Review1. The time of Neoclassical Period.

2. What is the Glorious Revolution, Great plague and Great London Fire?3. Who are the influential writers during the period? Tell about their writing

features briefly.

Chapter 5 the 19th

century Romantic period 1.The historical and cultural background2. The influence of Romanticism3. Romantic view about literature 4. Literary features of the period5. Characteristic traits 特征 of

this movement 6. Influential writers7. The comparison of features of the 18th century

enlightenment with those of 19th romanticism8. Some terms and exercises

Time of the period

English Romanticism, as a historical phase阶段 of literature, is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridge‘s Lyrical Ballads & to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death & the passage of the first Reform Bill 改革法案 in the Parliament.

Historical and cultural background 　 During this period, England had experienced profou

nd economic & social change. The biggest social change in English history was the transfer of large masses of the population from the countryside to the towns. As a result of the Enclosures & the agricultural mechanization 机械化 , the peasants were driven off their land; some emigrated to the colonies; some sank to the level of farm laborers & many others drifted to the industrial towns where there was a growing demand for labor. But the new industrial towns were no better than jungles, where the law was "the survival of the fittest." The cruel economic exploitation caused large-scale workers' disturbances in England.

Romanticism constitutes 建立 a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence 本质上 it designates 指明 a literary & philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life & all experience.

It also places the individual at the center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feelings & particular attitudes & valuing its accuracy in portraying the individual's experiences.　

The Romantic views about literature

a. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley & Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.

　

b. The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen & Walter Scott.　 c. Besides poetry & prose, there are quite a number of writers who have fried their hand at poetic dramas in this period .

The term Romanticism

It is applied to a European movement for a change of attitude or intellectual orientation in the late eighteenth to mid-nineteenth century. It can be seen as a reaction against the prescriptivism 规范主义 of the prevailing 盛行的 Classical and Neo-classical status and against the rationalism and physical materialism of the Enlightenment.

This change of attitude is to be found in a wide spectrum 领域 of the arts, including painting, music, architecture and literature. Romanticism was a phenomenon which emphasized the individual and the subjective experience, the irrational and imaginative, spontaneity and emotion, the visionary, the transcendental 超验主义的 .

Characteristic traits of this movement

1. An increased appreciation of the beauty and power of nature;

2. A celebration of emotion and the senses rather than of reason and intellect;

3. Individual introspection 反省 and self-examination as opposed to a search for universal truths;

4. An interest in the solitary individual or the tormented hero and his creative spirit and inner life;

5. An emphasis upon imagination as a means to attain transcendent experience and spiritual truth;

6. An interest in ethnic origins, the medieval period, mystery and monsters and the exotic;

Some influential writers

Pre-romanticists 前浪漫主义诗人 : William Blake and Robert Burns

Lake Poets 自然诗人或湖畔派诗人 : William Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert SOuthey

Satanic Poets 积极浪漫主义诗人 : Byron, Shelley and Keats

Pre-romanticism poets

William Blake and Robert Burns

William Blake (1757-1827)

1. Biography:

　 English poet, artist, & philosopher, born in London, England, Nov 28, 1757, and died in London, Aug 12, 1827.

Blake had been both a poet and an engraver. And he also printed a few books of his own. He lived a life of seclusion and poverty. He was often misunderstood by other people, who would regard him as gifted but mad.

2. Points of View 1. Blake never tried to fit into the world; he was a rebel innocently and completely all his life. 2. He cherished great expectations and enthusiasm for the French Revolution, and regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium （ [ 宗教 ] 千喜年，太平盛世） predicted by the biblical prophets. 3. Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing a contempt 轻视 for the rule of reason, opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century, and treasuring the individual's imagination.

3. Major Works

Poetical Sketches (1783)

The Songs of Innocence (1809)

His Songs of Experience (1794)

Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790)

4. William Blake’s Style

Blake writes his poems in plain and direct language. His poems often carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning. He distrusts the abstractness and tends to embody his views with visual images. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.

Poem appreciation

Read the following poem, try to get its theme, form, structure and rhyme scheme.

The Tyger

Tyger! Tyger! burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeCould frame thy fearful symmetry （匀称） ?

In what distant deeps or skiesBurnt the fire of thine eyes?On what wings dare he aspire （上升，飞翔） ?

What the hand dare seize the fire?

