Notes

Rethinking Muslim Youth Identities

1 . “Bumiputra” in Malay means sons or princes of the soil, describing

those who are indigenous or the natives of the land.

2. “Muslim Community Rejects Abbott Government’s Demonisation

and Condemns Moves to Silence Legitimate Critique”: http://

islaminaustralia.com/2015/02/19/muslim-community-rejects-

abbott-governments-demonisation-and-condemns-moves-to-silence-

legitimate-criticisms/ .

3. http://www.sya.sg/awardees2000s/SYA2008/Taufik_Batisah.pdf .

4. http://www.hreoc.gov.au/racial_discrimination/isma/report/

chap1.html#1_2_2 .

5. Source: ABS, 2001 Census, unpublished data.

6. http://www.humanrights.gov.au/racial_discrimination/isma/

report/appendices.html .

7. http://muslimvillageforums.com/topic/52051-moving-to-sydney-

inshallah-advice-needed/ .

NAS Y ID, Jihad, and Hip-Hop

1. https://www.Facebook.com/thenightpray/info?tab=page_info .

2. http://muslimvillageforums.com/topic/11520-muslim-djs/ .

3. http://forums.vr-zone.com/chit-chatting/251117-news-singapore-

write-song-learn-the-prophet-muhammads-values.html .

4. ROO BOYS (ISRIZAL) HIP-HOP FROM QUEENSTOWN

PRISON: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MAH17Sqw5nA&

featu re=channel ; ht tp://w w w.youtube.com/watch?v=JpY

z S8P uveo& feat u re= cha n ne l _ page ; ht t p://you r sdp.org/

news/a_young_patriot_goes_to_jail/2008-12-11-615 .

5. Music and Hip-hop in Islam: https://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=yxI4JA7v_qo .

6. Hip-hop with Sheikh Khalid Yasin . . . FUNNY . . . https://www.you-

tube.com/watch?v=fYqvly5OGUI&spfreload=1 .

7. http://www.tubeislam.com/video/2510/Musl im-Youth-in-

Australia-Documentary .

8. https://instagram.com/p/wTCkIiBTdM/ .

204 NOTES

9. Open letter to Sydney Hip-Hop Scene, RE: Sydney Vs Everybody,

Written By DJ MK-1: https://www.Facebook.com/john.khilla/

posts/10153067147349319 .

10. Singapore Hip-Hop Feature—LoFi-SG.TV: https://www.youtube.

com/watch?v=sbRAW_YsPZs .

11. http://singaporeseen.stomp.com.sg/singaporeseen/this-urban-

jungle/singapore-hip-hop-group-to-move-in-with-aaron-aziz-in-kl .

12. http://www.sinarharian.com.my/hiburan/syarif-sleeq-ikut-jejak-

aaron-aziz-1.201569 .

13. http://singaporeseen.stomp.com.sg/singaporeseen/this-urban-

jungle/sour-grapes-kl-actor-attacks-aaron-aziz-for-winning-most-

popular-artist-award .

14. http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/singapore-

actor-says-prefers-najib-to-hsien-loong .

15. Fa Ru Xue—Juz-B @ Superband Season 1 http://www.you-

tube.com/watch?v=1G1LuBFXYcE : http://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=WjN_xGIbfGU&feature=related .

16. http://www.muis.gov.sg/cms/aboutus/default.aspx .

17. http://www.muslimrap.net/wog/ .

18. http://allaboutnasheed.blogspot.ae/2012/06/profile-wog-rap-mus-

lim.htm l.

19. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXNNd7VWFmo .

Tattooing the Muslim Youth Body

1. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:628iv5f

xLocJ:muslimvillage.com/forums/topic/21755-my-secret-haram-

love/+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=sg .

2. Regulation of tattooing and body piercing businesses: http://www.

parliament.uk/business/publications/research/brief ing-papers/

SN05079/regulation-of-tattooing-and-body-piercing-businesses .

3. Regulation of Infection Control in the Body Art Industry in Australia

and New Zealand: A Summary, National Public Health Partnership,

January 2002.

4. “Victoria Barker Tattoos: Anything Goes in Singapore,” my paper,

January 9, 2009.

5. The New Paper, Tattooists: Regulate Industry, June 25, 2009.

6. Eleventh Parliament of Singapore, First Session, Order Paper,

November 12, 2007.

7. The Malay words “Orang Melayu” meaning “Malay people.”

8. http://muslimvillageforums.com/topic/47626-tattoos-in-islam/ .

Youth Resistance through Cultural Consumption

1. These universities are also engaged in competing narratives and a

campaign of global outreach primarily in the training for religious

NOTES 205

elites. For more detailed empirical studies, see Bano and Sakurai

(2015).

