Review ArticleAirmass Trajectories and Long Range Transport of PollutantsReview of Wet Deposition Scenario in South Asia

Umesh Kulshrestha and Bablu Kumar

School of Environmental Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 110067 India

Correspondence should be addressed to Umesh Kulshrestha umeshkulshresthagmailcom

Received 24 April 2014 Revised 6 June 2014 Accepted 9 June 2014 Published 12 August 2014

Academic Editor M Angeles Garcıa

Copyright copy 2014 U Kulshrestha and B KumarThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in anymedium provided the originalwork is properly cited

This paper presents a review of airmass trajectories and their role in air pollution transport It describes the concept historyand basic calculation of air trajectories citing various trajectory models used worldwide It highlights various areas of trajectoryapplications and errors associated with trajectory calculations South Asian region receives airmasses from Europe Middle EastAfrica and Indian Ocean and so forth depending upon the season These airmasses are responsible for export and import ofpollutants depositing in nearby states Trajectory analysis revealed that soil is contributed by the dust storms coming from Omanthrough Gulf and Iran while most of black carbon (BC) sources are located in India A detailed review of trajectories associatedwith wet deposition events indicated that airmasses coming from Europe and Middle East carry high concentration of acidicpollutants which are deposited in Himalayan ranges Similarly trajectory analysis revealed that acidic pollutants from continentalanthropogenic sources are transported to an ecosensitive site in Western Ghats in India and the outward fluxes of anthropogenicactivities of Indo-Gangetic region are transported towards Bay of Bengal Hence transboundary and long range transport ofpollutants are very important issues in South Asia which need immediate attention of scientists and policy makers

1 Introduction

11 Concept of Trajectories Air flow may be described in twodifferent ways (i) Eulerian (named after SwissmathematicianLeonhard Euler) and (ii) Lagrangian (named after Frenchmathematician J L Lagrange) [1ndash3] In the Eulerian approachthe air flows through the points fixed in the space whereas inthe Lagrangian approach [3] individual air parcel is chosenand followed as it moves in time and spaceMost of chemistrymodels are based on Eulerian approach as this is a usefultool to explain various chemical and physical processes Inthe Eulerian model chemical reactions are calculated basedon the concentration of a pollutant diluted over the entiregrid scale Most of transport and dispersion models useLagrangian approach due to some limitations in Eulerianmodel for example boundary layer in top entrainment andconvective transport and so forth [4 5] The advantage ofLagrangian approach is that it hasminimumnumerical diffu-sion [5] Airmass trajectory is calculated to show the pathwayof an infinitesimally air parcel through a centerline of anadvected airmass having vertical and horizontal dispersion

Tracing of the pathway followed by an air parcel upwindfrom the selected coordinates is termed as ldquobackward airtrajectoryrdquo while calculation of best possible pathway to befollowed downwind from the selected coordinates in duecourse of time is called ldquoforward trajectoryrdquoThe calculation ofbackward air trajectory using Lagrangian approach is easierand computationally cheap as it excludes the influence ofupwind on the receptor site Lagrangian approach has alsobeen applied in photochemical modeling [6 7]

12 History of Air Trajectories Trajectories were first com-puted by Petterssen in 1940 which were based upon graphicrepresentation [8] But with the advancement of computerin 1960s people started isentropic analysis trajectory calcu-lations and their graphic representation on computers [9]Since then trajectory calculations and their presentation haveexperienced gradual advancement in techniques and tech-nologies Trajectory calculations gained more importancewhen Rodhe plotted airmass trajectories and established thatacid rain occurrence in Northern Europe was mainly due

Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in MeteorologyVolume 2014 Article ID 596041 14 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014596041

2 Advances in Meteorology

to industrial sources located in the south and west [10] Inair pollution science Fox and Ludwick also reported one ofthe pioneering studies using backward air trajectories whichidentified the source region of pollution [11] Ashbaugh andcoworkers used air trajectories for identifying the sources ofsulphur [12] They also used these trajectories to predict theairmass history and corresponding high levels of sulphates

In due course of time different workers started lookinginto various aspects of trajectory calculations such as errorsaccuracy of calculation and multiple presentations Polissarand coworkers addressed various issues related to trajectorycalculation such as vertical transport phenomenon of sub-grid scale convection turbulences and uncertainties aboutmeteorological data [13] Stohl and Fleming and coworkershave reported a comprehensive review of back trajectories[14 15] At present the trajectories are more accurate with 3Dpresentation having several other computer driven features[16] Simulations of multiple trajectories are also possiblenow The advantage of multiple trajectories is that theseprovide measure of uncertainty in the pathways of airmasstransport [17] However calculated trajectories always havesome uncertainty and hence user should know the magni-tude of such errors while interpreting the results Assump-tions regarding vertical transport sparse meteorologicaldata numerical inaccuracies during computation subgridscale phenomenon turbulence convection evaporation andcondensation contribute various errors in back trajectorycalculations [12 18 19] A review of the associated errors andprobabilities within them related to back trajectories has beenprovided by Polissar and coworkers [13]

13 Basic Calculation ofAirmass Trajectories A trajectory canbe defined by a differential equation

119889119903

119889119905= V [119903 (119905)] (1)

where 119903(119905) is position vector at time 119905 and V is the velocityfield

Assuming a two-dimensional flow Seibert suggested thefollowing numerical solution [20]

1199091= 1199090+ Δ119905119906 (119909

0 1199100 119905)

1199101= 1199100+ Δ119905V (119909

0 1199100 119905)

119909119899= 1199090+ 05Δ119905 [119906 (119909

0 1199100 119905) + 119906 (119909

119899minus1 119910119899minus1 119905 + Δ119905)]

119910119899= 1199100+ 05Δ119905 [V (119909

0 1199100 119905) + V (119909

119899minus1 119910119899minus1 119905 + Δ119905)]

(2)

where (1199090 1199100) = starting position at time 119905 119909

119899 119910119899= 119899th

iteration of the position for the time 119905 + Δ119905 119906 = function ofspace and V = function of time

Details of higher trajectory solutions can be found inIsaacson and Keller and Brumer [21 22]

14 Trajectory Models Table 1 gives the list of various modelsused for the calculation of the trajectories According tothe available reports worldwide HYSPLIT (hybrid singleparticle Lagrangian integrated trajectory) model has been

Table 1 List of various airmass trajectory models used worldwide

Trajectory models ReferencesNMC (US National Meteorological Centre) [23]Flexible Trajectories (FLEXTRA) model [24]TRADOS model (Finnish Meteorological Institute) [25]CMDC (Climate Monitoring and DiagnosticsLaboratory) [13]

UK Universitiesrsquo Global Atmospheric ModellingProgramme (UGAMP) model [26]

Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian IntegratedTrajectory (HYSPLIT) model [27]

NIES (Russian National Institute for EnvironmentalStudies) [28]

Centre for Air Pollution Impact and Trends AnalysisCAPITA Monte Carlo (CMC) model [29]

APTRA model [30]European Centre for Medium-Range WeatherForecasts (ECMWF) three-dimensional isentropicmodel

[31]

LAGRANTOmodel [32]COSMO TRAJ [33]CAABAMJT model [34]COBRA [35]Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport(STILT) model [36]

applied in most of the studies [27 37ndash41] The model hasbeen developed by NASA Besides airmass trajectories themodel also computes dispersion and disposition simulationsVery recently HYSPLIT model has been upgraded HoweverFLEXTRA model has also been used by various workersworldwide [3 14 15] Recently web based system calledREADY (real-time environmental applications and display)system is developed by the Air Resources Laboratory (ARL)READY is also being used to run trajectory and dispersionmodel accessing and displaying meteorological data Simul-taneous application of dispersion models graphical displayprograms and textual forecast programs makes this systemvery useful for atmospheric scientists

15 Applications of Trajectories In the beginning trajectorieswere used to find out the source region and transportprocesses of air pollution but with the advancement ofknowledge trajectories are found to be useful to addressvarious aspects related to atmosphere and environment asshown in Figure 1 Trajectories are applied in various fieldssuch as climatology [42] meteorology [43] transport ofpollutants [9 14 44 45] residence time analysis [46] airquality [47 48] source apportionment [49 50] aerosolmeasurements [51ndash53] precipitation chemistry [54 55] andpolicies [56]

Tarasick and coworkers have used backward and forwardtrajectories to produce ozone maps using North Ameri-can ozonesonde data linking it to the grid points of thetrajectory pathways [57] This approach was found to be

Advances in Meteorology 3

Applicationsof

trajectories

Climate science

Meteorology

Transport

Policy Source apportionment

Residence timeanalysis

Aerosols andprecipitation

measurements

Air quality

Figure 1 Applications of airmass trajectories in various fields

very successful in providing trajectory mapped ozone valueshaving reasonable agreement with the actual soundingsTrajectories have been used to isolate periods of stratosphere-troposphere (S-T) exchange at several rural sites in theUnitedStates by Lefohn and coworkers [58] Trajectory models havebeen used to study circulation of pollutants [59] includingdust storm trajectory simulations Ashrafi and coworkersattempted such simulations over Iran using dust module ofHYSPLIT model which is primarily based on the PM

10dust

emissions for desert areas [60] According to their findingsdust motion simulations obtained from the model weresimilar to the MODIS images

16 Trajectories and Air Pollution Transport in South AsiaA number of studies have been reported on air pollutiontransport using airmass trajectories in South Asia Table 2gives the list of most of the studies on airmass trajectorycalculations to demonstrate transboundary and long rangetransport of air pollution in South Asian countries Becauseof large volume of work reported on various aspects oftrajectories it is not possible to describe all these studiesin this review However we have tried to highlight majorpathways of air pollution transport and their wet depositionin South Asian region by describing few important studies invarious parts of South Asian region

161 Bangladesh Transboundary air pollution in SouthAsian countries namely Bangladesh India Pakistan andSri Lanka has been reported by Brumer to find out thesource areas that are primarily responsible for the transportof pollutants [22] During this study simultaneous samplingof particulate matter using similar methodology was carriedout in Bangladesh India Pakistan and Sri Lanka Accordingto their report BC rich smoke is contributed by agriculturalwaste burning sources located mainly in Northern India(Figure 2) Fine soil is contributed by the dust storms due towhich particulate matter levels are enhanced in the air Basedupon the trajectories they observed that long range transportof the desert dust from Oman through the Gulf and Iran istransported to Pakistan and other South Asian countries

Saadat and coworkers reported that transboundary trans-port of pollutants has significant impact on air quality ofBangladesh due to the industrial activities of neighboring

countries India and China [39] The levels of SO119909and NO

119909

were recorded to be higher whenever airmass movement wasnoticed through India (North andNorthWest) However thelevels of these gases were recorded significantly to be lowerwhen the airmasses passed through India but spent enoughtime over Bay of Bengal Using HySPLIT model and 10-daybackward trajectories Iqbal andOanh observed thatmajorityof airmasses arriving to Bangladesh were originated from thewest [62] However according to their inventory report 70of SO

2emissions in Dhaka division were attributed to local

brick kilns

162 Indian Ocean There are a very limited number ofwet deposition studies using trajectories which have beenreported over Indian Ocean However studies on aerosoltransport over Indian Ocean have been reported by sev-eral workers (Table 2) Granat and coworkers (2002) havereported rainwater chemistry in Indian Ocean region duringthe Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) campaign heldin JanuaryndashMarch 1999 [54] Samples collected onboardthe research vessels Ronald H Brown and Sagar Kanyawere analyzed for major ions and some trace metals Theycalculated air trajectories arriving at the location of the ship(at 950 ha) with the McGrath trajectory model using windand mass fields from ECMWF Five patterns of trajectoriesaround the Indian Ocean have been reported in this paperAirmass trajectories analysis (Figure 3) revealed that veryhigh concentrations of non-seasalt SO

4

2minus NO3

minus NH4

+ nss-K+ and non-seasalt Ca2+ in rainwater over the Indian Oceanwere due to the influence of pollution and soil sources inAsia

Long range transport of dust and other pollutants overIndian Ocean has been reported by couple of workers Mostof these studies have been part of INDOEX and focusedupon the aerosol optical depth (AOD) or the monsooncirculations Krishnamurti and coworkers have reported thepossibility of long range transport of dust from ArabianDesert to the central Indian Ocean region with a transit timeof 2-3 days [66] Li and Ramanathan presumed that longrange transport of dust from the Horns of Africa over theArabian Sea and mid tropospheric transport of dust fromthe Arabian Peninsula can affect the summer monsoon andcan lead to higher aerosol loadings in south of the equator[65] According to them long range transports of emissionsfrom Indonesia forest fires in 1997 were responsible forincrease in AODs over most of the equatorial Indian OceanVerma and coworkers have used a hybrid approach to findout the pathways of pollutant transport over Indian Oceanduring Intensive Field Phase of INDOEX during JanuaryndashMarch 1999 [67] They used an Eulerian forward transportcalculation in a general circulation model (GCM) withregion-tagged emissions alongwith an analysis of Lagrangianback trajectories and emission inventory for overlappingtime periods They found that during the early part of thecruise when ship was moving over Indian Ocean airmassesfrom the Indo-Gangetic Plain Central India or South Indiatransported sulphate aerosols and organic matter over toIndian Ocean But during late Februaryndashearly March whenship was moving in the Arabian Sea dust species dominated

4 Advances in Meteorology

Mumbai (yellow dots

W E

S

N

Colombo (black dots at

at 500m)

1000m and blue at 300m)

Dhaka (green dots at 1000mand red dots at 500m)

Islamabad (orange dots at 1000mand brown dots at 500m)

Figure 2 Air parcel back trajectories showing the likely source areas for smoke in India Bangladesh Pakistan and Sri Lanka [38]

25

10

15

20

10

15

20

25

5

0

40 60 65 70 75 80 85 9045 50 55

5Latit

ude

034026

274349021718041837

268266021908386369043338

1513484

0411069

010512

020312

119973

Longitude

Figure 3 Measured concentration (120583moldmminus3) of nss-Ca2+ NH4

+and nss-SO

4

2minus and associated 10-day backwards trajectories for eachrain sample dots show the point of sample collection along thecruise tracks of ships during INDOEX 1999 [54]

which were transported by the airmasses from Africa WestAsia or Northwest India

Generally higher pollution is reported in the north ofequator in Indian Ocean [54] as most of the emission sourcesare located in northern hemisphere Relatively pristine atmo-sphere is observed in Southern Indian Ocean due to negligi-ble human perturbations However the search operation formissing Malaysian airlines flight MH 370 is expected to emitlarge amount of aerosols and gaseous pollutants in SouthernIndian Ocean due to fuel burning by a number of searchingaircrafts and ships More than a month long operationhad used around 20 aircrafts and 20 ships According toBBC (httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-asia-26514556) thishas been the largest search operation which covered768million sq km area which is equivalent to 11 of theIndian Ocean and 15 of the surface of the Earth Inthis relation the calculations of airmass trajectories can be

of great help to find out the pathways of transport of airpollutants in Southern Indian Ocean Scavenging of variousaerosols and gaseous pollutants can modify the clouds insouth of intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) which canfurther affect monsoon process

163 Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea Deposition of acidiccomponents has been reported over Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea by Reddy and coworkers [52] This study wascarried out during Integrated Campaign on Aerosol andtrace gas Radiative Forcing (ICARB) They observed thatthe air over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea was influencedby the airmasses coming from four sectors (i) passingthrough Indian land (ii) from IndianOcean region (iii) formNorthernArabian Sea andMiddle East and (iv) fromAfricancontinent Figure 4 shows the origin of airmasses reachingvarious cruise points over Bay of Bengal andArabian SeaThehighest nss-SO

