiffian ji ton Xule`sonr

ICJ Ijjb cfb Cdràueturce Jrdcf`zct`jfDJL Djvnrfknft ji Lcfdecbnso

O@NQ Ojusnojeb @fajkn cfb Nxpnfb`turn Qurvny

@CX `fbjjr c`r pjeeut`jf

@BAJE @fircstruaturn Bnvnejpknft Ajkpcfy E`k`tnb

@NC @ftnrfct`jfce Nfnrdy Cdnfay

@I\B @fst`tutn ji Iune \nsncrao cfb Bnvnejpknft

EFD e`qunffinb fcturce dcs

EXD e`qunffinb pntrjenuk dcs

FDJ Fjf-djvnrfknftce jrdcf`zct`jf

XLQ \urce Nenatrà Ajjpnrct`vn (Xcee` L`byut Qck`ty)

XDAL Xjwnr Dr`b Ajkpcfy ji Lcfdecbnso

XK38

pcrtàens w`to cf cnrjbyfckà b`ckntnr enss tocf 38 kàrjfs

XK

pcrtàens w`to cf cnrjbyfckà b`ckntnr enss tocf kàrjfs

XY pojtjvjetcà

\NL \urce Nenatr`ffiact`jf Ljcrb

QNBC Qustc`fclen Nfnrdy Bnvnejpknft Cdnfay

QOQ sjecr ojkn systnks


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^f`ts ji Kncsurn

DG d`dcgjuenDTo d`dcwctt ojur

md mèjdrck

mdjn mèjdrcks ji jè nqu`vcenft

mek-or mèjeuknf-ojur

mTo mèjwctt-ojur

ejn e`tnrs ji jè nqu`vcenft

KAI tojuscfb aulà innt

KG kndcgjuen

KT kndcwctt

d/k1 kàrjdrcks pnr aulà kntnrT wctt

Aurrnfay Nqu`vcenfts


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Nfnrdy Ajfvnrs`jf Icatjrs

xv``

Ajjm`fd Iunes cfb Nfnrdy Niffia`nfa`ns

Nfnrdy ajftnft Ajjm`fd stjvn Niffia`nft ajjm`fd

Iune sjuran (KG pnr uf`t) niffia`nfay (%) nfnrdy (KG pnr uf`t)

Nenatr`a`ty (mTo) 1.9 48

EXD (md) 2>.> 98 % kj`sturn) (md) 31.> 3< 3.9

Bufd (3>% kj`sturn) (md) 32.> 3< 3.4

Encvns cfb drcss (md) 31.> 3< 3.9

Qjuran7 JQuee`vcf cfb Lcrfns (


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xv``` Nfnrdy Ajfvnrs`jf Icatjrs

Ojusnojeb E`dot`fd Nfnrdy `f Bnvnejp`fd Ajuftr`ns

Jutput acsnb jf euknfs pnr wctt

E`dot`fd typn E`dot jutput (euknfs) mek-or pnr mdjn mek-or pnr mTo

Fjf-nenatr`a

Xcrciffif acfben 33.? ?8 314.>? 33.98

98 418 322.18 3


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Nxnaut`vn Qukkcry

Q`fan ton 3008s,Lcfdecbnsojfn ji ton wjrebs pjjrnst ajuftr`nsocs tcmnf ecrdn str`bnstjwcrb cao`nv`fd ton Kèenffùk Bnvnejpknft Djces (KBDs), ocv`fd jutpnrijrknbkjst ejw-`fajkn ajuftr`ns jf c rcfdn ji sja`ce `fbàctjrs. Ron ajuftry `s jf tcrdnt tjcao`nvn c twj-to`rbs rnbuat`jf `f `ficft cfb aoèb kjrtce`ty ly . Ijjb snaur`ty ocs

`kprjvnb s`dfìàcftey, cfb dnfbnr b`spcr`ty `f pr`kcry cfb snajfbcry nfrjeeknft ocs

lnnf ne`k`fctnb. Pnt `f , fncrey 28 pnranft ji ton fct`jfs 328 kèe`jf rns`bnfts cfb

22 pnranft ji rurce rns`bnfts wnrn lnejw ton pjvnrty e`fn (Tjreb Lcfm


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`f rurce Lcfdecbnso torjudo lnttnr cfb kjrn niià`nft usn ji nfnrdy, woèn arnct`fd cf

nfv`rjfknft ajfbua`vn tj drjwto cfb pjvnrty rnbuat`jf.

Ijr cfy bnvnejp`fd ajuftry, ton arux ji c rurce nfnrdy strctndy s tj ocvn kjrn cfb

lnttnr aojàns ijr knnt`fd rurce bnkcfb ijr nfnrdy torjudo kcrmnt knaocf`sks cfb sjufb

pjeày. Ro`s djns ocfb `f ocfb w`to ton bnvnejpknft ji ajkpntnft `kpenknft`fd `fst tu-t`jfs, woào crn ar`tàce tj ton prjanss. Cesj `kpjrtcft crn fnw suppey- cfb bnkcfb-s`bn

tnaofjejd`ns toct acf ln usnb tj rc`sn rurce pnjpens wneicrn cfb `kprjvn prjbuat`v`ty tj

`farncsn drjwto prjspnats. Caajrb`fdey, ton rurce nfnrdy strctndy cbvjactnb ly to`s stuby

c`ks tj sct`siy ton typns ji bnkcfb toct farncsn ojusnojeb wneicrn cfb rc`sn rurce drjwto

prjspnats cs nfnrdy lnajkns c b`rnat `fput `ftj ton prjbuat`jf prjanss.

Lnfnffits ji Kjv`fd up ton Nfnrdy Ecbbnr

Ijr Lcfdecbnso tj drjw cfb prjspnr, `ts rurce najfjky kust fjt ln `dfjrnb. Ijaus`fd

sjeney jf urlcf drjwtornprnsnftct`vn ji jfey cljut pnranft ji Lcfdecbnso` ojusnojebs ajeenat jr puraocsn l`jkcss nfnrdy w`to

woào tj ajjm cee jr pcrt ji ton`r knces, kc`fey us`fd ffixnb aecy stjvns. Ron fonrnft fni-

ffia`nfay ji suao stjvns, ajkl`fnb w`to ton o`do kj`sturn ajftnft ji l`jkcss ajjm`fd iunes,

rnsuets `f fajkpentn ajklust`jf, prjbua`fd @CX. @f rurce Lcfdecbnso, cdn-snx ajkpjs`-

t`jf ji ojusnojebs fbàctns toct dnfnrceey,wjknf cfb ton`r aoèbrnf suiinr drnctnst nxpj-surn. Tjknf cesj lncr ton lruft ji t`kn spnft ajeenat`fd l`jkcss iunes, caajuft`fd ijr cf

cvnrcdn ji 3>8 jut ji


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nenatrà e`dot`fd tj mnrjsnfn, lut ufrne`clen suppey br`vns tonk tj usn mnrjsnfn eckps cs c

lcamup sjuran `f acsn ji pjwnr icèurn.

@f tnrks ji ajst cfb mèjeuknf jutput,nenatrà`ty s icr supnr`jr tj mnrjsnfn.Nenatrà`tysjutput pnr uf`t ji nfnrdy `s 388 t`kns o`donr tocf toct ji mnrjsnfn. Tonf jfn ajkpcrns

ojusnojebs toct usn mnrjsnfn eckps jr nenatrà e`dot`fd, twj trnfbs crn jlv`jus. I`rst, ton envne

ji e`dot`fd farncsns w`to fajkn ijr ljto mnrjsnfn cfb nenatrà`ty. Qnajfb, ton quce`ty ji

e`dot`fd snrvàn jltc`fnb irjk nenatrà`ty `s cf jrbnr ji kcdf`tubn o`donr tocf toct irjk

mnrjsnfn ijr cee `fajkn drjups carjss cee rnd`jfs. Ijr ton cvnrcdn ojusnojeb, ton fuklnr ji

mèjeuknfs `s fncrey ?8 t`kns o`donr ijr tojsn woj usn kc`fey nenatrà`ty, vnrsus mnrjsnfn.

Ron o`do-quce`ty e`dot`fd ciijrbnb ly nenatrà`ty ocs `kpjrtcft ajfsnqunfans ijr

Lcfdecbnso` ojusnojeb wneicrn. C ojusnojebs nenatrà`ty ajfsukpt`jf ijr e`dot`fd cppncrs

tj r`sn stncbèy cs ton fuklnr ji stubnfts `f ton ojusnojeb `farncsns. Ron stubys ffifb`fds

sojw toct tjtce ojurs ji stuby t`kn crn drnctnr f ojusnojebs toct usn nenatrà e`dot`fd tocf`f tojsn toct usn mnrjsnfn eckps,ajfffirk`fd nenatrà`tys ajftr`lut`jf tj oukcf-acp`tce ijr-

kct`jf. Cpcrt irjk nbuact`jf, ojusnojeb `fajkn cesj sojws c b`st`fat trnfb `f e`dot`fd

nfnrdy usn= cs `fajkns r`sn, ojusnojebs `farncs`fdey sw`tao irjk mnrjsnfn- tj nenatrà`ty-

lcsnb e`dot`fd. Ron pjtnft`ce dc`f irjk to`s trcfs`t`jf, cs kncsurnb ly ajfsuknrs surpeus,

`s nfjrkjus28 tj 2> pnranft ji ojusnojeb fajkn.C snpcrctn qucft`tct`vn cfceys`s sojws

fnt pjs`t`vn dc`fs f ojusnojeb fajkn irjk e`dot`fd nfnrdy usn ji s`kècr envnes, ajfffirk-

`fd toct e`dot`fd ocs c o`do vceun ijr rurce ojusnojebs.

Icrk`fd Nfnrdy

C to`rb ar`tàce nfnrdy usn ijr rurce Lcfdecbnso` ojusnojebs `s icrk`fd. Ron ajuftrys

pjtnft`ce ijr `farncsnb `rr`dct`jf, tojudo fjt cs bnvnejpnb cs toct ji jtonr Qjuto Cs`cf

ajuftr`ns, `s s`df`ffiacft. Ron kjst jlv`jus nfnrdy `fputs crn b`nsne nfd`fns cfb nenatrà

Nxnaut`vn Qukkcry xx`

I`durn NQ.3. Nfnrdy ^sn cfb Nxpnfb`turns f \urce Lcfdecbnso,


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kjtjrs ijr pukp`fd rr`dct`jf wctnr. @f cbb`t`jf,vcr`jus skcee kcao`fns, `faeub`fd pjwnr

t`eenrs, crn usnb farncs`fdey f ecfb prnpcrct`jf, ceenv`ct`fd kuao ji ton brubdnry cssja`-

ctnb w`to suao wjrm. Ro`s stuby ajfaeubnb toct icrk ojusnojebs toct kjvn up ton nfnrdy

ecbbnr nfgjy c sulstcft`ce dc`f f prjbuat`v`ty. Ijr ojusnojebs toct usn knaocf`znb fstncb

ji kcfuce `rr`dct`jf, icrk prjbuat`v`ty `s 3> tj


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penb `f to`s stuby ocb c dr`b ajffnat`jf, jfey 8 pnranft ji ojusnojebs cbjptnb nenatrà`ty,cetojudo ?8 pnranft ji vèecdns ocb sjkn typn

ji nenatrà`ty snrvàn cvcèclen.

@i nenatrà`ty `s cvcèclen, ojusnojeb caanss `s bntnrk`fnb ly `fajkn7 ton o`donr ton`fajkn (cpprjx`kctnb ly ecfb cfb fjf-ecfb cssnts), ton drnctnr ton bnkcfb. T`to o`donr

`fajkns, rurce Lcfdecbnso`s wnrn ijufb tj pursun kprjvnb sjurans ji nfnrdy cfb fvnst f

cssnts toct rnqu`rn kjrn nfnrdy. O`donr-`fajkn rurce ojusnojebs typàceey b`vnrsìy ton`r

nfnrdy pjrtije`js, kjv`fd tjwcrb kjbnrf nfnrdy, woào s fjt jfey kjrn niffia`nft lut cesj

ceejws ojusnojeb knklnrs tj `fvnst t`kn cfb kjfny `f kjrn prjbuat`vn cat`v`t`ns tocf

l`jkcss nfnrdy cejfn wjueb kcmn pjss`len.

Ijr cfy nfnrdy sjuran, prà`fd cesj bntnrk`fns bnkcfb. Rous, nfnrdy caanss `s fjt

nqu`tclen lnacusn ton sjuran `s n`tonr prànb tjj o`do jr acrr`ns c o`do jppjrtuf`ty ajst

(n.d., l`jkcss ajeenat`jf). @fnqu`tclen caanss cfb envne ji usn kcy encb tj iurtonr `fnqu`t`ns

(n.d., ejw-`fajkn ojusnojebs kcy pcy icr o`donr pràns ijr nqu`vcenft e`dot`fd snrvàns).

Xcy`fd Kjrn Cttnft`jf tj \urce Nfnrdy Qnrvàns

\urce nfnrdy kust ln v`nwnb cs c lcsà `fput tj ton rurce najfjky, `f e`fn w`to `ts rjen

`f rurce prjbuat`v`ty cfb `fajkn dnfnrct`jf. Cao`nv`fd c suppey-cfb-bnkcfb lcecfan

`s ar`tàce ct cee envnes. D`vnf rurce rns`bnfts oncvy rne`cfan jf trcb`t`jfce l`jkcss sup-

pey, l`jkcss kust ln usnb `f kjrn niià`nft wcys toct k`t`dctn bckcdn tj oukcf cfb

dejlce nfv`rjfknftce onceto. Ajkpenknft`fd tonsn niijrts, kjrn b`vnrsì`nb kjbnrfnfnrdy sjurans kust ln kcbn cvcèclen tj iueièe ufknt rurce ojusnojeb cfb lus`fnss

bnkcfb. Rj to`s nfb, cpprjpr`ctn prà`fd pje a`ns crn v`tce7 tony kust ln kcrmnt-lcsnb

tj nfsurn toct suppe nrs acf sustc`f ton o`donr ajst ji rurce jpnrct`jfs, ynt rnkc`f ciijrb-

clen tj ton pjjr.

L`jkcss7 @farncs`fd ^sn Niffia`nfay cfb Quppey

K`t`dct`fd ton èe niinats ji l`jkcss lurf`fd rnqu`rns ljto bnkcfb- cfb suppey-s`bn sjeu-

t`jfs cbcptnb tj ejace rnce`t`ns. L`jkcss bnkcfb acf ln rnbuanb ly cbjpt`fd `kprjvnb

ajjm`fd stjvns toct rurce pnjpen wcft cfb ocrfnss`fd l`jdcs tnaofjejdy torjudo vèecdn-lcsnb prjbuat`jf cfb b`str`lut`jf fntwjrms. L`jkcss suppey acf ln farncsnb ly pecft`fd

trnns crjufb ojkns, kc`ftc`f`fd cfb `kprjv`fd ejace fcturce rnsjurans, cfb `farncs fd

cdràueturce prjbuat`v`ty. Xrjkjt`fd c sustc`fclen suppey-bnkcfb lcecfan `kpe`ns ton

fnnb ijr pjeày f`t`ct`vns toct nfajurcdn ftnrknb`ctn cfb nfb-usn niffia`nfay, nspna`ceey ct

ton ojusnojeb envne= `farncsnb prjbuat`v`ty tj mnnp pcan w`to drjw`fd bnkcfb= cfb iune

sulst`tut`jf, wonrn pjss`len.

