resumen esencial

7/23/2019 resumen esencial

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THE DUTIES OF THE WELDING INSPECTORVISUAL INSPECTION -At any point in the course of welding, i.e. tacking (sujecin por puntos de soldadura), root pass, filler pass or cappingpass, but particularly for the root and cap, a detailed inspection may be required.British Standard 52!" #!$%gives guidance on tools and responsibilities together with sketches of typical defects.Th& ins'&(t)r at this ')int *+st -a,bserve, identify and perhaps re()rd (measure) the features of the weld.,!ecide whether the weld is acceptable in terms of the particular levels that are permitted" defect levels may be #in$house% or national codesof practice.&hen the defect si'e is in ecess of the permitted level then either a concession must be applied for (from a competent person), or the weldrejected.AIDS OF VISUAL INSPECTIONI..+*inati)n"ood lighting is essential.

Ins'&(ti)n L&ns&s"*he magnification should not eceed 2 - 2/5diameters. +f higher magnification is required use a binocular microscope.ptical viewing can progressively develop from eyesight, to use of a hand torch and mirror, to the addition of a magnifier and light source. +n order to achieve accessibility, remote 'r)& +nitsare available which must have the following properties.a,-arge field of vision,reedom from distortion of image(,Accurate preservation of colour valuesd,Adequacy of illuminationCODE OF PRACTICE- A code of practice for an inspection department should take the form outlined below. (resumir, perfilar).+t is appreciated that full implementation of the code would be etremely costly and therefore it may be necessary to reduce the amount ofinspection to less than is theoretically required.Th& ins'&(t)r sh)+.d & 0a*i.iar 1ith"A.. a''.i(a.& d)(+*&nts - W)r*anshi' standards - A.. 'has&s )0 3))d 1)rsh)' 'ra(ti(&- T)).s and *&as+rin3 d&4i(&s/INSPECTION BEFORE WELDING- B&0)r& Ass&*. )+ *+st (h&("6 All applicable documents.6/uality plan is authorised and endorsed with signature, date and company stamp.6Application standard is up to date with the latest edition, revision or amendment. (enmienda o correccin).6*he drawings are clear, the issue number is marked and the latest revision is used.

6&elding procedure sheets (specifications) are available, have been approved and are employed in production.6&elder qualifications with identification and range of approval are verified and that only approved welders as required are employed inproduction.60alibration certificates, material certificates (mill sheets) and consumer certificates are available and valid. (encuadernacin).61arent material identification is verified against documentation and markings. (sobre, respecto a ).62aterial composition, type and condition.60orrect methods are applied for cutting and machining.6+dentification of welding consumables such as electrodes, filler wire, flues, shielding and backing gases and any special requirements (e.g.drying) are met.61lant and equipment are in a safe condition and adequate for the job.63afety permits (licencia, pase) e.g. hot work permit, gas free permit, enclosed space certif icate are available and valid. (sitio o lugarcercado).A0t&r Ass&*. )+ *+st (h&("6!imensions, tolerances, preparation, fit$up and alignment are in accordance with the Approved drawings and standards.(colocacin de las partes entre s4" gap5 espacio entre alas adyacentes).

6*ack welds, bridging pieces (unin de puntales por travesa6o), clamping and type of backing $ if any used are correct.60leanliness of work area is maintained.61reheat in accordance with procedure.NOTE/ood inspection prior to welding can eliminate conditions that lead to the formation of defects. (llevar, ocasionar).INSPECTION DURING WELDING6*he 1&.din3 'r)(&ssmust be monitored.61reheat and interpass temperatures must be monitored.6+nterpass cleaning $ chipping, grinding, gouging, must be monitored. (desportillar)" ecavar, escoplear con gubia o formn.67oot and subsequent run sequence.68ssential variables such as current, voltage, travel speed to be monitored.6iller metals, flues and shielding gases are correct.6&elding is in compliance with weld procedure sheet and application standard.INSPECTION AFTER WELDING69isual inspection to be carried out to ascertain acceptability of a''&aran(&of welds. (esclarecer, descubrir).6!imensional accuracy to be ascertained.60onformity with drawings and standards requirements.