4

2minus was observed during airmasses comingfrom the Indian land while the lowest concentrations wereobserved when the airmasses were coming from oceanicregion However total fluxes of pollutants contributed by theairmasses of different direction are not estimated in any of thestudies reported in this region

164 Maldives Most of the studies reported from Maldivesare part of Atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC) project asMCOH Climate Observatory is located at HanimaadhooIsland Transport of pollutants up to MCOH has beenreported by Das and coworkers [68] They have used airmasstrajectories to interpret the water soluble inorganic compo-nents in rain deposited at MCOH to find out seasonality andpossible source regions The concentrations of non-seasaltSO4

2minus NH4

+ and NO3

minus were observed to be higher by afactor of 4 when airmasses arrived from India as comparedto the marine airmasses Such effect resulted in very low pHof rainwater (47) which was significantly lower than the pHvalues (60) contributed by the marine airmasses Figure 5shows the trajectories arriving at MCOH (Hanimaadhoo)

Advances in Meteorology 5

Table 2 Summary of trajectory studies reported in South Asia

Location Countryregion Latitude and longitude Trajectory model used Components measured References

Arabian Sea Arabian Sea 90∘N to 22∘N58∘E to 773∘E

CGER METEXprogramme

Major ions (PM10aerosols) [52]

INDOEX Arabian Sea andIndian Ocean Multiple points Wind data (NCEP) AOD [61]

Dhaka (AECD) Bangladesh 2373∘N 9040∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Sathkhira Bangladesh 22181015840N 89021015840E HYSPLIT SOx NOx [39]

Dhaka Bangladesh 2373∘N 9040∘E HYSPLIT SOx NOx CONMVOC and PM [62]

Bay of Bengal Bay of Bengal 205∘N to 56∘N804∘E to 934∘E

CGER METEXprogramme

Major ions (PM10aerosols) [52]

Navi Mumbai India 1907∘N 7297∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Hudegade Western Ghats India 1436∘N 7454∘E HYSPLIT Major ions (rain) [55]Sinhagad India 18∘211015840N 73∘451015840E HYSPLIT Major ions (cloud water) [41]Sinhagad India 18∘211015840N 73∘451015840E HYSPLIT Major ions (rain water) [40]

Sinhagad India 18∘211015840N-73∘451015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Pune India 18∘321015840N-73∘511015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Goa India 15∘451015840N- 73∘851015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Bhubaneshwar India 20∘151015840N-85∘521015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Manali India 3231∘N 7720∘E HYSPLIT pH and major ions(snowfall) [64]

Anantpur India 1462∘N 7765∘E HYSPLIT O3 [37]

INDOEX Indian Ocean 30∘N to sim35∘S 40∘E tosim100∘E)

No (wind data fromNCEPNCAR) AOD [65]

INDOEX Indian Ocean Multiple points No AOD [66]

INDOEX Indian Ocean Multiple points McGrath model withECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [54]

INDOEX Indian Ocean 20∘S to 172∘N and 575∘Eto 77∘E

HYSPLIT (hybridapproach) BC sulphate (aerosol) [67]

MCOH Maldives 6∘461015840N and 73∘111015840E HYSPLIT pH and major ions (rainwater) [68]

Nilore Pakistan 3337∘N 7306∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Multiple sites Pakistan Multiple points HYSPLIT AOD [69]Colombo Sri Lanka 6933∘N 79833∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Delhi India 2838∘N 7712∘E HYSPIT Rain chemistry [70]New Delhi India 286∘N 772∘E HYSPLIT AOD [71]

165 Nepal Trajectory analysis for wet deposition in Nepalhas not been reported However according to MISU datacollected for rain chemistry at ABC observational siteGodavari indicated that airmasses from sectors are receivedat the observatory These included (i) from Arabian Seapassing over India (ii) from Bay of Bengal passing throughBangladesh (iii) from Middle East and (iv) from Europe[67] Sometimes airmasses were coming from SoutheastAsia through Myanmar Bangladesh and India Howeverour recent observations on snow chemistry at Manali inHimachal Pradesh revealed that airmasses coming fromNepal were found to be responsible for air pollution transport

to India Such trajectories have been discussed in the lastsection of this paper

166 India India has the highest landmass population andnatural resources aswell as the largest industrial setup amongall the South Asian countries Hence it can be termed asthe biggest pollution exporter to the nearby countries andoceanic regions At the same time India imports huge amountof pollution through long range transport from EuropeMiddle East Africa Indian Ocean and nearby countriesHowever the amount of such import and export of pollution

6 Advances in Meteorology

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

50 70 75 80 85 90 95 10055 60 65Longitude (∘E)

Latit

ude (

∘N

)

Figure 4 Airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Seaduring ICARB [52]

from different sectors has not been estimated due to absenceof regional emission regulatory body 1979 Geneva Conven-tion on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)is one such ideal example which aims to limit and as far aspossible gradually reduce and prevent air pollution includinglong-range transboundary air pollution by each participatingcountry [72] CLRTAP has 51 parties so far

Most of the studies given in Table 2 have reported theorigin of airmasses and the type of pollutants contributed bythese airmasses The reported information using trajectoriesis highly useful in order to understand the sources and path-ways of pollution transport to various sites in India Satya-narayana and co-workers noticed that the long range trans-port of pollution from various sectors significantly affectedthe pH and chemistry of rain water at Hudegadde a rural sitelocated in an ecological sensitive area of Western Ghats [55]They observed that Hudegade received the airmasses fromfive different sectors namely central part of Indian OceanNorthwest Indian Ocean Southwest Indian Ocean and Gulfand airmasses passing through Northwest Indian Ocean andsouth continental part of India Airmass trajectory analysissuggested a significant influence of local and intercontinentalanthropogenic and natural sources Sources located in theAfrican and Gulf regions had influenced the acidity at thesite They found that urban activities located in southwest ofIndian continent (north of sampling site) and the sources inGulf region were responsible for acid rain in Western Ghats(Table 3)

Chemical composition of precipitation during differenttrajectory classes has been reported by Norman and cowork-ers (2001) at Bhubaneshwer Goa Sinhagad and Pune [63]They compared the rain chemistry results with trajectoriesand precipitation fields As shown in Table 4 a systematicchange in chemical composition and pH of rain water wasnoticed in accordance with the origin of airmasses and theamount of rainfall along the trajectory Bhubaneswar which islocated in Eastern India received airmasses fromArabian SeaBay of Bengal and continental sources Different trajectoriesarriving to Bhubaneshwar have been shown in Figure 6

Table 3 Concentrations (120583eq Lminus1) of major ions in different air-masses at the site (source [55])

CIO NWIO SWIO Gulf NWIO + SWICClminus 12 40 64 03 03NO3

minus 4 29 9 11 13nss SO

4

2minus 11 35 35 12 16Na+ 16 45 59 7 3NH4

+ 5 28 2 2 4K+ 5 3 9 16 2nss Ca2+ 38 71 68 21 3CIO Central Indian Ocean NWIO Northwest Indian Ocean SWIOSouthwest Indian Ocean NWIO + SWIC Northwest Indian Ocean +Southwest Indian Continent

From West India most of wet deposition studies havebeen reported for Pune region Using airmass trajectoriesBegum and coworkers (2011) observed that the long rangeof transport of air pollutants and dust was responsible forelevated levels of selected ions in cloud water at Sinhagadwhich is a high altitude side near Pune [38] In anotherstudy at Sinhagad Reddy and coworkers (2010) observedthat monsoon and postmonsoon airmasses had their originfrom different directions affecting rain chemistry accord-ingly [37] As shown in Figure 7 during monsoon seasonair moved from African region But during postmonsoonseason air parcel is seen originating from Middle East andEurope travelling through North India and finally reachingSinhagad Authors have reported that due to this reason theconcentrations of NO

3

minus NH4

+ nss-SO4

2minus and nss-K+ wereobserved to be higher in postmonsoon samples as comparedto monsoon samples

167 Long Range Transport up to Western Himalayan RangesIn order to observe the airmass movement in North Indiaup to the Western Himalaya we carried out snow chemistrystudy coupled with trajectory analysis In our study thesamples of snowfall were collected at a high altitude siteKothi (3231∘N 7720∘E) located in Kullu district of HimachalPradesh state of India which were processed for chemicalanalysis Five-day back trajectories at 5000m altitude werecalculated for these samples using HYSPLIT model fromNOAA [27] Airmass trajectories revealed that Kothi wasreceiving snowfall through the airmasses originating from sixmajor sectors which are termed as (1) North Atlantic Oceanorigin (NAO) (2) African origin (Af) (3) Middle East origin(ME) (4) European origin (Eu) (5) West India origin (WI)and (6) Nepal origin (Np) Figures 8(a)ndash8(f) show typicalexamples of these trajectories

North Atlantic Ocean Origin (NAO) Airmasses originat-ing from North Atlantic Ocean and passing over Europeto Afghanistan to Jammu and Kashmir and reaching thesampling site that is Kothi have been referred to as NAO(Figure 8(a)) This cluster represented the highest number ofevents (40)

African Origin (Af) Airmasses originating from Africancontinent and passing over Middle EastGulf to Pakistan

Advances in Meteorology 7

(a) Marine (b) Arabian Sea

(c) Indian (d) Mixed

Figure 5 Classification of trajectories arriving at MCOH (a) Marine (b) Arabian Sea (c) Indian and (d) mixed [68]

Table 4 Median concentrations (mmol Lminus1) in rain samples at Bhubaneswar for different trajectory groups and frequency of rain along thetrajectory ([63])

Sample group pH Na+ NH4

+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Clminus NO3

minus SO4

2minus nss-SO4

2minus Ca2+Na+ Number of samplesHigh rain frequency

C 548 63 222 12 13 31 65 94 68 65 066 18CL 484 282 735 94 69 281 347 538 37 353 079 2B 554 61 91 05 07 15 75 25 31 28 025 14M 582 119 207 11 116 72 126 109 89 67 053 23

Low rain frequencyC 561 169 447 37 38 105 23 29 212 196 058 21CL 503 182 526 45 5 284 20 44 402 391 233 2B 528 318 813 79 63 177 345 49 367 358 08 6M 577 124 113 06 24 5 145 94 92 84 056 8Note (a) continental (C) (b) continental local (CL) (c) monsoon (M) and (d) Bay of Bengal (B)

before reaching the sampling site have been termed as AfThis cluster represented 23 of snowfall events Figure 8(b)is a typical example of such airmasses

Middle East Origin (ME) Airmasses originating fromMiddleEast and reaching the sampling site via Pakistan andHaryanahave been termed as ME This group represented 10 of thetotal snowfall events Figure 8(c) is a typical example of MEairmasses

European Origin (Eu) Airmasses originating fromcontinental Europe and reaching the sampling site viaAfghanistan and Jammu and Kashmir have been referredto as Eu This class represented the least number (6) ofsnowfall events Figure 8(d) is a typical example of suchairmasses

Western India Origin (InW) Airmasses originating in West-ern India in the state of Rajasthan and transported over

8 Advances in Meteorology

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(a) Continental

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(b) Continental Local

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(c) Monsoon

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(d) Bay of Bengal

Figure 6 Trajectories to Bhubaneswar sorted into different trajectory groups during January 1997ndashOctober 1998 (a) Continental (C) (b)continental local (CL) (c) monsoon (M) and (d) Bay of Bengal (B) [63]

Punjab and Haryana and finally reaching the sampling sitehave been termed as InW This group represented 13 of thetotal snowfall events Figure 8(e) is a typical example of thistype of airmasses

Nepal Origin (Np) Airmasses originating from Nepal sidereaching the sampling site via Uttarakhand have been cat-egorized as Np This cluster represented the second lowestnumber of events (8) Figure 8(f) is a typical example of thistype of airmasses

In general pHof the samples varied from475 to 698withan average value of 569 indicating slight alkaline nature ofsnow samples Slight alkaline precipitation has been reportedat higher altitude in Indian region [40 41 73ndash75] Figure 9shows the percent frequency distribution of pH of snowfallsamples Maximum number of samples had pH between621 and 660 (29) followed by a range of 581ndash620 (25)661ndash700 (17) 541ndash580 (17) 461ndash500 (10) and 501ndash540 (4) The high pH (pH gt 56) has been reported in

global precipitation samples due to the influence of soilderived particulate matter [40 68 76ndash80] Out of total83 of samples showed pH of snow above 56 while 17of samples only were found to be acidic at Kothi Acidicsnow samples were found at this site in airmasses originatedfrom Middle East Countries and Europe mainly Acidic pHhas been reported in precipitation samples in airmassesoriginated from Europe [80] and Gulf countries [55] 43of rain samples were observed to be acidic in nature at statebotanical garden in Bhubaneswar India [81] 18 occurrenceof acid rain has been reported at Delhi India [76] pH valueranged between 398 and 801 with 20 acidic precipitationsamples having been reported at Montseny in NortheastSpain Europe [80] Out of total precipitation samples 21 ofsamples were found to be acidic in nature at Sinhagad PuneIndia [82] 793 of the total precipitation has a pH value lessthan 56 at Jinhua in Southeastern Chinarsquos province [83]

Table 5 gives average concentration of chemical speciesin snowfall samples On average equivalent concentration ofionic species followed the following order Ca2+ gt Clminus gt

Advances in Meteorology 9

030 9080706040 50 100

Mumbai

10

20

30

40

110

Sinhagad

1400m

(a)

Mumbai Sinhagad

030 9080706040 50 100

10

20

30

40

110

1400m

(b)

Figure 7 Seven-day back trajectories at Sinhagad during the (a) monsoon and (b) postmonsoon seasons of 2005 [40]

Table 5 Descriptive statistics of pH and major ions (120583eq Lminus1) in snowmelt

pH Na+ NH4

+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Fminus Clminus NO3

minus SO4

2minus HCO3

minus

Average 569 4369 1846 1084 4713 1704 302 4599 1742 2745 2740sd 06 235 108 57 211 79 23 253 73 83 177Min 475 751 423 299 1765 010 008 1075 543 1195 172Max 698 9356 3941 2155 9644 3531 702 10651 3111 4673 7191

Na+ gt SO4

2minusgt HCO

3

minusgt NH

4

+gt NO

3

minusgt Mg2+ gt K+ gt

Fminus Very high concentration of Ca2+ among all ions at this siteindicated the crustal dominance in snowfall samples at KothiThe average concentration of Ca2+ was compared with othersof snow and found to be higher than Mount Everest [84]Mt LoganMassif [85] Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] but lowerthan Yulong snow Mt [87] and Tien Shan [88] In Indianregion many researchers have reported high concentrationof Ca due to suspended soil dust in precipitation samples[76 89 90] Since the site is situated at high altitude withless eroded soil [73] Ca2+ is not expected to be contributedby local soil significantly As discussed above in the samesection the contribution of transported dust from Africanregion West India and Nepal was significantly high at thissite Very high concentration of SO

4

2minus and NO3

minus might bedue to its transport through Af ME InW and Np airmassesThe concentration of SO

4

2minus in snow samples at this site waslower than surfacefresh snow samples of Yulong snow Mt[91] ice core samples of Dasuopu [92] and East Rongbuk[93] but lower than snow samples of Mt Everest [84]Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] andMt LoganMassif [85] Verysimilar range of concentration of SO

4

2minus has been reportedby many workers in global precipitation due to fossil fuelcombustion mainly [55 73 80 82 89] NO

3

minus concentrationwas found to be very high which might be due to transportof NO

