Review

Review

The First Occupants – 33 000 BCE to 1500 CEThe Emergence of a Society of New France – 1534

to 1760The Change of Empire – 1760 to 1791Demands and Struggles in the British Colony –

1791 to 1850The Formation of the Canadian Federation – 1850

to 1929The Modernization of Quebec Society – 1929 to

1980Issues in Quebec Society – Since 1980

Today

What are the main characteristics of the population and settlement of Quebec?

2007: Approx. 7,700,000 people – roughly 23% of population Majority live in cities – Montreal has about half

(47.9%) Quebec has 4.6 inhabitants per square kilometer. Why

is it so sparsely populated?

Measuring Population

In order to understand population, people study natural growth and migration flows.

Natural growth – difference between births and deaths. Or birth rate vs. death rate. The difference between these two determines if population goes up or down.

Fertility rate: total number of births vs. the average number of women who can have babies. Right now that is 1.6 in Quebec, when the average should be 2.1 for population renewal.

Population

Quebec is also aging – and living longer. This is also not helpful in combatting the potential for population decrease.

Which is the largest population among men and women?

In what decade did the birth rate begin to fall? Why?

Migration Flows

Migration: how people move across a territory.

Immigration: people who come to another territory who were born in another.

Emigration: the act of leaving one territory to go to another.

Immigration plays a key role in Quebec population demographics.

Quebec has an agreement with the federal government that allows it to select immigrants. Why might that be?

Migration Flows

Look at the chart on page 6. Is Quebec’s population going up or down? Why?

Pluriculturality in Quebec

Quebec has a shared sense of values, institutions and one official language.

It is also pluricultural – meaning it has diverse cultures and cultural groups within it.

This diversity while can be unifying, can also be divisive and cause problems with identity – characteristics that define a group - and a sense of belonging – a positive sense of being part of a group

Pluriculturality in Quebec

Linguistic pluralism: Quebec has one official language. 83.1% are Francophone and 10.5% are Anglophone. 6.5% are Allophone – meaning they speak neither languages.

How would you describe Quebec’s population?

What are some issues Quebec has to deal with given their natural growth rate? How have they dealt with some of these? What are the results?

Class Work

Read pages 10 to 15.Answer the following questions:

What are two main theories about the first migrations to the North American continent? Which one makes more sense to you, why?

Describe the stages of the arrival of the first occupants in the territory of Quebec.

What were the effects of the first Aboriginal migrations on the settlement of the territory? (this is a summary question, please be detailed)

Population Quebec, circa 1500

At this time Aboriginal peoples each had their own beliefs, languages and ways of life.

They were divided into three linguistic groups: Iroquoian, est. between 5,300 to 10,100 Algonquin, est. between 12,000 to 20,600 Inuktitut, est. between 1,000 to 5,000

Why the discrepancy between the min and max?

Population Quebec, circa 1500

Linguistic families: Iroquoian 100,000 Algonquian 170,000 Inuktitut 25,000

Compared to 1500, how is the Aboriginal population distributed in the present-day territory of Quebec?

Organization of Aboriginal Societies

Iroquoian: Social and Political organization became more

complex when they became semi-sedentary. Dwelling: longhouses, grouped in a village,

surrounded by palisade, close to water and on fertile ground.

Kinship: passed through the mother, instead of father. Social Organization: clan->village->nation-

>confederation


Political Representation: Exercise of Power: group consensus, power positions

appointed by female elders Civil Chief: hereditary position, kept civil order in the

village, related to other villages Council: association of clan chiefs, at all levels War Chief: temporary, chosen for bravery

Look at document 24 on page 17: What does this document tell you about Iroquoian social organization?


The Algonquians: Moved perpetually for resources (nomads). Dwelling: lived in wigwams (animal skin or bark)

In summer, many close together and to water In winter, smaller groups, further inland.

Kinship: lineage father to son Social Organization:

Nuclear family: More than one family would live in a wigwam.

Hunting group: Small groups of few families would hunt together in winter.

The Band: Large group who stayed together for the summer.


Political Representation: Exercise of Power: by consensus. Band Chief: temporary position, chosen by quality of

hunting skills


Inuit: Nomadic. Dwelling: animal hide tent in summer, Igloo in winter. Kinship: father to son. Social Organization:

Nuclear family: very flexible organization. Hunting Group: small groups related family or friends. Regional band: several families together.