61ost weld heat treatment, if any, monitored and recorded.6:!* carried out and r&ports assessed.6Assess defects as to either repairing, or application for C)n(&ssi)n- is an agreement between the contracting parties to deviate from theoriginal code requirements. (according to BS 5#75 'r)(&ss )0 ar( 1&.din3 (ar)n and (ar)n *an3an&s& st&&.s8,/(torgamiento, Accin y efecto de ceder en una posicin ideolgica o en una actitud adoptada.60arry out any necessary repairs.6C)ntrol of distortionREPAIRS


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67epair procedure and welding code should be authorised.6!efect area should be marked ')siti4&. 9and clearly.60heck when partially removed and fully removed (visual and :!*).67e$welding should be monitored.67e$inspect completed repair.0ollate all documents and r&ports. 1ass the document package on to a higher authority for final inspection, approval and storage. (intercalar"cotejar, eaminar los pliegos y sus signaturas para comprobar su orden).THE WELDING INSPECTOR RESPONSIBILITIES ar&"8nsure compliance with standard or code.8nsure workmanship. (habilidad).8nsure welding criteria by #policing% work and documentation. (vigilar, mantener el orden).ATTRIBUTES ar&"

;onesty and integrity.-iteracy.itness $ physical and eyesight.DUTIES ar&"bserve.2easure.+dentify.

CODES AND STANDARDSCLASS OF WOR: - *here are many types of work which require engineering materials to be joined by welding, for eample/ Ad&;+at& 'r)'&rti&s/*he welded joint must possess adequate mechanical, metallurgical and physical properties.8amples of the four factorsrittle phases in the microstructure 3olution heat$treat prior to welding (temper till O$LQ 0).THE WELDING PROCEDURE - A welding procedure is a way of controlling the welding operation. P+r')s& )0 'r)(&d+r&"#,*o prove a joint can meet design procedure $ ()nsist&n(coherencia,consistencia).2,+nstruction for welder7,8nsure repeatability&eld procedures are approved to ensure they are functional and 0+.0i.the physical and mechanical properties necessary to reach the requiredstandard (to establish the essential variables for contractual obligations). t) (arr )+t )r '&r0)r* a tasM C+*'.ir satis0a(&r,/&elders are approved to ensure a particular welder is capable of welding to a procedure and obtaining a result that meets specification.

*he task of collecting the data and dra0tin3the documentation is often referred to as #writing% a weld procedure. &s)@ar)s;+&?ar,/+n many ways this is an unfortunate term as the writing of documents is the last in a sequence of tasks.Pr)d+(in3 a 1&.d 'r)(&d+r& in4).4&s"P.annin3 th& tassC)..&(tin3 th& dataWritin3 a 'r)(&d+r& 0)r +s& )r 0)r tria./ (prueba, ensayo).=ain3 t&st 1&.dsE4a.+atin3 th& r&s+.ts )0 th& t&sts

A''r)4in3 th& 'r)(&d+r& )0 th& r&.&4ant ()d&Pr&'arin3 th& d)(+*&ntati)n+n each code reference is made to how the procedures are to be devised and whether approval of these procedures is required. (concebido).+n most codes approval is mandatory and tests to confirm the skill of the welder are specified. !etails are also given of acceptance criteria forthe finished joint. *he approach used depends on the code, for eample< 'r)'+&sta 'r)')si(in,/BS 2%77 C.ass # ar( 1&.din3 )0 0&rriti( st&&. 'i'& 1)r 0)r (arrin3 0.+ids, provides general comments on various aspects of a suitableweld procedure.AWS D/#/# Str+(t+ra. 1&.din3 ()d& - st&&., favours more specific instructions for different joints and processes that are, in effect, pre$qualified procedures. (Apoyar, aprobar).ther codes do not deal specifically with the details of the weld procedure but refer to published documentation, e.g. BS 5#75 'r)(&ss )0 ar(1&.din3 (ar)n and (ar)n *an3an&s& st&&.s8/