\urce Nenatr`ffiact`jf7 Rjwcrb c Xrj-pjjr Cpprjcao

Ljto dr`b cfb jii-dr`b nenatr`ffiact`jf prjdrcks crn ar`tàce tj ton sja`jnajfjkà bnvnejp-knft ji rurce Lcfdecbnso. Cs to`s stuby sojws, nenatr`ffiact`jf trcfsectns `ftj sulstcft`ce

dc`fs `f ojusnojeb wneicrn cfb c o`donr quce`ty ji eìn. Cs nenatrà`ty bnkcfb `s prjgnatnb

Nxnaut`vn Qukkcry xx```


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tj bjulen jvnr ton fnxt f`fn yncrs, ton `fvnstknft rnqu`rnb tj dnfnrctn suiffia`nft acpca`ty

tj caajkkjbctn iuturn bnkcfb drjwto s `kknfsn.

@i nenatrà`ty `s cvcèclen, ojusnojebs wèe pursun `ts usn. Lut fct`jfw`bn caanss tj

dr`b nenatrà`ty `s jfey 28 pnranft= `f rurce crncs, `t `s gust 18 pnranft. Ron \urce Nenatr`-

iàct`jf Ljcrb (\NL), rnspjfs`len ijr nenatrìy`fd rurce Lcfdecbnso, `s lcsnb jf ton.Q. kjbne ji ajfsuknr-jwfnb rurce nenatrà ajjpnrct`vns. Rjbcy, rurce Lcfdecbnso `s

b`v`bnb `ftj 48 ajjpnrct`vns jr Xcee` L`byut Qck`t`ns (XLQs), lnfni`t`fd cf nst`kctnb

4 kèe`jf ojusnojebsc rnkcrmclen cao`nvnknft `f c ajuftry ji sjkn


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@kpjrtcfan ji Qjufb Xrà`fd cfb Quls`by Xjeà`ns

Xrjkjt`fd kjrn nqu`tclen rurce caanss cfb usn ji kjbnrf nfnrdy `kpe`ns ton fnnb ijr

sjufb prà`fd pjeà`ns tj `farncsn suppey cfb rne`clè`ty. @t sojueb ln fjtnb toct ton urlcf

crncs ji Lcfdecbnso crn snrvnb ly c stctn utè`ty,woào s dnfnrceey ajfs`bnrnb tj ln enss niffi-a`nft tocf ton rurce ajjpnrct`vns nenatrà`ty ajkpcf`ns. Nvnf tojudo pnrijrk`fd lnttnr, ton

rurce nenatrà`ty pjeà`ns cfb snrvàn stèe acf ln `kprjvnb. Ijr rurce dr`b nenatrà`ty, c acrn-

iue rnv`nw ji ton pjeà`ns ji ufìjrk suls`b`ns cfb s`kècr tcrìis ijr cee XLQs `s rnajk-

knfbnb. Jfn pjtnft`ce sjeut`jf k`dot `faeubn knaocf`sks toct d`vn prninrnft`ce trnctknft

tj ajkpcf`ns snrv`fd pjjrnr rnd`jfs, suao cs pnrk`tt`fd o`donr tcrìis jr prjv`b`fd nena-

trà`ty ct ejwnr luem pràns. Rj bctn, jii-dr`b nenatrà`ty saonkns ocvn suaannbnb ly prjv`b-

`fd suls`b`ns torjudo `fb`v`buce prjgnats, ceejw`fd pràns tj jct lcsnb jf ton ajst ji

snrvàn citnr suls`b`ns.83.>3

Arjp rns`bun >1?.?9 392.23 81.9? 39.84 2.39 >


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bnpnfbs encst jf trnn-lcsnb l`j-

kcss (iunewjjb cfb encvns) ijr

ojusnojeb ajjm`fd. @f Mouefc,

wonrn jfn k`dot nxpnat o`donr

ajfsukpt`jf envnes, stràt ijrnstrnduect`jfs cfb rnstràtnb caanss

mnnp ajfsukpt`jf ejwnr tocf f

Ao`ttcdjfd, wonrn ejace rns`bnfts

acf kjrn ncsèy caanss sacttnrnb

ijrnst pctaons.

Q`dfìàcft usn ji l`jkcss

nfnrdynspna`ceey trnn encvns,

arjp rns`bun, cfb bufdkncfs

toct `fbjjr c`r pjeeut`jf (@CX)

cfb ejace l`jkcss sojrtcdns

crn pjtnft`ce prjlenks `f rurce

crncs ji cee ijur b`v`s`jfs. Q`fan

iunewjjb `s c ajkpcrct`vney

kjrn niffia`nft iune w`to c o`donr

nfnrdy ajftnft, ton pjtnft`ce ijr

@CX kcy ln sjknwoct enss `f

Ao`ttcdjfd. Ron e`tten usn kcbn ji kprjvnb l`jkcss stjvns toct vnft skjmn tj ton jutbjjrs

cfb kjbnrf iunes crn `kpjrtcft rnectnb `ssuns, woào crn b`saussnb `f Aocptnrs 1 cfb 2.

Ajkknra`ce`zct`jf ji L`jkcss Nfnrdy

C kcgjr ffifb`fd ji to`s stuby, cs knft`jfnb prnv`jusey, `s ton `farncs`fd ajkknra`ce`zct`jf

ji l`jkcss nfnrdy `f rurce crncs. Gust twj bnacbns cdj, kjst l`jkcss iunes wnrn ajeenatnb

irjk ton ejace nfv`rjfknft. Iunewjjb, ajfvnft`jfceey bnr`vnb irjk rurce rns`bnfts jwf

prjbuat`jf jr ejace ajeenat`jf, `s tjbcy kjrn e`mney tj ln puraocsnb irjk ejace kcrmnts.

32 Tjreb Lcfm Tjrm`fd Xcpnr

Rclen .> 39.4 282.9 0.4 3?8.> 0.48 288.2 38.4

Rrnn encvns 3.? 4.9

Qcwbust 3.2 8 3.8 8 >.? 8


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Rclen 4.? 90.2 ?


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ojusnojebs aec`k tj usn mnrjsnfn eckps. Cetojudo ojusnojebs w`to nenatrà`ty prninr nenatrà

e`dot`fd tj mnrjsnfn, ufrne`clen suppey br`vns tonk tj usn mnrjsnfn eckps cs c lcamup f acsn

ji pjwnr icèurn. Toèn jvnrcee nfnrdy ajfsukpt`jf ijr e`dot`fd `s ejw, rnd`jfce bìinrnfans

crn sulstcft`ce. Ijr nxckpen, rurce ojusnojebs `f Ao`ttcdjfd usn kjrn tocf twàn cs kuao

nfnrdy cs tojsn f \cgsoco` (lnacusn ji bìinrnfans f mnrjsnfn cfb nenatrà`ty ajfsukpt`jf).

@f Mouefc, fncrey 0< pnranft ji e`dot`fd `s bnr`vnb irjk mnrjsnfn (snn Rclen ).

C kcgjr rncsjf ijr ton prjk`fnfan ji mnrjsnfn s toct nenatrà`ty s fjt cvcèclen f cee

crncs= nvnf wonrn cvcèclen, ajfsuknr bnfs`ty s ejw. Rous, woèn 99 pnranft ji ton vèecdns

sckpenb ocb c dr`b ajffnat`jf, jfey 8 pnranft ji ojusnojebscbjptnb nenatrà`ty, cetojudo ?8 pnranft ji vèecdns ocb sjkn typn ji nenatrà`ty snrvàn cvcè-

clen (snn Rclen


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lut `t `s lnajk`fd sacranr tocf `f ton pcst,

cfb c s`df`ffiacft pjrt`jf `s ln`fd puraocsnb.

Ct ton sckn t`kn, kcfy rurce rns`bnfts crn

turf`fd tj rns`buns, faeub`fd drcss cfb encvns,

tj knnt ton`r bcèy ajjm`fd fnnbs.@f tnrks ji e`dot`fd, mnrjsnfn s ton kc`f

nfnrdy sjuran, cetojudo kjst rurce ojusn-

ojebs wjueb prninr nenatrà e`dot`fd ì `t wnrn

cvcèclen. Nenatrà`ty s fjt usnb cs nxtnfs`vney

cs `t k`dot ln, pnrocps lnacusn ji rnstràt`vn

ojusnojeb ajffnat`jf pjeà`ns.

Ron nfnrdy-usn s`tuct`jf ji rurce ojusn-

ojebs `kpe`ns ton fnnb ijr pjeày `f`t`ct`vns

toct prjkjtn kjrn niffia`nft usn ji l`jkcss nfnrdy, cfb ts farncsnb suppey cfb kjrn niffi-

a`nft usn cfb lnttnr prà`fd ji kjbnrf nfnrdy tj `farncsn suppey cfb rne`clè`ty. Rj dc`f c

aencrnr pàturn ji wontonr rurce Lcfdecbnso`s crn kjv`fd up jr bjwf ton nfnrdy ecbbnr, t

`s ar`tàce tj nxck`fn pcttnrfs ji nfnrdy bnkcfb (nxpnfb`turn cfb cssnt jwfnrso`p), woào

crn ton sulgnat ji ton fnxt aocptnr.

Fjtns

3. Quao iunes cs ufprjanssnb cdràueturce rns`bun cfb ajw bufd crn ajfs`bnrnb finr`jr tj wjjb ijrajjm`fd cfb dnfnrceey prjbuan o`donr envnes ji @CX wonf lurfnb `f trcb`t`jfce stjvns.

1


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@f Lcfdecbnso, caanss tj kjbnrf nfnrdy `s c ajftnft`jus `ssun, rnvjev`fd crjufb ton

rjen ji nfnrdy kcrmnts. Cetojudo ffifcfa`ceey kjt`vctnb rurce sojpmnnpnrs sojueb wcft

tj jiinr cee typns ji ajkknra`ce iunes, djvnrfknft pjeà`ns bntnrk`fn, `f pcrt, woàokjbnrf iunes crn kcrmntnb `f rurce crncs. C kcgjr qunst`jf `s ojw kcrmnts acf iufat`jf

tj snrvn rurce pnjpen. Rj bntnrk`fn ton nxtnft tj woào kjbnrf nfnrdy icatjrs `f kcrmnt

bnvnejpknft, to`s aocptnr nxck`fns pcttnrfs ji rurce ojusnojeb nfnrdy nxpnfb`turn cfb

cssnt jwfnrso`p.

Nxpnfb`turn Xcttnrfs

Ojusnojeb nfnrdy nxpnfb`turn bnpnfbs jf kcfy icatjrs, irjk ton cvcèclè`ty cfb prà`fd

ji djjbs cfb snrvàns tj ojusnojeb `fajkn. Ron ijeejw`fd snat`jfs sukkcr`zn ton socrnji tjtce rurce nfnrdy nxpnfb`turn ly nfnrdy sjuran cfb ojusnojeb fajkn cfb rnd`jf.

Ly Nfnrdy Qjuran

Cs I`durn 1.3 èeustrctns, rurce rns`bnfts stèe bnpnfb jf trcb`t`jfce l`jkcss, pcrtàuecrey

iunewjjb, tj knnt kjst ji ton`r nfnrdy fnnbs. Lut ton kpjrtcfan ji ajkknra`ce iunes icr

nxannbs ton`r lcsà nfnrdy ajftnft.

Iunewjjb caajufts ijr 22 pnranft ji tjtce ojusnojeb nfnrdy usn cfb 1? pnranft ji

ajst. T`to rndcrb tj ton ajkknra`ce iunes puraocsnb `f rurce crncs, mnrjsnfn caajufts

ijr jfey < pnranft ji tjtce ojusnojeb nfnrdy usn lut 3< pnranft ji ajst, woèn nenatrà`ty

AOCXRN\ 1

Ojusnojeb Nfnrdy Bnkcfb

30

Fjtn7 @f cbb`t`jf tj ton kc`f cutojrs, Oussc`f Qckcb wcs c ajftr`lut`fd ajcutojr ji to`s aocptnr.


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\nstjr`fd Lcecfan7 Lcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns 31.0 330.0 3.8

4>388 >3.< 3>.0 389.> 8.?

6388 13.0 30.4 0?.3 8.4

B`v`s`jf

Ao`ttcdjfd 3>


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jvnrnst`kctnb ton lurbnf ji iune ajeenat`jf ly ao`ebrnf, wo`ao ffifb`fds irjk jtonr rnanftstub`ns jf nfnrdy cfb t`kn usn ajfffirk (Tjreb Lcfm


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@fajkn B`spcr`t`ns. Tonf jtonr vcr`clens crn oneb ajfstcft, ton prjlclè`ty ji ocv`fd

c ojusnojeb dr`b ajffnat`jf ocs lnnf ijufb tj `farncsn kjfjtjfàceey cs `fajkn envnes

r`sn (Cscbuzzckcf cfb Ectì ). Ijr nxckpen, ajkpcrnb tj ton ejwnst `fajkn qu`ftèn

(enss tocf Rm ,888), ton fnxt o`donr drjup (Rm ,888>8,888) s >8 pnranft kjrn e`mney

tj ocvn cf nenatrà`ty ajffnat`jf (snn Rclen 1.1). Rous, ijr pjjrnr ojusnojebs, ton o`do ajst

ji jltc`f`fd c dr`b ajffnat`jf kcy ln prjo`l`t`vn. Tonf ajffnat`jf cfb ajfsukpt`jf

b`spcr`t`ns ly `fajkn qu`ftèn crn ajkpcrnb, jfn snns toct b`spcr`ty ly `fajkn `s o`donr

ijr ajfsukpt`jf lnacusn ojusnojebs w`tojut c ajffnat`jf crn faeubnb f ton ajfsukp-

t`jf aceauect`jf.

Tonf to`s stuby ajfs`bnrnb ton fbnpnfbnft funfan ji fajkn, rnsuets sojwnb toct

ton o`donst `fajkn qu`ftèn (kjrn tocf Rm 388,888) wcs ijur t`kns kjrn e`mney tocf ton

ejwnst (enss tocf Rm ,888) tj ocvn nenatrà`ty, cfb ton e`mneòjjb farncsnb w`to fajkn.

\nd`jfce Ycr`ct`jfs. Nenatrà`ty ajffnat`jf cfb ajfsukpt`jf rctns cesj vcry s`df`ffiacftey

ly rnd`jf. Cs I`durn 1.1 èeustrctns, Bocmc cfb Ao`ttcdjfd ocvn icr o`donr pnranftcdns ji

ojusnojebs w`to nenatrà`ty ajffnat`jfs cfb, ajfsnqunftey, mèjwctt-ojurs ji ajfsukpt`jf.

Mouefc nxo`l`ts ton ejwnst pnranftcdn ji ajffnat`jfs cfb mèjwctt-ojurs usnb.