Questions

What were the effects of migrations and the growth of Aboriginal populations on the organization of their societies? (summary/analysis question)

Arrival of the Europeans

Other Europeans had reached North America before the French – for resources and to scout.

Scandinavians arrived in 1000 – stayed only 2/3 years as they were driven out by Aboriginal.

In 1500, Europeans searched a new trade route to Asia – without success. They did notice large fish stocks off the coast of Newfoundland.

Cartier & Roberval

Most European countries were building colonial empires. France wanted to be competitive.

In 1534/1535 Jacques Cartier was ordered twice to find a suitable northwest passage.

He found no precious metals, but good land for agriculture and stories from the Hochelaga people.

Cartier returned in 1540 and settled in Stadacona. Returned to France with ‘gold’ & ‘diamonds.’Roberval stayed on, but was forced out by climate and

food shortage.France considered the territory their due to the

crosses that were planted.

Jacques Cartier

Jacques Cartier 1534-1542 A French navigator. Was sent by the King of France, François I, to the New

World to discover gold and diamonds and a new route to Asia.

Explored what became known as Newfoundland. The first explorer to map the St. Lawrence River. Discovered Prince Edward Island in 1534. Built a fort at Stadacona, where Quebec City is now

located. Further up the St. Lawrence, he had Indian guides

lead him to Hochelaga (Montreal).

Jean-Francois De LaRocque De Roberval

Jean-Francois De LaRocque De Roberval Francis I of France gave Roberval a commission to

settle the province of Canada and provide for the spread of the "Holy Catholic faith". Jacques Cartier was hired to help, and was given Cartier to proceed to New France. Cartier did so in May 1541, and, with 500 colonists, built a fortified colony.

Roberval with his three ships and 200 colonists set sail in April 1542, arriving June 8. Cartier, impatient to show the king the "gold and diamonds" he had found was already on his way home from Charlesbourg-Royal.

Samuel de Champlain

Samuel de Champlain Navigator, explorer, cartographer. “The Father of New France.” He founded New France and Quebec City in 1608. Made the first accurate map of the coast and he helped establish

the settlements. Was the first European to explore and describe the Great Lakes,

he formed relationships with local Aboriginal groups (Algonquin) and agreed to provide assistance in their wars against the Iroquois.

1620: Louis XIII ordered him to administer the country (essentially becoming Governor, though was not a noble).

He established trading companies that sent goods, primarily fur, to France, and oversaw the growth of New France in the St. Lawrence River Valley until his death in 1635.

Occupation of the Territory

Colonization began in earnest in the early 1600’s.

Expeditions and exploration led France to ‘control’ the area (based on trading posts).

Entrepreneurs were granted monopolies – who agreed to establish colonies and evangelize the Aboriginal populations.

In 1608, Champlain settled in Quebec City – a location known by Europeans and good for commerce (trading with Aboriginal groups).

Occupation of the Territory

Despite renewed interest in settlement of the area, growth of Quebec City was slow.

It was not until the 1630s that the population was over 100.

Class Work/Homework

Read pages 26-27.Interpretation Question 1 to 4.

Aboriginal Presence

Even with the arrival of the French, Aboriginal groups were still very prevalent.

The Inuit boundaries up north did not change and the Algonquians continued with their nomadic lifestyle, though some were forced further north due to development on the St. Lawrence.

Aboriginal Presence

Iroquoian territory continued to shrink due to conflicts with other Aboriginal groups and the colonization by the English and French.

The French created small villages to help those Aboriginals who had converted to Catholicism. The lived in a missionary community and were called domiciliés (residents).

During the French Regime, there were about 5,000 domiciliés.

Demographics

The French tried a number of different strategies but the population continued to stay quite small.

This was due partly to the fact that not all groups had the same view on how/why to colonize the St. Lawrence Valley – economic, social, cultural benefits.

Champlain’s Society Project

Champlain was an advocate for the colonization of the St. Lawrence Valley.

In 1618, he suggested proposals to Louis XIII and French Chamber of Commerce to establish and settle the colony.

Champlain’s Society Project

These included: Have entire families immigrate. Set up an administration. Found Cities. Build forts with garrisons. Develop the Christian faith. Open a route to Asia.

Individual interests, and lack of government initiative, put the idea of colonization on the backburner.

Champlain died in 1635, never fulfilling his expectations.