CO=PONENTS OF A WELD PROCEDURE - +tems to be included in the procedure can be some of the following/ W&.din3 P)siti)na. &hether shop or site weldb. Arrangement of runs and weld sequence (disposicin, arreglo).c. iller material, composition and si'e (diameter)d. &elding variables $ voltage, current, travel speed

e. &eld si'ef. >ack gouging (ecavar, escoplear con gubia o formn)g. Any specific features, &/3/ h&at in'+t ()ntr). r+n-)+t .&n3th5/ Th&r*a. Tr&at*&nta. 1reheat and interpass temperatures including method and controlb. 1ost weld treatment including method and control

ESSENTIAL VARIABLES - An essential variable is a variable that will influence or change the mechanical or metallurgical properties of thewelded joint $ changes affecting the procedure approval. Any change in an essential variable requires a new WPS/Ess&ntia. 4aria.&s in(.+d&"wall thickness, joint design, process, materials, consumables, welding position, direction, heat input (voltage,amperage, travel speed), heat treatment.

APPROVING THE PROCEDURE - &hen the data has been collected, the procedure must be validated by producing and testing a trail weld.+f the procedure is to be used on a fabrication, which has been designed to meet the requirements of a code, the test weld is done under thesupervision of an independent witness. *he detailed arrangements for the test are subject to agreement between the contracting parties.A number of >ritish 3tandards make cross$reference to another standard which covers approval testing.ther codes of practice include their own weld procedureEwelder approval information. +n general they include a standard format, which can beused to report the results of an approval test. &/3/ API 0i3+r& #

Ran3& )0 a''r)4a. - &t&nt )0 a''r)4a. - s()'& )0 a''r)4a. - 1rovides a working range over which certain variables may alter withoutrequiring a new welding procedureEwelder approval.9ariables include thickness (e.g. @EG down to G above), diameter (&/3/ S down to S above) materials (different materials can becovered), position, process, parent plate group, and consumables.7e$approval of a welding procedure is necessary if there is a change of any of the essential variables or considerable defect re$occurrence.ABBREVIATIONS


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WPS 1&.din3 'r)(&d+r& s'&(i0i(ati)n$ an approved and accepted welding procedure" an authorised document.PR 'r)(&d+r& ;+a.i0i(ati)n r&()rds$ proof the procedure works $ record of tests undertaken to qualify procedure. (emprender)WAC 1&.d&r a''r)4a. (&rti0i(at&$ required to ensure a particular welder is capable of welding to a procedure.WATC 1&.d&r a''r)4a. t&st (&rti0i(at&.WAR 1&.d&r a''r)4a. r&()rd.WPAR 1&.din3 'r)(&d+r& a''r)4a. r&()rd/WT 1&.d&r ;+a.i0i(ati)n t&st/6'WPS 'r&.i*inar WPS$ unauthorised (contains all essential variables and, after welding the test piece and all :!* and destructive

tests have been accepted, then the &13 can be approved).6'WPS and WPAR 3i4& 0ina. WPS 4ari)+s WPS (an d&ri4& 0r)* )n& 'WPS,/7/2/## ;+a.i0i&d 1&.d&r A welder who has demonstratedthe ability to produce welds that meet the requirementsof S&(ti)ns 5 )r %/

7/2/#2 ;+a.i0i&d 1&.din3 'r)(&d+r& A tested and proven detailed method by which sound welds with suitable mechanical properties can beproduced.