Mnrjsnfn vnrsus Nenatrà`tyCetojudo 48 pnranft ji e`dot`fd nfnrdy s bnr`vnb irjk mnrjsnfn cfb jfey 18 pnranft irjk

nenatrà`ty, `f tnrks ji ajst cfb mèjeuknf jutput, nenatrà`ty `s icr supnr`jr tj mnrjsnfn.

Nenatrà`tys jutput pnr uf`t ji nfnrdy s 388 t`kns o`donr tocf toct ji mnrjsnfn. 11.4 394

4>388 1?.< 3?8

6388 >2.< 2>>

Cee qu`ftèns


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Xràn Bìinrnfans. Xràns pc`b ijr mnrjsnfn cfb nenatrà e`dot`fd snrvàns bìinr kcrmnbey.

Ijr mnrjsnfn, pràns ijr qucft`t`ns usnb crn ic`rey ufìjrk, ct Rm 8,8884>,888) pcy

ton ejwnst pràn pnr uf`t cfb pjjrnst ojusnojebs (enss tocf Rm ,888) pcy ton o`donst

pràn. Lut ijr nenatrà`ty, pràns icee stncbèy cs ojusnojeb `fajkns r`sn. Ron pràn pc`b

ly ton o`donst `fajkn qu`ftèn

`s enss tocf ocei toct pc`b ly ton

ejwnst. Ly rnd`jf, ojusnojebs

`f Bocmc cfb Ao`ttcdjfd pcy

ton encst ckjuft.

Lnacusn ojusnojebs w`to

nenatrà`ty nfgjy c kuao o`donrquce`ty ji e`dot`fd tocf tojsn toct

usn mnrjsnfn eckps, mnrjsnfn-

us`fd ojusnojebs wjueb fnnb

tj pcy 42 t`kns ton ckjuft pc`b

ly ojusnojebs w`to nenatrà`ty

tj cttc`f ton sckn èeuk`fct`jf

(snn Rclen 1.>). Ro`s rct`j r`sns

cs ojusnojebs kjvn up ton

`fajkn ecbbnr= toct `s, o`donr-

`fajkn ojusnojebs pcy c ejwnrpràn ijr nenatrà e`dot`fd tocf

bj pjjrnr jfns.

388 2.04 1.?9 >80.18 4.< 2.4 84> >.2 2.3 2.9 8.24 8.19 8.


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cljut 11 pnranft ji ojusnojebs jwf pjrtclen

stjvns, woào kcy ln usnb ijr ajjm`fd jut-

bjjrs. C inw ojusnojebs cesj usn mnrjsnfn

stjvns, woèn dcs cfb nenatrà stjvns crn rcrn.

Cvnrcdn ajjm`fd t`kn `s tornn tj ijur ojurspnr bcy us`fd i`xnb stjvns cfb cljut twj

ojurs c bcy us`fd pjrtclen jfns.

Ron cvnrcdn aecy stjvn, wontonr ffixnb jr

pjrtclen, `s usnb twj tj tornn ojurs bcèy.

Ojwnvnr, wonf tjtce niinat`vn ojurs (fuklnr

ji stjvns t`kns fuklnr ji ojurs ji jpnrct`jf)

crn ajfs`bnrnb, wnceto`nr ojusnojebs crn

ijufb tj ajjm ijr ejfdnr pnr`jbs ji t`kn tocf

pjjrnr jfns (snn Rclen 1.?).

Cs b`saussnb `f Aocptnr 2, @CX `s c kcgjr onceto r`sm ijr wjknf cfb aoèbrnf. @t

kcy prnsnft cf nvnf kjrn snr`jus oczcrb ijr wnceto`nr ojusnojebs, d`vnf ton`r ejfdnr

ajjm`fd ojurs. Ct ton sckn t`kn, pjjrnr ojusnojebs, woj ajjm jfey jfan jr twàn c bcy,

jitnf nfb up nct`fd ajeb knces kjrn irnqunftey tocf wnceto`nr ojusnojebs, woj ajjm

twj tj tornn knces pnr bcy. @f sojrt, ton fnt niinat ji @CX jf oukcf onceto cfb futr`t`jf

`s bìiàuet tj prnbàt.

E`dot`fd Cppe`cfans

Mnrjsnfn Eckps. Lcfdecbnso` ojusnojebs usn twj kcgjr typns ji mnrjsnfn cppe`cfans7mup`s cfb ourràcfn eckps. Rypàceey, mup`s crn ufajvnrnb eckps w`to c s`fden ocfbkcbn

wàm kcbn ji b`sacrbnb iclrà. Ourràcfn eckps, woào ocvn c decss ao`kfny cfb toàmnr

(jitnf puraocsnb) wàms, prjv`bn lr`dotnr e`dot tocf mup`s. @f cbb`t`jf tj tonsn typns,

prnssur`znb mnrjsnfn eckps, aceenb pntrjkcxns jr ocaocms, prjv`bn nvnf lr`dotnr e`dot.

Mup` jwfnrso`p `s v`rtuceey uf`vnrsce, woèn ourràcfn eckps crn jwfnb ly icr inwnr

ojusnojebs (snn Rclen 1.0). Xjjr rns`bnfts tnfb tj rney kjrn jf mup`s, woào nk`t e`tten

e`dot. Ron prjpjrt`jf ji ojusnojebs woj jwf ourr acfn eckps `s s`kècr carjss b`v`s`jfs,

prjlcley fbàct`fd ton`r iufat`jf cs lcamup e`dot`fd ijr ojusnojebs w`to nenatrà`ty.

Nenatrà Eckps. Y`rtuceey cee ojusnojebs w`to nenatrà`ty ocvn nenatrà eckps (us`fd 98-T`facfbnsanft luels), ujrnsanft tulns, cfb ajkpcat ujrnsanft eckps. Ron fuklnr ji

ojusnojebs us`fd kjrn niffia`nft ujrnsanft eckps s enss tocf tojsn us`fd facfbnsanft luels.

@f icat, jwfnrso`p ji ujrnsanft eckps s e`k`tnb cekjst nxaeus`vney tj ton twj o`donst fajkn

qu`ftèns (snn Rclen 1.38). \urce Lcfdecbnso ocs v`rtuceey fj ajkpcat ujrnsanft eckps. Ronsn

pcttnrfs crn ufbnrstcfbclen, d`vnf ton ecrdn pràn bìinrnft`ces lntwnnf cf `facfbnsanft luel

cfb ujrnsanft tuln jr ajkpcat ujrnsanft eckps us`fd s`kècr wcttcdn.

Jwfnrso`p ji nenatrà eckps tous bnpnfbs jf ljto ton rctn ji rurce nenatr`ffiact`jf cfb

ojusnojeb fajkn. Ron fuklnr ji e`dot`fd wctts pnr ojusnojeb cesj farncsns ly fajkn

envne. Ron wnceto`nst qu`ftèn ocs nenatrà e`dots w`to c tjtce ji 3>9 wctts pnr ojusnojeb,

fncrey 38 t`kns kjrn tocf ton pjjrnst qu`ftèn. @f b`v`s`jfs w`to ejw rctns ji nenatrà`ty usn,ton cvnrcdn fuklnr ji wctts pnr ojusnojeb `s typàceey ejw, dnfnrceey rnnat`fd ton rnspnat`vn

rnd`jfs rctn ji rurce nenatr`ffiact`jf.

\nstjr`fd Lcecfan7 Lcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns 8 >.0

>84> 4.8

4>388 ?.8

6388 0..8 39 32.? 8.1 39 8.9

>8 11.4 90 11.4 3.3 9< 0.388 1?.< 40 1?.4 3.2 90 32.< 3>9 >1.0


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icrknrs snenat`jf ji iunes cfb `rr`dct`jf pukps. Irjk c pjeày pnrspnat`vn, `t `s ar`tàce

tj bntnrk`fn ton rnect`vn `kpjrtcfan ji tonsn icatjrs, d`vnf ton ajkpnt`fd bnkcfb ijr

cetnrfct`vn sjurans ji nfnrdy cfb ts quce`ty. Ron qunst`jf ijr rnsncraonrs s to`s7 Toct crn

ton b`rnat`jf cfb kcdf`tubn ji tonsn

icatjrs niinats jf bnkcfb ijr vcr`jus

typns ji nfnrdy:

Rj cfswnr to`s qunst`jf, wn ajf-

buatnb cf najfjkntrà cfceys`s tj prn-

bàt ojw ojusnojeb nfnrdy bnkcfb `sciinatnblyaocfdns`ftonvcr`jusicatjrs.

C tjl`t rndrnss`jf wcs ruf tj caajuft

ijr ojusnojebs ocv`fd znrj vceuns ijr

jfn jr kjrn typns ji nfnrdy bnkcfb.

Ron vcr`clens usnb cs funfa`fd icatjrs

wnrn dnfbnr ji ojusnojeb oncb, cdn,

kcx`kuk envne ji nbuact`jf `f ton

ojusnojeb, ojusnojeb fajkn (prjx`nb

ly ecfb cfb fjf-ecfb cssnts), ajk-kuf`ty pràns ijr kcgjr nfnrdy sjurans

cfb ajfsuknr djjbs, cfb ajkkuf`ty

`fircstruaturn vcr`clens.> Rclen 1.3.8 28.8 8.>1 39.8 8.39 34.1 8.34

>8

6388 >2.< 41.8 3.?4 >0.< 8.9< >8.8 8.>>

Cee qu`ftèns .9 8.14

Qjuran7 L@BQ Qurvny (


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wnrn ijufb tj pursun `kprjvnb sjurans ji nfnrdy cfb `fvnst `f cssnts toct rnqu`rn kjrn

nfnrdy. Ojusnojeb `fajkn, cppjrt`jfnb ly ecfbojeb`fd cfb fjf-ecfb cssnts, `funfans

ton bnkcfb ijr iunewjjb cfb b`nsne, lut fjf-ecfb cssnts kcttnr kjst f bnkcfb ijr nena-

trà`ty. @t sojueb ln fjtnb toct `fajkn jw acf ln funfanb ly nenatrà`ty ajfsukpt`jf,

wonrn nenatrà`ty usn s v`nwnb cs cf fput f prjbuat`jf. Ly ajftrcst, cssnts crn stjams toct

bj fjt aocfdn jvnr ton sojrt tnrk lut jfey jvnr ton ejfd ruf. Ronrnijrn, wn usn cssnts

rctonr tocf `fajkn tj nst`kctn ton niinat ji ojusnojeb `fajkn prjx`ns jf nfnrdy usn. Ijr

nxckpen, cf `farncsn ji 3 carn `f ecfbojeb`fd `farncsns ojusnojeb ajfsukpt`jf ji iune-

wjjb ly 3.03 md pnr kjfto cfb mnrjsnfn ajfsukpt`jf ly 8.8? e`tnrs pnr kjfto. Cf cbb`-

t`jfce Rm 38,888 ji fjf-ecfb cssnts farncsns ojusnojeb nenatrà`ty ajfsukpt`jf mTo

pnr kjfto.Cs `fajkns `farncsn, rurce ojusnojebs typàceey b`vnrsìy ton`r nfnrdy pjrtije`js,

kjv`fd tjwcrb kjbnrf nfnrdy, woào s fjt jfey kjrn niffia`nft lut cesj ceejws ojusnojeb

knklnrs tj `fvnst t`kn cfb kjfny `f kjrn prjbuat`vn cat`v`t`ns tocf l`jkcss nfnrdy

cejfn wjueb kcmn pjss`len. Ron stuby ffifb`fds ajfffirk toct nbuact`jf rnnats rurce pnjpens

prninrnfan ijr `kprjvnb sjurans ji nfnrdy. Ijr nxckpen, cf cbb`t`jfce yncr ji nbuact`jf

ijr ojusnojeb cbuet kcens farncsns nenatrà`ty ajfsukpt`jf ly fncrey 3.29 mTo pnr kjfto.

Aocptnr 2 b`saussns f kjrn bntcè ton lnfnffits ji ton trcfs`t`jf tj kjbnrf nfnrdy snrvàns

(n.d., irjk l`jkcss tj mnrjsnfn jr mnrjsnfn tj nenatrà`ty) jf jvnrcee ojusnojeb wneicrn cfb

prjbuat`v`ty.

Ron pràn ji cf nfnrdy sjuran ocs c b`rnat niinat jf ts jwf ajfsukpt`jf cfb c arjss-niinatjf ton bnkcfb ijr cetnrfct`vn nfnrdy sjurans, bnpnfb`fd jf wontonr tony crn sulst`tutns.

Ijr nxckpen, c pràn `farncsn `f iunewjjb encbs tj bnarncsnb bnkcfb ijr `t (b`rnat niinat)

\nstjr`fd Lcecfan7 Lcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns 13

Rclen 1.31. Nst`kctns ji Ojusnojeb Nfnrdy Bnkcfb

Ojusnojeb Bnkcfb (kjftoey)

Iunewjjb Mnrjsnfn B`nsne Nenatrà`ty

Nxpecfctjry Ycr`clen (md/kjfto) (e`tnr/kjfto) (e`tnr/kjfto) (mTo/kjfto)

Ojusnojeb

Kcx`kuk nbuact`jf ji 3.29** 8.8


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cfb `farncsnb bnkcfb ijr mnrjsnfn (pjs`t`vn arjss-niinat). C s`kècr pjs`t`vn arjss-niinat `s

jlsnrvnb w`to rndcrb tj iunewjjb bnkcfb wonf ton pràn ji mnrjsnfn r`sns. Ronsn ponfjk-

nfc aencrey suddnst toct, ijr rurce ojusnojebs, iunewjjb cfb mnrjsnfn crn sulst`tutns.

Ron prnsnfan ji nenatrà`ty cesj farncsns iunewjjb bnkcfb. Roct iunewjjb s ajfs`bnrnb

c djjb iune ijr ajjm`fd f Lcfdecbnso suppjrts ton fjt`jf toct vèecdns w`to nenatrà`ty crnkjrn ciunft tocf tojsn w`tojut nenatrà`ty. Ronsn kncsurns ocvn cf jvnrcee vèecdn-envne

`fajkn niinat jf ton bnkcfb ijr cetnrfct`vn nfnrdy sjurans. @f cbb`t`jf, cvcèclè`ty ji

nenatrà`ty rnsuets f rnbua`fd vèecdnw`bn nfnrdy pràns, woào ciijrbs ojusnojebs kjrn tj

spnfb jf nfnrdy dnfnrceey, faeub`fd iunewjjb. Lut bnkcfb ijr mnrjsnfn bnae`fns w`to

vèecdn nenatr`ffiact`jf, woào s`dfces ton sulst`tut`jf niinat ji usnrs sw`tao`fd irjk mnrjsnfn

tj nenatrà`ty (kjstey ijr e`dot`fd).

Qukk`fd ^p

@f rurce Lcfdecbnso, caanss tj nfnrdy s djvnrfnb fjt jfey ly `ts cvcèclè`ty, lut cesj ly `ts

prà`fd (kjfntcry cfb fjf-kjfntcry), ojusnojeb `fajkn, cfb jtonr aocrcatnr`stàs.