2. For an example, see as http://www.inminds.com/boycott-israel.

html .

3. http://www.ida.gov.sg/~/media/Files/Infocomm%20Landscape/

Facts%20and%20Figures/SurveyReport/2012/2012HHmgt.pdf .

4. http://radical.mosque.sg/cms/Radical_Ideology/index.aspx .

5. See, for example, Questions & Answers on JIHAD Questions &

Answers on Jihad, Muhammad Haniff Hassan and Mohamed bin

Ali (MUIS & Perdaus) (Singapore: 2008): http://www.pvtr.org/

pdf/Ideologyper cent20Response/bookletper cent20jihad-english.

pdf . Don’t be extreme in your religion, Muhammad Haniff Hassan

and Mohamed bin Ali (MUIS & Perdaus), c2008.

6. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8153.0/# .

7. h t t p : // w w w . a b s . g o v . a u / a u s s t a t s / a b s @ . n s f /

Lookup/8146.0Chapter12012-13# .

8. h t t p : // w w w . a b s . g o v . a u / a u s s t a t s / a b s @ . n s f /

Lookup/8146.0Chapter12012-13# .

9. http://sgforums.com/forums/2623 .

10. Goh Chin Lian (2009).

11. http://muslimvillage.com/forums/topic/37510-eid-festival-this-

october/ .

12. The Malaysian Insider , “McDonald’s, Starbucks Caught in Gaza

Crossfire,” January 12, 2009.

13. https://www.facebook.com/mcdsg/photos/a.161567683889813.2

8585.157162220997026/736330813080161/ .

14. “McDonald’s, Starbucks Caught in Gaza Crossfire.”

15. Gaza prompts boycott in Malaysia, BBC News, January 9, 2009:

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7819561.stm .

16. Ibid.

17. “US, Israeli Boycott up to the Individual: Najib,” The Star Online ,

January 12, 2009: http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F200

9%2F1%2F12%2Fnation%2F20090112142650&sec=nation .

18. Kempen “Bulan Kemarahan Ummah ” untuk Gaza dilancarkan Ahad

ini: http://www.ismaweb.net/2014/08/kempen-bulan-kemarahan-

ummah-untuk-gaza-dilancarkan-ahad-ini/ .

19. Malaysia Muslims Shun Pro-Israel Companies: http://www.onislam.

net/english/news/asia-pacific/476065-malaysia-muslims-shun-pro-

israel-companies.html .

20. “kapo” or “kaypoh” is a Singaporean colloquial word meaning some-

one who is nosey or a busybody.

21. http://forums.hardwarezone.com.sg/eat-drink-man-woman-16/

sudden ly-number-my-ma lay-f r iends-boycot t ing-macdon-

alds-4746551.html (accessed December 9, 2014).

22. https://www.facebook.com/fromsingaporetopalestine/photos/a.4216

07437973973.1073741825.190525097748876/501963773271672/ .

206 NOTES

23. https://www.facebook.com/fromsingaporetopalestine/photos/a.49

6592193808830.1073741826.190525097748876/4965932004753

96/?type=3&theater .

24. “Sydney Cafe: Australians Say to Muslims ‘I’ll ride with you’”:

http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-30479306 .

25. Meet Tessa Kum, the woman who started #illridewithyou: http://

www.abc.net.au/rad ionat iona l/programs/break fast/tessa-

kum/5969608 .