119909NO3

minus from various airmasses as discussed above inthe same section Some contribution of NO

3

minus from biomassburning during winter season to produce heat by local peoplecannot be ruled out After Ca2+ very high concentration ofClminus and Na+ among all ions indicated strong influences ofmarine components at this site and it is very clear from theabove discussionThe high concentration of NH

4in snowfall

samplesmight be due to its transport fromAfrican continents

andNepalmainly Similarly high concentration ofKmight bedue to its transport of airmasses fromAf InW andNpmainly

2 Conclusion

Presently computation of trajectories is highly advancedMultiple and 3D trajectories are possible with numerousadditional features which make computation of backwardforward and vertical motion very simple However thereare uncertainties associated with the calculated trajectoriesand hence precaution of such errors is necessary for theirmeaningful interpretation Nevertheless the airmass trajec-tories are powerful tools for tracing pollution sources andthe routes of transport Transboundary pollution is becominga serious issue in South Asia Transport of pollutants fromnearby countries as well as from far Europe Middle East andAfrican continental regions to South Asia needs immediateattention of scientists and policymakers Studies indicate thatthe net import and export of pollutants vary depending uponthe season as the origin and path of airmasses change duringdifferent seasons and so the deposition load of different typesof pollutants at the receptor sites Hence similar to CLRTAPSouth Asian region also needs to develop a network to moni-tor the nature and type of pollutants and their quantificationof annual import and export followed by appropriate meth-ods of assessment in relation to damage to human healthforests and various agroecosystems Airmass trajectoriesrevealed that acidic pollutants from Europe and Middle Eastregions are deposited up to the remote Himalayan rangesvia long range transport Trajectory calculations providedvery vital information about the continental transportedemissions which were responsible for the elevated level of

10 Advances in Meteorology

Backward trajectory ending at 1900UTC 11 Dec 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

8500

500000

7500

6500

5500

4500

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 1209 1208 1207Job ID 181404 Job start Sat Apr 19 181031 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(a) pH = 635 (NAO)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 23 Feb 13NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

0223 0222 0221 0220 0219Job ID 181272 Job start Sat Apr 19 180654 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

500045004000350030002500200015001000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(b) pH = 572 (Af)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 2300UTC 13 Dec 12

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 12091213 1212Job ID 181119 Job start Sat Apr 19 180315 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

4000

3000

2000

1000

5000Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(c) pH = 496 (ME)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 29 Nov 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological dataM

eter

s AG

L

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 181330 Job start Sat Apr 19 180856 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 29 Nov 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

1129 1128 1127 1126 1125

5000

65005500450035002500

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(d) pH = 548 (Eu)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 24 Mar 13

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 182048 Job start Sat Apr 19 182929 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Mar 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0324 0323 0322 0321 0320

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(e) pH = 673 (InW)

NOAA HYSPLIT modelBackward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 26 Feb 13

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 180918 Job start Sat Apr 19 175935 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 1 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

0206 0205 0204 0203 0202

3000

2000

1000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(f) pH = 601 (Np)

Figure 8 Typical examples of six different airmass trajectories arriving at the site NAO = North Atlantic Ocean origin Af = African originME = Middle East origin Eu = European origin (Eu) InW =Western India origin and Np = Nepal origin

Advances in Meteorology 11

10

4

17

2529

15

05

101520253035

pH range

Freq

uenc

y (

)

461

ndash500

501

ndash540

541

ndash580

581

ndash620

621

ndash660

661

ndash700

Figure 9 Percent frequency distribution of pH of snowmelt forwhole dataset

acidity of rain water at an ecosensitive site in Western Ghatsin Southwest India

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

Support of DST-PURSE and UGC India is gratefullyacknowledged

References

[1] J A DuttonThe Ceaseless Wind An Introduction to the Theoryof Atmospheric Motion Dover New York NY USA 1986

[2] H R Byers General Meteorology McGraw-Hill New YorkUSA 4th edition 1974

[3] D JThomson and J DWilsonHistory of Lagrangian StochasticModels for Turbulent Dispersion Langrangian Model of theAtmosphere Geographical Monograph Series 200 AmericanGeophhysical union 2012

[4] K J Davis D H Lenschow S P Oncley et al ldquoRole ofentrainment in surface-atmosphere interactions over the borealforestrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D vol 102 no 24 pp29219ndash29230 1997

[5] P Seibert ldquoInverse modelling with a lagrangian particle dis-persion model application to point releases over limited timeintervals in air pollution modeling and its applicationrdquo Journalof Applied Meteorology vol 14 pp 381ndash389 2004

[6] A Eliassen J Saltbones F Stordal O Hov and I S A IsaksenldquoA Lagrangian long-range transport model with atmosphericboundary layer chemistryrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 11 pp 1645ndash1661 1982

[7] D Simpson ldquoPhotochemical model calculations over Europefor two extended summer periods 1985 and 1989 Model resultsand comparison with observationsrdquo Atmospheric EnvironmentA vol 27 no 6 pp 921ndash943 1993

[8] S Petterssen ldquoWeather analysis and forecastingrdquo pp 221ndash2231940

[9] E F Danielsen and R Bleck ldquoResearch in four-dimensionaldiagnosis of cyclonic stormcloud systemrdquoAFCRLRep 67ndash0617BedfordMass USA 1967 Available as NTIS AD-670 847 fromNational Technical Information Service Springfield Va USA

[10] H Rodhe ldquoA study of the sulfur budget for the atmosphere overNorthern Europerdquo Tellus vol 24 pp 128ndash138 1972

[11] T D Fox and J D Ludwick ldquoLead (Pb) concentrations associ-ated with 1000-MB geostrophic back trajectories at QuillayuteWashingtonrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 10 no 10 pp 799ndash803 1976

[12] L L AshbaughW CMalm andW Z Sadeh ldquoA residence timeprobability analysis of sulfur concentrations at Grand CanyonNational Parkrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 19 no 8 pp1263ndash1270 1985

[13] A V Polissar P K Hopke P Paatero et al ldquoThe aerosolat Barrow Alaska long-term trends and source locationsrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 33 no 16 pp 2441ndash2458 1999

[14] A Stohl ldquoComputation accuracy and applications oftrajectoriesmdasha review and bibliographyrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 32 no 6 pp 947ndash966 1998

[15] Z L Fleming P S Monks and A J Manning ldquoReviewuntangling the influence of air-mass history in interpretingobserved atmospheric compositionrdquoAtmospheric Research vol104-105 pp 1ndash39 2012

[16] B F Taubman J C Hains A M Thompson et al ldquoAircraftvertical profiles of trace gas and aerosol pollution over themid-Atlantic United States Statistics andmeteorological clusteranalysisrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol111 no 10 2006

[17] M Cabello J A G Orza V Galiano and G Ruiz ldquoInfluenceof meteorological input data on backtrajectory cluster analysisa seven-year study for southeastern Spainrdquo Advances in Scienceand Research vol 2 pp 65ndash70 2008

[18] S Pettersen Weather Analysis and Forecasting Motion andMotion Systems vol 1 McGraw-Hill 1956

[19] J D Kahl ldquoA cautionary note on the use of air trajectoriesin interpreting atmospheric chemistry measurementsrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 27 no 17-18 pp 3037ndash3038 1993

[20] P Seibert ldquoConvergence and accuracy of numerical methodsfor trajectory calculationsrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol32 no 3 pp 558ndash566 1993

[21] E Isaacson andH B KellerAnalysis of Numerical Methods vol541 John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 1966

[22] P Brumer ldquoStability concepts in the numerical solution ofclassical atomic and molecular scattering problemsrdquo Journal ofComputational Physics vol 14 pp 391ndash419 1974

[23] J T Merrill ldquoIsentropic air-flow probability analysisrdquo Journalof Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 99 pp 25881ndash258891994

[24] A Stohl G Wotawa P Seibert and H Kromp-Kolb ldquoInterpo-lation errors in wind fields as a function of spatial and temporalresolution and their impact on different types of kinematictrajectoriesrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol 34 no 10 pp2149ndash2165 1995

[25] A Virkkula M Aurela R Hillamo et al ldquoChemical compo-sition of atmospheric aerosol in the European subarctic con-tribution of the Kola Peninsula smelter areas central Europeand the Arctic Oceanrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 104 no 19 pp 23681ndash23696 1999

[26] J N Cape J Methven and L E Hudson ldquoThe use of trajectorycluster analysis to interpret trace gas measurements at Mace

12 Advances in Meteorology

Head Irelandrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 22 pp3651ndash3663 2000

[27] R R Draxler and G D Rolph ldquoHYSPLIT ( HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model NOAAAir Resources Laboratoryrdquo Silver Spring Md USA 2003httpreadyarlnoaagovHYSPLITphp

[28] P Pochanart H Akimoto Y Kajii V M Potemkin and T VKhodzher ldquoRegional background ozone and carbon monoxidevariations nin remote SiberiaEast Asiardquo Journal of GeophysicalResearch D Atmospheres vol 108 no 1 pp 1ndash18 2003

[29] B A Schichtel K A Gebhart M G Barna and W C MalmldquoAssociation of airmass transport patterns and particulate sulfurconcentrations at Big Bend National Park Texasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 40 no 5 pp 992ndash1006 2006

[30] A W Delcloo and H de Backer ldquoFive day 3D back trajectoryclusters and trends analysis of the Uccle ozone soundingtime series in the lower troposphere (1969ndash2001)rdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 42 no 19 pp 4419ndash4432 2008

[31] G Dogan G Gullu and G Tuncel ldquoSources and source regionseffecting the aerosol composition of the Eastern Mediter-raneanrdquoMicrochemical Journal vol 88 no 2 pp 142ndash149 2008

[32] O A Tarasova I A Senik M G Sosonkin J Cui J Staehelinand A S H Prevot ldquoSurface ozone at the Caucasian siteKislovodsk High Mountain Station and the Swiss Alpine siteJungfraujoch data analysis and trends (1990ndash2006)rdquo Atmo-spheric Chemistry and Physics vol 9 no 12 pp 4157ndash4175 2009

[33] httplagrangeempachlm trajhtml[34] H Riede P Jockel and R Sander ldquoQuantifying atmospheric

transport chemistry and mixing using a new trajectory-boxmodel and a global atmospheric-chemistry GCMrdquo GeoscienceModel Development vol 2 pp 267ndash280 2009

[35] R P Shadbolt E A Waller J P Messina and J A WinklerldquoSource regions of lower-tropospheric airflow trajectories forthe lower peninsula of Michigan a 40-year air mass climatol-ogyrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 111no 21 Article ID D21117 2006

[36] A Riccio G Giunta and E Chianese ldquoThe application ofa trajectory classification procedure to interpret air pollutionmeasurements in the urban area of Naples (Southern Italy)rdquoScience of the Total Environment vol 376 no 1ndash3 pp 198ndash2142007

[37] B S K Reddy K R Kumar G Balakrishnaiah et al ldquoObserva-tional studies on the variations in surface ozone concentrationat Anantapur in southern Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 98no 1 pp 125ndash139 2010

[38] B A Begum S K Biswas G G Pandit et al ldquoLong-rangetransport of soil dust and smoke pollution in the South AsianregionrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 2 pp 151ndash1572011

[39] A H M Saadat Md M Rahman S M K Hasan and A TM Jahangir Alam ldquoTravelling and source point identificationof some transboundary air pollutants by trajectory analysis inSathkhira Bangladeshrdquo Canadian Chemical Transactions vol1 no 1 pp 56ndash65 2013

[40] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ah ldquoChemistryofmonsoon and post-monsoon rains at a high altitude locationSinhagad Indiardquo Aerosol and Air Quality Research vol 9 no 1pp 65ndash79 2009

[41] K B Budhavant P S P Rao PD Safai LGranat andHRodheldquoChemical composition of the inorganic fraction of cloud-water at a high altitude station in West Indiardquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 88 pp 59ndash65 2014

[42] R R Draxler andA D Taylor ldquoHorizontal parameters for long-range transport modelingrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 3 pp 367ndash372 1982

[43] J C Lin C Gerbig S CWofsy et al ldquoMeasuring fluxes of tracegases at regional scales by Lagrangian observations applicationto the CO

2Budget and Rectification Airborne (COBRA) studyrdquo

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 109 no D152004

[44] D Wen J C Lin D B Millet A F Stein and R R DraxlerldquoA backward-time stochastic Lagrangian air quality modelrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 54 pp 373ndash386 2012

[45] J L Moody J A Galusky and J N Galloway ldquoThe use ofatmospheric transport pattern recognition techniques in under-standing variation in precipitation chemistryrdquo in AtmosphericDeposition (Proceedings of the Baltimore SymposiumMay 1989)IAHS Publ No 179 May 1989

[46] M Escudero A F Stein R R Draxler et al ldquoSource appor-tionment for African dust outbreaks over theWestern Mediter-ranean using the HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmospheric Research vol99 no 3-4 pp 518ndash527 2011

[47] J Baker ldquoA cluster analysis of long range air transport pathwaysand associated pollutant concentrations within the UKrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 44 no 4 pp 563ndash571 2010

[48] K A Gebhart B A Schichtel W C Malm M G Barna MA Rodriguez and J L Collett ldquoBack-trajectory-based sourceapportionment of airborne sulfur and nitrogen concentrationsat Rocky Mountain National Park Colorado USArdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 3 pp 621ndash633 2011

[49] B de Foy M Zavala N Bei and L T Molina ldquoEvaluationof WRF mesoscale simulations and particle trajectory analysisfor the MILAGRO field campaignrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 13 pp 4419ndash4438 2009

[50] R M Harrison J L Grenfell J D Peak et al ldquoInfluence of air-mass back trajectory upon nitrogen compound compositionrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 34 no 10 pp 1519ndash1527 2000

[51] TW Chan andMMozurkewich ldquoApplication of absolute prin-cipal component analysis to size distribution data identificationof particle originsrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics vol 7no 3 pp 887ndash897 2007

[52] L A K Reddy U C Kulshrestha J Satyanarayana M JKulshrestha and K K Moorthy ldquoChemical characteristics ofPM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea during ICARBrdquo Journal of Earth System Sciencevol 117 no 1 pp 345ndash352 2008

[53] P Salvador B Artınano X Querol and A Alastuey ldquoA com-bined analysis of backward trajectories and aerosol chemistryto characterise long-range transport episodes of particulatematter the Madrid air basin a case studyrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 390 no 2-3 pp 495ndash506 2008

[54] L Granat M Norman C Leck U C Kulshrestha andH Rodhe ldquoWet scavenging of sulfur compounds and otherconstituents during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)rdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 19article 8025 2002

[55] J Satyanarayana L A K Reddy M J Kulshrestha R N RaoandUC Kulshrestha ldquoChemical composition of rainwater andinfluence of airmass trajectories at a rural site in an ecologicalsensitive area of Western Ghats (India)rdquo Journal of AtmosphericChemistry vol 66 no 3 pp 101ndash116 2010

[56] A Dvorska G Lammel and I Holoubek ldquoRecent trendsof persistent organic pollutants in air in central Europemdashair

Advances in Meteorology 13

monitoring in combination with air mass trajectory statisticsas a tool to study the effectivity of regional chemical policyrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 43 no 6 pp 1280ndash1287 2009

[57] D W Tarasick J J Jin V E Fioletov et al ldquoHigh-resolutiontropospheric ozone fields for INTEX and ARCTAS from IONSozonesondesrdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchD vol 115 no 20Article ID D20301 2010