Obligations vs. Interests

Companies were given monopolies if they settled and evangelized the new territory, however these proved to be costly, so they neglected these duties. They also saw newcomers as competition.

Company of New France

Cardinal de Richelieu relaunched colonization efforts, recruiting 100 investors.

War between England and France hindered the growth of the company. The English attacked ships containing colonists. The English forced most inhabitants out of Quebec.

The English nearly bankrupted the Company of New France, although it held on until 1663 when it was dissolved. It promoted immigration, but lower than expectations.

Evangelization

Missionaries worked hard to settle and convert the new territory.

They received funding from people in France, or encouraged others to join them in the colony.

In order to maintain the colony clergy were given large seigneuries. In 1674, 55% of the area granted were given to religious communities.

Louis XIV: “The Sun King”

Unsatisfied, Louis XIV and Jean Tallon set about reorganizing colonial empire.

After a census in 1666, it was determined that there were only 3,215 habitants.

As a result, the king took over management – occupation, defence and exploring/exploiting natural resources. This included: System of engagé. Filles du Roy. Offering seigneuries to troops. Prisoners were also sent. Threat of withdrawal of land.

Homework

Study document 51, answer the question…short paragraph.

One-Act Play (Pages 24-38).

Immigrating to New France

The group of immigrants to Canada was small compared to the 900,000 Europeans and Africans who arrived in the 13 colonies of the US.

Low immigration was the result of: Harsh climate. Iroquois Wars a.k.a. The Beaver Wars (later resulting

in The Great Treaty of Montreal). Fur trade provided few jobs. Few stayed longer than they had to, including

soldiers.

Immigrating to New France

Statistics: About 27,000 to 35,000 people arrived in the St.

Lawrence Valley. Mostly men: favoured as they were cheaper

(transport), performed the duties of clearing and defending.

Despite the Fille du Roy, more than 90% of men 15-29 were single.

See document 54, page 34. Slaves were numbered at about 4,100.

Slavery & New France

In the St. Lawrence Valley, slaves were in the service of the political and social elite, which existed primarily in Québec and Montréal: governors, intendants, clergy, religious communities, and military officers in addition to merchants and traders. In two-thirds of the cases, masters owned but a single slave.



“The runaway slave, who shall continue to be so for one month from the day of his being denounced to the officers of justice, shall have his ears cut off, and shall be branded with the flower de luce on the shoulder: and on a second offence of the same nature, persisted in during one month from the day of his being denounced, he shall be hamstrung, and be marked with the flower de luce on the other shoulder. On the third offence, he shall suffer death.”

Article 32 of the 2nd edition of the Black Code, issued by Louis xv in 1724.


Timeline:


In 1792 there was an exodus of Black Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia then to Africa (Sierra Leone) in 1792. What do you think their situation was like after being granted freedom?

The story of the Underground Railroad is one of the best known in Canadian history. Why do you think it is so well known?

What is the importance of primary sources to the study of history? What may be missing from the primary accounts?

The Acadians

France was forced to give part of Acadia (Nova Scotia) back to England. Some Acadians stayed, and remained neutral.

In 1754, war between England and France broke out – in order to rid of potential enemies and take over the land completely, the English forced all Acadians to leave – sending them to Louisiana, France and the Antilles.

Population Growth in New France

Though there were only approximately 14,000 settlers, the population grew to 70,000 by 1760.

The natural growth rate was high – due to the abundance of food, quality of water and low risk of epidemic (population was spread out).

Growth rate was 25 per thousand vs. 3 per thousand in France.

See Portrait Catherine Guertin – midwife page 36.

Aboriginal Population

While European presence was slowly increasing, Aboriginal populations were in trouble.

European presence created conflict between Aboriginal groups.

They also spread disease: smallpox, typhus, cholera, and chickenpox caused the death of a great number of Aboriginals .

Migration, immunization, births and isolation helped prevent larger population losses.

Iroquois Wars

The French allied with the Algonquians. The Dutch and British with the Iroquois.

Aboriginal groups were fighting each other for control of the fur trade, European groups were fighting each other for control of the territory.

Migration, and raids drove the Iroquois further from their territory. In 1701, they signed the Great Peace Treaty of Montreal – a remained neutral in further conflicts between the French and the English.

Homework

Study document 60, page 38, answer the question.