And what shoulder, & what art,Could twist the sinews of thy heart? （你的心肌）And when thy heart began to beat,What dread （可怕的） hand? & what dread feet?

What the hammer? what the chain?In what furnace was thy brain?What the anvil? what dread graspDare its deadly terrors clasp?

When the stars threw down their spears, （星星的光芒）And water‘d （浸湿） heaven with their tears,Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the Lamb make thee?

Tyger! Tyger! burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeDare frame thy fearful symmetry?

The Tiger

Form: in ballad form(a 4-lined stanza) with 4 stresses, mostly 7 syllables; in trochee 扬抑格 , rhyming in couplet—very different from usual, elegant iambic pentameter. The trochaic meter is a powerful rhythm. This meter makes the poem sounds stronger.

The structure of the poems

1st stanza: ask who could create the tiger.

2nd stanza- 4th stanza : how those importance organs, such as the eyes, the heart, the brain were created.

5th stanza: imagine what the creator feel after the creation.

6th stanza: ask who dare create the tiger.

Theme: The poem seems to admire God, the Creator as a blacksmith who has the mystic power of creation.He created a meek lamb, a symbol of the innocence of the natural world, and also a symbol of the Son, but at the same time he also created the tiger, a symbol of the beauty and the horror of the natural world.

But the poem also contains a very complicated emotion here Blake identified God's creative process with the work of an artist. And it is art that brings creation to its fulfillment -- by showing the world as it is, by sharpening perception, by giving form to ideas. Blake himself as an artist might here praise the creative power of an artist.

Robert Burns (1759--- 1796)

Robert Burns, the greatest of the 18th century Scots poets, was born into a tenant farmer's family in Ayreshire, Scotland.

His mother acquainted him with Scottish folk songs, legends, and proverbs. Burns did a great deal of reading in English literature and the Bible, and was familiar with the major English writers like Shakespeare, Milton, Dryden, and Pope.

2. Major Works:

His first volume of poetry, Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 苏格兰方言诗集Beginning in 1792 Burns wrote about 100 songs and some humorous verses for Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs, compiled by George Thomson. Among his songs in the two collections are such favorites as “Auld Lang Syne“(long ago 昔日时光 ), ”Comin ‘Thro’ the Rye”, （走过麦田） . “Scots, Wha Hae“ （苏格兰人） , ”A Red, Red Rose”, “The Banks o‘ Doon”, and “John Anderson, My Jo“ （约翰 . 安德生，我的爱人）

The importance of Burns' poetry should firstly be evaluated in the Scottish cultural context. Burns owed much to the Scottish oral tradition of folklore and folk song in literary forms, subjects, and poetic diction; he was also much indebted to the highly developed Scottish literary tradition.

As a peasant poet, his personal experience of the harsh country life and his close contact with the simple country folk greatly enriched his understanding of the people, while those joys and sorrows, hopes and dreams that he shared with them deepened his sympathy for the poor. Most of his poems deal with Scotch drink, religion, and manners, suggesting a world often harsh, sordid 肮脏的 , limited but attractive.

The theme of Burns’ poems

His poems can be divided into several groups.

The first important group is about love and friendship. Burns himself had several love affairs during his life and wrote a number of wonderful love poems. His love songs are not of tragic parting but of mutual contented love, sometimes exquisitely 敏锐地 blended with humor.

Another major group is about the rural life of the Scottish peasants. Burns is very sociable and enjoys great companies.

The third group shows the poet's attitude toward political liberty and social equality, especially those written under the influence of the French Revolution.

Burns’ Evaluation Burns' reputation lies chiefly in his songs, for

he has touched with his own genius a variety of subjects, such as love, friendship, work, patriotism and bawdy （下贱） , and put into them the traditional elements of folk songs in Scotland--simplicity, pathos and humor. Thus, Burns has not only transmuted （使变化） them into great poetry, but also immortalized in them the Scottish countryside and humble farm life.

He is a keen and discerning （有眼力，有洞察力的） satirist who has reserved his sharpest barbs for sham （骗子） , hypocrisy and cruelty. His satirical verse, once little appreciated, has in resent decades been recognized widely as his finest work. He is also a master of the language and verse-narrative technique, as exemplified in “Tam O’Shanter”.

Poem analysis

Read the following poem, try to get its theme, structure.

A Red, Red RoseO my love is like a red, red roseThat's newly sprung in June;O my love is like the melodyThat's sweetly played in tune.