[58] A S Lefohn HWernli D Shadwick S Limbach S J OltmansandM Shapiro ldquoThe importance of stratospheric-tropospherictransport in affecting surface ozone concentrations in theWestern and Northern tier of the United Statesrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 45 no 28 pp 4845ndash4857 2011

[59] P D Tyson M Garstang R J Swap E V Browell R DDiab and A M Thompson ldquoTransport and Vertical structureof ozone and aerosol distributions over southern Africardquo inBiomass Burning and Global Change J S Levine Ed pp 403ndash421 MIT Press Cambridge UK 1996

[60] K AshrafiM Shafiepour-Motlagh A Aslemand and S GhadeldquoDust storm simulation over Iran using HYSPLITrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Health Science and Engineering vol 12 no 1article 9 2014

[61] K K Moorthy A Saha B S N Prasad K Niranjan D Jhurryand P S Pillai ldquoAerosol optical depths over peninsular Indiaand adjoining oceans during the INDOEX campaigns spatialtemporal and spectral characteristicsrdquo Journal of GeophysicalResearchDAtmospheres vol 106 no 22 pp 28539ndash28554 2001

[62] A Iqbal and N T K Oanh ldquoAssessment of acid depositionover Dhaka division using CAMx-MM5 modeling systemrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 4 pp 452ndash462 2011

[63] M Norman S N Das A G Pillai L Granat and H RodheldquoInfluence of air mass trajectories on the chemical compositionof precipitation in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 35 no25 pp 4223ndash4235 2001

[64] B Kumar G P Gupta S Singh and U C KulshresthaldquoChemical characterization of snowfall in western Himalayanregion of Indiardquo Unpublished data

[65] F Li and V Ramanathan ldquoWinter to summer monsoon varia-tion of aerosol optical depth over the tropical Indian OceanrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 16pp 2ndash13 2002

[66] T N Krishnamurti B Jha J Prospero A Jayaraman and VRamanathan ldquoAerosol and pollutant transport and their impacton radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during theJanuary-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruiserdquo Tellus vol 50 no5 pp 521ndash542 1998

[67] S Verma C Venkataraman O Boucher and S RamachandranldquoSource evaluation of aerosols measured during the IndianOcean Experiment using combined chemical transport andback trajectory modelingrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 112 no 11 2007

[68] R Das L Granat C Leck P S Praveen and H Rodhe ldquoChem-ical composition of rainwater at Maldives Climate Observa-tory at Hanimaadhoo (MCOH)rdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 11 no 8 pp 3743ndash3755 2011

[69] K Alam S Qureshi and T Blaschke ldquoMonitoring spatio-temporal aerosol patterns over Pakistan based on MODISTOMS and MISR satellite data and a HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 27 pp 4641ndash4651 2011

[70] S Singh B Kumar G P Gupta and U C KulshresthaldquoSignatures of increasing energy demand of past two decadesas captured in rain water composition and airmass trajectoryanalysis at Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Environment In press

[71] A Kumar S Tiwari D S Bisht et al ldquoAerosol characteristicsduring the coolest june month over new delhi Northern IndiardquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 32 no 23 pp8463ndash8483 2011

[72] LRTAP httpwwwuneceorgenvlrtap[73] S Tiwari D M Chate D S Bisht M K Srivastava and B

Padmanabhamurty ldquoRainwater chemistry in theNorthWesternHimalayan Region Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 104-105pp 128ndash138 2012

[74] M S Naik L T Khemani G A Momin P S P Rao P D Safaiand A G Pillai ldquoChemical composition of fresh snow fromGulmarg North Indiardquo Environmental Pollution vol 87 no 2pp 167ndash171 1995

[75] D C Parashar L Granat U C Kulshrestha et al ldquoChemicalcomposition of precipitation in India and Nepal-apreliminaryreport on an Indo-Swedish project on atmospheric chemistryrdquoTech Rep CM90 IMI Stockholm University StockholmSweden 1996

[76] U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar S S Srivastava and D CParashar ldquoInvestigation into atmospheric deposition throughprecipitation studies at New Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Envi-ronment vol 30 no 24 pp 4149ndash4154 1996

[77] U C Kulshrestha L Granat M Engardt and H RodheldquoReview of precipitation monitoring studies in Indiamdasha searchfor regional patternsrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 39 no 38pp 7403ndash7419 2005

[78] L T Khemani G A Momin P S Prakasa Rao P D SafaiG Singh and R K Kapoor ldquoSpread of acid rain over IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 23 no 4 pp 757ndash762 1989

[79] A Saxena S Sharma U C Kulshrestha and S S SrivastavaldquoFactors affecting alkaline nature of rain water in Agra (India)rdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 74 no 2 pp 129ndash138 1991

[80] A Avila and M Alarcon ldquoRelationship between precipitationchemistry and meteorological situations at a rural site inNortheastern Spainrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 33 no 11pp 1663ndash1677 1999

[81] R Das S N Das and V N Misra ldquoChemical composition ofrainwater and dustfall at Bhubaneswar in the east coast of IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 39 no 32 pp 5908ndash5916 2005

[82] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ali ldquoInfluence oflocal sources on rainwater chemistry over Pune region IndiardquoAtmospheric Research vol 100 no 1 pp 121ndash131 2011

[83] M Zhang S Wang F Wu X Yuan and Y Zhang ldquoChemicalcompositions ofwet precipitation and anthropogenic influencesat a developing urban site in Southeastern Chinardquo AtmosphericResearch vol 84 no 4 pp 311ndash322 2007

[84] S C Kang P A Mayewski D H Qin S A Sneed J W Renand D Q Zhang ldquoSeasonal differences in snow chemistry fromthe vicinity of Mt Everest central Himalayasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 38 no 18 pp 2819ndash2829 2004

[85] K Yalcin C P Wake S Kang K J Kreutz and S I WhitlowldquoSeasonal and spatial variability in snow chemistry at EclipseIcefield Yukon Canadardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 43 pp 230ndash238 2006

[86] AMarinoni S Polesello C Smiraglia and SValsecchi ldquoChem-ical composition of freshsnow samples from the southernslope of Mt Everest region (Khumbu-Himal region Nepal)rdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 35 no 18 pp 3183ndash3190 2001

[87] H Niu Y He G Zhu et al ldquoEnvironmental implications of thelatest snow chemistry from Mt Yulong Southeastern TibetanPlateaurdquo Quaternary International vol 313-314 pp 168ndash1782013

14 Advances in Meteorology

[88] K J Kreutz V B Aizen L D Cecil and C P Wake ldquoOxygenisotopic and soluble ionic composition of a shallow firn coreInilchek glacier central Tien Shanrdquo Journal of Glaciology vol47 no 159 pp 548ndash554 2001

[89] U C Kulshrestha M J Kulshrestha R Sekar G S R Sastryand M Vairamani ldquoChemical characteristics of rainwater at anurban site of south-central Indiardquo Atmospheric Environmentvol 37 no 21 pp 3019ndash3026 2003

[90] M Jain U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar and D C ParasharldquoInfluence of crustal aerosols on wet deposition at urban andrural sites in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 29-30 pp 5129ndash5137 2000

[91] G Zhu T Pu Y He P Shi and T Zhang ldquoSeasonal variationsof major ions in fresh snow at Baishui Glacier No 1 YulongMountain Chinardquo Environmental Earth Sciences vol 69 no 1pp 1ndash10 2013

[92] S C Kang C P Wake D H Qin P A Mayewski and T DYao ldquoMonsoon and dust signals recorded in Dasuopu glacierTibetan Plateaurdquo Journal of Glaciology vol 46 no 153 pp 222ndash226 2000

[93] D H Qin S G Hou D Q Zhang et al ldquoPreliminary resultsfrom the chemical records of an 804m ice core recoveredfrom East Rongbuk Glacier Qomolangma (Mount Everest)Himalayardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 35 pp 278ndash284 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Geological ResearchJournal of

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Geology Advances in

2 Advances in Meteorology

to industrial sources located in the south and west [10] Inair pollution science Fox and Ludwick also reported one ofthe pioneering studies using backward air trajectories whichidentified the source region of pollution [11] Ashbaugh andcoworkers used air trajectories for identifying the sources ofsulphur [12] They also used these trajectories to predict theairmass history and corresponding high levels of sulphates

In due course of time different workers started lookinginto various aspects of trajectory calculations such as errorsaccuracy of calculation and multiple presentations Polissarand coworkers addressed various issues related to trajectorycalculation such as vertical transport phenomenon of sub-grid scale convection turbulences and uncertainties aboutmeteorological data [13] Stohl and Fleming and coworkershave reported a comprehensive review of back trajectories[14 15] At present the trajectories are more accurate with 3Dpresentation having several other computer driven features[16] Simulations of multiple trajectories are also possiblenow The advantage of multiple trajectories is that theseprovide measure of uncertainty in the pathways of airmasstransport [17] However calculated trajectories always havesome uncertainty and hence user should know the magni-tude of such errors while interpreting the results Assump-tions regarding vertical transport sparse meteorologicaldata numerical inaccuracies during computation subgridscale phenomenon turbulence convection evaporation andcondensation contribute various errors in back trajectorycalculations [12 18 19] A review of the associated errors andprobabilities within them related to back trajectories has beenprovided by Polissar and coworkers [13]

13 Basic Calculation ofAirmass Trajectories A trajectory canbe defined by a differential equation

119889119903

119889119905= V [119903 (119905)] (1)

where 119903(119905) is position vector at time 119905 and V is the velocityfield

Assuming a two-dimensional flow Seibert suggested thefollowing numerical solution [20]

1199091= 1199090+ Δ119905119906 (119909

0 1199100 119905)

1199101= 1199100+ Δ119905V (119909

0 1199100 119905)

119909119899= 1199090+ 05Δ119905 [119906 (119909

0 1199100 119905) + 119906 (119909

119899minus1 119910119899minus1 119905 + Δ119905)]

119910119899= 1199100+ 05Δ119905 [V (119909

0 1199100 119905) + V (119909

119899minus1 119910119899minus1 119905 + Δ119905)]

(2)

where (1199090 1199100) = starting position at time 119905 119909

119899 119910119899= 119899th

iteration of the position for the time 119905 + Δ119905 119906 = function ofspace and V = function of time

Details of higher trajectory solutions can be found inIsaacson and Keller and Brumer [21 22]

14 Trajectory Models Table 1 gives the list of various modelsused for the calculation of the trajectories According tothe available reports worldwide HYSPLIT (hybrid singleparticle Lagrangian integrated trajectory) model has been

Table 1 List of various airmass trajectory models used worldwide

Trajectory models ReferencesNMC (US National Meteorological Centre) [23]Flexible Trajectories (FLEXTRA) model [24]TRADOS model (Finnish Meteorological Institute) [25]CMDC (Climate Monitoring and DiagnosticsLaboratory) [13]

UK Universitiesrsquo Global Atmospheric ModellingProgramme (UGAMP) model [26]

Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian IntegratedTrajectory (HYSPLIT) model [27]

NIES (Russian National Institute for EnvironmentalStudies) [28]

Centre for Air Pollution Impact and Trends AnalysisCAPITA Monte Carlo (CMC) model [29]

APTRA model [30]European Centre for Medium-Range WeatherForecasts (ECMWF) three-dimensional isentropicmodel

[31]

LAGRANTOmodel [32]COSMO TRAJ [33]CAABAMJT model [34]COBRA [35]Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport(STILT) model [36]

applied in most of the studies [27 37ndash41] The model hasbeen developed by NASA Besides airmass trajectories themodel also computes dispersion and disposition simulationsVery recently HYSPLIT model has been upgraded HoweverFLEXTRA model has also been used by various workersworldwide [3 14 15] Recently web based system calledREADY (real-time environmental applications and display)system is developed by the Air Resources Laboratory (ARL)READY is also being used to run trajectory and dispersionmodel accessing and displaying meteorological data Simul-taneous application of dispersion models graphical displayprograms and textual forecast programs makes this systemvery useful for atmospheric scientists

15 Applications of Trajectories In the beginning trajectorieswere used to find out the source region and transportprocesses of air pollution but with the advancement ofknowledge trajectories are found to be useful to addressvarious aspects related to atmosphere and environment asshown in Figure 1 Trajectories are applied in various fieldssuch as climatology [42] meteorology [43] transport ofpollutants [9 14 44 45] residence time analysis [46] airquality [47 48] source apportionment [49 50] aerosolmeasurements [51ndash53] precipitation chemistry [54 55] andpolicies [56]

Tarasick and coworkers have used backward and forwardtrajectories to produce ozone maps using North Ameri-can ozonesonde data linking it to the grid points of thetrajectory pathways [57] This approach was found to be

Advances in Meteorology 3

Applicationsof

trajectories

Climate science

Meteorology

Transport

Policy Source apportionment

Residence timeanalysis

Aerosols andprecipitation

measurements

Air quality

Figure 1 Applications of airmass trajectories in various fields

very successful in providing trajectory mapped ozone valueshaving reasonable agreement with the actual soundingsTrajectories have been used to isolate periods of stratosphere-troposphere (S-T) exchange at several rural sites in theUnitedStates by Lefohn and coworkers [58] Trajectory models havebeen used to study circulation of pollutants [59] includingdust storm trajectory simulations Ashrafi and coworkersattempted such simulations over Iran using dust module ofHYSPLIT model which is primarily based on the PM

10dust

emissions for desert areas [60] According to their findingsdust motion simulations obtained from the model weresimilar to the MODIS images

16 Trajectories and Air Pollution Transport in South AsiaA number of studies have been reported on air pollutiontransport using airmass trajectories in South Asia Table 2gives the list of most of the studies on airmass trajectorycalculations to demonstrate transboundary and long rangetransport of air pollution in South Asian countries Becauseof large volume of work reported on various aspects oftrajectories it is not possible to describe all these studiesin this review However we have tried to highlight majorpathways of air pollution transport and their wet depositionin South Asian region by describing few important studies invarious parts of South Asian region

161 Bangladesh Transboundary air pollution in SouthAsian countries namely Bangladesh India Pakistan andSri Lanka has been reported by Brumer to find out thesource areas that are primarily responsible for the transportof pollutants [22] During this study simultaneous samplingof particulate matter using similar methodology was carriedout in Bangladesh India Pakistan and Sri Lanka Accordingto their report BC rich smoke is contributed by agriculturalwaste burning sources located mainly in Northern India(Figure 2) Fine soil is contributed by the dust storms due towhich particulate matter levels are enhanced in the air Basedupon the trajectories they observed that long range transportof the desert dust from Oman through the Gulf and Iran istransported to Pakistan and other South Asian countries

Saadat and coworkers reported that transboundary trans-port of pollutants has significant impact on air quality ofBangladesh due to the industrial activities of neighboring

countries India and China [39] The levels of SO119909and NO

119909

were recorded to be higher whenever airmass movement wasnoticed through India (North andNorthWest) However thelevels of these gases were recorded significantly to be lowerwhen the airmasses passed through India but spent enoughtime over Bay of Bengal Using HySPLIT model and 10-daybackward trajectories Iqbal andOanh observed thatmajorityof airmasses arriving to Bangladesh were originated from thewest [62] However according to their inventory report 70of SO

2emissions in Dhaka division were attributed to local

brick kilns

162 Indian Ocean There are a very limited number ofwet deposition studies using trajectories which have beenreported over Indian Ocean However studies on aerosoltransport over Indian Ocean have been reported by sev-eral workers (Table 2) Granat and coworkers (2002) havereported rainwater chemistry in Indian Ocean region duringthe Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) campaign heldin JanuaryndashMarch 1999 [54] Samples collected onboardthe research vessels Ronald H Brown and Sagar Kanyawere analyzed for major ions and some trace metals Theycalculated air trajectories arriving at the location of the ship(at 950 ha) with the McGrath trajectory model using windand mass fields from ECMWF Five patterns of trajectoriesaround the Indian Ocean have been reported in this paperAirmass trajectories analysis (Figure 3) revealed that veryhigh concentrations of non-seasalt SO