DOCU=ENTATION - *he objectives of a procedure or welder approval test are )int D&si3nthe specification shall include a sketch or sketches of thejoint that show the angle of bevel, the si'e of the root face,andthe root opening or the space between abutting members.*he shape and si'e of fillet welds shall be shown. +f a backup is used, the type shallbe designated.$/2 ALIGN=ENT- *he alignment of abutting ends shall minimi'e the offsetbetween surfaces. F)r 'i'& &nds )0 th& sa*& n)*ina.thi(n&ss th& )00s&t sh)+.d n)t &(&&d # in/ 7 **,/-arger variationsare permissible provided the variation is caused byvariations of the pipe end dimensions within the pipe purchasespecification tolerances, and such variations have beendistributed essentially uniformly around the circumference ofthe pipe. ;ammering ofthe pipe to obtain proper lineupshould be kept to a minimum.$/7 USE OF LINEUP CLA=P FOR BUTT WELDS- -ineup clamps shall be used for butt welds in accordancewith the procedure specification.&hen it is permissible toremove the lineup clamp before the root bead is completed, the completed part of the bead shall be in approimatelyequal segments spaced approimately equally around the cir$cumference of the joint. ;owever, when an internal lineup clamp is used andconditions make it difficult to prevent movement of the pipe or if the weld will be unduly (ecessively) stressed, the root bead shall becompleted before clamp tension is released.

7oot$bead segments used in connection with eternal clamps should be uniformly spaced around the circumference of the pipe and shall havean aggregate length of at least OB of the pipe circumference before the clamp is removed.7/2/#% r))t &ad"*he first or stringer bead that initiallyjoins two sections of pipe, a section of pipe to a fitting, or twofittings.enerally internal lineup clamp is used for pipe to pie and pipe to pipe tie$in.Pi'& t) 'i'& tubo con otro tubo, osea una soldadura normal sin mayor concentracin de esfuer'o en los dos tubos.Pi'& t) 'i'& ti&-in empalme, es una soldadura entre dos secciones de tuber4a o empalme de un tubo con una seccin de tuber4as soldadas locual requiere mCs dedicacin y precaucin.$/> BEVEL$/>/# =i.. B&4&.- All mill bevels on pipe ends shall conform to the joint design used in the procedure specification.$/>/2 Fi&.d B&4&.- 1ipe ends should be field beveled by machine tool ormachine oygen cutting. +f authori'ed by the company, manualoygen cutting may also be used. *he beveled ends shall be reasonably smooth and uniform, and dimensions shall bein accordance with theprocedure specification.$/5 WEATHER CONDITIONS- &elding shall not be done when the quality of the completed weld would be impaired5deteriorado by theprevailing weather conditions,including but not limited to airborne moisture, blowing sands, or high winds. &indshields may be used whenpractical. *he company shall decide if weather conditions are suitable for welding.$/% CLEARANCE -&hen the pipe is welded above ground th& 1)rin3 (.&aran(& ar)+nd th& 'i'& at th& 1&.d sh)+.d n)t & .&ss than#% in/ >


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$/## 5/7/2/#7 PRE- AND POST-HEAT TREAT=ENT$ the methods, temperature, temperature$control methods,and ambient temperaturerange for pre$ and post$heat treatmentshall be specified.*he procedure specification shall specify the pre$ and post$ heat treatment practicesto be followed when materials or weather conditions make either or both treatments necessary.!/2 RIGHTS OF REECTION- All nondestructive test methods are limited in the informationthat can be derived from the indications theyproduce.

F+&nt&s d& Radia(in,7ayos amma +r @DG.A(ti4idad d& .a 0+&nt& &n Pr)d+((in.2Cima< @ 0i y 24nimo< N 0iDi*&nsi)n&s=i*as d& .a F+&nt&. !iagonal< N.G mmCa'a(idad d& C)nt&n&d)r"100 CiCi (+ri), unidad de radioactividad. cantidad de cualquier nUclido radiactivo en el que el numero de desintegraciones por segundo es H,L @

elevado al @ becquerels.