The beauty of my love can be compared with a red rose, and the sweet voice and shape of my love are like piece of soft music.

As fair art thou, my bonie lass, So deep in luve am I; And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a' the seas gang dry.

My graceful girl, you are very beautiful and I love you very much; my dear, I will love you firmly until all the seas go dry. The speaker expresses his fiery passion for his love and swears to love her forever.

Till a' the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi' the sun; O I will luve thee still, my dear While the sands o' life shall run.

My dear, I will love you till all the seas go dry and the rocks melt with the sun. I will love you firmly so long there is a life keeping time or I will love you until the end of my life.

And fare-thee-weel, my only Luve!

And fare-thee-weel awhile! And I will come again, my luve, Tho' 'twere ten thousand miles.

Farewell to you, my only dear love, farewell to you only for a short time! I will come back back again even though it were ten thousand mile away, my dear!

A Red, Red Rose

O, My love is like a red, red rose which has newly sprung in June; O, my love is like the melody(music) which has sweetly played harmoniously.

My love is deep as you are beautiful, my pretty girl. I will love you until the sea dry,

my dear.

Until the sea dry and the rock melt with the sun. O, I love you till the end of my life, my dear.

Farewell to you, my only dear love, farewell to you only for a short time! I will come back back again even though it were ten thousand mile away, my dear!

A summary:

Theme: to express strong affection to his love, swearing that he will love her for ever.

Structure:

1. Stanza 1: compare his sweet heart as a red rose and sweet music.

2. Stanza 2-3 : swear that he will love her for ever, and assure that he will never change his heart.

3. Stanza 4: assure his lover that he will leave

Lake PoetsWordsworth,Coleridge and Southey

the lake poets Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey were calle

d lake poets, Wordsworth was called natural poets. Wordsworth aimed at simplicity and purity of the langu

age, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry. In 1843, he was conferred the title of Poet Laureate( 桂冠诗人 ).

Coleridge’s masterpiece was “the Rime of the Ancient Mariner” and “Kubla knan” Except the poems, he wrote Biographia literaria 《文学传记》 (1817).

Main works

1) Lyrics　 Lyrical Ballads

　 "Tintern Abbey" 2) The Prelude　 Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past. To him, life is a cyclical journey. Its beginning finally turns out to be its end. His philosophy of life is presented in his masterpiece The Prelude.

Wordsworth’s Point of View

Deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled.

His unconventional theory of poetry: the source of poetic truth is the direct experience of the senses. Poetry originates from “emotion recollected in tranquility”.

.

As the leading figure of the period, his voice is of comprehensive humanity, and inspires his audience to see the world freshly, sympathetically and naturally.

He started the modern poetry—the poetry of the growing inner self and changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.

Coleridge and his main works

(1)"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (2) “Kubla Khan” 　 (3) “Christabel” 　 (4) Biographia Literaria.

Coleridge’s point of View Philosophically and critically, Coleridge opposed

the limitedly rationalistic trends of the 18th-century thought.

Advocating a more spiritual and religious interpretation of life, he believed that art is the only permanent revelation of the nature of reality.

A poet should realize the vague intimations derived from his unconsciousness without sacrificing the vitality of the inspiration.

Politically, Coleridge was first an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution. But in his later period, he was a fiery foe of the rights of man, of Jacobinism. He insisted that a government should be based upon the will of the propertied classes only, and should impose itself upon the rest of the community from above.

Wordsworth and Lyrical Ballads In June 1795, Coleridge also came into contact

with his neighbors, Dorothy and William Wordsworth. Coleridge and Wordsworth planned a volume of poems which were intended to break with the tradition of poetry written at the time and to be ‘experimental’. This volume was published in 1798 as Lyrical Ballads.

The ballad is the narrative of a sailor who has killed an albatross for no apparent reason and is tormented by the act, which he now perceives as a crime against the natural processes of life.

Satanic poetsByron, Shelley and Keats

Active poets  Byron and his romantic poems Shelly and his romantic poems Keats and his romantic poems  

Lord Byron and his creation George Gordon, Lord Byron, was born in 1788. The romance of his life was crowned by a romantic

and generous death. In 1824 he went to Greece, to put himself at the head of the revolutionary forces gathered to liberate that country from the tyranny of the Sultan. He was seized with fever in the swamps of Missolonghi, and died before he had had time to prove his ability as a leader.

