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RETRANS2 – Final ReportExecutive Summary
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Armin Schnettler, Thomas DederichsAnn-Kathrin Meinerzhagen, Eva Szczechowicz
RWTH Aachen University, Germany
26. July 2011
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Introduction
IN 2009/ 2010 the project IEA-RETD „Renewable Energy in Road Transport (RETRANS)“ examined different options of using renewable electricity in electric vehicles.
Using renewable electricity in electric vehicles would result in a „Co-Evolution“ of the energy and the transport sector.
Based on the findings of RETRANS, the follow-up project RETRANS2 Regions aims at identifying challenges and opportunities for the Co-Evolution of electric vehicles and renewable electricity in three world regions: North America, Europe and China
An analysis of the characteristics of each region concerning the political, economical and infrastructural framework gives stakeholders an opportunity to understand the different roads the Co-Evolution can take.
The assessment of different policy options which were suggested in RETRANS highlights the regionally differing developments.
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Identify Challenges and Opportunities for the Co-Evolution of Electric Vehicles and Renewable Electricity Comparison of three world regions (North America, Europe, China) Assist stakeholders of this Co-Evolution in better understanding the
characteristics of each region Examine whether the policy recommendations from the RETRANS project
can be applied Identification of those policy options that have to be adjusted to better fit the
situation in one region
Approach: Assessment of studies that are relevant to the field, of pilot projects, of statistical
data on the three regions and of policies that concern either electric vehicles or renewable electricity
Expert interviews for additional insights
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Scope of RETRANS2 Regions
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Table of Contents
Regional Context Socio-Economic Background of the regions Passenger Vehicle markets Pilot Projects deploying Electric Vehicles Share and expected development of electricity from renewable sources Policies for the integration of electricity from renewable sources Situation of Grids
Policy Assessment Recommendations from RETRANS Policies on Renewable Electricity and Electric Vehicles until today Regional Assessment of policy options from RETRANS
Conclusions
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EVs meet with diverse circumstances globally
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Efficiency gains in conventional vehicles challenge emission benefits of electric vehiclesCustomer acceptance of vehicle design, performance and new mobility solutions is unclear
Increases in personal mobility can be expected in all regions
Context – Economic influences on Electric Vehicles
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Factors influencing the price gap between electric and conventional vehicles
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Context – Economic influences on Electric Vehicles
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The Chinese vehicle market has the highest potential for a transition towards electric vehicles
North America Europe China
Vehicles on Road 277 million1% EVs (mostly HEVs)
210 million1% EVs
~55 million0,5% EVs
Passenger Vehicle Sales
12 million (2009) 16 million (2009) 10,3 million (2009)13,7 million (2010)
Vehicles per 1000 people
830 Europe: 473Nordic: 500
China: 54Beijing: 228
Overall Market situation
Stagnating, expected to increase as of 2012
Stagnating Strongly growing (doubling of sales within 3 years)
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Context – Vehicles Market
The strong growth in the Chinese vehicle market could facilitate market entry for Electric Vehicles for first-time owners.
In the other markets, EVs may have more difficulties securing their share.
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Pilot Projects – The first phase of EV deployment
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Context – Regional Pilot Projects – Comparison
Pilot projects lead to first infrastructure and learning effects (thus also cost reductions) in the production and maintenance of electric vehicles.
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Comparison of regionsOutcome of pilot projects EVs alone cannot solve traffic problems
– an integrated approach and a new concept of transport are necessary
User acceptance: EVs for a set purpose are well accepted
Business cases: Car-sharing/ Mobility Partnerships for commuting
Usage patterns: Local solutions for traffic problems and personal mobility are needed
Context – Pilot Projects’ Learnings
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Incentives are similar on first glance – differences lie in the amounts
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Context – Incentives for Electric Vehicles
Vehicle emission standards are in place on national levels.