4

2minus NO3

minus NH4

+ nss-K+ and non-seasalt Ca2+ in rainwater over the Indian Oceanwere due to the influence of pollution and soil sources inAsia

Long range transport of dust and other pollutants overIndian Ocean has been reported by couple of workers Mostof these studies have been part of INDOEX and focusedupon the aerosol optical depth (AOD) or the monsooncirculations Krishnamurti and coworkers have reported thepossibility of long range transport of dust from ArabianDesert to the central Indian Ocean region with a transit timeof 2-3 days [66] Li and Ramanathan presumed that longrange transport of dust from the Horns of Africa over theArabian Sea and mid tropospheric transport of dust fromthe Arabian Peninsula can affect the summer monsoon andcan lead to higher aerosol loadings in south of the equator[65] According to them long range transports of emissionsfrom Indonesia forest fires in 1997 were responsible forincrease in AODs over most of the equatorial Indian OceanVerma and coworkers have used a hybrid approach to findout the pathways of pollutant transport over Indian Oceanduring Intensive Field Phase of INDOEX during JanuaryndashMarch 1999 [67] They used an Eulerian forward transportcalculation in a general circulation model (GCM) withregion-tagged emissions alongwith an analysis of Lagrangianback trajectories and emission inventory for overlappingtime periods They found that during the early part of thecruise when ship was moving over Indian Ocean airmassesfrom the Indo-Gangetic Plain Central India or South Indiatransported sulphate aerosols and organic matter over toIndian Ocean But during late Februaryndashearly March whenship was moving in the Arabian Sea dust species dominated

4 Advances in Meteorology

Mumbai (yellow dots

W E

S

N

Colombo (black dots at

at 500m)

1000m and blue at 300m)

Dhaka (green dots at 1000mand red dots at 500m)

Islamabad (orange dots at 1000mand brown dots at 500m)

Figure 2 Air parcel back trajectories showing the likely source areas for smoke in India Bangladesh Pakistan and Sri Lanka [38]

25

10

15

20

10

15

20

25

5

0

40 60 65 70 75 80 85 9045 50 55

5Latit

ude

034026

274349021718041837

268266021908386369043338

1513484

0411069

010512

020312

119973

Longitude

Figure 3 Measured concentration (120583moldmminus3) of nss-Ca2+ NH4

+and nss-SO

4

2minus and associated 10-day backwards trajectories for eachrain sample dots show the point of sample collection along thecruise tracks of ships during INDOEX 1999 [54]

which were transported by the airmasses from Africa WestAsia or Northwest India

Generally higher pollution is reported in the north ofequator in Indian Ocean [54] as most of the emission sourcesare located in northern hemisphere Relatively pristine atmo-sphere is observed in Southern Indian Ocean due to negligi-ble human perturbations However the search operation formissing Malaysian airlines flight MH 370 is expected to emitlarge amount of aerosols and gaseous pollutants in SouthernIndian Ocean due to fuel burning by a number of searchingaircrafts and ships More than a month long operationhad used around 20 aircrafts and 20 ships According toBBC (httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-asia-26514556) thishas been the largest search operation which covered768million sq km area which is equivalent to 11 of theIndian Ocean and 15 of the surface of the Earth Inthis relation the calculations of airmass trajectories can be

of great help to find out the pathways of transport of airpollutants in Southern Indian Ocean Scavenging of variousaerosols and gaseous pollutants can modify the clouds insouth of intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) which canfurther affect monsoon process

163 Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea Deposition of acidiccomponents has been reported over Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea by Reddy and coworkers [52] This study wascarried out during Integrated Campaign on Aerosol andtrace gas Radiative Forcing (ICARB) They observed thatthe air over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea was influencedby the airmasses coming from four sectors (i) passingthrough Indian land (ii) from IndianOcean region (iii) formNorthernArabian Sea andMiddle East and (iv) fromAfricancontinent Figure 4 shows the origin of airmasses reachingvarious cruise points over Bay of Bengal andArabian SeaThehighest nss-SO

4

2minus was observed during airmasses comingfrom the Indian land while the lowest concentrations wereobserved when the airmasses were coming from oceanicregion However total fluxes of pollutants contributed by theairmasses of different direction are not estimated in any of thestudies reported in this region

164 Maldives Most of the studies reported from Maldivesare part of Atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC) project asMCOH Climate Observatory is located at HanimaadhooIsland Transport of pollutants up to MCOH has beenreported by Das and coworkers [68] They have used airmasstrajectories to interpret the water soluble inorganic compo-nents in rain deposited at MCOH to find out seasonality andpossible source regions The concentrations of non-seasaltSO4

2minus NH4

+ and NO3

minus were observed to be higher by afactor of 4 when airmasses arrived from India as comparedto the marine airmasses Such effect resulted in very low pHof rainwater (47) which was significantly lower than the pHvalues (60) contributed by the marine airmasses Figure 5shows the trajectories arriving at MCOH (Hanimaadhoo)

Advances in Meteorology 5

Table 2 Summary of trajectory studies reported in South Asia

Location Countryregion Latitude and longitude Trajectory model used Components measured References

Arabian Sea Arabian Sea 90∘N to 22∘N58∘E to 773∘E

CGER METEXprogramme

Major ions (PM10aerosols) [52]

INDOEX Arabian Sea andIndian Ocean Multiple points Wind data (NCEP) AOD [61]

Dhaka (AECD) Bangladesh 2373∘N 9040∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Sathkhira Bangladesh 22181015840N 89021015840E HYSPLIT SOx NOx [39]

Dhaka Bangladesh 2373∘N 9040∘E HYSPLIT SOx NOx CONMVOC and PM [62]

Bay of Bengal Bay of Bengal 205∘N to 56∘N804∘E to 934∘E

CGER METEXprogramme

Major ions (PM10aerosols) [52]

Navi Mumbai India 1907∘N 7297∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Hudegade Western Ghats India 1436∘N 7454∘E HYSPLIT Major ions (rain) [55]Sinhagad India 18∘211015840N 73∘451015840E HYSPLIT Major ions (cloud water) [41]Sinhagad India 18∘211015840N 73∘451015840E HYSPLIT Major ions (rain water) [40]

Sinhagad India 18∘211015840N-73∘451015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Pune India 18∘321015840N-73∘511015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Goa India 15∘451015840N- 73∘851015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Bhubaneshwar India 20∘151015840N-85∘521015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Manali India 3231∘N 7720∘E HYSPLIT pH and major ions(snowfall) [64]

Anantpur India 1462∘N 7765∘E HYSPLIT O3 [37]

INDOEX Indian Ocean 30∘N to sim35∘S 40∘E tosim100∘E)

No (wind data fromNCEPNCAR) AOD [65]

INDOEX Indian Ocean Multiple points No AOD [66]

INDOEX Indian Ocean Multiple points McGrath model withECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [54]

INDOEX Indian Ocean 20∘S to 172∘N and 575∘Eto 77∘E

HYSPLIT (hybridapproach) BC sulphate (aerosol) [67]

MCOH Maldives 6∘461015840N and 73∘111015840E HYSPLIT pH and major ions (rainwater) [68]

Nilore Pakistan 3337∘N 7306∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Multiple sites Pakistan Multiple points HYSPLIT AOD [69]Colombo Sri Lanka 6933∘N 79833∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Delhi India 2838∘N 7712∘E HYSPIT Rain chemistry [70]New Delhi India 286∘N 772∘E HYSPLIT AOD [71]

165 Nepal Trajectory analysis for wet deposition in Nepalhas not been reported However according to MISU datacollected for rain chemistry at ABC observational siteGodavari indicated that airmasses from sectors are receivedat the observatory These included (i) from Arabian Seapassing over India (ii) from Bay of Bengal passing throughBangladesh (iii) from Middle East and (iv) from Europe[67] Sometimes airmasses were coming from SoutheastAsia through Myanmar Bangladesh and India Howeverour recent observations on snow chemistry at Manali inHimachal Pradesh revealed that airmasses coming fromNepal were found to be responsible for air pollution transport

to India Such trajectories have been discussed in the lastsection of this paper

166 India India has the highest landmass population andnatural resources aswell as the largest industrial setup amongall the South Asian countries Hence it can be termed asthe biggest pollution exporter to the nearby countries andoceanic regions At the same time India imports huge amountof pollution through long range transport from EuropeMiddle East Africa Indian Ocean and nearby countriesHowever the amount of such import and export of pollution

6 Advances in Meteorology

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

50 70 75 80 85 90 95 10055 60 65Longitude (∘E)

Latit

ude (

∘N

)

Figure 4 Airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Seaduring ICARB [52]

from different sectors has not been estimated due to absenceof regional emission regulatory body 1979 Geneva Conven-tion on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)is one such ideal example which aims to limit and as far aspossible gradually reduce and prevent air pollution includinglong-range transboundary air pollution by each participatingcountry [72] CLRTAP has 51 parties so far

Most of the studies given in Table 2 have reported theorigin of airmasses and the type of pollutants contributed bythese airmasses The reported information using trajectoriesis highly useful in order to understand the sources and path-ways of pollution transport to various sites in India Satya-narayana and co-workers noticed that the long range trans-port of pollution from various sectors significantly affectedthe pH and chemistry of rain water at Hudegadde a rural sitelocated in an ecological sensitive area of Western Ghats [55]They observed that Hudegade received the airmasses fromfive different sectors namely central part of Indian OceanNorthwest Indian Ocean Southwest Indian Ocean and Gulfand airmasses passing through Northwest Indian Ocean andsouth continental part of India Airmass trajectory analysissuggested a significant influence of local and intercontinentalanthropogenic and natural sources Sources located in theAfrican and Gulf regions had influenced the acidity at thesite They found that urban activities located in southwest ofIndian continent (north of sampling site) and the sources inGulf region were responsible for acid rain in Western Ghats(Table 3)

Chemical composition of precipitation during differenttrajectory classes has been reported by Norman and cowork-ers (2001) at Bhubaneshwer Goa Sinhagad and Pune [63]They compared the rain chemistry results with trajectoriesand precipitation fields As shown in Table 4 a systematicchange in chemical composition and pH of rain water wasnoticed in accordance with the origin of airmasses and theamount of rainfall along the trajectory Bhubaneswar which islocated in Eastern India received airmasses fromArabian SeaBay of Bengal and continental sources Different trajectoriesarriving to Bhubaneshwar have been shown in Figure 6

Table 3 Concentrations (120583eq Lminus1) of major ions in different air-masses at the site (source [55])

CIO NWIO SWIO Gulf NWIO + SWICClminus 12 40 64 03 03NO3

minus 4 29 9 11 13nss SO

4

2minus 11 35 35 12 16Na+ 16 45 59 7 3NH4

+ 5 28 2 2 4K+ 5 3 9 16 2nss Ca2+ 38 71 68 21 3CIO Central Indian Ocean NWIO Northwest Indian Ocean SWIOSouthwest Indian Ocean NWIO + SWIC Northwest Indian Ocean +Southwest Indian Continent

From West India most of wet deposition studies havebeen reported for Pune region Using airmass trajectoriesBegum and coworkers (2011) observed that the long rangeof transport of air pollutants and dust was responsible forelevated levels of selected ions in cloud water at Sinhagadwhich is a high altitude side near Pune [38] In anotherstudy at Sinhagad Reddy and coworkers (2010) observedthat monsoon and postmonsoon airmasses had their originfrom different directions affecting rain chemistry accord-ingly [37] As shown in Figure 7 during monsoon seasonair moved from African region But during postmonsoonseason air parcel is seen originating from Middle East andEurope travelling through North India and finally reachingSinhagad Authors have reported that due to this reason theconcentrations of NO

3

minus NH4

+ nss-SO4

2minus and nss-K+ wereobserved to be higher in postmonsoon samples as comparedto monsoon samples

167 Long Range Transport up to Western Himalayan RangesIn order to observe the airmass movement in North Indiaup to the Western Himalaya we carried out snow chemistrystudy coupled with trajectory analysis In our study thesamples of snowfall were collected at a high altitude siteKothi (3231∘N 7720∘E) located in Kullu district of HimachalPradesh state of India which were processed for chemicalanalysis Five-day back trajectories at 5000m altitude werecalculated for these samples using HYSPLIT model fromNOAA [27] Airmass trajectories revealed that Kothi wasreceiving snowfall through the airmasses originating from sixmajor sectors which are termed as (1) North Atlantic Oceanorigin (NAO) (2) African origin (Af) (3) Middle East origin(ME) (4) European origin (Eu) (5) West India origin (WI)and (6) Nepal origin (Np) Figures 8(a)ndash8(f) show typicalexamples of these trajectories

North Atlantic Ocean Origin (NAO) Airmasses originat-ing from North Atlantic Ocean and passing over Europeto Afghanistan to Jammu and Kashmir and reaching thesampling site that is Kothi have been referred to as NAO(Figure 8(a)) This cluster represented the highest number ofevents (40)

African Origin (Af) Airmasses originating from Africancontinent and passing over Middle EastGulf to Pakistan

Advances in Meteorology 7

(a) Marine (b) Arabian Sea

(c) Indian (d) Mixed

Figure 5 Classification of trajectories arriving at MCOH (a) Marine (b) Arabian Sea (c) Indian and (d) mixed [68]

Table 4 Median concentrations (mmol Lminus1) in rain samples at Bhubaneswar for different trajectory groups and frequency of rain along thetrajectory ([63])

Sample group pH Na+ NH4

+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Clminus NO3

minus SO4

2minus nss-SO4

2minus Ca2+Na+ Number of samplesHigh rain frequency

C 548 63 222 12 13 31 65 94 68 65 066 18CL 484 282 735 94 69 281 347 538 37 353 079 2B 554 61 91 05 07 15 75 25 31 28 025 14M 582 119 207 11 116 72 126 109 89 67 053 23

Low rain frequencyC 561 169 447 37 38 105 23 29 212 196 058 21CL 503 182 526 45 5 284 20 44 402 391 233 2B 528 318 813 79 63 177 345 49 367 358 08 6M 577 124 113 06 24 5 145 94 92 84 056 8Note (a) continental (C) (b) continental local (CL) (c) monsoon (M) and (d) Bay of Bengal (B)

before reaching the sampling site have been termed as AfThis cluster represented 23 of snowfall events Figure 8(b)is a typical example of such airmasses

Middle East Origin (ME) Airmasses originating fromMiddleEast and reaching the sampling site via Pakistan andHaryanahave been termed as ME This group represented 10 of thetotal snowfall events Figure 8(c) is a typical example of MEairmasses

European Origin (Eu) Airmasses originating fromcontinental Europe and reaching the sampling site viaAfghanistan and Jammu and Kashmir have been referredto as Eu This class represented the least number (6) ofsnowfall events Figure 8(d) is a typical example of suchairmasses

Western India Origin (InW) Airmasses originating in West-ern India in the state of Rajasthan and transported over

8 Advances in Meteorology

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(a) Continental

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(b) Continental Local

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(c) Monsoon

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(d) Bay of Bengal

Figure 6 Trajectories to Bhubaneswar sorted into different trajectory groups during January 1997ndashOctober 1998 (a) Continental (C) (b)continental local (CL) (c) monsoon (M) and (d) Bay of Bengal (B) [63]