Reflect on what life was like in the colony of New France; then reflect on how life must have been for slaves in the colony. Provide a response.

Social Organization

The relations between Aboriginal peoples and the Europeans transformed both groups.

There existed a hierarchy, as in France, but was less strict. Including, nobility, clergy and the Third Estate.

The lack of money resulted in few wealthy people – senior officials made up the upper class, including some clergy and the bishop.

Social Organization

Upward mobility was much easier in New France – a carpenter could hope to gain enough money to buy land and be given a noble title.

In France importers were generally bourgeoisie, merchants of Canadian origin worked in the fur trade and with farmers.

90% of people belonged to the Third Estate.In the 1660’s, European began to squeeze out

the Aboriginal groups as fur trade intermediaries.

Outcasts

The servant workforce was quite small, due to a wide range of duties and low pay. Few welcomed the opportunity.

Therefore, slavery was used as a remedy. There were approximately 2,000-4,100

during the French regime – generally taken from Aboriginal groups who were against the French, e.g. Pawnee from Mississippi, or other from Africa.

Generally they worked for the upper classes.

Outcasts

Aboriginal peoples did not fully integrate into society – assimilation was used, but marriages between were not condoned.

Protestants were also excluded – who constituted 10% of immigrants. After the Company of 100 Associates, protestants were no longer allowed to settle in the area.

New Identities

Identity transformations occurred for both Aboriginal and European groups.

Aboriginal groups began adopting European products, such as textiles and various metals.

Though these new products did not change their traditional way of life.

The exception were domiciliés group, who converted and adopted the French language – they also moved from longhouses, which broke their traditional family structure.

The Birth of Canadien

New France tried to duplicate France’s social structure – however, climate, influence from Aboriginal groups, and slow settlement altered the structure.

As they had to self-sufficient, there was a sense of independence and autonomy.

The common struggle united the settlers, otherwise regional dialects were abandoned in favour of more traditional French.

And then the English arrived!

Ranking Ladder

What do you think the top 3-5 reasons that people are pulled to a new territory. Provide justification for each answer.

Population under British Rule

This period is between 1760-1867.French immigration to New France was

suspended in 1760.As many as 2,000 individuals left – many of

whom were higher ranking officials.Migration from the US and Britain changed

the societal make-up.

Quebec Settlement until 1815

While there was a change of control, the high birth rate for the Canadien did not change – ensuring a francophone presence.

Aboriginal birth rates remained constant.Immigration sources changed: including

British Isles inhabitants, and those escaping the American Revolution – 1775. Leading to settlement beyond the St. Lawrence Valley.

Canadien Growth

Even without immigration from France, the population quadrupled in 50 years.Natural growth rate was high despite: war, disease, poor harvests, increasedmortality rates.Average age for first marriages – 22 for women, 27 for men.

Aboriginal Population

In the first half of British rule, the Aboriginal growth rate was low.

The Conquest War and the American Revolution created a large migration to the Montreal regions, however this group kept moving to other areas.

Some Algonquin/Iroquois settled further north, but pop. stayed roughly the same. Due to famine from overhunting, and forest fires.

Anglophone Migration

Though French migration halted, many Acadians who had been deported came to settle in Quebec where they were given land. This population was about 8,000 by the end of the 18th Century.

The British were committed to settling the St. Lawrence Valley.

The Royal Proclamation of 1763, George III defined the borders of British North America and devised methods to increase colonists.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/82357/King-George-III-1800

Anglophone Migration

In 1763, Governor James Murray was charged with the colonization process. He was told to establish an Anglican church, with little effect, British colonists were a mere 1% of the population.

The main cause of migration to the new colony was dissatisfaction with Britain in the 13 colonies to the south.

There were clashes in the St. Lawrence Valley, and then the American War of Independence in 1776.

http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/JamesMurray-Wallace.htm

The Loyalists

Not all those in the colonies were against Britain. Roughly 7,000 – 9,000Loyalists took refuge in Quebec.

Some settled in cities, close to authorities, but the majority – having very few resources – settled in rural areas. They included: Peasant families. Iroquois who had allied with the British. Free black slaves. Newly arrived immigrants who were surprised by the

civil war.

The Loyalists

Those in the Province of Quebec were unsatisfied as the political and legal institutions they enjoyed were not present – and made their grievances known.

Other Loyalists who settled west of the Ottawa River wanted a distinct territory.