Ojusnojeb bnkcfb ijr nfnrdy s snfs`t`vn tj ljto pràn cfb fajkn. @i nenatrà`ty s cvcèclen,

ojusnojeb caanss `s bntnrk`fnb ly `fajkn= ton o`donr ton `fajkn (prjx`nb ly ecfb cfb

fjf-ecfb cssnts), ton drnctnr ton bnkcfb. Ijr cfy nfnrdy sjuran, prà`fd cesj bntnrk`fns

bnkcfb. Rous, nfnrdy caanss `s fjt nqu`tclen lnacusn ton sjuran `s n`tonr prànb tjj o`do

jr acrr`ns c o`do jppjrtuf`ty ajst (n.d., l`jkcss ajeenat`jf). @fnqu`tclen caanss cfb envne ji

usn kcy encb tj iurtonr fnqu`t`ns (n.d., ejw-`fajkn ojusnojebs kcy pcy icr o`donr pràns

ijr nqu`vcenft e`dot`fd snrvàns). Ly nxpej`t`fd pràn snfs`t`v`ty, pjeày kcmnrs acf pecy c

rjen `f `funfa`fd bnkcfb (n.d., ly w`tobrcw`fd ton pràn suls`by ijr cf nfnrdy sjuranwojsn bnkcfb `s `fsnfs`t`vn tj pràn jr, ajfvnrsney, `ftrjbua`fd c pràn suls`by ijr c

sjuran wojsn bnkcfb s fndct`vney snfs`t`vn tj pràn). Ron fnxt aocptnr bnkjfstrctns ton

ejss tj ojusnojeb wneicrn toct acf rnsuet irjk suao fnqu`t`ns cfb ton kpjrtcft dc`fs toct

kjv`fd up ton nfnrdy ecbbnr kcmns pjss`len.

Fjtns

3. Kuao ji wjknfs t`kn `s spnft ajeenat`fd trnn encvns cfb drcss= `f tnrks ji iunewjjb ajeenat`jf,

knfs t`kn `s ct encst cs `kpjrtcft cs toct ji wjknf.. Jfey tojsn `funfa`fd vcr`clens ajfs`bnrnb kjst `kpjrtcft crn rnpjrtnb onrn= snn Rclen C


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Carjss ton bnvnejp`fd wjreb, rurce rns`bnfts ocvn lnfni`tnb irjk sw`tao`fd tj

nenatrà`ty cfb jtonr ijrks ji kjbnrf nfnrdy. Xrjbuat`v`ty dc`fs `f cdràueturn

cfb lus`fnss ocvn farncsnb ojusnojeb wneicrn b`rnatey, woèn smèes bnvnejpknftcfb kprjvnb nbuact`jf ocvn ajftr`lutnb fb`rnatey tj c o`donr quce`ty ji eìn.

Ro`s aocptnr ffirst ajfs`bnrs ton dc`fs f Lcfdecbnso` ojusnojeb wneicrn cfb icrk prj-

buat`v`ty toct rnsuet irjk kjv`fd up ton nfnrdy ecbbnr. D`vnf Lcfdecbnsos oncvy rne`cfan

jf l`jkcss ajjm`fd nfnrdy, ton onceto r`sm ji `fbjjr c`r pjeeut`jf (@CX) `s cfceyznb, cfb

pjtnft`ce k`t`dct`jf kncsurns crn ajfs`bnrnb. Fnxt, ton b`rnat cfb `fb`rnat lnfnffits ji

nfnrdy usn jf ojusnojeb fajkn cfb ajfsukpt`jf crn prnsnftnb w`to`f ton ajftnxt ji ton

nfnrdy ecbbnr typjejdy.

L`jkcss Ajjm`fd7 Irjk Rrcb`t`jfce tj Kjbnrf NfnrdyQjkn 0> pnranft ji Lcfdecbnso` ojusnojebs ajeenat jr puraocsn l`jkcss nfnrdy tj ajjm cee

jr pcrt ji ton`r knces, kc`fey us`fd ffixnb aecy stjvns. Cetojudo l`jkcss s irnney cvcèclen jr

`fnxpnfs`vn, ton fonrnft fniffia`nfay ji stjvns, ajkl`fnb w`to ton o`do kj`sturn ajftnft ji

l`jkcss ajjm`fd iunes, rnsuets f `fajkpentn ajklust`jf, woào prjbuans nxanss`vn skjmn.

@fbjjr C`r Xjeeut`jf irjk Rrcb`t`jfce Qtjvns7 Nkp`ràce Nv`bnfan

Ejfd-tnrk nxpjsurn tj skjmn cfb skcee pcrtàuectns ocs ejfd lnnf ajfs`bnrnb cf nfv`rjf-

knftce onceto r`sm. Cetojudo tonrn crn kcfy wcys tj kncsurn nxpjsurn tj skjmn, ton kjst

AOCXRN\ 2

Ojusnojeb Dc`fs irjk Nfnrdy ^sn

11

@f cbb`t`jf tj ton kc`f cutojrs, Oussc`f Qckcb cfb Qusk`tc Bcsduptc wnrn ajftr`lut`fd ajcutojrsji to`s aocptnr.


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62/170

Nv`bnfan suddnsts toct pjeeut`jf envnes f e`v`fd crncs cbgcanft tj ton m`taonf crn lrjcbey

s`k`ecr. Nxanpt ijr c inw ojurs f ton ncrey kjrf`fd cfb ncrey citnrfjjf, XK38 ajfanftrct`jfs

`f m`taonf cfb e`v`fd crncs rnkc`f icr cljvn 388 d/k1, ton @fb`cf stcfbcrb ijr c`r pjeeut`jf

ejcb. Ckl`nft ajfanftrct`jf, ijr ton kjst pcrt, rnkc`fs lnejw ton @fb`cf stcfbcrb, nxanpt

bur`fd ncrey nvnf`fd ojurs (snn I`durn 2.3).Cs Bcsduptc nt ce. (


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b`sncsns. Ijr ao`ebrnf cfb cbjensanfts 38 tj 30 yncrs ji cdn, cljut ? pnranft ji ljto dnfbnrs

wnrn ciinatnb. Ijr cbuets


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X`tt, \jsnfzwn`d, cfb Ocsscf (), wjrm`fd w`to Lcfdecbnso bctc, sojw toct suao

nxpjsurns kcy fjt ln rcfbjk. Ron`r ffifb`fds sojw toct ajjm`fd s bjfn kjstey ly wjknf.

Lut tojsn wjknf `f pjjrnr onceto crn kjrn `fvjevnb `f ajjm`fd, pjss`ley lnacusn tony

ocvn e`tten aocfan tj sw`tao tj aencfnr iunes jr lnacusn ton tcsm icees jftj tojsn woj jtonrw`snacffjt ajftr`lutn tj kjrn prjbuat`vn cat`v`t`ns. Ckjfd kjtonrs, tojsn w`to yjufd aoèbrnf

crn enss fvjevnb f ajjm`fd tocf jtonrs, fbàct`fd toct ajjms nxpjsnb tj @CX crn ajfsa`jus

ji ts oczcrbs cfb cvj`b tonk cs kuao cs pjss`len. Pnt, lnacusn iune-sulst`tut`jf pjss`lè`t`ns

crn nxtrnkney e`k`tnb jr ajstey, ton cbgustknfts crn fsuiffia`nft.

Ro`s stuby ocs bntnatnb bcfdnrjusey o`do envnes ji pjeeut`jf `f rurce Lcfdecbnso`

ojusnojebs. Ajfanftrct`jfs ji rnsp`rclen c`rljrfn pcrtàuectns (XK38) 188 d/k1 jr drnctnr

crn ajkkjf, `kpey`fd w`bnsprncb nxpjsurn tj c snr`jus onceto oczcrb. T`to`f ojusnojebs,

`fb`v`buces nxpjsurn `s rnectnb tj ajfanftrct`jfs ji pjeeut`jf `f `fbjjr ejact`jfs bur`fd ton

bcèy rjufb ji cat`v`t`ns. Ron nst`kctns rnvnce o`do envnes ji nxpjsurn ijr aoèbrnf cfb cbjens-

anfts ji ljto snxns, w`to aoèbrnf ufbnr ffivn yncrs ji cdn ct farncsnb r`sm. Ckjfd pr`kn-cdnbcbuets, knf ocvn ocei ton nxpjsurn ji wjknf (wojsn nxpjsurn `s s`kècr tj toct ji aoèbrnf

cfb cbjensanfts). Nebnrey knf cesj ocvn s`df`ffiacftey ejwnr nxpjsurn tocf nebnrey wjknf.


I`durn 2.1. Xjeeut`jf Icatjrs cfb XK38 Ajfanftrct`jfs

Qjuran7 Bcsduptc nt ce. (


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Xrnbàtcley, iune aojàn ciinats `fbjjr pjeeut`jf envnes. Mnrjsnfn cfb fcturce dcs crn

s`df`ffiacftey aencfnr tocf l`jkcss iunes. Lut najfjkntrà rnsuets strjfdey suddnst toct anrtc`f

ojusnojeb aocrcatnr`stàsajfstruat`jf kctnr`ces, spcan ajfffidurct`jfs, ajjm`fd ejact`jfs,

cfb usn ji bjjrs cfb w`fbjwskcttnr cs kuao jr pnrocps kjrn tocf iune aojàn f bntnr-

k`f`fd XK38 ajfanftrct`jfs. @f sjkn l`jkcss-lurf`fd ojusnojebs, ajfanftrct`jfs crnsacraney o`donr tocf f tojsn us`fd fcturce dcs.

Carjss ojusnojebs, ickèy fajkn cfb cbuet nbuact`jf envnes (pcrtàuecrey toct ji wjknf)

s`df`ffiacftey ciinat aojàns ji ajjm`fd iunes, ajjm`fd ejact`jfs, ajfstruat`jf kctnr`ces, cfb

vnftèct`jf prcatàns. Cs c rnsuet, ton pjjrnst, encst-nbuactnb ojusnojebs ocvn twàn ton

pjeeut`jf envnes ji o`donr-`fajkn ojusnojebs w`to o`doey nbuactnb cbuets. Ron nxpjsurn

ji yjufd aoèbrnf cfb pjjrey nbuactnb wjknf `f pjjr ojusnojebs `s qucbrupen toct ji

knf f o`donr-`fajkn ojusnojebs jrdcf`znb ly kjrn o`doey nbuactnb wjknf.

Xjss`len Dc`fs irjk Ajjm`fd w`to Kjbnrf Qtjvns^sn ji `kprjvnb stjvns cfb kjrn kjbnrf ijrks ji ajjm`fd nfnrdy ocs snvnrce aecssns ji

lnfnffits, sjkn ji woào crn pr`vctn cfb jtonrs puleà. Ro`s snat`jf ajfs`bnrs kc`fey ton

pr`vctn lnfnffits, woào crn ic`rey snei-nv`bnft. Lnacusn kprjvnb stjvns rnqu`rn enss iune, us`fd

tonk rnbuans n`tonr ton t`kn spnft ajeenat`fd l`jkcss iunes jr ton kjfny spnft tj puraocsn

tonk. Ajjm`fd w`to kjbnrf iunes `fvjevns acso nxpnfsns, lut cesj nftcès kcfy lnfnffits.

@f kjst rurce najfjk`ns, l`jkcss iunes crn ajeenatnb irjk ton ejace nfv`rjfknft=

tous, ton lnfnffits kc`fey fvjevn ton rnbuat`jf f ajeenat`jf t`kn ijr ojusnojeb knklnrs,

nspna`ceey wjknf. Cs rnpjrtnb `f Aocptnr 1, cffuce l`jkcss-ajeenat`jf t`kn ijr rurce

ojusnojebs f Lcfdecbnso tjtces cljut 8 ji woào crn ajftr`lutnb ly wjknf).

Ro`s kncfs toct us`fd cf kprjvnb stjvn scvns cljut pnranft ji ljto iune cfb ajeenat`jf

t`kn, rnprnsnft`fd c s`dfìàcft cffuce scv`fds. Ijr tojsn toct puraocsn l`jkcss iunes,

ton lnfni`ts crn s`kècr tj, lut kjrn strc`dotijrwcrb tocf, t`kn scv`fds. @i pnranft enss

iune `s usnb ijr ton sckn ckjuft ji ajjm`fd, tonf cvj`bnb nxpnfsns nquces c pnranft

kjfntcry dc`f. Q`kècr pjtnft`ce dc`fs acf rnsuet irjk us`fd kjbnrf iunes, suao cs EXD,

ijr ajjm`fd.

@t `s fjt cs strc`dotijrwcrb tj nst`kctn ton pr`vctn onceto lnfnffits ji us`fd `kprjvnb

stjvns cfb kjbnrf ajjm`fd iunes (n.d., cvj`bnb nyn `rr`tct`jf cfb èefnssns jr ncrey bnctos

acusnb ly nxpjsurn tj o`do envnes ji @CX cfb `kprjvnb aencfe`fnss ji ton ojkn). Kjst

ojusnojebs crn wnee cwcrn ji ton lnfnffits ji ne`k`fct`fd skjmn irjk ton`r m`taonfs cfb jtonrrjjks. Ojusnojeb knklnrs, nspna`ceey wjknf, mfjw ton brubdnry `fvjevnb `f mnnp`fd

pcfs cfb wcees irnn ji ton nxtnfs`vn acrljf prjbuanb ly trcb`t`jfce stjvns. Cssuk`fd ton

sckn envne ji snrvàn cfb ncsn ji usn, ojusnojebs sojueb, ct encst tonjrntàceey, ln wèe`fd tj

pcy kjrn ijr c stjvn toct `fvjevns enss nyn cfb torjct `rr`tct`jf cfb enss aencf`fd ji pjts

cfb pcfs. Ojwnvnr, ton onceto cfb cvj`bnb bncto lnfnffits crn kjrn bìffiauet tj drcsp.2

Bnsp`tn tonsn bìffiauet`ns, ton Tjreb Onceto Jrdcf`zct`jf s kcm`fd niijrts tj qucftìy

sjkn ji ton puleà cfb pr`vctn lnfnffits ji us`fd kprjvnb stjvns jr sulst`tut`fd pntrjenuk

ijr l`jkcss ajjm`fd iunes (Outtjf cfb \noiunss


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lnst fnw-dnfnrct`jf kjbnes, ecst`fd > tj 38 yncrs, ajst cljut ^Q$>8. Rous, ojusnojebs

toct usn suao stjvns acf nxpnat c pjs`t`vn rnturf jf `fvnstknft w`to`f twj yncrs.

Ron lnfnffits ji kprjvnb stjvns, w`to anrtc`f acvncts, s`df`ffiacftey jutwn`do ton ajsts, ct

encst f tonjry. fijrtufctney, ton rurce rnce`ty tnees c kuao bìinrnft stjry. @i rurce ojusnojebs

pnran`vnb toct nvnf c ircat`jf ji ton lnfnffits bnvnejpnb ufbnr ton fct`jfce prjdrck wnrntrun, ton prjdrck wjueb fjt rnqu`rn s`df`ffiacft suls`bns. \urce rns`bnfts wjueb ln wèe`fd

tj puraocsn suao stjvns ct ton`r rntcè ajst. Lut `kprjvnb stjvns kust ln bns`dfnb tj bne`vnr

c rcfdn ji ajjm`fd snrvàns toct pnjpen wcft7 iune niffia`nfay, rnbuat`jf f @CX, clè`ty tj ajjm

c w`bn crrcy ji ijjb prnpcrct`jfs, ajjm`fd ajfvnf`nfan, cfb nvnf cttrcat`vnfnss `f ton

m`taonf jr rjjk. D`vnf ton o`stjry ji ejw cbjpt`jf rctns, `t `s aencr toct pcst djvnrfknft

suls`b`ns usnb tj prjkjtn ton prjdrck ocvn lnnf prjlenkctà.