Byron’s creation: Hours of Idleness ( 懒散的时光 ) English Bards and Scotch Reviewers （英国诗

人和苏格兰评论家 1809 ） . Childe Harold Pilgrimage ( 恰尔德 . 哈罗德游记前

两部 1812) The Giaour ( 异教徒 1813) The Corsair( 海盗 1814), Oriental tales （东方叙事诗） Childe Harold Pilgrimage( 恰尔德 . 哈罗德游记三，

四部 ) Manfred( 曼弗雷德 1817)and Cain( 该隐 1821) Masterpiece. Don Juan （唐璜） .

Shelley and his creation Shelley was born in 1792, just when the

eyes of all Europe were fixed in hope and fear upon France, and the stars fought in their courses for the triumph of a new order. In 1822 the poet was drowned off Leghorn, in one of those swift storms which sweep the Mediterranean during the summer heats. His body was burned on the beach, and his asses were placed in the Protestant cemetery at Rome, near the grave where, a few months before, Keats had been laid.

The Necessity of Atheism( 无神论的必然性 ) Address to the Irish People, （致爱尔

兰人民书） Queen Mab （麦布女王）

The Revolt of Islam （伊斯兰的反叛） Prometheus Unbound( 解放的普罗米修斯 ). the

Cenci （钦契，无韵体，悲剧）the Sensitive Plant and Adonais （阿多尼） ; others shorter, among them the wonderful Ode to the West Wind, and the best known of al

l Shelley’s lyrics, the Skylark.

Keats and his creation John Keats was born in 1795 in London. His father

was a stable keeper. Before he was fifteen, both his parents died and his guardian, a merchant, took him from school and apprenticed him to a surgeon. For five years he served his apprenticeship and for two years more he was surgeon’s helper in the hospitals.

He died in 1821, shortly after his arrival in Rome. His grave in Rome bears the epitaph: “ here lies one whose name is writ in water.” （此地长眠者，声名水上书）

Keats’s first collection of poems was published in 1817 His second book “Endymion”( 恩底弥翁 ) appeared in 1818.

The feature of the romantic works

1. The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic), sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual” under capitalism.

2. Their writings are filled with strong —willed heroes, formidable events, tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions, and exotic pictures.

3. They resort to symbolic methods.

4. The romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional role in their works.

5. Poetry , of course is the best medium to express all these sentiments. In fact, all the romanticists mentioned above were poets.

A comparison of features of the 18th Enlightenment with those

of the 19th Romanticism

18th Enlightenment: 1.       Power of reason2.       Man is nature’s master3.       Constrain, rules, limitation4.       Scientific, not religious5.       The world is ordered6.       What things have in common7.       The middle, sensible ground

(city literature, for education, intend of the middle class)

19th Romanticism:1. Power of emotion2. Nature is powerful and independent3.  Total freedom4.  Religious – spiritual and mystical5.  The world is in living chaos6.  How things are different7. The extremes of imagination (not

for education, but means to express feelings)

One term: Byronic hero: As a leading Romanticist, Byron's chief

contribution is his creation of the "Byronic hero", a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.

With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.

The figure is, to some extent, modeled on the life and personality of Byron himself, and makes Byron famous both at home and abroad.

Poem analysis

Read the following poem, try to analyze its structure, theme, rhythm and rhyme.

Analyze if you can get the main characteristics of romantic poets.

The Beauty of Nature

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud  I wandered lonely as a cloud

That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

The waves beside them danced; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company: I gazed---and gazed---but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought:

For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.

我孤独地漫游，像一朵云

我孤独地漫游，像一朵云在山丘和谷地上飘荡，忽然间我看见一群金色的水仙花迎春开放，在树荫下，在湖水边，迎着微风起舞翩翩。

连绵不绝，如繁星灿烂，在银河里闪闪发光，它们沿着湖湾的边缘延伸成无穷无尽的一行；我一眼看见了一万朵，在欢舞之中起伏颠簸。

粼粼波光也在跳着舞，水仙的欢欣却胜过水波；与这样快活的伴侣为伍，诗人怎能不满心欢乐！我久久凝望，却想象不到这奇景赋予我多少财宝，——

每当我躺在床上不眠，或心神空茫，或默默沉思，它们常在心灵中闪现，那是孤独之中的福祉；于是我的心便涨满幸福，和水仙一同翩翩起舞。

Summary: this is one of the many poems written by Wordsworth on the beauty of nature. There is a vivid picture of the daffodils here, mixed with the poet’s philosophical and somewhat mystical thought.