Panta..as int&nsi0i(ad)ras"2aterial< 1lomo8spesor< rontal .@O E .@ mm8spesor< 1osterior .@O E .@ mm.

P&.(+.a Radi)3r0i(a - 3e utili'ara una pel4cula por cada pantalla intensificadora tanto delantera como trasera.1el4cula radiogrCfica industrial AA$ 3tructuri ! N o Vodak +ndustre 2W de $< ** ) #78E-A*: >7:08

@O V9 @ hora O H GH V9 \ @ ZO N@ V9 \ G @O @OG V9 \ H GO GO

D&nsidad- -a m4nima densidad serC de 2/< H[Den la soldadura y la mCima serC de 7/5 H[Den la 'ona de interRs.1ara determinar esta densidad se utili'arC un densitmetro calibrado.

##/#/#< Fi.* D&nsit&cept 0)r s*a.. .)(a.i@&d ar&ascaused by irregular weld configurations en la parte posterior del cassette. 3i unaimagen \claraX sobre un fondo oscuro aparece la proteccin es insuficiente y la radiograf4a se considera inaceptable. ?na imagen oscura de la >sobre un fondo mCs claro no es causa de recha'o de la radiograf4a.

D&0ini(in d& i*a3&n --a imagen en el Crea de interpretacin de la radiograf4a estarC libre de imperfecciones que alteren u oculten losdefectos. 8l hilo o agujero del penetrCmetroque correspondan segUn las *ablas + o ++ de este procedimiento, debe distinguirse claramente en laimagen.

II, P&n&tra*&tr)son como hilos de diferente grosor que se ponen en la pel4cula para saber si la radiacion que pasa es aceptable y si lasoldadura se puede ver bien" son alambres que definen la densidad de la placa radiografica" dependiendo del espesor del tubo o material deacero se usan segUn el m4nimo grosor que puede ser como un cabello hasta el mayor grosor como el de una aguja grande.

8n caso de radiograf4as de doble pared imagen simple (!&8E3&9), al menos G (+/+) penetrametrosdeben ser usados del lado pel4cula, uno a@X (GOmm) antes del final o @X al comien'o de la longitud interpretable y otro en el centro de la pel4cula.


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&hen the film length to beinterpreted is O in. (@H mm), two +/+ placedacross the weld and located on the film side shall be used.ne shall be within @ in. (GO mm) of the end of the film length to be interpreted and the other shall be at the center of the film.

0uando la toma sea panorCmica (3&8E3&9) se usarCn N indicadores uno por cuadrante.&hen a complete weld is radiographed in a singleeposureusing a source inside the piping, at least four +/+ placedacross the weld and spaced approimately equally around thecircumferenceshall be used.

Para radi)3ra0as d& s).dad+ras r&'aradasse colocarC un penetrametroen la 'ona de interRs&hen a repaired weld is radiographed, an additional +/+ shall be placed across each repaired area.

Espesor de Soldadura Dimetro esencial del hilo Penetrametro ASTMPulgadas Milmetros Pulgadas Milmetros Set N Hilo a ver

0 - 0.25 > 0 - 6.4 0.008 0.20 1-A 5> 0.25 0.375 > 6.4 - 9.5 0.010 0.25 1-A o 1-B 6

> 0.375 0.50 > 9.5 -12.7 0.013 0.33 1-B 7

> 0.50 0.75 >12.7 - 19.10 0.016 0.41 1-B 8

> 0.75 - 1 >19.10 - 25.4 0.020 0.51 1-B 9

> 1 - 2 >25.4 - 50.8 0.025 0.64 1-B 10

TABLA I II, 3eleccin de +ndicadores de calidad de hilos

Pr)(&sa*i&nt) d& '&.(+.a - 8l procesoserC en forma manual, la temperaturaideal de revelado serC GQ 0., con unavariacin mCima de ME$ GQ 0. 8n casoque no se consiguiere, los tiempos deprocesamiento se harCn de acuerdo a laTABLA d& D&t&r*ina(in d& .as

()ndi(i)n&s d& 'r)(&sa*i&nt) d& .as '&.(+.as/##/#/## I*a3& Pr)(&ssin3 &hen requested by the company, film or other imagingmedia shall be processed, handled, and stored so that theimages are interpretable for at least H years after they areproduced.

