Retrieval

How do we recall information?

Recall versus Recognition

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Retrieval Cues• Cues aid memory

Give out priming worksheet

Memory = web of associationsPriming: “strand or web of associations that leads to a specific memory”

PRIMING EFFECT • Priming effect: people respond faster or better

to an item if a similar item preceded it.

•priming effect: generally considered involuntary and an unconscious phenomenon.

Priming EffectPriming Effect

• Expertise in area = more efficient Expertise in area = more efficient recallrecallmore elaborate, organized, more elaborate, organized,

interconnected,\ knowdedge = easier interconnected,\ knowdedge = easier recallrecall

Two types of Priming Effect: Two types of Priming Effect: repetition repetition priming and semantic priming.priming and semantic priming.

Repetition Priming

1. Repetition primingThe more you experience it, the easier you retrieve it….

Semantic Priming2. Semantic priming:

The more you know, the more associations that can lead to a memory…

A house divided against itself cannot stand..

Those who deny freedom to others, deserve it not for themselves…

With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in…

Context Effects

• To be in same context you experienced (encoded) something= better memory

• If you study in one location, you will probably score higher if you also took the test in the same place.

TOTTOT

Tip-Of-the-Tongue EffectTip-Of-the-Tongue Effect Temporary inability to recall specific name or Temporary inability to recall specific name or

information.information.Usually remedied by semantic cues…Usually remedied by semantic cues…

““If you hadn’t asked, I could have told you…”If you hadn’t asked, I could have told you…”

Déjà Vu !

• Eerie sense that you have experienced something before…

• Explanation: current situation cues past experiences that are very similar (your mind gets confused.)

Other explanations….Other explanations….déjà vudéjà vu

1.1. Biological perspective: sensory input follows Biological perspective: sensory input follows several different pathways to higher several different pathways to higher processing centers of brain… thus one arrives processing centers of brain… thus one arrives milliseconds before another = separate copies milliseconds before another = separate copies of same experienceof same experience

2.2. Perceptual experience can be split into two Perceptual experience can be split into two parts = sense of two different experiences parts = sense of two different experiences (selective attention(selective attention))

3.3. Implicit familiarity without explicit Implicit familiarity without explicit recollectionrecollection

Mood-Congruent Memory

• The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's mood

• If you are depressed, you will more likely recall sad memories from you past.

• Moods also effect that way you interpret other peoples behavior

State-Dependent TheoryState-Dependent Theory

Recalling events encoded while in a Recalling events encoded while in a particular state of consciousness.particular state of consciousness.

Example: If you hide money while your Example: If you hide money while your drunk, you are more likely to remember drunk, you are more likely to remember where you hid it when you are intoxicated.where you hid it when you are intoxicated.

Pollyanna PrinciplePollyanna Principle Pleasant experiences over negative Pleasant experiences over negative

onesones Before, more efficiently, more Before, more efficiently, more

accuratelyaccurately Why?Why?

More positive than negative experiencesMore positive than negative experiences (We seek out positive experiences)(We seek out positive experiences)

Faster fading of negative experiences = Faster fading of negative experiences = healthy coping processes in memoryhealthy coping processes in memory

Mild depression = negative and positive Mild depression = negative and positive experiences fade evenlyexperiences fade evenly