Punjab and Haryana and finally reaching the sampling sitehave been termed as InW This group represented 13 of thetotal snowfall events Figure 8(e) is a typical example of thistype of airmasses

Nepal Origin (Np) Airmasses originating from Nepal sidereaching the sampling site via Uttarakhand have been cat-egorized as Np This cluster represented the second lowestnumber of events (8) Figure 8(f) is a typical example of thistype of airmasses

In general pHof the samples varied from475 to 698withan average value of 569 indicating slight alkaline nature ofsnow samples Slight alkaline precipitation has been reportedat higher altitude in Indian region [40 41 73ndash75] Figure 9shows the percent frequency distribution of pH of snowfallsamples Maximum number of samples had pH between621 and 660 (29) followed by a range of 581ndash620 (25)661ndash700 (17) 541ndash580 (17) 461ndash500 (10) and 501ndash540 (4) The high pH (pH gt 56) has been reported in

global precipitation samples due to the influence of soilderived particulate matter [40 68 76ndash80] Out of total83 of samples showed pH of snow above 56 while 17of samples only were found to be acidic at Kothi Acidicsnow samples were found at this site in airmasses originatedfrom Middle East Countries and Europe mainly Acidic pHhas been reported in precipitation samples in airmassesoriginated from Europe [80] and Gulf countries [55] 43of rain samples were observed to be acidic in nature at statebotanical garden in Bhubaneswar India [81] 18 occurrenceof acid rain has been reported at Delhi India [76] pH valueranged between 398 and 801 with 20 acidic precipitationsamples having been reported at Montseny in NortheastSpain Europe [80] Out of total precipitation samples 21 ofsamples were found to be acidic in nature at Sinhagad PuneIndia [82] 793 of the total precipitation has a pH value lessthan 56 at Jinhua in Southeastern Chinarsquos province [83]

Table 5 gives average concentration of chemical speciesin snowfall samples On average equivalent concentration ofionic species followed the following order Ca2+ gt Clminus gt

Advances in Meteorology 9

030 9080706040 50 100

Mumbai

10

20

30

40

110

Sinhagad

1400m

(a)

Mumbai Sinhagad

030 9080706040 50 100

10

20

30

40

110

1400m

(b)

Figure 7 Seven-day back trajectories at Sinhagad during the (a) monsoon and (b) postmonsoon seasons of 2005 [40]

Table 5 Descriptive statistics of pH and major ions (120583eq Lminus1) in snowmelt

pH Na+ NH4

+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Fminus Clminus NO3

minus SO4

2minus HCO3

minus

Average 569 4369 1846 1084 4713 1704 302 4599 1742 2745 2740sd 06 235 108 57 211 79 23 253 73 83 177Min 475 751 423 299 1765 010 008 1075 543 1195 172Max 698 9356 3941 2155 9644 3531 702 10651 3111 4673 7191

Na+ gt SO4

2minusgt HCO

3

minusgt NH

4

+gt NO

3

minusgt Mg2+ gt K+ gt

Fminus Very high concentration of Ca2+ among all ions at this siteindicated the crustal dominance in snowfall samples at KothiThe average concentration of Ca2+ was compared with othersof snow and found to be higher than Mount Everest [84]Mt LoganMassif [85] Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] but lowerthan Yulong snow Mt [87] and Tien Shan [88] In Indianregion many researchers have reported high concentrationof Ca due to suspended soil dust in precipitation samples[76 89 90] Since the site is situated at high altitude withless eroded soil [73] Ca2+ is not expected to be contributedby local soil significantly As discussed above in the samesection the contribution of transported dust from Africanregion West India and Nepal was significantly high at thissite Very high concentration of SO

4

2minus and NO3

minus might bedue to its transport through Af ME InW and Np airmassesThe concentration of SO

4

2minus in snow samples at this site waslower than surfacefresh snow samples of Yulong snow Mt[91] ice core samples of Dasuopu [92] and East Rongbuk[93] but lower than snow samples of Mt Everest [84]Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] andMt LoganMassif [85] Verysimilar range of concentration of SO

4

2minus has been reportedby many workers in global precipitation due to fossil fuelcombustion mainly [55 73 80 82 89] NO

3

minus concentrationwas found to be very high which might be due to transportof NO

119909NO3

minus from various airmasses as discussed above inthe same section Some contribution of NO

3

minus from biomassburning during winter season to produce heat by local peoplecannot be ruled out After Ca2+ very high concentration ofClminus and Na+ among all ions indicated strong influences ofmarine components at this site and it is very clear from theabove discussionThe high concentration of NH

4in snowfall

samplesmight be due to its transport fromAfrican continents

andNepalmainly Similarly high concentration ofKmight bedue to its transport of airmasses fromAf InW andNpmainly

2 Conclusion

Presently computation of trajectories is highly advancedMultiple and 3D trajectories are possible with numerousadditional features which make computation of backwardforward and vertical motion very simple However thereare uncertainties associated with the calculated trajectoriesand hence precaution of such errors is necessary for theirmeaningful interpretation Nevertheless the airmass trajec-tories are powerful tools for tracing pollution sources andthe routes of transport Transboundary pollution is becominga serious issue in South Asia Transport of pollutants fromnearby countries as well as from far Europe Middle East andAfrican continental regions to South Asia needs immediateattention of scientists and policymakers Studies indicate thatthe net import and export of pollutants vary depending uponthe season as the origin and path of airmasses change duringdifferent seasons and so the deposition load of different typesof pollutants at the receptor sites Hence similar to CLRTAPSouth Asian region also needs to develop a network to moni-tor the nature and type of pollutants and their quantificationof annual import and export followed by appropriate meth-ods of assessment in relation to damage to human healthforests and various agroecosystems Airmass trajectoriesrevealed that acidic pollutants from Europe and Middle Eastregions are deposited up to the remote Himalayan rangesvia long range transport Trajectory calculations providedvery vital information about the continental transportedemissions which were responsible for the elevated level of

10 Advances in Meteorology

Backward trajectory ending at 1900UTC 11 Dec 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

8500

500000

7500

6500

5500

4500

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 1209 1208 1207Job ID 181404 Job start Sat Apr 19 181031 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(a) pH = 635 (NAO)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 23 Feb 13NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

0223 0222 0221 0220 0219Job ID 181272 Job start Sat Apr 19 180654 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

500045004000350030002500200015001000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(b) pH = 572 (Af)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 2300UTC 13 Dec 12

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 12091213 1212Job ID 181119 Job start Sat Apr 19 180315 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

4000

3000

2000

1000

5000Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(c) pH = 496 (ME)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 29 Nov 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological dataM

eter

s AG

L

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 181330 Job start Sat Apr 19 180856 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 29 Nov 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

1129 1128 1127 1126 1125

5000

65005500450035002500

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(d) pH = 548 (Eu)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 24 Mar 13

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 182048 Job start Sat Apr 19 182929 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Mar 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0324 0323 0322 0321 0320

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(e) pH = 673 (InW)

NOAA HYSPLIT modelBackward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 26 Feb 13

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 180918 Job start Sat Apr 19 175935 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 1 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

0206 0205 0204 0203 0202

3000

2000

1000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(f) pH = 601 (Np)

Figure 8 Typical examples of six different airmass trajectories arriving at the site NAO = North Atlantic Ocean origin Af = African originME = Middle East origin Eu = European origin (Eu) InW =Western India origin and Np = Nepal origin

Advances in Meteorology 11

10

4

17

2529

15

05

101520253035

pH range

Freq

uenc

y (

)

461

ndash500

501

ndash540

541

ndash580

581

ndash620

621

ndash660

661

ndash700

Figure 9 Percent frequency distribution of pH of snowmelt forwhole dataset

acidity of rain water at an ecosensitive site in Western Ghatsin Southwest India

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

Support of DST-PURSE and UGC India is gratefullyacknowledged

References

[1] J A DuttonThe Ceaseless Wind An Introduction to the Theoryof Atmospheric Motion Dover New York NY USA 1986

[2] H R Byers General Meteorology McGraw-Hill New YorkUSA 4th edition 1974

[3] D JThomson and J DWilsonHistory of Lagrangian StochasticModels for Turbulent Dispersion Langrangian Model of theAtmosphere Geographical Monograph Series 200 AmericanGeophhysical union 2012

[4] K J Davis D H Lenschow S P Oncley et al ldquoRole ofentrainment in surface-atmosphere interactions over the borealforestrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D vol 102 no 24 pp29219ndash29230 1997

[5] P Seibert ldquoInverse modelling with a lagrangian particle dis-persion model application to point releases over limited timeintervals in air pollution modeling and its applicationrdquo Journalof Applied Meteorology vol 14 pp 381ndash389 2004

[6] A Eliassen J Saltbones F Stordal O Hov and I S A IsaksenldquoA Lagrangian long-range transport model with atmosphericboundary layer chemistryrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 11 pp 1645ndash1661 1982

[7] D Simpson ldquoPhotochemical model calculations over Europefor two extended summer periods 1985 and 1989 Model resultsand comparison with observationsrdquo Atmospheric EnvironmentA vol 27 no 6 pp 921ndash943 1993

[8] S Petterssen ldquoWeather analysis and forecastingrdquo pp 221ndash2231940

[9] E F Danielsen and R Bleck ldquoResearch in four-dimensionaldiagnosis of cyclonic stormcloud systemrdquoAFCRLRep 67ndash0617BedfordMass USA 1967 Available as NTIS AD-670 847 fromNational Technical Information Service Springfield Va USA

[10] H Rodhe ldquoA study of the sulfur budget for the atmosphere overNorthern Europerdquo Tellus vol 24 pp 128ndash138 1972

[11] T D Fox and J D Ludwick ldquoLead (Pb) concentrations associ-ated with 1000-MB geostrophic back trajectories at QuillayuteWashingtonrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 10 no 10 pp 799ndash803 1976

[12] L L AshbaughW CMalm andW Z Sadeh ldquoA residence timeprobability analysis of sulfur concentrations at Grand CanyonNational Parkrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 19 no 8 pp1263ndash1270 1985

[13] A V Polissar P K Hopke P Paatero et al ldquoThe aerosolat Barrow Alaska long-term trends and source locationsrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 33 no 16 pp 2441ndash2458 1999

[14] A Stohl ldquoComputation accuracy and applications oftrajectoriesmdasha review and bibliographyrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 32 no 6 pp 947ndash966 1998

[15] Z L Fleming P S Monks and A J Manning ldquoReviewuntangling the influence of air-mass history in interpretingobserved atmospheric compositionrdquoAtmospheric Research vol104-105 pp 1ndash39 2012

[16] B F Taubman J C Hains A M Thompson et al ldquoAircraftvertical profiles of trace gas and aerosol pollution over themid-Atlantic United States Statistics andmeteorological clusteranalysisrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol111 no 10 2006

[17] M Cabello J A G Orza V Galiano and G Ruiz ldquoInfluenceof meteorological input data on backtrajectory cluster analysisa seven-year study for southeastern Spainrdquo Advances in Scienceand Research vol 2 pp 65ndash70 2008

[18] S Pettersen Weather Analysis and Forecasting Motion andMotion Systems vol 1 McGraw-Hill 1956

[19] J D Kahl ldquoA cautionary note on the use of air trajectoriesin interpreting atmospheric chemistry measurementsrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 27 no 17-18 pp 3037ndash3038 1993

[20] P Seibert ldquoConvergence and accuracy of numerical methodsfor trajectory calculationsrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol32 no 3 pp 558ndash566 1993

[21] E Isaacson andH B KellerAnalysis of Numerical Methods vol541 John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 1966

[22] P Brumer ldquoStability concepts in the numerical solution ofclassical atomic and molecular scattering problemsrdquo Journal ofComputational Physics vol 14 pp 391ndash419 1974

[23] J T Merrill ldquoIsentropic air-flow probability analysisrdquo Journalof Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 99 pp 25881ndash258891994

[24] A Stohl G Wotawa P Seibert and H Kromp-Kolb ldquoInterpo-lation errors in wind fields as a function of spatial and temporalresolution and their impact on different types of kinematictrajectoriesrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol 34 no 10 pp2149ndash2165 1995

[25] A Virkkula M Aurela R Hillamo et al ldquoChemical compo-sition of atmospheric aerosol in the European subarctic con-tribution of the Kola Peninsula smelter areas central Europeand the Arctic Oceanrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 104 no 19 pp 23681ndash23696 1999

[26] J N Cape J Methven and L E Hudson ldquoThe use of trajectorycluster analysis to interpret trace gas measurements at Mace

12 Advances in Meteorology

Head Irelandrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 22 pp3651ndash3663 2000

[27] R R Draxler and G D Rolph ldquoHYSPLIT ( HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model NOAAAir Resources Laboratoryrdquo Silver Spring Md USA 2003httpreadyarlnoaagovHYSPLITphp

[28] P Pochanart H Akimoto Y Kajii V M Potemkin and T VKhodzher ldquoRegional background ozone and carbon monoxidevariations nin remote SiberiaEast Asiardquo Journal of GeophysicalResearch D Atmospheres vol 108 no 1 pp 1ndash18 2003

[29] B A Schichtel K A Gebhart M G Barna and W C MalmldquoAssociation of airmass transport patterns and particulate sulfurconcentrations at Big Bend National Park Texasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 40 no 5 pp 992ndash1006 2006

[30] A W Delcloo and H de Backer ldquoFive day 3D back trajectoryclusters and trends analysis of the Uccle ozone soundingtime series in the lower troposphere (1969ndash2001)rdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 42 no 19 pp 4419ndash4432 2008

[31] G Dogan G Gullu and G Tuncel ldquoSources and source regionseffecting the aerosol composition of the Eastern Mediter-raneanrdquoMicrochemical Journal vol 88 no 2 pp 142ndash149 2008

[32] O A Tarasova I A Senik M G Sosonkin J Cui J Staehelinand A S H Prevot ldquoSurface ozone at the Caucasian siteKislovodsk High Mountain Station and the Swiss Alpine siteJungfraujoch data analysis and trends (1990ndash2006)rdquo Atmo-spheric Chemistry and Physics vol 9 no 12 pp 4157ndash4175 2009

[33] httplagrangeempachlm trajhtml[34] H Riede P Jockel and R Sander ldquoQuantifying atmospheric

transport chemistry and mixing using a new trajectory-boxmodel and a global atmospheric-chemistry GCMrdquo GeoscienceModel Development vol 2 pp 267ndash280 2009

[35] R P Shadbolt E A Waller J P Messina and J A WinklerldquoSource regions of lower-tropospheric airflow trajectories forthe lower peninsula of Michigan a 40-year air mass climatol-ogyrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 111no 21 Article ID D21117 2006

[36] A Riccio G Giunta and E Chianese ldquoThe application ofa trajectory classification procedure to interpret air pollutionmeasurements in the urban area of Naples (Southern Italy)rdquoScience of the Total Environment vol 376 no 1ndash3 pp 198ndash2142007

[37] B S K Reddy K R Kumar G Balakrishnaiah et al ldquoObserva-tional studies on the variations in surface ozone concentrationat Anantapur in southern Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 98no 1 pp 125ndash139 2010

[38] B A Begum S K Biswas G G Pandit et al ldquoLong-rangetransport of soil dust and smoke pollution in the South AsianregionrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 2 pp 151ndash1572011

[39] A H M Saadat Md M Rahman S M K Hasan and A TM Jahangir Alam ldquoTravelling and source point identificationof some transboundary air pollutants by trajectory analysis inSathkhira Bangladeshrdquo Canadian Chemical Transactions vol1 no 1 pp 56ndash65 2013