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Index

Abbott, Tony, 42

Administration of Muslim Law Act

(AMLA), 24

African American, 72, 74–5, 80–1,

89, 92, 106, 109, 112, 195

Ahli Fiqir, 99

alienation, 6, 11–12, 18, 39, 64, 75,

83, 162, 194, 197–8

Al-Qaradawi, Y., 158

Appadurai, Arjun, 12, 197

Arab, Arabian, Arabic, Arabization,

16, 24, 30, 36, 39, 42, 58–60,

67, 74–5, 77, 79, 88, 90, 92,

94–6, 109, 119, 128, 130,

137–8, 151, 155, 167, 169,

189, 196, 199

Arab Spring, 1, 189

Asia Pacific, 2, 17, 193–4, 196

Australian Federation of Islamic

Councils (AFIC), 23, 175

authority, 14, 23–4, 36, 50, 68, 87,

155, 158–9, 161, 163–4, 171,

174–5

bangsa, 100

Bankstown, 18, 56, 66–7, 94, 145,

166, 169, 177

Barr, M. D., 54–5, 65

Baudrillard, 146, 149

Berita Harian, 37, 98, 172

body, 6, 10–11, 13, 16, 25, 32, 65,

78–9, 93, 107, 112, 115–23,

125–6, 129–32, 137, 139–49,

156, 158, 160, 163, 166, 197,

200

Bourdieu, Pierre, 28, 35, 40, 140,

146, 192, 199

boycott, 4, 152, 155–6, 158,

163–6, 168, 169–73, 175–81,

183–5, 186–7, 192, 198

Britain (include United Kingdom),

118, 123, 125, 155

Brothahood, 92–4, 107–8, 110

Buddhism, 137

Bunt, Gary, 153–4

capitalism, 18, 53

Casanova, Jose, 16

China, 22, 63, 194, 196

Chinese, 15, 21–2, 36–9, 44, 54,

59, 61–5, 84, 87, 103, 105,

111, 123–4, 132–41, 143–7,

149, 151, 172, 192

Christianity, 15, 21

Chua, B. H., 19, 196

citizenship, 81, 88, 93–4, 99,

168–9, 182

class, 9, 18, 20, 26, 28–9, 31, 41,

50, 52–6, 58–9, 61–2, 66–8,

72, 76, 115, 119–21, 126,

134–5, 154, 194

Confucian, 62, 86

conscription, 63, 125

conversion, 91, 199

Cronulla riot, 49, 127, 128, 146,

170

da’wah, 71, 76–7, 84–5, 90–1, 93

democracy, 85

deviant, deviance, 11, 31, 38, 82,

84, 88–9, 101–2, 119, 121–2,

128, 131–2, 141, 143, 191

diaspora, 168, 182

Durkheim, Emile, 29

228 INDEX

Egypt, 30, 153–5

Eisenstadt, Shmuel, N., 10

Enlightenment, 16

ethnic, ethnicity, 4, 6, 9, 15–16, 18,

20–1, 23, 25, 30–1, 35–9, 42,

47–8, 51–2, 57–9, 61, 63–4,

66–8, 75, 84, 88, 94, 96,

98–9, 105, 111–12, 128, 132,

134, 136, 145–6, 149, 166–8,

186, 191, 193, 198–9, 202

ethnic quota, 18, 37, 59, 61

European Council for Fatwa and

Research, 158

Facebook, 27, 45, 57, 77, 97, 137,

154, 159, 178, 181, 185–6,

188

fashion, 9, 71, 95, 107, 117–20,

122–4, 139–40, 151, 154,

158, 169, 194, 196

fatwa, 76, 153, 158, 162, 173–4,

180

Foucault, Michel, 46

France, 44, 57, 75, 153, 168, 201

fundamentalism, 154

gender, 15, 26, 30, 71, 154, 195

Geylang, 97

global, 1–7, 9, 11–13, 16–17, 22,

26–7, 29, 35, 41–2, 48, 52, 58,

68–9, 71, 74–5, 79–80, 86,

92, 95, 98–9, 106, 108–10,

112, 127, 144–5, 148, 151,

153–8, 161–3, 168, 173–6,

178, 180–4, 189, 191, 193–4,

197–9, 201–2

globalization, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12–13,

15–17, 20, 22, 26, 72, 109,

154, 167, 177, 191, 193, 195,

198–9, 202

glocalization, 2, 12

Goh, Chok Tong, 43, 45, 48, 62,

105

governmentality, 4, 47, 145

graffiti, 72, 82, 88–9, 144

halal, 2, 65, 67, 75–6, 78, 119,

122, 157–8, 174–8, 182–3,

185

halal consciousness, 2, 182, 193

halal consumption, 157, 174

haram, 122–3, 142, 144, 157, 198

hashtag, 94–5, 186–9

hijab, headscarves, 40, 44–7, 49,

78, 107, 168, 188

Hinduism, 15

homogeneity, 101

Housing Development Board

(HDB), 61, 63

human rights, 4, 41, 79–81, 177,

186