This poem contains four six-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter, with a rime scheme of ababcc in each stanza.

Structure:

Stanza 1:Walking in the nature, the poet catch sight of beautiful daffodils , fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

Stanza 2: There are too many daffodils to be able to count, so pleasant to eyes.

Stanza 3: the waves and the flowers dance together, forming a wonderful picture, which is the wealth nature gives to man. Stanza 4: nature can have healing effect on mind, and give strength and high spirits to man who feel alone and is in low spirits.

The Features of Romantic literature 1. Poetry, Prose and Novels

“Romantic” literature from literature of previous generations is an emphasis on the role of strong individual feeling and deep reflection on a subject resulting from a unique experience.

we must remember that at this time poetry was the medium by which worthy subjects were discussed while prose literature was limited in its range and the reading of novels often regarded as frivolous 妄动的 .

2. periodicals We shall see, however, that during the period of

the Romantic movement there was an increase in the publication of literary periodicals such as Reviews and Magazines.

The Review was originally a form exclusively for literary criticism and the Edinburgh Review, founded in 1802, is a good example of this type of publication.

Magazines published critical reviews but were intended to publish a wider variety of readings for the general public, ranging from criticism and fiction to advertisements and recipes.

Some exercises

Blanks1. What we now call the neoclassical period is the

one in English literature between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in ______ and the full assertion of romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical ballads by __________ and ______ in 1798. (1660, Wordsworth, Coleridge )

2. in the 17th century two big political parties were formed in England, and they were ___and ________. (the Tories and Whigs)

3. the eighteenth century of England is also known as _______ or ____( the Age of Enlightenment, The Age of Reason),.

4. in the field of literature, the Enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as _____. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient _____ and _______ writers and those of the contemporary ________ one. (neoclassicism, Greek, Roman French)

5. in the last few decades of the 18th century, however, the neoclassical, emphasis upon reason, intellect, wit and form, was challenged by the ________ arid was in due time, gradually, replaced by _______ (Sentimentalists, Romanticism).

6. From the middle of the 18th century, a new literary form—the modern English __ arose. It was contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English life. (novel)

7. from the middle part to the end of the 18th century, in English literature________ flourished. They were mostly stories of mystery and horror which took place in some haunted or Lapidated middle age castles. (Gothic novels)

8. _________, generally considered the Pope’s best satiric work, took him over ten years for final completion. (An Essay on Criticism)

)

.

9. ________ was the only important English drama of the 18th century. (the School for Scandal)

10. in Johnathan Swift’s satiric prose, ____ is generally regarded as the best model of satire. (A Modest Proposal

Blanks 1. “Declaration of Rights of Man ” was written by (C

). A. Jean-Jacques Rosseau B. Mary Wollstone Craft C. Thomas Paine D. William Godwin 2. A song “Men of England” was written by (D ) to ar

ouse English people awake of their economic exploitation by the capitalist oppressors.

A. Coleridge B. words worth C. Byron D. Shelley 3. In the Romantic Period, (B ) defines the poet as a

“man speaking to men” , and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of Powerful feelings.”

A. Coleridge B. Wordsworth C. Blake D. Byron

4. (D ) is not the three major features of romanticists’ ideological trend.

imagination B. Nature C. Beauty D. Nationalism

5. (D) was not among the famous figures in the prose or essay development in the Romantic Period.

A. William Hazilitt B. Charles Lamb C. Thomas De Quincey D. William Cobbet

6. (D) was not Walter Scott’s novel. A. Ivanhoe B. Old Morality C. Rob Roy D. L

ife of Napaleon

7. (A ) was typical gothic novle of the Romantic Period.

the Mysteries of Udolpho B. The castle of Otranto

Wuthering Heights D. Old Morality

8. (A ) made criticism on Elizabethan drama, which renewed interest in Shakespeare and led to the discovery of his contemporaries. Coleridge and Hazlitt B. Hazlitt and Keats

C. Wordsworth and Coleridge D. Byron and Shelley

9. (A )’s “Prometheus Unbound” and “The Cenci” are among the best verse plays during the Romantic Period.