1791, constitutional act which split the Province of Quebec into two colonies – upper and lower Canada.

Each had an elected assembly.Tensions remained as British merchants

continued to request Canadiens assimilation.

Expansion of the Territory

With the arrival of the British, settlement expanded to the interior, lower St. Lawrence and Montreal.

The increase in population focus in the St. Lawrence area – and its exploitations – pushed Aboriginal populations even further away.

Urban centres benefitted from natural growth rate, but they also benefitted from Anglophone immigration into cities – esp. Montreal and Quebec City.

Expansion of the Territory

The arrival of the Loyalists created some difficulties for Governor Frederick Haldimand Weren’t allowed to settle in Eastern Townships or in

the seigneurial zone. Settled instead outside those areas.

1791 – Constitutional Act: New method of land grants. Divided into townships – colonists had to fully develop

their land, no dues paid. 30% exploited by the state or clergy. Eastern townships were able to be colonized, which

15,000 Americans did until 1812.

http://northernblue.ca/canadianbirthdays/index.php/File:FrederickHaldimand.jpg

Social Tensions

Canadien were the majority, but had to adapt to a new way of life.

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was less lenient than the Capitulation of Montreal and focused on establishing British political and social structures – was not received well by the Canadiens.

Only those who complied with the Test Act could hold Admin. Positions.

This Proclamation was relaxed, to help relations between the groups.

Social Tensions

The political situation fractured the community into two groups – French Party and British Party. French: Aristocrats & officers who supported the

Canadiens. British: merchants who wanted assimilation and

adherence to laws and creation of legislative assembly with Protestant interests.

In 1774, there was fear of conflict spilling over from 13 colonies. The response, the Quebec Act which gave Francophone Catholics legal and religious concessions in order to garner loyalty.

British merchants were not impressed.

Social Tensions

These new loyalties were tested in 1775 when insurgents invaded. Results were mixed.

British merchants supported the rebels, even giving them supplies.

Some Canadiens, happy with the Quebec Act, sided with the British, some even fought. The clergy also supported the British.

Most Canadiens remained neutral – which can be considered a victory.

Question

You are Governor. How do you balance the interests of the British and still maintain social balance with the Canadiens…especially in having to face the impending conflict with the American colonies?

Is it possible to satisfy all groups? If yes, how? If not, which group do you focus on?

Interest Groups: Canadiens (farmers, clergy, aristocrats); British (merchants, king/gov’t, Governor); Loyalist; Governor.

Quebec Settlement 1815 - 1867

Increased immigration from Britain, as well as natural growth forced colonization of new areas and emigration to the US.

The war with the US ended in 1815 which created an influx of immigrants - creating a diverse population.

The Francophone population continued to rise – tripling between 1814 and 1861

Aboriginal population was at its lowest – esp. due to the forced sedentarization of nomadic groups.


Ship-owners who transported lumber to Britain, would fill their boats on the way back with people to help with costs.

This number spiked in 1847 – due to the great potato famine in Ireland. 1 million died, over a million left – dropping the

population by 20-25%. (2 million total from Great Britain)

Caused by a potato disease and made worse by political issues.

Worse for Ireland since most depended on potato for sustenance.


New immigrants came from Scotland, Ireland and England – Scottish and English were Protestant and Irish, Catholic.

A small number were rich, most were leaving rough conditions back home.

The increase in immigration and birth rate shifted the population from too few to too many. People moved to New England, Saguenay and Lac Saint Jean.


Less land meant more money charged for what was available – dues and sale prices.

The change of economy meant more diverse jobs as people found new ways to make money.

In 1830, poor wheat harvests and competition forced farmers to look at alternatives and many moved to urban areas (see document 90).

Homework

Page 53Interpretation Question 1,2,3

Emigration to the US

End of 1830’s overpopulation led to many leaving the St. Lawrence – construction of canals and the railway made movement easier. People move to New England (Vermont, Maine, New

Hampshire)Most settled in cities looking for work in

textile factories. Between 1840 and 1860 22,000 t0 35,000

people migrated to the US. Suggestions were made to stop the flow, but nothing was done.

Colonization of New Areas

The increase in rural growth meant movement to new regions, mostly along the America border.

Exploitation of the forests by the British also meant new settlement.

Construction of the Rideau Canal led to Outaouais settlement.

