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American Association of University Presses Annual Conference, Salt Lake City, June 18, 2010.
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Rethinking Library Acquisition: Demand-Driven Purchasing for
Scholarly BooksBecky Clark, Johns Hopkins University Press
[email protected] Matt Nauman, YBP
[email protected] Michael Levine-Clark, University of Denver
[email protected] Stephen Bosch, University of Arizona
[email protected] Kim Anderson, YBP
Why Demand-Driven Acquisition?
University of Denver Data – All Books
• 2000-2009– 252,718 titles (25,272 a year)– 46.9% unused (118,387)
• 2000-2004– 126,953 titles– 39.6% unused (50,226)
• FY 2010– Approx $1 million spent on monographs
University of Denver Data – University Press Books*
• 2000-2009– 40,058 titles (8,012 a year)– 39.7% unused (15,883)
• 2000-2004– 20,277 titles– 31.0% unused (6,278)
*“University Press” in publisher field
University of Denver Use Data (Titles Cataloged 2000-2004)
AllU.P.
4+ 23,854 (18.8%)4,029 (19.9%)
3 10,461 (8.2%)1,954 (9.6%)
2 16,257 (12.8%)3,134 (15.5%)
1 26,155 (20.6%)4,882 (24.1%)
0 50,266 (39.6%)6,278 (31.0%)
University of Denver Use Data (U.P. Titles Cataloged in 2000)
Ever UsedUsed 2005 or Later
4+ 932 (22.1%)882 (20.1%)
3 424 (10.0%)349 (8.3%)
2 682 (16.1%)439 (10.4%)
1 968 (22.9%)475 (11.2%)
0 1,217 (28.8%)2,078 (49.2%)
The Universe of Titles
• 170,663 books published in the U.S. in 2008*• 53,869 books treated on approval by Blackwell in FY
2008 (North America)• 23,097 forms generated in FY 2008
– 4,687 titles ordered from forms
*Library and Book Trade Almanac 2009, p. 506 (preliminary data).
Everything is Different
• Users expect everything instantly• Born-digital books shouldn’t go out of print• We’re more accountable to our
administrations– Budget– Shelf space
Developing a Demand-Driven Purchase Model
Two basic reasons for changing models:• ROI – return on investment• In a digital world dominated by network level
discovery and access - it is not about the local collection anymore, follow the users.
All Books Approval Orders English Only0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Book Circulation Rates - U of Arizona
4 YR10 YR
Developing a Demand-Driven Purchase Model
Circulation data by publisher is hard to gather since publisher is not a field in a MARC record that is “normalized” so many versions of a publisher could exist.
A rough working of our data shows that overall the average rate for circulating titles was about 55% for University Presses.
The larger University Presses do have higher rates of circulation than do the smaller presses.
Developing a Demand-Driven Purchase Model
ROI – in since 2000:Total # of books purchased 448,840Total exp for books $ 24,531,340 Total # 0 circ books 237,885Total exp for 0 circ books $ 13,001,610Shelving costs $ 2,440,582Processing costs $ 3,394,622 Total cost of 0 circ books $ 18,836,814
Rethinking Monographic Acquisition: Developing a Demand-Driven Purchase Model
Network level discovery and access:This is where our users are going and we need to
have business models that support that type of user experience - not building local collections.
Users must have the broadest possible access w/o dead ends – one way or another they need to be able to quickly obtain the discovered information.
Is this what the digital natives will find useful as a library? OR
Is this the future “collection”?
How We’re Implementing Demand-Driven Acquisition
MyiLibrary
Ebrary
EBL
Export to OCLC
OCLC # for WCL back to
Catalog
MARC Load to Catalog (Deduped)
Local+ OCLC records updated
Profile
Profile
Profile
Profile
ASSESMENT OF OUTCOMES
Developing a DDA Plan for DU
• Jan 2009: Begin conversations with Blackwell• Spring 2009: Begin conversations with EBL• Summer/fall 2009: EBL/Blackwell platform
development• Dec 2009: YBP/Blackwell announce merger• Jan 2010: Begin conversations with YBP• Spring 2010: Implement DDA with EBL• Spring 2010: Plan DDA with YBP
The University of Denver Plan
• Program will begin July 2010• Print and Electronic Books• YBP and EBL• Forms
– No fiction, reprints, or textbooks– Discovery through the catalog
• POD (eventually)
• Automatic approval books will continue to come automatically (for now)
The User Experience
• Discovery (catalog)– Print and/or ebook(s)
• Request (catalog)– Fast, seamless
• Ordering– Baker & Taylor and Alternative Sources– Rush (in some cases)– Drop Ship (in some cases)
Assessment
• Feedback Form (p)– At Request– At Delivery
• Slip “Ordering” (p)• Use Data (p and e)
Developing the Demand Driven Acquisitions Program
What Does Demand Driven Mean? Possible Workflows
•YBP provides the title catalog records•Profiled each week from approval plan input•Weekly batch record load based on that title list
•Library loads records into catalog•Full Record (OCLC Plus service from YBP)•Brief records•Load to OCLC WorldCat Local
What Does Demand Driven Mean? Possible Workflows
•Button for users to request the book•Options available to user (format, rush, normal, notify, don’t notify?)