A. Shelley B. Byron C. Wordsworth D. Coleridge 10. (B ) is regarded as a “Worshipper of nature”. A. Coleridge B. Wordsworth C. Byron D. Shelley 11. Wordsworth’s “(D ) ” is the most anthologized po

em in English literature. A. To a Skylark B. To the Cuckoo C. The Solitary Reaper D. I Wandered Lonely As a Cl

oud 12. Coleridge’s poems of the demonic group doesn’t in

clude “(B )”.The Rime of the Ancient Mariner B. Frost at Midnight

C. Christabel D. Kubla Khan

13. Among Coleridge’s conversational group poems, “(C )” is the most important.

A. Dejection: an Ode B. Kubla Khan C. Frost At Midnight D. Christabel

14. The “Byronic Hero” first appears in Byron’s works “(A )”. A. Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage B. Don Juan C. Oriented Tales

D. Manfred 15. (B) was not written by Keats Ode to a Nightingale B. Ode to the West Wind To Autumn D. Ode on a Grecian Urn

16. In her lifelong career, Jane Austen wrote altogether (C ) complete novels.

A. four B. five C. six D. nine 17. The Romantic Age began with publication of “The Lyrical Ba

llads” which was written by (D ). A. William Wordsworth B. Samuel Johnson C. Samuel Taylor Coleridge D. Wordsworth and Coleridge 18. The Romantic Age came to an end with the end with the de

ath of the last well-known romantic writer (B ). Jane Austen B. Walter Scott C. S.T. Coleridge D. W. Wordsw

orth 19. The Publication of “(C )” marked the beginning of Romanti

c Age. Don Juan B. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner C. The Lyrical Ballads D. Queen Mab 20. (C) was not a poet belonging to “the Lake School”. A. Wordsworth B. Coleridge C. Keats D. Southey

21. (B ) was not a poet belonging to “the Satanic or Radical School”.

A. Keats B. Coleridge C. Byron D. Shelley 22. The English Romantic Age produced two major novelists. T

hey are (C ) . A. Byron and Shelley B. Wordsworth and Coleridge C. Scott and Austen D. Lamb and Hazlitt 23. Which of the following was not written by Wordsworth only?

B A. The Solitary Reaper B. The Lyrical Ballads C. Lucy Poems D. I Wandered Lonely as A Cloud 24. Which of the following is generally regarded as Byron’s ma

sterpiece. (B) A.Ode to the Nightingale B. Don Juan C. Tom Jones D. The P

ilgrim’s Progress 25. Choose the works not written by Coleridge himself. ( D ) The Rime of Ancient Mariner B. Kubla Khan C. Biographia Literaria D. The Lyrical Ballads

1. In the French Revolution , the famous “declaration of Rights of man” prompted the founding of patriotic clubs and societies in England. Which all claimed _______, ________, and __________. (Liberty, Equality and Fraternity)

2. The romantics who were deeply immersed in the most violent phase of the transition from a decadent feudal to a ______ economy, saw both the corruption and injustice of the feudal societies and the fundamental inhumanity of the economic, social and political forces of ____.( Capitalist , capitalism )

3. _______ and Nationalism are the three major features of the romantics’ ideological trend. (Imagination )

4. the two majpr novelists of the Romantic Period are ________ and _______.( Austen and Scott)

5. According to the subjects, Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into two groups: poems about_____ and poems about _____.( Nature, human life)

6. The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge and Wordsworth lived nearby and the three men became known as the ________ (Lake’s school. )

7. ________ is regarded as a “Worshipper of nature”. (Wordsworth)

8. Coleridge’s actual achievement as poet can be divided into two remarkably diverse groups: the ________ and the ___. (Demonical, conversational )

9. as a leading romanticist, Byron’s chief contribution is his creation of the “ ”, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. (Byronic hero)

10. the greatest historical novelist ________ was produced in the Romantic Age. (Walter Scott)

1. The prosperous peasant farmers had long been considered the solid base of English society, but by the 19th century they had largely disappeared. T

2. Poetry has been traditionally regarded as an art governed by rules; but to the romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. T

3. compared with the brilliant achievement in poetry and prose, drama in the romantic is less successful. T

4. Wordsworth’s deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth has ever equaled T

5. the most important contribution Byron had made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature. F

6. Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act drama, “Prometheus Unbound. (1820)” T

7. Generally speaking, Jane Austen was a writer of the 18th century, though she lived mainly in the nineteenth century. T

8. Austen’s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. T

9. The glory of the Romantic Age lies in the prose of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats. F

10. “Ode to a Nightingale ” is Shelley’s best poem. F