[40] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ah ldquoChemistryofmonsoon and post-monsoon rains at a high altitude locationSinhagad Indiardquo Aerosol and Air Quality Research vol 9 no 1pp 65ndash79 2009

[41] K B Budhavant P S P Rao PD Safai LGranat andHRodheldquoChemical composition of the inorganic fraction of cloud-water at a high altitude station in West Indiardquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 88 pp 59ndash65 2014

[42] R R Draxler andA D Taylor ldquoHorizontal parameters for long-range transport modelingrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 3 pp 367ndash372 1982

[43] J C Lin C Gerbig S CWofsy et al ldquoMeasuring fluxes of tracegases at regional scales by Lagrangian observations applicationto the CO

2Budget and Rectification Airborne (COBRA) studyrdquo

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 109 no D152004

[44] D Wen J C Lin D B Millet A F Stein and R R DraxlerldquoA backward-time stochastic Lagrangian air quality modelrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 54 pp 373ndash386 2012

[45] J L Moody J A Galusky and J N Galloway ldquoThe use ofatmospheric transport pattern recognition techniques in under-standing variation in precipitation chemistryrdquo in AtmosphericDeposition (Proceedings of the Baltimore SymposiumMay 1989)IAHS Publ No 179 May 1989

[46] M Escudero A F Stein R R Draxler et al ldquoSource appor-tionment for African dust outbreaks over theWestern Mediter-ranean using the HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmospheric Research vol99 no 3-4 pp 518ndash527 2011

[47] J Baker ldquoA cluster analysis of long range air transport pathwaysand associated pollutant concentrations within the UKrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 44 no 4 pp 563ndash571 2010

[48] K A Gebhart B A Schichtel W C Malm M G Barna MA Rodriguez and J L Collett ldquoBack-trajectory-based sourceapportionment of airborne sulfur and nitrogen concentrationsat Rocky Mountain National Park Colorado USArdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 3 pp 621ndash633 2011

[49] B de Foy M Zavala N Bei and L T Molina ldquoEvaluationof WRF mesoscale simulations and particle trajectory analysisfor the MILAGRO field campaignrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 13 pp 4419ndash4438 2009

[50] R M Harrison J L Grenfell J D Peak et al ldquoInfluence of air-mass back trajectory upon nitrogen compound compositionrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 34 no 10 pp 1519ndash1527 2000

[51] TW Chan andMMozurkewich ldquoApplication of absolute prin-cipal component analysis to size distribution data identificationof particle originsrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics vol 7no 3 pp 887ndash897 2007

[52] L A K Reddy U C Kulshrestha J Satyanarayana M JKulshrestha and K K Moorthy ldquoChemical characteristics ofPM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea during ICARBrdquo Journal of Earth System Sciencevol 117 no 1 pp 345ndash352 2008

[53] P Salvador B Artınano X Querol and A Alastuey ldquoA com-bined analysis of backward trajectories and aerosol chemistryto characterise long-range transport episodes of particulatematter the Madrid air basin a case studyrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 390 no 2-3 pp 495ndash506 2008

[54] L Granat M Norman C Leck U C Kulshrestha andH Rodhe ldquoWet scavenging of sulfur compounds and otherconstituents during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)rdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 19article 8025 2002

[55] J Satyanarayana L A K Reddy M J Kulshrestha R N RaoandUC Kulshrestha ldquoChemical composition of rainwater andinfluence of airmass trajectories at a rural site in an ecologicalsensitive area of Western Ghats (India)rdquo Journal of AtmosphericChemistry vol 66 no 3 pp 101ndash116 2010

[56] A Dvorska G Lammel and I Holoubek ldquoRecent trendsof persistent organic pollutants in air in central Europemdashair

Advances in Meteorology 13

monitoring in combination with air mass trajectory statisticsas a tool to study the effectivity of regional chemical policyrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 43 no 6 pp 1280ndash1287 2009

[57] D W Tarasick J J Jin V E Fioletov et al ldquoHigh-resolutiontropospheric ozone fields for INTEX and ARCTAS from IONSozonesondesrdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchD vol 115 no 20Article ID D20301 2010

[58] A S Lefohn HWernli D Shadwick S Limbach S J OltmansandM Shapiro ldquoThe importance of stratospheric-tropospherictransport in affecting surface ozone concentrations in theWestern and Northern tier of the United Statesrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 45 no 28 pp 4845ndash4857 2011

[59] P D Tyson M Garstang R J Swap E V Browell R DDiab and A M Thompson ldquoTransport and Vertical structureof ozone and aerosol distributions over southern Africardquo inBiomass Burning and Global Change J S Levine Ed pp 403ndash421 MIT Press Cambridge UK 1996

[60] K AshrafiM Shafiepour-Motlagh A Aslemand and S GhadeldquoDust storm simulation over Iran using HYSPLITrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Health Science and Engineering vol 12 no 1article 9 2014

[61] K K Moorthy A Saha B S N Prasad K Niranjan D Jhurryand P S Pillai ldquoAerosol optical depths over peninsular Indiaand adjoining oceans during the INDOEX campaigns spatialtemporal and spectral characteristicsrdquo Journal of GeophysicalResearchDAtmospheres vol 106 no 22 pp 28539ndash28554 2001

[62] A Iqbal and N T K Oanh ldquoAssessment of acid depositionover Dhaka division using CAMx-MM5 modeling systemrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 4 pp 452ndash462 2011

[63] M Norman S N Das A G Pillai L Granat and H RodheldquoInfluence of air mass trajectories on the chemical compositionof precipitation in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 35 no25 pp 4223ndash4235 2001

[64] B Kumar G P Gupta S Singh and U C KulshresthaldquoChemical characterization of snowfall in western Himalayanregion of Indiardquo Unpublished data

[65] F Li and V Ramanathan ldquoWinter to summer monsoon varia-tion of aerosol optical depth over the tropical Indian OceanrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 16pp 2ndash13 2002

[66] T N Krishnamurti B Jha J Prospero A Jayaraman and VRamanathan ldquoAerosol and pollutant transport and their impacton radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during theJanuary-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruiserdquo Tellus vol 50 no5 pp 521ndash542 1998

[67] S Verma C Venkataraman O Boucher and S RamachandranldquoSource evaluation of aerosols measured during the IndianOcean Experiment using combined chemical transport andback trajectory modelingrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 112 no 11 2007

[68] R Das L Granat C Leck P S Praveen and H Rodhe ldquoChem-ical composition of rainwater at Maldives Climate Observa-tory at Hanimaadhoo (MCOH)rdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 11 no 8 pp 3743ndash3755 2011

[69] K Alam S Qureshi and T Blaschke ldquoMonitoring spatio-temporal aerosol patterns over Pakistan based on MODISTOMS and MISR satellite data and a HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 27 pp 4641ndash4651 2011

[70] S Singh B Kumar G P Gupta and U C KulshresthaldquoSignatures of increasing energy demand of past two decadesas captured in rain water composition and airmass trajectoryanalysis at Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Environment In press

[71] A Kumar S Tiwari D S Bisht et al ldquoAerosol characteristicsduring the coolest june month over new delhi Northern IndiardquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 32 no 23 pp8463ndash8483 2011

[72] LRTAP httpwwwuneceorgenvlrtap[73] S Tiwari D M Chate D S Bisht M K Srivastava and B

Padmanabhamurty ldquoRainwater chemistry in theNorthWesternHimalayan Region Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 104-105pp 128ndash138 2012

[74] M S Naik L T Khemani G A Momin P S P Rao P D Safaiand A G Pillai ldquoChemical composition of fresh snow fromGulmarg North Indiardquo Environmental Pollution vol 87 no 2pp 167ndash171 1995

[75] D C Parashar L Granat U C Kulshrestha et al ldquoChemicalcomposition of precipitation in India and Nepal-apreliminaryreport on an Indo-Swedish project on atmospheric chemistryrdquoTech Rep CM90 IMI Stockholm University StockholmSweden 1996

[76] U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar S S Srivastava and D CParashar ldquoInvestigation into atmospheric deposition throughprecipitation studies at New Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Envi-ronment vol 30 no 24 pp 4149ndash4154 1996

[77] U C Kulshrestha L Granat M Engardt and H RodheldquoReview of precipitation monitoring studies in Indiamdasha searchfor regional patternsrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 39 no 38pp 7403ndash7419 2005

[78] L T Khemani G A Momin P S Prakasa Rao P D SafaiG Singh and R K Kapoor ldquoSpread of acid rain over IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 23 no 4 pp 757ndash762 1989

[79] A Saxena S Sharma U C Kulshrestha and S S SrivastavaldquoFactors affecting alkaline nature of rain water in Agra (India)rdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 74 no 2 pp 129ndash138 1991

[80] A Avila and M Alarcon ldquoRelationship between precipitationchemistry and meteorological situations at a rural site inNortheastern Spainrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 33 no 11pp 1663ndash1677 1999

[81] R Das S N Das and V N Misra ldquoChemical composition ofrainwater and dustfall at Bhubaneswar in the east coast of IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 39 no 32 pp 5908ndash5916 2005

[82] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ali ldquoInfluence oflocal sources on rainwater chemistry over Pune region IndiardquoAtmospheric Research vol 100 no 1 pp 121ndash131 2011

[83] M Zhang S Wang F Wu X Yuan and Y Zhang ldquoChemicalcompositions ofwet precipitation and anthropogenic influencesat a developing urban site in Southeastern Chinardquo AtmosphericResearch vol 84 no 4 pp 311ndash322 2007

[84] S C Kang P A Mayewski D H Qin S A Sneed J W Renand D Q Zhang ldquoSeasonal differences in snow chemistry fromthe vicinity of Mt Everest central Himalayasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 38 no 18 pp 2819ndash2829 2004

[85] K Yalcin C P Wake S Kang K J Kreutz and S I WhitlowldquoSeasonal and spatial variability in snow chemistry at EclipseIcefield Yukon Canadardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 43 pp 230ndash238 2006

[86] AMarinoni S Polesello C Smiraglia and SValsecchi ldquoChem-ical composition of freshsnow samples from the southernslope of Mt Everest region (Khumbu-Himal region Nepal)rdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 35 no 18 pp 3183ndash3190 2001

[87] H Niu Y He G Zhu et al ldquoEnvironmental implications of thelatest snow chemistry from Mt Yulong Southeastern TibetanPlateaurdquo Quaternary International vol 313-314 pp 168ndash1782013

14 Advances in Meteorology

[88] K J Kreutz V B Aizen L D Cecil and C P Wake ldquoOxygenisotopic and soluble ionic composition of a shallow firn coreInilchek glacier central Tien Shanrdquo Journal of Glaciology vol47 no 159 pp 548ndash554 2001

[89] U C Kulshrestha M J Kulshrestha R Sekar G S R Sastryand M Vairamani ldquoChemical characteristics of rainwater at anurban site of south-central Indiardquo Atmospheric Environmentvol 37 no 21 pp 3019ndash3026 2003

[90] M Jain U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar and D C ParasharldquoInfluence of crustal aerosols on wet deposition at urban andrural sites in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 29-30 pp 5129ndash5137 2000

[91] G Zhu T Pu Y He P Shi and T Zhang ldquoSeasonal variationsof major ions in fresh snow at Baishui Glacier No 1 YulongMountain Chinardquo Environmental Earth Sciences vol 69 no 1pp 1ndash10 2013

[92] S C Kang C P Wake D H Qin P A Mayewski and T DYao ldquoMonsoon and dust signals recorded in Dasuopu glacierTibetan Plateaurdquo Journal of Glaciology vol 46 no 153 pp 222ndash226 2000

[93] D H Qin S G Hou D Q Zhang et al ldquoPreliminary resultsfrom the chemical records of an 804m ice core recoveredfrom East Rongbuk Glacier Qomolangma (Mount Everest)Himalayardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 35 pp 278ndash284 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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EarthquakesJournal of

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GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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MineralogyInternational Journal of

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Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

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Geology Advances in

Advances in Meteorology 3

Applicationsof

trajectories

Climate science

Meteorology

Transport

Policy Source apportionment

Residence timeanalysis

Aerosols andprecipitation

measurements

Air quality

Figure 1 Applications of airmass trajectories in various fields

very successful in providing trajectory mapped ozone valueshaving reasonable agreement with the actual soundingsTrajectories have been used to isolate periods of stratosphere-troposphere (S-T) exchange at several rural sites in theUnitedStates by Lefohn and coworkers [58] Trajectory models havebeen used to study circulation of pollutants [59] includingdust storm trajectory simulations Ashrafi and coworkersattempted such simulations over Iran using dust module ofHYSPLIT model which is primarily based on the PM

10dust

emissions for desert areas [60] According to their findingsdust motion simulations obtained from the model weresimilar to the MODIS images

16 Trajectories and Air Pollution Transport in South AsiaA number of studies have been reported on air pollutiontransport using airmass trajectories in South Asia Table 2gives the list of most of the studies on airmass trajectorycalculations to demonstrate transboundary and long rangetransport of air pollution in South Asian countries Becauseof large volume of work reported on various aspects oftrajectories it is not possible to describe all these studiesin this review However we have tried to highlight majorpathways of air pollution transport and their wet depositionin South Asian region by describing few important studies invarious parts of South Asian region

161 Bangladesh Transboundary air pollution in SouthAsian countries namely Bangladesh India Pakistan andSri Lanka has been reported by Brumer to find out thesource areas that are primarily responsible for the transportof pollutants [22] During this study simultaneous samplingof particulate matter using similar methodology was carriedout in Bangladesh India Pakistan and Sri Lanka Accordingto their report BC rich smoke is contributed by agriculturalwaste burning sources located mainly in Northern India(Figure 2) Fine soil is contributed by the dust storms due towhich particulate matter levels are enhanced in the air Basedupon the trajectories they observed that long range transportof the desert dust from Oman through the Gulf and Iran istransported to Pakistan and other South Asian countries

Saadat and coworkers reported that transboundary trans-port of pollutants has significant impact on air quality ofBangladesh due to the industrial activities of neighboring

countries India and China [39] The levels of SO119909and NO

119909

were recorded to be higher whenever airmass movement wasnoticed through India (North andNorthWest) However thelevels of these gases were recorded significantly to be lowerwhen the airmasses passed through India but spent enoughtime over Bay of Bengal Using HySPLIT model and 10-daybackward trajectories Iqbal andOanh observed thatmajorityof airmasses arriving to Bangladesh were originated from thewest [62] However according to their inventory report 70of SO

2emissions in Dhaka division were attributed to local

brick kilns

162 Indian Ocean There are a very limited number ofwet deposition studies using trajectories which have beenreported over Indian Ocean However studies on aerosoltransport over Indian Ocean have been reported by sev-eral workers (Table 2) Granat and coworkers (2002) havereported rainwater chemistry in Indian Ocean region duringthe Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) campaign heldin JanuaryndashMarch 1999 [54] Samples collected onboardthe research vessels Ronald H Brown and Sagar Kanyawere analyzed for major ions and some trace metals Theycalculated air trajectories arriving at the location of the ship(at 950 ha) with the McGrath trajectory model using windand mass fields from ECMWF Five patterns of trajectoriesaround the Indian Ocean have been reported in this paperAirmass trajectories analysis (Figure 3) revealed that veryhigh concentrations of non-seasalt SO

4

2minus NO3

minus NH4

+ nss-K+ and non-seasalt Ca2+ in rainwater over the Indian Oceanwere due to the influence of pollution and soil sources inAsia