Bnsp`tn ton niinat`vnfnss ji kprjvnb stjvns tj rnbuan fbjjr ajjm`fd skjmn, prjdrcks

irjk crjufb ton wjreb rnvnce c w`bn rcfdn ji suaanssns cfb icèurns. Jlv`jusey, i c ojusnojeb

bna`bns tj rnvnrt tj c trcb`t`jfce stjvn jr usns cf kprjvnb stjvn toct bnvnejps arcams cfb

encms, ton bns`rnb kprjvnknfts f ajjm`fd niffia`nfay cfb rnbuanb @CX wèe fjt ln cao`nvnb.

@f cbb`t`jf, nvnf citnr c ojusnojeb cbjpts cf kprjvnb stjvn, fbjjr pjeeut`jf envnes rnkc`f

s`df`ffiacftey o`donr tocf tojsn cbvjactnb ly ftnrfct`jfce bnvnejpknft jrdcf`zct`jfs, suao

cs ton Tjreb Onceto Jrdcf`zct`jf cfb nfv`rjfknftce cdnfa`ns. Aencrey, Lcfdecbnso rnqu`rns

kjrn jpt`jfs w`to rndcrb tj ton typns ji `kprjvnb stjvns prjkjtnb cfb pjtnft`ce usn ji

kjbnrf ajjm`fd iunes.

Irjk Mnrjsnfn tj Nenatrà E`dot`fd

Ron o`do-quce`ty e`dot`fd ciijrbnb ly nenatrà`ty ocs kpjrtcft ajfsnqunfans ijr Lcfdecbnso`

ojusnojeb wneicrn. Ro`s stuby cppe`nb ton ajfanpt ji ajfsuknrs surpeus tj kncsurn ton

wneicrn dc`fs ijr e`dot`fd rnsuet`fd irjk trcfs`t`jf`fd irjk enss niffia`nft mnrjsnfn-us`fd

bnvàns tj tojsn us`fd nenatrà`ty tj jltc`f ton sckn ckjuft ji lnfnffit (Cffnx 1). Q`kècr

kncsurnknfts ajueb ln kcbn ijr jtonr snrvàns (n.d., nftnrtc`fknft), woào wnrn lnyjfb

ton sajpn ji to`s stuby.

Dc`fs `f Nbuact`jf

Kjuft`fd dejlce nv`bnfan suddnsts toct rurce nenatr`ffiact`jf s aejsney t`nb tj o`donr fajkncfb kprjvnb nbuact`jf. Ycr`jus stub`ns ocvn ajfffirknb ton e`fm lntwnnf rurce nenatr`ffi-

act`jf cfb nbuact`jf, suddnst`fd toct aoèbrnfs saojje cttnfbcfan kprjvns cs ojusnojebs

cbjpt nenatrà`ty (Muemcrf`, Lcrfns, cfb Xcrjb`


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@fbnnb, ajkpcrnb tj nenatr`a e`dot`fd, usn ji mnrjsnfn eckps vcr`ns ajfs`bnrcley enss lyfuklnr ji stubnfts (snn Rclen 2.


68/170

ijr e`dot`fd. Cetojudo to`s `s c rctonr rub`knftcry kncsurn, `t `s `ftnrnst`fd tj ajkpcrnmnrjsnfn nxpnfb`turns ijr ojusnojebs w`to cfb w`tojut nenatrà`ty. Lnacusn ojusnojebs

w`tojut nenatrà`ty spnfb kjrn jf mnrjsnfn, sjkn iune sulst`tut`jf jaaurs (snn Rclen 2.>).

Dnfnrceey, ojusnojebs w`to nenatrà`ty spnfb 88 tcmcs enss pnr yncr jf mnrjsnfn.

Cetojudo to`s cvj`bnb nxpnfb`turn s cf ftnrnst`fd lnfnffit, t snvnrney ufbnrnst`kctns ton

trun lnfnffits lnacusn ojusnojebs w`to nenatrà`ty ocvn s`df`ffiacftey kjrn e`dot ajkpcrnb tj

tojsn w`to mnrjsnfn eckps.

C lnttnr wcy tj kncsurn ton wneicrn dc`fs ji sw`tao`fd irjk mnrjsnfn tj nenatrà-

`ty `fvjevns c ajfanpt aceenb ajfsuknrs surpeus, woào `s lcsnb jf c bnkcfb survny

ijr e`dot`fd (snn Cffnx 1). Ron dc`f `f wneicrn, cs kncsurnb ly ajfsuknrs surpeus, `s

sulstcft`ce ijr ton cvnrcdn ajfsuknr sw`tao`fd irjk cfy ji ton mnrjsnfn eckps tj nenatràe`dots (snn Rclen 2.9). Ron nst`kctnb lnfni`t `s 28 tj 2> pnranft ji ojusnojeb `fajkn

(c sulstcft`ce dc`f `f tnrks ji Lcfdecbnso` tcmcs). Ron rncsjf `s ton `fonrnft niià`nfay

ji nenatrà eckps. Ron pràn ji ncao mèjeuknf-ojur irjk facfbnsanft luels jr ujrnsanft

tulns s jfey cljut 3.21 pnranft ji ton ajst ji ajkpcrclen e`dot`fd snrvàn irjk mnrjsnfn

eckps (snn Rclen 1.>).


Rclen 2.2. Ojusnojebs ly E`dot`fd Qystnk cfb @fajkn

@fajkn Su`ftèn Rypn ji Ojkn E`dot`fd Qystnk (% ojusnojebs)

(tojuscfbs ji Rm/yncr) Mup` Jfey Ourràcfn-lcsnb Nenatrà`ty-lcsnb

5 23.2 21.9 3>.3

>8 30.> >4.1 84> 31.1 >1.8 11.4

4>388 38.9 >3.< 1?..8 28.9 >2.2

Cvnrcdn 8.?


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@ftnrnst`fdey, wonf ajfsuknrs crn b`v`bnb `ftj `fajkn aecssns, ton rnect`vn `fajkn

dc`fs crn o`donr ijr pjjrnr drjups. Lut cs nxpnatnb, lnacusn ji ton o`donr bnfs`ty ji eckps

ijufb f wnceto`nr ojusnojebs, ton`r clsjeutn dc`fs crn twj tj tornn t`kns o`donr tocf tojsn

ji pjjrnr drjups. Ronsn ffifb`fds ocvn kcgjr rurce nfnrdy pjeày kpeàct`jfs ijr Lcfdecbnso.

Irjk Kcfuce tj Knaocf`znb Icrk`fd

Ro`s stuby oypjtons`znb toct us`fd kjbnrf nfnrdy ijr icrk`fd uet`kctney encbs tj dc`fs`f cdràueturce prjbuat`v`ty. Caajrb`fd tj ton ^f`tnb Fct`jfs Kèenffùk Xrjgnat7 Ct

ton ojusnojeb sacen, kjbnrf nfnrdy snrvàns b`rnatey ajftr`lutn tj najfjkà drjwto cfb

pjvnrty rnbuat`jf. Rony arnctn jppjrtuf`t`ns ijr fajkn dnfnrct`jf, rnbuan uf`t ajsts, cfb

nfclen farncsnb fajkn irjk cdràueturn jr cf`kce ouslcfbry ly pnrk`tt`fd pukp`fd ijr

suppenknftcry `rr`dct`jf, woào enssnfs ton r`sms cssja`ctnb w`to rc`finb systnks cfb

nfclens `farncs`fd arjp cfb pcsturn prjbuat`v`ty, cs wnee cs sw`tao`fd tj o`donr-vceun

arjps (^f`tnb Fct`jfs ). Jfn sojueb ftnrprnt ton dc`fs b`saussnb onrn w`to acut`jf,

ojwnvnr, cs kjrn ftnfs`vn bctc s fnnbnb tj ajfbuat cf cpprjpr`ctn cfceys`s.>, 9

@kprjvnb Xrjbuat`v`ty

Lcfdecbnsos cdràueturn `s aocrcatnr`znb ly tornn ràn-arjpp`fd sncsjfs (Aocptnr >).

Irjk ton v`nwpj`ft ji nfnrdy fputs, ton kjst kpjrtcft s ton bry sncsjf, wonf rr`dctnb

w`ftnr ràn (ljrj) `s drjwf= ljrj ràn caajufts ijr rjudoey >8 pnranft ji ràn prjbuat`jf.

Ron jtonr s ton pcrtey wnt/pcrtey bry sncsjf, wonf ckcf ràn, woào kcy rnqu`rn suppen-

knftcry rr`dct`jf, s drjwf. @f cee arjpp`fd sncsjfs, ljto lueejams cfb pjwnr tèenrs crn usnb

ijr ecfb prnpcrct`jf. Cs c rnsuet, ijur lcsà typns ji nfnrdy-us`fd tnaofjejdy crn aecss`ffinb ly

nfnrdy-usn kpjrtcfan f prjbuat`jf7 ejw tèecdnejw rr`dct`jf, ejw tèecdno`do rr`dct`jf,

o`do tèecdnejw rr`dct`jf, cfb o`do tèecdno`do rr`dct`jf (snn Rclen 2.4). Ejw `rr`dct`jf

`s bnffifnb cs ton clsnfan ji `rr`dct`jf jr kcfuce `rr`dct`jf, woèn o`do `rr`dct`jf rninrs tjusn ji knaocf`znb (b`nsne jr nenatrà) pukps. Ejw tèecdn `s bnffifnb cs ton usn ji lueejams

`f ecfb prnpcrct`jf, woèn o`do tèecdn rninrs tj ton usn ji pjwnr tèenrs jr trcatjrs.

2< Tjreb Lcfm Tjrm`fd Xcpnr

Rclen 2.9. Tneicrn Dc`fs irjk Qw`tao`fd E`dot fd Qystnks

Qystnk Rrcfs`t`jf

@fajkn Drjup Mup` Jfey tj Ourràcfn- tj Mup` Jfey tj

(tojuscfbs ji Rm/yncr) Ourràcfn-lcsnb Nenatrà`ty-lcsnb Nenatrà`ty-lcsnb

5 >9 (2.8) ?1? (>0.2) ?02 (91.>)

>8 94 (84> ?1 (3.4)


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Kjbnrf nfnrdy usn s pcrtàuecrey rnenvcft bur`fd ton ljrj sncsjf cfb, tj c ajfs`bnrclen

nxtnft, f ton ckcf sncsjf. \urce Lcfdecbnso ocs jfey twj kcgjr ajkl`fct`jfs ji nfnrdy

tnaofjejdy7 ejw tèecdnejw rr`dct`jf cfb ejw tèecdno`do rr`dct`jf. Nkp`ràceey, t `s ton

bìinrnfan lntwnnf ton ffirst twj actndjr`ns toct `fbàctns ton prjbuat`v`ty-rc`s`fd niinat ji

kjbnrf nfnrdy, pcrtàuecrey bur`fd ton ljrj sncsjf cfb f pcbby auet`vct`jf, woào caajufts

ijr kjst icrknb ecfb.

Ron stuby ijufb prjbuat`v`ty bìinrnfans ly nfnrdy typn ijr ljrj cfb ckcf pcbby ijr

jwfnb ecfb auet`vctnb ly ton sckpen rnspjfbnfts (snn Rclen 2.?). Icrk prjbuat`v`ty `s s`d-

f`ffiacftey o`donr bur`fd ton ljrj cfb ckcf sncsjfs ( pnranft

`kprjvnknft `f prjbuat`v`ty acf lncttr`lutnb tj sw`tao`fd irjk ejw tèecdn

ejw `rr`dct`jf tj ton o`donr `rr`dct`jf

sanfcr`j. @f clsjeutn tnrks, ton ffidurn

tjtces fncrey Rm 3,?88 pnr carn. Ijr ckcf

pcbby, ly ajftrcst, nst`kctnb `kprjvn-

knfts crn sulstcft`ceey skceenr jr kcy

fjt ln aencrey b`sanrf`len lnacusn `rr`-

dct`jf kcy ln suppenknftce, bnpnfb`fd

jf rc`ficee envne f c pcrtàuecr ejact`jf

jr icrknrs ecfb ajfb`t`jfs.@f rnce`ty, ton dc`fs kcy ln nvnf

kjrn sulstcft`ce cfb `fnqu`tcley b`s-


Rclen 2.4. Icrk Ojusnojeb B`str`lut`jf ly Rèecdn/@rr`dct`jf Rnaofjejd`ns

\àn Arjpp`fd Qncsjf (%)

Nfnrdy Rnaofjejdy Ajkl`fct`jfs Cus Ckcf Ljrj Jvnrcee

Ejw tèecdnEjw `rr`dct`jf 0?.3 01.3 23.0 10.2

Ejw tèecdnO`do `rr`dct`jf 3.1 2.0 >9.1 >?. 3.2 8.2 3.2 *

Qjuran7 L@BQ Qurvny (c 09c

O`do tèecdn@rr`dct`jf 328l 9?l,c

(ejw cfb o`do)

Qjuran7 L@BQ Qurvny (8 squcrn ycrbs= ajkpcr`sjfscrn ijr ton sckn arjp (w`to`f sckn ajeukf)lntwnnf tnaofjejdy envnes.cI`durns bìinr ct 3 pnranft s`df`ffiacfan envne.lI`durns bìinr ct > pnranft s`df`ffiacfan envne.


71/170

tr`lutnb. Rclen 2.0 èeustrctns ton `ssun ijr ljrj pcbby prjbuat`jf. Ljto snts ji jlsnrvnb cfb

nst`kctnb y`neb ffidurns ijr ejw-nfnrdy tnaofjejdy usnrs nxo`l`t ton aecssà pcttnrf ji fndct`vn

s`znprjbuat`v`ty rnect`jfso`p. Lut ton jlsnrvnb y`nebs ijr o`do-nfnrdy tnaofjejdy usnrs crn

s`kècr ijr nvnry ecfb-jwfnrso`p aecss. Ron aocfdn `f ecfb prjbuat`v`ty irjk nfnrdy usn `s

e`mney kcsmnb ly ton `funfan ji jtonr icatjrs. Cetojudo ljto jlsnrvnb cfb nst`kctnb y`nebs

icee w`to r`s`fd ecfb jwfnrso`p, ton jfn o`do `f nfnrdy usn bnae`fns ct c sejwnr rctn tocf ton

jfn ejw f usn, fbàct`fd farncs`fdey drnctnr dc`fs irjk o`donr icrk tnaofjejdy (nfnrdy) usn.

Ron pnranftcdn bìinrnfans f nst`kctnb y`nebs ijr o`do nfnrdy usn crn sjknwoct enss tocftojsn ijr ton jlsnrvnb ffidurns, lut ton pcttnrfs crn s`kècr. Iurtonrkjrn, ton cvnrcdn dc`f

`s 1< pnranft (Rm 1,288), fncrey bjulen toct suddnstnb `f`t`ceey ly ton rndrnss`jf nquct`jf.