##/#/#2 I*a3& Pr)(&ssin3 Ar&a *he image processing area and all accessories shall be keptclean at all times. 8l cuarto oscuro contarC condos Creas de clima apropiado una seca y otra hUmeda donde se procesarCn las pel4culas ademCs dispondrC de un N&3at)s()'i)para lecturasde placas hasta de >/< H[D. -a lu' roja serC filtrada para impedir el velo de las pel4culas.=ar(as d& ')si(in/1ara el marcado de posicin se usarCn nUmeros de plomo. 8l candado o inicio de la 3oldadura se lo marcarC con el enel tubo y tambiRn este serC en inicio de la cinta con nUmeros de plomo distribuidos en pulgadas o cent4metros dependiendo de coordinacin conla supervisin, con letras de tama6o de al menos de Z mm.

Id&nti0i(a(in d& .as S).dad+ras/1ara las soldaduras que hayan sido reparadas se debe volver a tomar la radiograf4a y al nUmero de juntase le aneara una letra R.0uando se trate de ti&inla radiograf4a se identificarC con una letra T/

0uando haya eistido un corte se colocarC las letras CTpara identificar que es nueva soldadura.E4a.+a(in d& .as P&.(+.as Radi)3r0i(as/ AS=E T-27/#,-a visuali'acin de las placas serC reali'ada con iluminador de lu' regulable onegatoscopio, suficiente para lograr las densidades utili'adas e intensidad aproimada 2#


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Th& 0)..)1in3 (rit&ria sha.. & +s&d t) &4a.+at& i*a3&s"a. An acceptable image quality that is free from fog and from processing irregularities that could mask the image of actual imperfections.b. *he prescribed (+/+)and the essential wire diameter.c. A satisfactory identification system.d. An acceptable technique and setup.e. 0ompatibility with acceptance standards.A.. r&;+ir&*&nts that r&0&r t) th& ;+a.it )0 th& r&s+.tin3 i*a3&s sha.. a''. &;+a.. t) -ras and 3a**a ras/ *he use of radiographic inspection and the frequency of its use shall be at the option of the company.

Pr)t&((in P&rs)na.*odo personal que desarrolle labores directas con fuentes radioactivas, deberC estar autori'ado e incluido en el -istadode 7adilogos 0alificados" igualmente deberC protegerse el radilogo y Rste deberC proteger a los demCs trabajadores, utili'ando los factoresde tiempo, la distancia y el blindaje.

##/#/#7 Radiati)n Pr)t&(ti)n*he radiographer shall be responsible for the protection and monitoring of every person working with or nearradiation sources. *he protection and monitoring shall comply with applicable federal, state, and local regulations.

Ti&*')"8l tiempo de eposicin personal deberC ser el m4nimo compatible con el trabajo.Distan(ia< -a distancia fuente $ persona deberC ser la mCima ra'onable.!eberC limitarse claramente la 'ona restringida, colocCndose las se6ales luminosas y los avisos que indiquen el peligro de radiacin.E. r&a n) r&strin3ida d&&r t&n&r +n ni4&. d& radia(in *&n)r a 2/< *i..ir&*sh)ra/

0omo medida adicional, al 0ontenedor de trabajose le harC la 'r+&a d& 0+3a L&a-T&st,>olsas con municiones de plomo, granalla o blindajes de concreto acero son los mas efectivos para reducir la radiacin emergente.Li*it&s d& d)sis - -os l4mites permisibles para operarios y demCs personales circundantes son los siguientes

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