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Current regulatory framework for new Renewable Electricity
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Context – Electricity from Renewable Sources
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EVs mostly affect distribution grids
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Context – Needed System Expansion
Electric Vehicles will first be deployed in cities and urban areas
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Comparison of regionsCharacteristics
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Context – Comparison of backgrounds
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Different situation and cultures need diverse policies
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Context – Roadmap for Co-Evolution
Penetration rate of electric vehicles
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Table of Contents
Regional Context Socio-Economic Background of the regions Passenger Vehicle markets Pilot Projects deploying Electric Vehicles Share and expected development of electricity from renewable sources Policies for the integration of electricity from renewable sources Situation of Grids
Policy Assessment Recommendations from RETRANS Policies on Renewable Electricity and Electric Vehicles until today Regional Assessment of policy options from RETRANS
Conclusions
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Phase 2Deployment
Co-Evolution – Policy options from RETRANS
A two-phase long-term policy approach for large scale introduction of Evs and Co-Evolution with RES-E
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Phase 1Preparation
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Phase 1 options are almost always feasibleFor Phase 2 options the feasibility is insecure
North America Europe China
Tax exemptions for RES-E charging
Re-Investing electricity tax ~
Hard Coupling ~ ~EV manufacturer investments into RE capacity
Cap and Trade ~ ~Grid Stabilization Bonus ~ ~ ~ 17
Co-Evolution – Feasibility of policy options
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Consistent long term policy is required for stimulating large scale introduction of EVs and Co-Evolution with RES-E
Provide security of investment for car industry and infrastructure providers (Security of the existing tax exemptions )
Mandatory targets for EV-numbers and RES-E share Demonstration of system integration of EVs and RES-E Standards development Investments in infrastructure
Involve a variety of actors Coordinate network development and system integration to allow high
penetrations of EV and RES-E This is already taking place in the national Nordic TSO's and in the context of
ENTSO-E Grid reinforcement and upgrade RET integration Coordinate system integration among grids and vehicle/battery manufacturers
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Conclusions
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Policy Recommendations by Region
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Conclusions
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Actions for Co-Evolution‘s stakeholders
Government and regulators Regional infrastructure strategies Funding research and information campaigns
International governmental organizations Co-ordinate international standardization issues for cross-national compatibility Support the RD&D of EV system solutions for developing countries Support dissemination of RD&D on EVs and infrastructure
TSOs/ DSOs Help develop business models Promote adoption of real-time energy-usage information and pricing Co-operate with OEMs for interoperability standards and post-installation support
Utilities Co-operation with regulators to facilitate implementation of RES-E and EV connection
OEMs International strategy and standards for interoperability of system components Address concerns with long-term post-installation support and reliability Marketing and information campaigns for EVs
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Conclusions
OEMs = Vehicle and charging stations manufacturers
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Comparison of regionsLessons learned so far Policy options & public acceptance
Skepticism regarding Co-Evolution Low RES-E shares reduce benefits
Technological and regulatory hindrances in foreground
An uninformed public does not accept EV promotion “from above”
Information campaigns on the benefits of EVs needed Including financial, fiscal and non-monetary benefits for users
Policies furthering EVs and RES-E have to be adapted to regional characteristics
Important regional differences in Phase 1, Possible synergies in Phase 2
Influence of RES-E deployment and potential Potential for RES-E not fully exhausted yet
Sustainability of RES-E for EVs absolutely vital for ecological benefits
Electricity tariffs that guarantee RES-E for charging EVs are needed
Conclusions
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Conclusions
For a true Co-Evolution of transport and renewable electricity local pilot projects should gain experience with EV and RES-E integration and, accordingly, grid reinforcements
System integration can be achieved by involving the system operators in pilot projects and by upgrading the grid and its regulation for allowing for bi-directionality and integration of renewable energy
Electricity tariffs that guarantee RES-E for charging EVs are vital for sustainable EV integration
In China the integration of renewable energy focuses on large RES-E plants. Distributed generation is not encouraged and the current small numbers of EVs are not of interest for grid services yet. Synergies and Co-Evolution are thus complicated.
Pilot projects show that electric vehicles can be successfully integrated in combination with a framework of mobility solutions that address users’ concerns
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Conclusion
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Summary
Regional electricity system characteristics and policy frameworks differ and have to be taken into consideration for short-term EV and RE deployment
The coupling of EV and RE is needed for full benefits but has to overcome regulatory and acceptance or policy barriers.
The Co-Evolution of EV and RE has to include a variety of stakeholders who have considerable influence
RETD recommends … … to enable pure RE charging for EV worldwide … to choose holistic mobility policies for best integrating EV into the
transport landscape … to devise national short-term policy solutions in order to account for
regional differences … to adapt mandatory emissions and/ or RE targets for providing
a stable incentive for further action … to introduce EV in cities first.
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