Urbanization

Between 1831 and 1886 many young people and immigrants moved to cities, attracted by the potential for jobs.

Many of these people were Anglophone which changed the cultural make-up of the city. British people now numbered 50-60%

Social Organization & The British Rule

With the arrival of the British there was a change in the Quebec society.

Groups now defined themselves in terms of language, religion, and wealth. With Aboriginal groups continuing to be excluded.

Tensions between Franco/Anglo persisted, leading to the rebellions in 1837-1838.

Social Organization & The British Rule

Rebellion of 1837-1838 In Lower Canada, Canadiens fought over the refusal

to put through changes to political institutions that would give more rights to Canadiens.

In 1840, both groups met with the goal of creating a responsible government; a move not welcomed by Francophones as they saw it as a threat to their cultural identity.

The New Classes & Aboriginal Groups

Business Class: British; had a lot of power (wealth and governing) in

the colony and dealt directly with the British government , e.g. John Molson.

New Liberal Bourgeoisie: Notaries, lawyers and doctors who were generally

elected representatives (French Canadians included). Had a lot of influence in the colony.

Habitants and Workers: Most immigrants had very little money, performed all

other jobs. Many French, but Irish were a large group as well.

The New Classes & Aboriginal Groups

Habitants and Workers: Lived around ports. Because they shared the same religion

and cultural spaces, Francophones and Irish sometimes married.

Domination of the fur trade, the end of the war, logging and increased hunting led to marginalization and pressure on Aboriginal groups.

Assimilation and sedentarization and relocations were forced.

In 1850, laws to give Aboriginal groups land and financial compensation.

Population: Contemporary Period

Immigration was encouraged to provide presence in the new territory.

Railway networks led to settlement of west.Industrialization led to urbanization – which

had negative consequences.Arable land became scarce.Migration to the US increased.

Population: Contemporary Period

20th C good economic conditions led to more immigration.

Immigration policy was pro-British.During WWs immigration decreased.In Quebec:

Accelerated growth – baby boom. Urban sprawl. Depopulation of rural areas.

Population: 1867 to 1885

19th Century saw a surge in population.

The four provinces under the British North American Act(Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, & Nova Scotia) had approx. 3.4 million people.

The government tried to enticemore people.


The Federal government had control over immigration, and with the purchase of Rupert’s Land, they were anxious to settle the territory.

The first immigration laws were set in 1869: First quarantine system. Did not forbid anyone from any country. Did try to stop criminals.


Confederation: Population concentrated along the US border. Majority of population was rural, although cities like

Montreal and Toronto were seeing rapid growth. Immigrants headed mainly to urban areas or the prairies. Ontario & Quebec were the most populated. Close to 75%

Why? Francophones had become the minority.

What is positive about the population distribution in Quebec? See document 108, page 63.

National Policy

1873, economic crisis disrupted population growth.

Sir John A. introduced National Policy to try and curb it – which focused on immigration.

If you want to generate money, you need people to create and buy things.

Growth also stopped in the prairies.

National Policy

Goals: Support Canadian industries – introduce tariffs on

imported goods. Increase trade between Dominion regions – helped by

railway construction. Settle land to west of Ontario to create a large

domestic market.Between 1871 and 1901, 1.5 million people

arrived in Canada – mostly British. Relations among all groups were not always pleasant.

Industrialization, Urbanization and Migration1885 to 1930

As a result of immigration policies, the west became more settled. With it, the demand for more goods.

The second wave of industrialization began – cities like Toronto and Montreal (both with rail) became centres.

Villages were also created around these centres – to service surrounding areas.

Facilities were inadequate: homes built poorly, waste collection was bad as were sewage, & aqueducts.

See document 115, page 68.


Consistent with pre-Confederation, birth rates in Quebec remained high.

Simultaneously, infant mortality rates were some of the highest in N.A.

Govt responded with chlorination and “Goutte de lait”


Epidemics: The late 19th C saw diseases spread rapidly, especially

in working-class neighbourhoods. 1885, smallpox killed 3000 in Montreal – vaccinations

became mandatory, not everyone agreed. Province responded by establishing the Commission

provinciale d’hygiene. Was in charge of finding causes and cures for epidemics.


Epidemics: Between 1900 and 1939 – mortality rates dropped by

half. In addition to leading to the creation of the

Commission, smallpox showed the disparities between Anglo/Franco, since 90% of victims were French Canadians.