Ron ajfaeus`jf `s toct icrk ojusnojebs toct kjvn up ton nfnrdy ecbbnr nfgjy c sulstcf-

t`ce dc`f f prjbuat`v`ty cfb acf prjv`bn rr`dct`jf jr puraocsn rr`dct`jf wctnr ijr ton`r icrks.

Cljut >8 pnranft ji ton cvnrcdn dc`f `f trcfs`t`jf`fd irjk ejwnr- tj o`donr-nfnrdy tnaofje-

jdy `s bnr`vnb irjk sw`tao`fd tj kjrn `ftnfs`vn `rr`dct`jf us`fd knaocf`znb (b`nsne jr

nenatrà) `rr`dct`jf pukps, w`to ajkpenknftcry icatjrs caajuft`fd ijr ton jtonr >8 pnranft.

Jvnrcee @fajkn Dc`fs7 Kjv`fd ^p ton Nfnrdy Ecbbnr

Rous icr, to`s aocptnr ocs nxck`fnb sjkn ji ton dc`fs bnr`vnb irjk us`fd kjrn kjbnrf

nfnrdy ijr ton spna`ffia crncs ji e`dot`fd, ajjm`fd, cfb `rr`dct`jf. Ro`s snat`jf nxck`fns

kjrn dnfnrce `fajkn dc`fs toct acf ln bnr`vnb irjk kjv`fd up ton nfnrdy ecbbnr, kcfy

ji woào jvnrecp w`to tojsn cerncby bnsar`lnb. @f sojrt, ton dc`fs bnsar`lnb f to`s snat`jf

crn c kjrn dnfnrce `fbàctjr ji ton vceun ji ton aocfdns toct rnsuet irjk `kprjvnb ajjm`fd

cfb e`v`fd stcfbcrbs kcbn pjss`len ly lnttnr wcys ji us`fd nfnrdy.

Arjss-snat`jfce Ajrrnect`jfs ji Nenatrà`ty ^sn cfb @fajknRo`s stuby survny kncsurnb ojusnojeb `fajkn snpcrctney ijr lus`fnss cfb wcdn-rnectnb

cat`v`t`ns. Kjrn spna`ffiaceey, tonrn crn ijur kncsurns ji `fajkn, `faeub`fd cdràueturn


Rclen 2.0. Xcbby Xrjbuat`v`ty f Ljrj Qncsjf ly Ecfb Jwfnrso`p

(drjss vceun f Rm/bna`kce)

Rnaofjejdy

Ecfb Jwfnrso`p Jlsnrvnb Nst`kctnb

(bna`kce)* Ejw-nfnrdy O`do-nfnrdy Ejw-nfnrdy O`do-nfnrdy

320 392 324 (38) 328 320 (9)

>8 (1) 388 09 329 (>88 ?8 323 (49) ?0 318 (29)

Cvnrcdn 33? 32> (


72/170

(icrk-prjbuat`jf cat`v`t`ns), fjf-cdràueturn (nftrnprnfnur`ce cat`v`t`ns), cdràueturce wcdn

ecljr, cfb fjf-cdràueturce wcdn ecljr. Ro`s snat`jf nxck`fns fajkn envnes ijr ojusnojebs

w`to cfb w`tojut nenatrà`ty, woèn ton fnxt jfn nxpejrns `fajkn dc`fs irjk us`fd kjrn

kjbnrf nfnrdy, ajftrjee`fd ijr kcfy jtonr icatjrs.

Jvnrcee, ojusnojebs w`to nenatrà`ty ocvn s`df`ffiacftey o`donr fajkns tocf tojsn w`tojutnenatrà`ty (snn Rclen 2.38). Ro`s s dnfnrceey trun w`to rndcrb tj fajkn irjk fjf-cdràueturce

cat`v`t`ns, nxanpt `f b`v`s`jfs wonrn `rr`dct`jf `s kjrn prnvcenft, fjtcley \cgsoco`. @f

jtonr b`v`s`jfs, ton rnect`jfso`p kcy ln rnvnrsnb. \ndcrb`fd cdràueturce wcdn ecljr, ton

rnect`jfso`p s ajuftnr`ftu`t`vn, cs t rnectns fndct`vney tj ojusnojeb nenatr`ffiact`jf. I`fceey,

fjf-cdràueturce wcdn ecljr `s sojwf tj ocvn e`tten rnenvcfan tj nenatr`ffiact`jf. Rous, `t `s

kc`fey `fajkn irjk fjf-cdràueturce cat`v`t`ns toct ocs ton kjst stclen rnect`jfso`p w`to

nenatr`ffiact`jf. D`vnf ton ejw usn ji nenatrà`ty ijr `rr`dct`jf `f Lcfdecbnso, to`s `s fjt cf

ufnxpnatnb ffifb`fd.

Nenatrà`ty `s fjt ton jfey kjbnrf nfnrdy sjuran usnb `f cdràueturn. Ron kc`f iuneusnb ijr `rr`dct`jf `f Lcfdecbnso `s b`nsne. Cs b`saussnb prnv`jusey, rurce ojusnojebs acf

dc`f sulstcft`ceey ly kjv`fd up ton nfnrdy ecbbnrwontonr sw`tao`fd irjk mnrjsnfn

mup`s tj nenatrà eckps, kcfuce rr`dct`jf tj nenatrà pukpsnts, jr fniffia`nft l`jkcss stjvns

tj `kprjvnb kjbnes us`fd aencfnr-lurf`fd iunes. Q`kècrey, icrk prjbuat`v`ty dc`fs irjk

sw`tao`fd tj knaocf`znb rr`dct`jf crn nst`kctnb ct 34 tj


73/170

Rclen 2.38. Ojusnojeb @fajkn Bìinrnft`ces ly Nenatr ffiact`jf Qtctus

(Rm pnr yncr)

Nenatrà`ty B`v`s`jf

@fajkn Qjuran Ajffnat`jf Ao`ttcdjfd Bocmc Mouefc

Cdràueturn Fj 13,449c 34,12? l

Pns


74/170

ocs ton o`donst envne ji `kpcat jf ljto

nfnrdy nxpnfb`turns cfb ton nqu`vcenft

kncsurn ji `fajkn.

Cs k`dot ln nxpnatnb, e`dot`fd

nfnrdy ocs c drnctnr niinat jf fjf-icrk`fajkn tocf icrk `fajkn. Ajfvnrsney,

fjf-e`dot`fd nfnrdy ocs c drnctnr niinat

jf icrk fajkn tocf fjf-icrk fajkn.

Rous, e`dot`fd s kjrn kpjrtcft ijr fjf-

icrk fajkn, woèn fjf-e`dot`fd nfnrdy,

suao cs b`nsne, `s kjrn `kpjrtcft ijr

icrk `fajkn. Citnr cee, b`nsne acf ln

usnb ijr `rr`dct`jf, woào, cs fjtnb prn-

v`jusey, `s strjfdey ajrrnectnb w`to icrk

prjbuat`v`ty.

Ron niinats ji bìinrnft typns ji

nfnrdy ajfsukpt`jf (l`jkcss, mnrjsnfn/

b`nsne, cfb nenatrà`ty) crn nvnf kjrn

`ftnrnst`fd. L`jkcss nfnrdy `s ton iune

kjst ajkkjfey usnb ly ojusnojebs `f

Lcfdecbnso. Cf farncsn ji 3 mdjn ji l`jkcss nfnrdy farncsns kjftoey ojusnojeb fajkn

ly cljut Rm ?, kjst ji woào acf ln cttr`lutnb tj icrk `fajkn. Kjv`fd up ton nfnrdy

ecbbnr y`nebs drnctnr `fajkn dc`fs. ^sn ji mnrjsnfn jr b`nsne iune s`df`ffiacftey rc`sns icrk

`fajkn, e`mney rnsuet`fd irjk b`nsne-pjwnrnb `rr`dct`jf. ^sn ji 3 mdjn (cljut 3 e`tnr ji iune)`farncsns icrk `fajkn ly cpprjx`kctney Rm 320, s`dfìàcftey o`donr tocf `ts ajst. Ji

cee iunes, nenatrà`ty ocs ton drnctnst niinat= 3 mTo ajftr`lutns tj rc`s`fd fjf-icrk fajkn

ly Rm 2.4 cfb tjtce `fajkn ly cekjst Rm 39, woào `s nqu`vcenft tj kjrn tocf Rm 3?>

ijr 3 mdjn, c dc`f ji kjrn tocf


75/170

fjf-icrk fajkn dc`f irjk nenatrà`ty usn acf ln cttr`lutnb tj e`dot`fd, ton kjst ajkkjf

rurce usn ji nenatrà`ty. Lut jfn sojueb fjt b`sajuft nenatrà`tys `kpjrtcfan tj icrk

`fajkn `f rurce Lcfdecbnso, bnsp`tn `ts e`k`tnb usn `f `rr`dct`jf.

@fajkn cfb jtonr wneicrn dc`fs crn `fbàctjrs ji `kprjvnb nfnrdy usn ly rurce

ojusnojebs.0 D`vnf toct l`jkcss s usnb jfey ijr ajjm`fd, mnrjsnfn ijr ljto ajjm`fd cfbe`dot`fd, cfb nenatrà`ty ijr e`dot`fd jfey, jfn acf finr toct ojusnojeb wneicrn wjueb farncsn

s`dfìàcftey ly sw`tao`fd irjk l`jkcss tj mnrjsnfn ijr ajjm`fd cfb irjk mnrjsnfn tj

nenatrà`ty ijr e`dot`fd. Cs prnv`jusey b`saussnb, rnce kprjvnknft f ojusnojeb fajkn cfb

ajfsukpt`jf acf ln cao`nvnb ly sw`tao`fd irjk l`jkcss tj mnrjsnfn jr irjk mnrjsnfn tj

nenatrà`ty. Ron nv`bnfan `s ic`rey ajfaeus`vn toct sw`tao`fd tj kjbnrf nfnrdy sjurans acf

`farncsn c ojusnojebs `fajkn cfb ajfsukpt`jf ljto b`rnatey cfb `fb`rnatey. @farncsnb

`fajkn encbs tj drnctnr ajfsukpt`jf cfb kjrn b`vnrsì`nb `fvnstknft, woào, `f turf,

arnctns kjrn `fajkn cfb ojusnojeb wneicrn.

Qukk`fd ^p

Ro`s aocptnr ocs bnkjfstrctnb toct kjv`fd up ton nfnrdy ecbbnr acf ajftr`lutn s`df`ffiacftey

tj rurce fajkn drjwto. Ecrdn wneicrn dc`fs rnsuet wonf ojusnojebs sw`tao irjk mnrjsnfn tj

nenatrà e`dot`fd. Ecfb prjbuat`v`ty cfb cdràueturce `fajkn farncsn wonf icrk ojusnojebs

sw`tao irjk kcfuce tj knaocf`znb tèecdn cfb rr`dct`jf.

Ron `fb`rnat e`fm lntwnnf nenatr`ffiact`jf cfb nbuact`jf `s cesj pjs`t`vn. Ojusnojebs

w`to nenatrà`ty ocvn o`donr envnes ji nbuact`jf, cetojudo ton acusce b`rnat`jf `s ufaencr.

Aoèbrnf woj e`vn `f ojusnojebs w`to nenatrà`ty cppncr tj stuby ejfdnr, tonrnly ecy`fd

ton ijufbct`jf ijr ejfdnr-tnrk, oukcf-acp`tce ijrkct`jf. Q`fan kc`fey ton pjjr ecam

nenatrà`ty, c kcgjr ajfanrf s toct aoèbrnf f pjjr ojusnojebs k`ss jut jf ton nbuact`jfce

lnfnffits toct nenatrà`ty ciijrbs.

Cfjtonr ajfanrf `s @CX, acusnb ly ton `fajkpentn ajklust`jf ji l`jkcss ijr ajjm`fd

cfb onct`fd. Cetojudo ton niinats crn fjt ynt aencrey ufbnrstjjb, sw`tao`fd tj aencfnr-lurf`fd

iunes, i ciijrbclen, cfb us`fd kprjvnb stjvn bns`dfs, acf k`t`dctn ton onceto r`sm tj rurce

ojusnojebs.

Kjbnrf nfnrdys rnturfs tj ojusnojeb wneicrn cfb icrk prjbuat`v`ty crn sulstcft`ce,

nvnf citnr ajftrjee`fd ijr suao icatjrs cs nbuact`jf, cssnts, cfb ojusnojeb ejact`jf. Qw`tao`fd

tj kjbnrf nfnrdy cfb ton kjbnrf usn ji l`jkcss cesj ajftr`lutns tj ton prjbuat`v`ty jirurce fbustr`ns cfb kàrjnftnrpr`sns, ton sulgnat ji ton fnxt aocptnr.

Fjtns

3. Ron


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>. Icrknrs caajuftnb ijr 93 pnranft ji ton survny sckpen= tony wnrn `fvjevnb `f sjkn ijrk ji auet`-vct`jf bur`fd ton 3< kjftos prnanb`fd ton survny.

9. Ijr nxckpen, woèn bctc jf arjps drjwf cfb jutput, `faeub`fd ly-prjbuats, ocvn lnnf rnqunstnbirjk rnspjfbnfts jf c b`scddrndctnb envne, ajst ffidurns ocvn lnnf tcmnf jf cf cddrndctnb envne. @f suao acsns,tjtce ajsts ji inrtè`znr puraocsn kcy ln caaurctn jvnrcee= lut cddrndctn `fijrkct`jf jf ecljr ajsts kcy

ocvn c s`df`ffiacft kcrd`f ji nrrjr. fijrtufctney, ajeenat`jf ji ecljr-rnectnb bctc s c bntcènb nxnra`sn= tous,drjss, rctonr tocf fnt, rnturfs ocvn sjknt`kns lnnf usnb. Iurtonrkjrn, ecljr usn, woào usuceey bìinrsly tnfurn crrcfdnknft, cbbs tj ton ajkpenx`ty f bntnrk`f`fd fnt rnturfs.

4. Ojusnojeb nfnrdy nxpnfb`turn `s nxaeubnb irjk to`s ajfsukpt`jf ffidurn.?. Rclens C


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Crjufb ton dejln, kàrjnftnrpr`sns ocvn bnkjfstrctnb ton`r clè`ty tj icaè`tctn

najfjkà drjwto cfb bnvnejpknft. Ao`fcs bnvnejpknft ji skcee- cfb knbùk-

s`znb nftnrpr`sns, ijr nxckpen, ocs ajftr`lutnb tj ton ajuftrys rcp`b najfjkàcbvcfan. Quao prjdrcks ocvn lnnf ajkpenknftnb ly rurce nenatr`ffiact`jf cfb jtonr rurce

`fircstruaturn `fvnstknfts. @fbnnb, w`tojut ton ufbnrp`ff`fds ji nenatrà`ty cfb jtonr

bnvnejpknft `fputs, rurce kàrjnftnrpr`sns wjueb strudden. Lut s`kpey `ftrjbua`fd kjbnrf

nfnrdy ftj ton rurce najfjky s ufe`mney tj prjbuan cf najfjkà k`rcaen. Qulstcft`ce nv`-

bnfan suddnsts toct jtonr suppjrt`fd ajfb`t`jfs crn fnnbnb ijr lus`fnssns tj drjw cfb

jur`so. fbnr ton r`dot ajfb`t`jfs, ejfd-tnrk drjwto acf ln sustc`fnb.