hybrid, hybridity, hybridization, 2,

12, 195

identity, 1, 4–6, 9–13, 15, 17, 25,

28, 32, 35–7, 40–2, 44, 47–8,

50, 57–63, 66–9, 72, 80–2,

84, 89, 91, 98, 102, 106, 111–

12, 115, 118, 120, 128, 130–1,

137–41, 144–5, 147–9, 155–8,

161, 167–8, 182, 191–3, 195,

198, 201

imam, 23, 154, 169

India, 15, 182

Indians, 30, 37, 44, 52, 54, 59,

61, 63, 80, 105, 133, 151, 155,

171

indigenous, 21, 51, 91–2, 96, 98

Indonesia, 2, 3, 15, 30, 63, 76–7,

94, 105, 161, 180, 183, 196–7

Indonesian, 30, 43, 51, 76, 105,

176, 180

interethnic, 99, 186, 191, 202

Internet, 22, 27, 40, 58, 87, 90, 98,

109–10, 133, 152–4, 158–65,

167, 173–5, 181–2, 189, 192

Iran, 44, 60

Iraq, 30, 43, 60, 166

Islam, Islamic, 1–5, 13–16, 23–4,

27, 32, 36, 42, 44, 47–9,

57–60, 68–9, 71–81, 72, 85–6,

INDEX 229

89–91, 94–5, 102, 106–10,

112, 116–17, 123, 126,

129–32, 135–7, 139–40,

142–9, 152–8, 160–2, 169–70,

172–5, 179–80, 182–3, 189,

192–3, 197–8, 200–1

Shi’ism (Shi’ite Islam), 116, 126

Sunni Islam, 73–4, 107, 116,

126, 131, 155

Islamization, 106, 116, 196–7

Islamize, 16, 79

Islamophobia, 1, 42, 75, 80, 93,

146, 152, 192

Jemaah Islamiyah, 43

jihad, 71, 74, 79, 86, 91, 105–6,

113, 130, 135, 166, 174,

180–1, 191–2, 197

Juz-B, 103–4

Kepel, Gilles, 16

Laden, Osama bin, 89

Lakemba, 18, 66, 145, 166, 188

Lebanon, Lebanese, 21, 30, 42, 52,

56–7, 59–60, 66, 90, 94, 96,

108, 110, 127, 131, 166, 169,

171, 181

Lee, Kuan Yew, 65, 87, 201

liberal, 3–4, 16, 19–21, 23, 26, 62,

123, 125, 145, 191, 193, 201

liberalism, 154, 189, 200

liberalization, 175

liberalize, 86

Lily Zubaidah Rahim, 63, 112

madrasah, 24, 128, 129

Mahathir, Mohamad, 183

Maintenance of Religious Harmony

Act, 185

Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura

(MUIS), 24–5, 47–8, 85, 87,

106, 160–1, 174

Malay, Melayu, 20, 30, 36–8,

45–6, 48, 50–1, 54–5, 58–65,

71, 82–4, 87, 93, 97–105, 110,

112, 132–7, 139–40, 143–4,

146–7, 151, 172, 174, 182–5,

191, 197

Malay Members of Parliament, 46,

59, 172

Malaysia, Malaysian, 2–3, 21, 36–7,

59–60, 62–3, 65, 80, 85, 94,

102–3, 105, 107, 132, 161,

180–5, 186–7, 196

Malcolm X, 74, 80, 187

marriage, 116–17

masculine, masculinity, 13, 74, 90,

121, 128, 130, 135

Matuse, 94–7

Mauzy and Milne, 54, 101, 170

McDonald’s, 151, 176–8, 180,

184–5, 187

MENDAKI, 37, 54

Middle East, 1, 3, 15, 21, 30, 42,

49, 57, 59, 162, 166, 181

migrant, 15–16, 20–1, 27, 36, 39,

55–7, 75, 81, 98, 106, 108,

132, 162, 168, 181–2

migration, 1, 7, 11, 16, 20–2, 36,

52, 56, 60, 62–3, 92–3

Minister-in-Charge of Muslim

Affairs, 24, 46, 48, 65, 83, 164

minority, 1, 3, 5–7, 9, 11–12, 15,

18–21, 25–6, 36–7, 47, 50–2,

57–9, 68–9, 71, 80, 84, 105,

111, 113, 120–1, 130, 148,

152, 160, 162, 169–70, 180,

182–3, 185, 191, 200–1

modern, 3, 16, 28, 31, 47, 68, 98,

117–20, 122, 143, 146, 148–9,

174, 200, 202

modernism, 167

modernity, 16–17

modernization, 15–16, 106, 182

modernize, 16, 67

mosque, 14, 23–5, 31, 36, 40, 67,

77, 86–7, 98, 106, 167, 173

mufti, 23–4, 42, 46, 49, 50, 85,

127, 158, 161, 170, 173–4

230 INDEX

multiculturalism, 1, 19–20, 48, 52,

107–8, 129, 168, 200–1

multiracialism, 19–20

Muslim Brotherhood Movement,

126

MuslimVillage, 27, 49, 143, 161

Najib Tun Razak, 103, 183

National Service, 64–5, 125, 135

nationalism, 52, 94, 166–7

Nayak, Anoop, 12–13

network society, 11, 180, 188