See document 122, page 71.

American Emigration

Despite infant mortality rates and epidemics, natural growth was high between 1867-1929.

However, population growth stayed relatively the same. Due to the emigration to the US.

Factors: Shortage of farmland. Development of the railroad. Proximity of border. Better wages for industry jobs. Modernization made people redundant in agriculture.

American Emigration

Not all migration was permanent, some returned when enough money was saved.

Emigrants favoured certain areas – Vermont, Maine, New Hampshire – and changed the areas to reflect their culture (language, church).

As a result, new regions in Quebec were colonized/settled (with a focus on agriculture) – led by the Catholic church who were afraid to lose their base. See document 129, page 74.

Quebec Northern Migration

From 1840’s to 1880’s. Fearing a loss culture, language and religion from francophones heading to the US the Catholic church pressured the government to settle new areas for agricultural use: Chicoutimi.

Believed it would solve unemployment and maintain French identity.

Mildly successful.

Western Migration

Coinciding with the US migration, populations were also moving West to Ontario, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Alberta – although few were Francophone. (For a time there was a large presence in Manitoba).

Factors influencing the lack of French migration: Feared Anglicization The hanging of Riel created mistrust. Expense – cheaper to go to the US than west.

Immigration/Canadian Society 20th C

There was positive economic growth, which led to the arrival of many immigrants.

1900 to 1915 – approx. 3 million immigrants settled (mostly prairies). 1900 – pop. was 5,371,315

Discriminatory immigration laws: 1906 & 1910 – laws outlining undesirables excluded

based on origin, health, politics, wealth. Also deported based on same criteria. Had serious impact on population make-up (pro-

British).

Cultural Diversity

1901 to 1931 – approx. 700,000 immigrants settled in Quebec, mostly Anglophone.

Many other cultures also immigrated, settling in cities, which had a positive impact on industry.

Classwork

In your notes, answer question 1-5, page 75.

WW I & Immigration

In 1913, approx. 400,000 immigrants arrived in Canada, in 1915, that number was 36,665.

Immigration policies excluded people considered to be undesirable – those from ‘enemy’ countries (German, Italy, Hungary-Austria).

1919 Immigration Act: classified immigrants in terms of their “assimilation potential” maintaining British character. Could also deport those who spoke out. Remained unchanged until the 60’s.

WW II & Immigration

Very few immigrants welcomed. Protectionist against people from enemy countries…attitudes were xenophobic and anti-Semitic.

Japanese, Italian and Germans were placed in labour camps.

Baby Boom

End of WW II – returning of troops, marriages and births increased.

Fertility rates were high, and mortality rates (generally high) dropped. More women were giving birth in hospitals.

Population became younger – creation of schools, hospitals.

1960’s

Birth rate dropped. Quiet revolution, women entered workforce, had fewer children.

Birth control was more pervasive. Traditional large families changed to 1 or 2 children families.

Fewer marriages took place, and the Divorce Act was loosened creating more divorces.

Immigration & 1950’s

Read pages 84-87, do questions 1-6 on page 87.

Migration/Population 1930 to 1980

Characterized by developing resource regions (iron), urbanization and urban sprawl.

Great Depression left many unable to provide for themselves – some colonized new regions, e.g. Abitibi.

Negatively impacted Aboriginal groups in the region.


Urbanization increased in the 1950’s. Immigrant groups came for work – 1979 69% of

immigrants wanted to stay on Montreal island. Modernization of agriculture – labour moved to the

cities. The territory changed as well, agriculture land

changed to city. Baby boom: more people, more cars, people could live

outside cities…enter the suburb!In the 1960’s, rural areas had to deal with

population decline – economic uncertainty leads to people leaving, which leads to more economic uncertainty.


Since 1980, low birth rate & cultural diversity.People having 1 or 2 babies, many having babies

outside of marriage – common-law or single parent.

Low birth rate worried officials wanting to protect French culture – Bill 101.

Government responded: Office de garde a l’enfance – daycare services. Ministere de la Famille et de l’Enfance $7 a day daycare Quebec Parental Insurance – granting Paternity/Maternity

leave.


Aging population: The number of old people doubled from 1965 to 1981,

and health care costs continue to rise. More retirees means fewer skilled workers. Mandatory 65 retirement age removed.

Classwork

Read pages 93-95Questions 1, 3 & 4.

Documents

Review