Ro`s aocptnr aocrts ton ajursn ji kjbnrf nfnrdy usn `f Lcfdecbnsos rurce kàrj-

nftnrpr`sns, nxpejr`fd ton`r nfnrdy-usn aocrcatnr`stàs cfb ton niinats ji nfnrdy ajfsukpt`jf

jf lus`fnss drjwto cfb bnvnejpknft. Ron rào bctc snt ajeenatnb ly to`s stuby`faeub`fd

`fijrkct`jf jf nftnrpr`sn typn, cssnts, cfb nkpejyknftrnnats ton fnnb tj ajfbuat snp-crctn survnys jf rurce ojusnojeb cfb drjwto-anftnr kàrjnftnrpr`sns. C lr`ni snat`jf jf

nfnrdy cfb icrk`fd o`doe`dots ton kpjrtcfan ji rr`dct`jf ijr prjbuat`v`ty.

Nftnrpr`sn Rypns cfb B`str`lut`jf

Lcfdecbnsos rurce nftnrpr`sns acf ln drjupnb `ftj tornn ejact`jf-lcsnb actndjr`ns7

drjwto anftnr, vèecdn, cfb ojkn. Ron survny i`fb`fds rnvnce, pnrocps surpr`s`fdey, toct

kjst ojkn-lcsnb lus`fnssns anftnr jf kcfuicatur`fd, woèn vèecdn cfb drjwto anftnr

AOCXRN\ >

Nfnrdy Ajfsukpt`jfcfb \urce Xrjbuat`jf

>3

@f cbb`t`jf tj ton kc`f cutojrs, \cso`b Icruqnn cfb Oussc`f Qckcb wnrn ajftr`lut`fd ajcutojrs jito`s aocptnr.


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`fbustr`ns crn fvjevnb kjrn f trcb`fd. Jf aejsnr nxck`fct`jf, ton rncsjfs crn aencr. Kcfyojkn lus`fnssns crn ruf ly wjknf fvjevnb f suao prjbuat`jf cat`v`t`ns cs lcsmnt wncv`fd

cfb snw`fd. Juts`bn ton ojkn, vèecdn nftnrpr`sns, ruf kjstey ly knf, crn fvjevnb f stjrn

jpnrct`jfs snee`fd djjbs cfb snrvàns (snn Rclen >.3).

Drjwto-Anftnr Kàrjnftnrpr`sns

Lcfdecbnso ocs ijrkceey aecss`ffinb sjkn ijrkce drjwto anftnrs

carjss 28 sulb`stràts (upczècs). N`doty pnranft ji ton snenatnb drjwto anftnrs wnrn ejactnb3> mèjkntnrs jr kjrn irjk ton fncrnst b`stràt oncbqucrtnrs, woèn sulb`stràt anftnrs wnrn

cesj s`tuctnb ct c ajfs`bnrclen b`stcfan (cljut 3> pnranft ji drjwto cfb upczèc anftnrs

wnrn `fb`st`fdu`soclen). Kjst drjwto anftnrs ocb caanss tj rjcbs `f ic`r ajfb`t`jf.

Ajfanftrct`jf ji nftnrpr`sns vcr`nb drnctey ly drjwto anftnr. Qjkn anftnrs ocb fj kjrn

tocf 3> nftnrpr`sns, woèn jtonrs ocb cs kcfy cs ?8?. Cee nftnrpr`sns `f ton anftnrs survnynb

wnrn snei-stcfb`fd (fjfn faeubnb ojusnojeb-lcsnb nftnrpr`sns). Qnvnfty-ffivn pnranft ji ton

snenatnb drjwto anftnrs ocb lnnf rnanftey nstcle`sonb, cs nv`bnfanb ly nftnrpr`sn b`str`lut`jf

ly cdn ji ton drjwto anftnrs. Fjfn ji tojsn nstcle`sonb w`to`f jfn yncr ji ton survny fvjevnb

kcfuicatur`fd. Rojsn nstcle`sonb > tj 38 yncrs ncre`nr ocb ton o`donst ajfanftrct`jf ji suao

nftnrpr`sns.Ron stuby ijufb toct, ajkpcrnb tj jtonr rurce crncs, drjwto anftnrs nfgjynb kjrn

nxtnfs`vn caanss tj nenatrà`ty. Fncrey 02 pnranft ji tojsn stub`nb ocb nenatrà`ty= 49 pnranft

jltc`fnb c ajffnat`jf irjk ton rurce ajjpnrct`vns jr XLQs (Xcee` L`byut Qck`t`ns), cfb

3? pnranft irjk ton Lcfdecbnso Xjwnr Bnvnejpknft Ljcrb. Cetojudo jfey 1? pnranft ocb

pojfn ajffnat`jfs, fncrey 94 pnranft ocb caanss tj kjlèn pojfns.

Rypns cfb B`str`lut`jf

Drjwto-anftnr kàrjnftnrpr`sns typàceey ijausnb jf rntcè snrvàns. Rrcbn cfb lus`fnss

(ijjb cfb fjf-ijjb) prnbjk`fctnb, tjdntonr ajkpr`s`fd 93 pnranft ji nftnrpr`sns= tonsnwnrn ijeejwnb ly snrvàns (.< Tjreb Lcfm Tjrm`fd Xcpnr

Rclen >.3. Kàrjnftnrpr`sn B`str`lut`jf ly Ejact`jf cfb Cat`v`ty Rypn

Kàrjnftnrpr`sn Rypn

Cdràueturn Qnrvàns

cfb Ijjb Kcfuicatur`fd Rrcb`fd cfb Jtonr Cee

Ejact`jf Fj. % Fj. % Fj. % Fj. % Fj. %

Ojkn > 1.9 41 >1.1 19


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@f ton trcbn cfb lus`fnss (ijjb) actndjry, drjanr`ns cfb dnfnrce stjrns prnbjk`fctnb,ijeejwnb ly tjlcaaj (l`r`), lntne qu`b (pccf), cfb lnnten fut sojps. @f ton trcbn cfb lus`fnss

(fjf-ijjb) actndjry, ton kc`f nstcle`soknfts wnrn trcbnrs ji pocrkcanutàce cfb knbàce

djjbs= ajskntàs cfb tjèntr`ns= cfb tnxtèns, aejto`fd, ojs`nry, ijjtwncr, cfb enctonr djjbs.

@f ton snrvàns actndjry, tnc stcees, rnstcurcfts, tcèjr sojps, cfb lncuty scejfs wnrn ton kcgjr

lus`fnssns. Ron kcfuicatur`fd actndjry kc`fey faeubnb fjf-drc`f prjanss`fd (n.d., gnwnery,

wjjb iurf`turn, scwkèes, cfb wjjb-prjanss`fd uf`ts). fe`mn jtonr Qjuto Cs`cf ajuftr`ns,

wonrn ràn kèes crn ajkkjf, Lcfdecbnso kèes ràn n`tonr `f ojusnojebs jr us`fd kjlèn

tornso`fd kcao`fns.

Ron survny rnsuets ajkpcrn icvjrcley w`to tojsn ji jtonr rnanft stub`ns. Ijr nxckpen,

ton Fct`jfce Xr`vctn-snatjr Kàrjnftnrpr`sn Qurvny, ajfbuatnb f pnranft crn pcrtfnr jwfnb. Aurrnft jwfnrs `f`t`ctnb kjst ji ton lus`fnssns, s`dfìy`fd

ton`r rnanft nstcle`soknft. Q`kècrey, ton .1 11 398 11 32< 12 32> 13 988 11(ijjb)

Rrcbn cfb lus`fnss 339 310


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bctc jf Lcfdecbnso cfb jtonr ajuftr`ns. Ijr nxckpen, @seck (.1).

Fncrey cee ffirks usn sjkn ijrk ji nenatrà`ty, kc`fey ijr e`dot`fd. @i jwfnrs acffjt caanss

nenatrà`ty irjk ton ajjpnrct`vns jr fct`jfce dr`b, tony dnfnrctn ton`r jwf jr puraocsn `t

irjk skcee ffirks. Lnacusn nenatrà`ty s usnb kjrn niffia`nftey tocf jtonr nfnrdy sjurans, ts

ajfsukpt`jf cppncrs ejwnr (0 pnranft). Mnrjsnfn cfb b`nsne crn kcgjr sjurans ji lcamup

e`dot`fd bur`fd pjwnr jutcdns, woèn acfbens crn cesj usnb.

Jfn surpr`s`fd ffifb`fd s toct jfey 9 pnranft ji ffirks333 jut ji 3,?83 nftnrpr`sns

usn l`jkcss nfnrdy, kc`fey ijr onct cfb stnck. Aocrajce s usnb ly jfey 2 pnranft ji ffirks

tj knnt s`kècr fnnbs (snn Rclen >.2).

Kjbnrf nfnrdy sjurans crn usnb kc`fey ijr e`dot`fd cfb onct`fd (`faeub`fd ton prnpc-

rct`jf ji ijjb ijr scen). Fjf-e`dot`fd usns `faeubn kcfuicatur`fd cfb actnr`fd snrvàns cfb

pjwnr`fd ji skcee cppe`cfans. ^sn `f br`vn-socit pjwnr ijr prjbuat`vn purpjsns `s fjt ynt

w`bnsprncb.

>2 Tjreb Lcfm Tjrm`fd Xcpnr

Rclen >.1. B`str`lut`jf ji Nfnrdy Qjurans ly Cat v`ty Rypn

^snr Kàrjnftnrpr`sns (%)

^snrs Rrcbn cfb Rrcbn cfb

Nfnrdy (fj. ji Lus`fnss Lus`fnss

Qjuran ffirks) (ijjb) (fjf-ijjb) Qnrvàns Kcfuicatur`fd Cee*

L`jkcss 333 1.? 8.< 3>.9 >.< 9.4.2

Mnrjsnfn/b`nsne 0?9 >0.? 10.4 >0.0 99.8 >2.4

Bry anee 309 33.< 31.9 ?.0 4.? 38.0

Qtjrcdn anee >4 2.1 2.8 8.8 1.


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Nfnrdy Ajsts

Ijr kjst drjwto-anftnr kàrjnftnrpr`sns, nfnrdy `s c s`dfìàcft lut fjt kcgjr ajst,

cvnrcd`fd enss tocf > pnranft ji tjtce jpnrct`fd nxpnfsns (irjk enss tocf < pnranft `f ton

ijjb trcbn tj cljut 38 pnranft ijr snrvàns) (snn Rclen >.>). Cs cerncby èeustrctnb, fjt cee

ffirks usn cee sjurans ji nfnrdy ijr e`dot`fd cfb fjf-e`dot`fd purpjsns. @i suao c b`st`fat`jf

`s kcbn, ton prjpjrt`jf ji nfnrdy ajsts r`sns cpprna`cley, pcrtàuecrey ijr fjf-e`dot`fd usns.

Cetojudo nfnrdy ajkpr`sns c ajkpcrct`vney enssnr socrn ji tjtce nxpnfsns, nfnrdy ajsts

vcry ly nfnrdy ftnfs`ty ji ton lus`fnss. Ijr nxckpen, rntcè sojps faur skcee e`dot`fd ajsts,woèn b`nsne- jr nenatrà`ty-pjwnrnb oncvy kcao`fnry sojps kust lubdnt kjrn ijr nfnrdy.

\nstjr`fd Lcecfan7 Lcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns >>

Rclen >.2. Kcgjr Nfnrdy Qjurans ly sn Rypn

Kàrjnftnrpr`sns ^sn cs Kcgjr ^sn cs Kcgjr

toct sn Iunes E`dot`fd Qjuran Fjf-e`dot`fd Qjuran

Fj. ji % ji Rjtce Fj. ji % ji Nfnrdy Fj. ji % ji NfnrdyNfnrdy Qjuran ^snrs \nspjfbnfts ^snrs ^snrs ^snrs ^snrs

L`jkcss 333 9 8 8 43 91

Aocrajce 41 2 8 8 24 92

Acfben 3,812 >4 99 9

Mnrjsnfn/b`nsne 0?9 >2 1>< 1> 3?8 3?

Dnfnrctjr nenatrà`ty 121 30 3 8 8

Dr`b nenatrà`ty 3,24< ?3 3,3.?

Acfben 3,812 8.< 8.1 8.4 3.8 8.>

Mnrjsnfn/b`nsne 0?> 3.8 3.1 2.4 3.4 3.4nenatrà`ty

Dr`b nenatrà`ty 3,24< 8.? 3.2 >.2 9.3 3.4


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Nxpec`f`fd suao ajst vcr`ct`jfs rnqu`rns nxck`f`fd ton envne cfb niinats ji rnect`vn nfnrdy

prà`fd ijr vcr`jus iunes usnb ly rurce nftnrpr`sns.

Nfnrdy ajst `s rnect`vn tj woct lus`fnssns pcy ijr `t. Xrnbàtcley, lcsnb jf stcfbcrb

nfnrdy uf`ts, ton pràn ji nenatrà`ty `s o`donr tocf toct ji cee jtonr nfnrdy typns, kc`fey

lnacusn ji ton o`donr vceun ji ton nfnrdy snrvàns prjv`bnb. Kncsurnb ly nfnrdy ajftnft,

l`jkcss `s ton aoncpnst sjuran, woèn nenatrà`ty `s ton kjst nxpnfs`vn. Cetojudo ton pràn

ji aocrajce `s ejw, `ts usn `s spna`ce`znb (n.d., kcm`fd gnwnery cfb tjlcaaj ]l`r`[). Ajf-

vnrsney, ijr e`dot`fd snrvàns (kncsurnb `f mèjeuknf-ojurs), nenatrà`ty `s ton aoncpnst

sjuran (Rm 8.881 pnr mek-or vnrsus Rm 3.2 ijr mnrjsnfn cfb Rm 23.1 ijr acfbens). @fbnnb,

ijr ton sckn e`dot`fd snrvàn, mnrjsnfn `s cljut 2> t`kns ajste`nr tocf dr`b-lcsnb nenatrà`ty

(snn Rclen >.9).

Rj sukkcr`zn, pcttnrfs ji nfnrdy aojàn crn, f ecrdn pcrt, bntnrk`fnb ly ton rnect`vn

iune pràn ijr ton bns`rnb nfb usn. Ijr onct`fd, l`jkcss s ton encst nxpnfs`vn iune. Ijr e`dot`fd,

dr`b nenatrà`ty `s ly icr ton aoncpnst sjuran. Rous, `t `s fjt surpr`s`fd toct kjst rurce

kàrjnftnrpr`sns sw`tao tj dr`b nenatrà`ty wonf `t lnajkns cvcèclen `f ton`r rnspnat`vnajkkuf`t`ns cfb jtonrw`sn dnfnrctn ton`r jwf nenatrà`ty jr puraocsn t ejaceey irjk skcee

dnfnrctjr ffirks.