networks, 31, 57, 120, 155, 162,

189

new media, 2, 27, 68, 152, 165,

174, 188, 189, 196–7

Palestine, Palestinians, Gaza,

3–4, 57, 75, 110, 155, 164–6,

180–1, 183–7

Parsons, Talcott, 10

People’s Action Party (PAP), 61,

64, 135–6, 172

piety, 2–4, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 19,

50, 61–2, 68–9, 71, 74, 77,

81, 93–4, 115, 122, 129, 130,

136, 148–9, 152, 156, 169,

175, 179, 184, 193–4, 198,

200–1

pietization, 5, 196

political Islam, 48

postmodern, 119, 146, 149

prestige, 120, 146–7, 192

prointifada, 75

prophecy, 129

Prophet Muhammad, 79, 87, 116,

119, 130, 142, 157, 176, 180

puritan, 7, 71, 115, 194, 198

Qur’an, Qur’anic, 40, 49, 75, 79,

108, 116, 129, 131, 142–3,

151, 157, 160, 173

rational, 6, 47, 82, 118, 121, 151,

193

rationality, 17, 66, 82

rationalization, 57, 62, 117, 130,

142, 144

rationalize, 35, 115, 136, 139

religion, 3–4, 13–17, 19, 23–4, 36,

40, 43, 45, 47–8, 52, 58–9,

64, 68, 89, 94, 97, 101, 105,

107, 110, 117, 129–30, 135,

137, 140–2, 153, 159–60, 163,

166–7, 173, 176, 182, 198,

201–2

religious reform, 16

Roy, Olivier, 15, 116

Russia, Russian, 117, 183

Saudi Arabia, 154–5

secular, 1–4, 6, 12, 18–19, 24, 26,

37, 40, 44, 47, 62, 106,

115–16, 143–4, 148, 151, 174,

176, 194, 198, 200

secularism, 17, 19, 20

secularization, 16, 19, 48

September 11 generation, 7, 29, 35,

41, 82, 108, 130, 153, 170,

191

shariah, 14, 158

Sikhs, 45, 171

Singapore Idol, Idol, 48, 102,

104–6, 135, 169, 196

social class, 9, 41, 50, 52–3, 61–2,

68, 115, 154, 194

social movement, 11, 57, 90, 108,

180–1, 184–5, 188–9

boycott movement, 4, 16, 165,

179, 181, 184–5

countermovement, 188

global movement, 13, 108, 176

hip-hop’s movement, 81

international human rights

movement, 80

organized movement, 184

religious da’wah movement, 84

religious movements, 16

solidarity movements, 6

social problem, 11, 25, 37, 53, 55,

85, 88, 99, 108, 111

social relationships, 84, 101

INDEX 231

social status, status symbol, status

frustration, minority status, 5,

18, 20, 50, 52, 56, 58, 67, 79,

120, 128, 135, 140, 147, 162,

180, 191–2, 201

South Korea, 194, 195

sovereign, 175

Special Assistance Plan (SAP), 62

state, 1, 3–7, 9, 13, 15, 18–24, 26,

29, 32, 35, 37–8, 41, 43, 45,

47–50, 55, 60–2, 64–6, 68,

80, 83–4, 86–8, 97–9, 101,

103, 106, 110, 123–5, 134,

140, 145, 147, 149, 153, 156,

160, 162, 164–6, 170, 172,

174–5, 181–2, 184–5, 187,

189, 191–4, 196, 199–202

Sydney vs Everybody, 94–6, 110

terror, 42, 127–8, 164, 182

terrorism, 41, 43, 86, 108, 153,

161, 172–3

terrorist, 42–4, 167

Thailand, 196

tradition, 11, 14–15, 20, 59, 73–4,

79, 116–17, 136, 139, 147, 157

tribal, 137, 194

neo-tribal, 137

tudung, 45–6

Tunisia, 44

Turkey, Turkish, 21, 30, 36, 39–40,

44, 52, 106, 108, 168

Turner, Bryan, 14, 22, 41, 62,

73–4, 117, 143, 157, 175

ummah, 1, 27, 76–7, 94, 106,

109, 111–12, 153, 156,

165, 168–70, 173, 175,

181, 184, 187, 193,

198–200

underground, 57, 71, 97–8, 110,

132, 137

United States, America, 10, 15, 41,

45, 72, 74, 90, 118, 120, 123,

133, 144, 155, 165, 167–8,

181–2

ustaz, 85, 161, 184

veil, 32, 44, 45. See also hijab

wakaf, 24

Western Sydney, 81, 108, 127, 146

White Australia, 39, 52, 96

Wilders, Geert, 273

Williams, Raymond, 43

YouTube, 27, 57, 87, 97, 126, 137,

174

Zionist, Zionism, 169, 181, 184