•Acquisitions retrieves requests daily and places orders
University of Kansas DDA Workflow
KU Uses a Special Location for Patron Choice Titles
Full record in KU OPAC
Identifier in catalogrecord so Patron Choice records caneasily be removedafter 6 months
Considerations for DDA
•Format?–Print books, eBooks, or both?
•Mediated or non-mediated?•Mediated: patron requests go to acquisitions staff, who make final decision on whether title gets ordered, fund availability, format in which title is ordered
•Non-mediated: patron request is ordered immediately
Considerations for DDA
• Allow duplication between e and print formats?
• Mirror existing approval plan profile, or set up a separate profile?
• Budget control – monitoring so funds are available for duration of program or fiscal year
• Must patrons authenticate to request a title?
Considerations for DDA
• How long will MARC records stay in OPAC? – How do we remove them?– Will selectors review before removal to order any
that users didn’t want?• How will the ‘request screen’ look in the
ILS?• Reports
– Which users requested what (how much, and in what subject areas)?
What Universe of Titles Shall We Expose to Patrons?
Demand Driven Profile Components• Subject areas• Publishers• Non-Subject Parameters• How far back shall we go?
Metrics
•What type of material was requested?•By subject•By publisher•By Format
•What was the ratio of records to requests?•By Subject•For Print•For Digital
Metrics
•What were the fulfillment times?•To the library•To the Patron
•What was the Patron Type?•Faculty•Graduate Students•Undergraduate Students
Metrics
•What was the distribution of requests across subjects?
•How did DDA requests compare to Librarian selections?
•What savings did the institution experience?•Materials costs•Staff costs
Was the Patron Satisfied?
Implications
Developing a Demand-Driven Purchase Model
What about?• Collections of record• Current structures and processes in collection
management and acquisitions• Traditional user expectations
Impact on Scholars
• Will they be able to– browse the collection?– get books as needed?– get older books?
Impact on Libraries
• What about Interlibrary Loan?– Blur between ILL/Acquisitions– eBook Rental Replaces ILL?
• Are we still building collections, or are we just buying books?
PDA will force changes in the way content moves from publishers to academic libraries
There will be implications throughout the supply chain
Four reasons PDA may be the way of the future:• Current model breaking down• Better technology exists for library decisions• Changing mission of academic libraries• Economic conditions
How we got here and where we might be going
Collections have been built by Approval Plans• “Just in Case” Collections• Problems include budgets, space & usage statistics
Better technology makes new models possible
One model for getting started• Core, must have titles• PDA based on subject & publisher profiles• Includes print and ebooks• Integration with aggregator partners“Just in Time” Ordering
Impact on Academic Publishing
Print Books
“Fewer books, fewer copies, higher prices”• Frontlist sales will be reduced• Possible reduction in total copies sold• Both can lead to higher prices• Maybe some titles won’t be published, or• Published in another format
Impact on Academic Publishing
Ebooks• Pilot libraries want E-Preferred PDA• Libraries and vendors working on electronic collection
development services• Increased pressure for simultaneous P and E• Increased pressure on vendor for discovery and delivery systems• Potential for Ebooks first backed by POD• Usage-based pricing
Impact on Book Vendors
• New value and service proposition• Must provide an infrastructure for PDA
•MARC records prior to purchase•Rush order and delivery for print•Improved discoverability & delivery•Print on Demand options•Direct to Consumer options•New processing options for print books
Impact on Book Vendors
• Vendors also forced to replace lost revenue• Potential for a new business model
•Based on charging for services•Decrease library’s cost-per-use
• Vendors and publishers will cooperate to make sure titles are discovered
• PDA has to be built while maintaining traditional services