Nftrnprnfnur`ce Ctt`tubns

Ron stuby survny csmnb lus`fnss jwfnrs cfb jpnrctjrs c vcr`nty ji nfnrdy-rnectnb ctt`-

tub`fce qunst`jfs. I`fb`fds sojw toct lus`fnss nftrnprnfnurs ajfs`bnr nenatrà`ty ton

lnst sjuran ji e`dot`fd, lut cesj pnran`vn toct rne`clè`ty ji suppey `s c s`dfìàcft prjl-

enk. Inw rnspjfbnfts ajfs`bnr mnrjsnfn supnr`jr tj nenatrà`ty ijr e`dot`fd. Kjst cdrnn

toct nenatrà`ty prjv`bns lnttnr èeuk`fct`jf tocf mnrjsnfn cfb kcmns rncb`fd ncs`nr.Rony cesj pnran`vn toct dr`b nenatrà`ty `s supnr`jr tj lcttnr`ns ijr pjwnr`fd tnenv`s`jf

(snn Rclen >.4).

>9 Tjreb Lcfm Tjrm`fd Xcpnr

Rclen >.9. Xràn pnr f`t ji Nfnrdy ijr Fjf-e dot fd Lus`fnss sn

Nftnrpr`sn Rypn (Rm/uf`t)

Nfnrdy ^f`t ji Fj. ji Rrcbn Rrcbn Cee

Qjuran Nfnrdy ^snrs (ijjb) (fjf-ijjb) Qnrvàns Kcfuicatur`fd Nftnrpr`sns

L`jkcss* mdjn 43 1.3 3.1 1.1 1.0 1.1

mek-or 8

Aocrajce mdjn 24 1.> 2.< 2.0 2.9

mek-or 8

Mnrjsnfn/ mdjn 3?8


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Nftrnprnfnurs pnran`vn rrnduecr nenatrà`ty suppey cfb vjetcdn uatuct`jfs cs c fndct`vn

usn icatjr. Qjkn 94 pnranft ji rnspjfbnfts crn ajfv`fanb toct XLQ pjwnr b`str`lut`jf cfb

kcfcdnknft quce`ty ocvn bnae`fnb f rnanft yncrs. @fbnnb, fncrey 4> pnranft ajfs`bnr ictce

caa`bnfts cs c b`scbvcftcdn ji usn. Cljut 94 pnranft v`nw nenatrà`ty cs nxpnfs`vn, cfb kjst

ajfs`bnr t cf ufcttrcat`vn jpt`jf ijr ajjm`fd, prjlcley lnacusn ji ts o`do ajst ajkpcrnb tj

l`jkcss iune. Ojwnvnr, fncrey cee rnspjfbnfts cdrnn toct ton cbvcftcdns ji us`fd nenatrà`ty

icr jutwn`do ton b`scbvcftcdns.

Nftnrpr`sns w`tojut nenatrà`ty wnrn csmnb snvnrce qunst`jfs rnectnb tj ton ajsts cfb

lnfni`ts ji nenatrà`ty usn. Ronrn wcs fj ajfsnfsus jf ton ajst ji jltc`f`fd c lus`fnss

ajffnat`jf7 Cljut >8 pnranft b`b fjt ajfs`bnr prnvcè`fd rctns nxjrl`tcft, 18 pnranft tojudot

tony wnrn tjj o`do, cfb cljut 30 pnranft wnrn `fbìinrnft. Ro`s ffifb`fd `s ajfs`stnft w`to

rnspjfbnfts rncat`jfs tj c s`kècr stctnknft jf ciijrbclè`ty ji ajffnat`jf. Cljut >0 pnranft

ji fjf-usnrs sc`b toct, ì tony wnrn tj jltc`f caanss, ton kjftoey pcyknfts wjueb fjt ln

tjj o`do= cljut 22 pnranft pnran`vnb `t cs ufciijrbclen. @f sojrt, bnsp`tn ton jvnrwonek`fd

pnranpt`jf rndcrb`fd fnt dc`fs, kjst rnspjfbnfts lne`nvnb ton cbvcftcdns ji nenatrà`ty

jutwn`donb ton prjlenks.

T`to rndcrb tj iunewjjb, ton jp`f`jfs nxprnssnb vcr`nb kcrmnbey, rnienat`fd ton

w`bnsprncb prjlenk ji bnijrnstct`jf cfb tous ufnvnf rnsjuran cvcèclè`ty. Lnacusn jisacra`ty cfb kjbnrctn sojrtcdns, cljut >8 pnranft ajfs`bnrnb iunewjjb nxpnfs`vn. Ct ton

sckn t`kn, kcfy rurce nftrnprnfnurs pnran`vnb iunewjjb cs c rncbèy cvcèclen rnsjuran.

Kjrn tocf 08 pnranft nxprnssnb ajfanrf w`to rndcrb tj bnijrnstct`jf. \urce nftrnprnfnurs

prninrrnb iunewjjb tj strcw, bufd, cfb jtonr l`jiunes, woào wnrn usnb spcr`fdey. Lut cljut

?> pnranft ji rnspjfbnfts wnrn cwcrn toct ton skjmn nk`ttnb irjk iunewjjb ajueb acusn

rnsp`rctjry prjlenks, cfb sjkn >8 pnranft cdrnnb toct t kcy acusn jtonr onceto prjlenks

(snn Rclen >.?).

\nspjfbnfts jp`f`jfs bìinrnb jf ton usn ji mnrjsnfn cfb e`qunffinb pntrjenuk dcs (EXD).

Mnrjsnfn, cetojudo rncbèy cvcèclen, wcs v`nwnb cs c onceto oczcrb. \urce nftrnprnfnurs

pnran`vnb ts pràn cs rnect`vney o`do, lut wnrn ufaencr woy. Kjrn tocf >> pnranft ajfs`bnrnbEXD c djjb sjuran ji ajjm`fd nfnrdy. Cljut 1? pnranft ajfs`bnrnb EXD cs vnry nxpnfs`vn,

lut inw rnspjfbnfts wnrn aurrnft usnrs, rnienat`fd ton pnranpt`jf ji o`do pràn vnrsus

\nstjr`fd Lcecfan7 Lcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns >4

Rclen >.4. Xnran`vnb Cbvcftcdns cfb B`scbvcftcdns ji Nenatr a`ty sn

\nspjfsn Aojàns (%)

Qtrjfdey @fbìinrnft/ Qtrjfdey

Qurvny Qtctnknft Cdrnn Cdrnn Fnutrce B`scdrnn B`scdrnn

Nenatrà`ty prjv`bns lnttnr 48.4


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catuce ajst. Kcfy cfswnrs tj EXD-rnectnb qunst`jfs wnrn fbìinrnft, suddnst`fd toct kjst

rnspjfbnfts wnrn ufcwcrn ji ton iune (snn Rclen >.0).

Ron pàturn toct nknrdns irjk to`s survny s toct kjst drjwto-anftnr kàrjnftnrpr`sns

`f rurce Lcfdecbnso crn fjt nfnrdy ftnfs`vn. Rony ajfs`st kc`fey ji skcee rntcè stjrns cfbsojps, w`to sjkn kcfuicatur`fd. Ron kc`f nfnrdy usn s e`dot`fd, ijr woào v`rtuceey cee

lus`fnssns usn nenatrà`ty. @i c pcrtàuecr drjwto anftnr bjns fjt ynt ocvn nenatrà`ty, lus`fnss

jwfnrs jrdcf`zn ton`r suppe`ns, n`tonr ly luy`fd ton`r jwf dnfnrctjr jr puraocs`fd skcee

ckjufts irjk c ejace ffirk. Qkcee cdràueturce fbustr`ns cfb rnstcurcfts toct rnqu`rn nfnrdy

ijr onct rney kc`fey jf l`jkcss jr mnrjsnfn.

>? Tjreb Lcfm Tjrm`fd Xcpnr

Rclen >.?. Xnran`vnb Cbvcftcdns cfb B`scbvcftcdns ji Iunewjjb sn

\nspjfsn Aojàns (%)

Qtrjfdey @fbìinrnft/ Qtrjfdey

Qurvny Qtctnknft Cdrnn Cdrnn Fnutrce B`scdrnn B`scdrnn

Iunewjjb s rncbèy 13.< 11.1 8.1 34.0 34.1cvcèclen tj ajeenat(f ; 3,?83)

Iunewjjb acf ln jltc`fnb 18.1 1.3 >.3 2.1 >.1toct arnctns lrncto`fdprjlenks (f ; 3,?83)

Ajjm`fd w`to iunewjjb .8 11.2 38.> 39.9 32.>

arnctns onceto oczcrbs(f ; 3,4>8)

Iunewjjb s vnry nxpnfs`vn


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ijr fjf-e`dot`fd purpjsns. Qjkn rnpjrt us`fd fj nfnrdy typns ijr n`tonr e`dot`fd jr fjf-

e`dot`fd purpjsns, kpey`fd toct ton`r lus`fnssns fvjevn kcfuce ecljr cfb jpnrctn kc`feybur`fd ton bcyt`kn.

Ajkpcrnb tj vèecdn nftnrpr`sns, ojkn-lcsnb lus`fnssns usn s`df`ffiacftey enss nfnrdy=

jf cvnrcdn, ojkn nftnrpr`sns ajfsukn 11< mdjn pnr yncr, ajkpcrnb tj 98? mdjn ijr vèecdn-

lcsnb jfns (`faeub`fd fjf-usnrs). Xrnbàtcley, ojkn lus`fnssns bnpnfb kjrn jf l`jkcss

tocf bj vèecdn nftnrpr`sns. Lut surpr`s`fdey, w`to`f ton l`jkcss pjrt`jf ji ton nfnrdy lcsmnt,

ojkn nftnrpr`sns bnpnfb kjrn jf iunewjjb, woèn vèecdn nftnrpr`sns usn fjf-iunewjjb

l`jkcss= ajw bufd caajufts ijr ? pnranft ji vèecdn nftnrpr`sns nfnrdy lcsmnt, ajkpcrnb

tj jfey 3 pnranft ijr ojkn nftnrpr`sns. Q`kècrey, vèecdn nftnrpr`sns bnr`vn 20 pnranft ji ton`r

nfnrdy irjk arjp rns`bun, ajkpcrnb tj jfey .3).


I`durn >.3. Ajkpcr`sjf ji Nfnrdy sn Qtruaturn ly Nftnrpr`sn Ejact`jf

Qjuran7 L@BQ Qurvny (.33. Kàrjnftnrpr`sn B`str`lut`jf ly Fuklnr ji Nkpejynns cfb Ejact jf

Tjrmnrs f Xncm Ojkn Yèecdn Cee I`rks

Xnr`jbs (fj.) Fj. % Fj. % Fj. %

3 28 18.4 3?< >?.1 01 21 11.8 12 38.0 44 34.2

6> 9 2.8 1 8.0 0


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C kcgjr rncsjf `s toct kcfuicatur`fd lus`fnssns, kjstey ojkn-lcsnb, rnqu`rn lnttnr onct

ajftrje cfb crn tous kjrn e`mney tj usn supnr`jr ijrks ji l`jkcss. C pjrt`jf ji ton fnnbnb

rnsjurans kcy ln ajeenatnb irjk ton jwfnrs ojknstncb, `kpey`fd cf ncs`nr suppey ijr

ojkn-lcsnb, vnrsus vèecdn, nftnrpr`sns.

I`fb`fds cesj rnvnce bìinrnfans f jtonr pjrt`jfs ji ton nfnrdy lcsmnt. T`to rndcrb tje`qu`b iunes, ojkn nftnrpr`sns usn kjrn b`nsne tocf mnrjsnfn= ajfvnrsney, vèecdn nftnrpr`sns

usn kjrn mnrjsnfn tocf b`nsne. Ojkn nftnrpr`sns, jf cvnrcdn, ajfsukn jfey cljut 9 mdjn

ji mnrjsnfn, ajkpcrnb tj fncrey 9? mdjn ijr vèecdn nftnrpr`sns. T`to rndcrb tj nenatrà`ty,

vèecdn nftnrpr`sns usn kjrn tocf 18 mdjn, ajkpcrnb tj jfey 1.0 mdjn ijr ojkn nftnrpr`sns

(snn I`durn >.3). Aencrey, trcbn-jr`nftnb vèecdn nftnrpr`sns rnqu`rn kjrn e`dot`fd snrvàns

tocf bj ojkn-lcsnb lus`fnssns.

D`vnftoct fjf-e`dot`fdnfnrdyusnprnbjk`fctns`fojkn cfbvèecdn-lcsnb nftnrpr`sns

cs nv`bnfanb ly ton ar`tàce rjen l`jkcss pecys f ton nfnrdy lcecfan ji ljto`t s ji ftnr-

nst tj ajkpcrn ton jutput cfb ajsts ji nfnrdy sjurans ijr fjf-e`dot`fd cfb e`dot`fd usns(snn Rclen >.34 vnrsus 14< mdjn pnr yncr). @fbnnb,

ijr ncao nftnrpr`sn typn, vèecdn nftnrpr`sns ajfsukn o`donr envnes ji nfnrdy. Iurtonrkjrn,

ton e`dot`fd snrvàns ajfsuknb ly vèecdn nftnrpr`sns crn kjrn tocf s`x t`kns toct ji ojkn-

lcsnb nftnrpr`sns, suddnst`fd ton kpjrtcfan ji e`dot`fd ijr vèecdn lus`fnssns cfb ton skcee

s`zn ji ojkn nftnrpr`sns, sjkn ji woào ecam caanss tj nenatrà`ty.

Ron pràn ji nfnrdy pnr mèjdrcks ji jè nqu`vcenft vcr`ns kcrmnbey ly iune sjuran. Ijr

fjf-e`dot`fd usns, l`jkcss `s ly icr ton encst nxpnfs`vn sjuran, woào caajufts ijr `ts

bjk`fcfan cs c onct`fd iune. Lnacusn vèecdn nftnrpr`sns crn ecrdnr tocf ojkn-lcsnb jfns,

tony usn s`df`ffiacftey kjrn l`jkcss nfnrdy ijr fjf-e`dot`fd usns.


Rclen >.3 2.12

Acfben 8.1< 21.11 8

Mnrjsnfn jr b`nsne 28.4 8 8.44 32.< 3?>.94.<


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Ron pràn ijr e`dot`fd `s s`kècr tj ton rnsuets prnsnftnb ijr rurce ojusnojebs `f

Aocptnr 1. Ijr ojkn nftnrpr`sns, ton cvnrcdn pràn ji nenatrà e`dot`fd `s Rm 8..32 prnsnfts rndrnss`jf

rnsuets ji nfnrdy bnkcfb.2

Cf nftnrpr`sns fjf-ecfb cssnts

ocvn c s`dfìàcft pjs`t`vn niinat

jf ajfsukpt`jf ji l`jkcss (iune-

wjjb), b`nsne iune, cfb nenatrà`ty.

Cetojudo ton pràn ji iunewjjb ocs

fj niinat jf cfy typn ji nfnrdy

sjuran, ton pràns ji b`nsne cfb nena-trà`ty s`dfìàcftey ciinat nfnrdy

bnkcfb. Ron pràn ji b`nsne pjs`-

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