Long range transport of dust and other pollutants overIndian Ocean has been reported by couple of workers Mostof these studies have been part of INDOEX and focusedupon the aerosol optical depth (AOD) or the monsooncirculations Krishnamurti and coworkers have reported thepossibility of long range transport of dust from ArabianDesert to the central Indian Ocean region with a transit timeof 2-3 days [66] Li and Ramanathan presumed that longrange transport of dust from the Horns of Africa over theArabian Sea and mid tropospheric transport of dust fromthe Arabian Peninsula can affect the summer monsoon andcan lead to higher aerosol loadings in south of the equator[65] According to them long range transports of emissionsfrom Indonesia forest fires in 1997 were responsible forincrease in AODs over most of the equatorial Indian OceanVerma and coworkers have used a hybrid approach to findout the pathways of pollutant transport over Indian Oceanduring Intensive Field Phase of INDOEX during JanuaryndashMarch 1999 [67] They used an Eulerian forward transportcalculation in a general circulation model (GCM) withregion-tagged emissions alongwith an analysis of Lagrangianback trajectories and emission inventory for overlappingtime periods They found that during the early part of thecruise when ship was moving over Indian Ocean airmassesfrom the Indo-Gangetic Plain Central India or South Indiatransported sulphate aerosols and organic matter over toIndian Ocean But during late Februaryndashearly March whenship was moving in the Arabian Sea dust species dominated

4 Advances in Meteorology

Mumbai (yellow dots

W E

S

N

Colombo (black dots at

at 500m)

1000m and blue at 300m)

Dhaka (green dots at 1000mand red dots at 500m)

Islamabad (orange dots at 1000mand brown dots at 500m)

Figure 2 Air parcel back trajectories showing the likely source areas for smoke in India Bangladesh Pakistan and Sri Lanka [38]

25

10

15

20

10

15

20

25

5

0

40 60 65 70 75 80 85 9045 50 55

5Latit

ude

034026

274349021718041837

268266021908386369043338

1513484

0411069

010512

020312

119973

Longitude

Figure 3 Measured concentration (120583moldmminus3) of nss-Ca2+ NH4

+and nss-SO

4

2minus and associated 10-day backwards trajectories for eachrain sample dots show the point of sample collection along thecruise tracks of ships during INDOEX 1999 [54]

which were transported by the airmasses from Africa WestAsia or Northwest India

Generally higher pollution is reported in the north ofequator in Indian Ocean [54] as most of the emission sourcesare located in northern hemisphere Relatively pristine atmo-sphere is observed in Southern Indian Ocean due to negligi-ble human perturbations However the search operation formissing Malaysian airlines flight MH 370 is expected to emitlarge amount of aerosols and gaseous pollutants in SouthernIndian Ocean due to fuel burning by a number of searchingaircrafts and ships More than a month long operationhad used around 20 aircrafts and 20 ships According toBBC (httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-asia-26514556) thishas been the largest search operation which covered768million sq km area which is equivalent to 11 of theIndian Ocean and 15 of the surface of the Earth Inthis relation the calculations of airmass trajectories can be

of great help to find out the pathways of transport of airpollutants in Southern Indian Ocean Scavenging of variousaerosols and gaseous pollutants can modify the clouds insouth of intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) which canfurther affect monsoon process

163 Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea Deposition of acidiccomponents has been reported over Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea by Reddy and coworkers [52] This study wascarried out during Integrated Campaign on Aerosol andtrace gas Radiative Forcing (ICARB) They observed thatthe air over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea was influencedby the airmasses coming from four sectors (i) passingthrough Indian land (ii) from IndianOcean region (iii) formNorthernArabian Sea andMiddle East and (iv) fromAfricancontinent Figure 4 shows the origin of airmasses reachingvarious cruise points over Bay of Bengal andArabian SeaThehighest nss-SO

4

2minus was observed during airmasses comingfrom the Indian land while the lowest concentrations wereobserved when the airmasses were coming from oceanicregion However total fluxes of pollutants contributed by theairmasses of different direction are not estimated in any of thestudies reported in this region

164 Maldives Most of the studies reported from Maldivesare part of Atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC) project asMCOH Climate Observatory is located at HanimaadhooIsland Transport of pollutants up to MCOH has beenreported by Das and coworkers [68] They have used airmasstrajectories to interpret the water soluble inorganic compo-nents in rain deposited at MCOH to find out seasonality andpossible source regions The concentrations of non-seasaltSO4

2minus NH4

+ and NO3

minus were observed to be higher by afactor of 4 when airmasses arrived from India as comparedto the marine airmasses Such effect resulted in very low pHof rainwater (47) which was significantly lower than the pHvalues (60) contributed by the marine airmasses Figure 5shows the trajectories arriving at MCOH (Hanimaadhoo)

Advances in Meteorology 5

Table 2 Summary of trajectory studies reported in South Asia

Location Countryregion Latitude and longitude Trajectory model used Components measured References

Arabian Sea Arabian Sea 90∘N to 22∘N58∘E to 773∘E

CGER METEXprogramme

Major ions (PM10aerosols) [52]

INDOEX Arabian Sea andIndian Ocean Multiple points Wind data (NCEP) AOD [61]

Dhaka (AECD) Bangladesh 2373∘N 9040∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Sathkhira Bangladesh 22181015840N 89021015840E HYSPLIT SOx NOx [39]

Dhaka Bangladesh 2373∘N 9040∘E HYSPLIT SOx NOx CONMVOC and PM [62]

Bay of Bengal Bay of Bengal 205∘N to 56∘N804∘E to 934∘E

CGER METEXprogramme

Major ions (PM10aerosols) [52]

Navi Mumbai India 1907∘N 7297∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Hudegade Western Ghats India 1436∘N 7454∘E HYSPLIT Major ions (rain) [55]Sinhagad India 18∘211015840N 73∘451015840E HYSPLIT Major ions (cloud water) [41]Sinhagad India 18∘211015840N 73∘451015840E HYSPLIT Major ions (rain water) [40]

Sinhagad India 18∘211015840N-73∘451015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Pune India 18∘321015840N-73∘511015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Goa India 15∘451015840N- 73∘851015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Bhubaneshwar India 20∘151015840N-85∘521015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Manali India 3231∘N 7720∘E HYSPLIT pH and major ions(snowfall) [64]

Anantpur India 1462∘N 7765∘E HYSPLIT O3 [37]

INDOEX Indian Ocean 30∘N to sim35∘S 40∘E tosim100∘E)

No (wind data fromNCEPNCAR) AOD [65]

INDOEX Indian Ocean Multiple points No AOD [66]

INDOEX Indian Ocean Multiple points McGrath model withECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [54]

INDOEX Indian Ocean 20∘S to 172∘N and 575∘Eto 77∘E

HYSPLIT (hybridapproach) BC sulphate (aerosol) [67]

MCOH Maldives 6∘461015840N and 73∘111015840E HYSPLIT pH and major ions (rainwater) [68]

Nilore Pakistan 3337∘N 7306∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Multiple sites Pakistan Multiple points HYSPLIT AOD [69]Colombo Sri Lanka 6933∘N 79833∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Delhi India 2838∘N 7712∘E HYSPIT Rain chemistry [70]New Delhi India 286∘N 772∘E HYSPLIT AOD [71]

165 Nepal Trajectory analysis for wet deposition in Nepalhas not been reported However according to MISU datacollected for rain chemistry at ABC observational siteGodavari indicated that airmasses from sectors are receivedat the observatory These included (i) from Arabian Seapassing over India (ii) from Bay of Bengal passing throughBangladesh (iii) from Middle East and (iv) from Europe[67] Sometimes airmasses were coming from SoutheastAsia through Myanmar Bangladesh and India Howeverour recent observations on snow chemistry at Manali inHimachal Pradesh revealed that airmasses coming fromNepal were found to be responsible for air pollution transport

to India Such trajectories have been discussed in the lastsection of this paper

166 India India has the highest landmass population andnatural resources aswell as the largest industrial setup amongall the South Asian countries Hence it can be termed asthe biggest pollution exporter to the nearby countries andoceanic regions At the same time India imports huge amountof pollution through long range transport from EuropeMiddle East Africa Indian Ocean and nearby countriesHowever the amount of such import and export of pollution

6 Advances in Meteorology

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

50 70 75 80 85 90 95 10055 60 65Longitude (∘E)

Latit

ude (

∘N

)

Figure 4 Airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Seaduring ICARB [52]

from different sectors has not been estimated due to absenceof regional emission regulatory body 1979 Geneva Conven-tion on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)is one such ideal example which aims to limit and as far aspossible gradually reduce and prevent air pollution includinglong-range transboundary air pollution by each participatingcountry [72] CLRTAP has 51 parties so far

Most of the studies given in Table 2 have reported theorigin of airmasses and the type of pollutants contributed bythese airmasses The reported information using trajectoriesis highly useful in order to understand the sources and path-ways of pollution transport to various sites in India Satya-narayana and co-workers noticed that the long range trans-port of pollution from various sectors significantly affectedthe pH and chemistry of rain water at Hudegadde a rural sitelocated in an ecological sensitive area of Western Ghats [55]They observed that Hudegade received the airmasses fromfive different sectors namely central part of Indian OceanNorthwest Indian Ocean Southwest Indian Ocean and Gulfand airmasses passing through Northwest Indian Ocean andsouth continental part of India Airmass trajectory analysissuggested a significant influence of local and intercontinentalanthropogenic and natural sources Sources located in theAfrican and Gulf regions had influenced the acidity at thesite They found that urban activities located in southwest ofIndian continent (north of sampling site) and the sources inGulf region were responsible for acid rain in Western Ghats(Table 3)

Chemical composition of precipitation during differenttrajectory classes has been reported by Norman and cowork-ers (2001) at Bhubaneshwer Goa Sinhagad and Pune [63]They compared the rain chemistry results with trajectoriesand precipitation fields As shown in Table 4 a systematicchange in chemical composition and pH of rain water wasnoticed in accordance with the origin of airmasses and theamount of rainfall along the trajectory Bhubaneswar which islocated in Eastern India received airmasses fromArabian SeaBay of Bengal and continental sources Different trajectoriesarriving to Bhubaneshwar have been shown in Figure 6

Table 3 Concentrations (120583eq Lminus1) of major ions in different air-masses at the site (source [55])

CIO NWIO SWIO Gulf NWIO + SWICClminus 12 40 64 03 03NO3

minus 4 29 9 11 13nss SO

4

2minus 11 35 35 12 16Na+ 16 45 59 7 3NH4

+ 5 28 2 2 4K+ 5 3 9 16 2nss Ca2+ 38 71 68 21 3CIO Central Indian Ocean NWIO Northwest Indian Ocean SWIOSouthwest Indian Ocean NWIO + SWIC Northwest Indian Ocean +Southwest Indian Continent

From West India most of wet deposition studies havebeen reported for Pune region Using airmass trajectoriesBegum and coworkers (2011) observed that the long rangeof transport of air pollutants and dust was responsible forelevated levels of selected ions in cloud water at Sinhagadwhich is a high altitude side near Pune [38] In anotherstudy at Sinhagad Reddy and coworkers (2010) observedthat monsoon and postmonsoon airmasses had their originfrom different directions affecting rain chemistry accord-ingly [37] As shown in Figure 7 during monsoon seasonair moved from African region But during postmonsoonseason air parcel is seen originating from Middle East andEurope travelling through North India and finally reachingSinhagad Authors have reported that due to this reason theconcentrations of NO

3

minus NH4

+ nss-SO4

2minus and nss-K+ wereobserved to be higher in postmonsoon samples as comparedto monsoon samples

167 Long Range Transport up to Western Himalayan RangesIn order to observe the airmass movement in North Indiaup to the Western Himalaya we carried out snow chemistrystudy coupled with trajectory analysis In our study thesamples of snowfall were collected at a high altitude siteKothi (3231∘N 7720∘E) located in Kullu district of HimachalPradesh state of India which were processed for chemicalanalysis Five-day back trajectories at 5000m altitude werecalculated for these samples using HYSPLIT model fromNOAA [27] Airmass trajectories revealed that Kothi wasreceiving snowfall through the airmasses originating from sixmajor sectors which are termed as (1) North Atlantic Oceanorigin (NAO) (2) African origin (Af) (3) Middle East origin(ME) (4) European origin (Eu) (5) West India origin (WI)and (6) Nepal origin (Np) Figures 8(a)ndash8(f) show typicalexamples of these trajectories

North Atlantic Ocean Origin (NAO) Airmasses originat-ing from North Atlantic Ocean and passing over Europeto Afghanistan to Jammu and Kashmir and reaching thesampling site that is Kothi have been referred to as NAO(Figure 8(a)) This cluster represented the highest number ofevents (40)

African Origin (Af) Airmasses originating from Africancontinent and passing over Middle EastGulf to Pakistan

Advances in Meteorology 7

(a) Marine (b) Arabian Sea

(c) Indian (d) Mixed

Figure 5 Classification of trajectories arriving at MCOH (a) Marine (b) Arabian Sea (c) Indian and (d) mixed [68]

Table 4 Median concentrations (mmol Lminus1) in rain samples at Bhubaneswar for different trajectory groups and frequency of rain along thetrajectory ([63])

Sample group pH Na+ NH4

+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Clminus NO3

minus SO4

2minus nss-SO4

2minus Ca2+Na+ Number of samplesHigh rain frequency

C 548 63 222 12 13 31 65 94 68 65 066 18CL 484 282 735 94 69 281 347 538 37 353 079 2B 554 61 91 05 07 15 75 25 31 28 025 14M 582 119 207 11 116 72 126 109 89 67 053 23

Low rain frequencyC 561 169 447 37 38 105 23 29 212 196 058 21CL 503 182 526 45 5 284 20 44 402 391 233 2B 528 318 813 79 63 177 345 49 367 358 08 6M 577 124 113 06 24 5 145 94 92 84 056 8Note (a) continental (C) (b) continental local (CL) (c) monsoon (M) and (d) Bay of Bengal (B)

before reaching the sampling site have been termed as AfThis cluster represented 23 of snowfall events Figure 8(b)is a typical example of such airmasses

Middle East Origin (ME) Airmasses originating fromMiddleEast and reaching the sampling site via Pakistan andHaryanahave been termed as ME This group represented 10 of thetotal snowfall events Figure 8(c) is a typical example of MEairmasses

European Origin (Eu) Airmasses originating fromcontinental Europe and reaching the sampling site viaAfghanistan and Jammu and Kashmir have been referredto as Eu This class represented the least number (6) ofsnowfall events Figure 8(d) is a typical example of suchairmasses

Western India Origin (InW) Airmasses originating in West-ern India in the state of Rajasthan and transported over

8 Advances in Meteorology

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(a) Continental

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(b) Continental Local

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(c) Monsoon

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(d) Bay of Bengal

Figure 6 Trajectories to Bhubaneswar sorted into different trajectory groups during January 1997ndashOctober 1998 (a) Continental (C) (b)continental local (CL) (c) monsoon (M) and (d) Bay of Bengal (B) [63]

Punjab and Haryana and finally reaching the sampling sitehave been termed as InW This group represented 13 of thetotal snowfall events Figure 8(e) is a typical example of thistype of airmasses

Nepal Origin (Np) Airmasses originating from Nepal sidereaching the sampling site via Uttarakhand have been cat-egorized as Np This cluster represented the second lowestnumber of events (8) Figure 8(f) is a typical example of thistype of airmasses

In general pHof the samples varied from475 to 698withan average value of 569 indicating slight alkaline nature ofsnow samples Slight alkaline precipitation has been reportedat higher altitude in Indian region [40 41 73ndash75] Figure 9shows the percent frequency distribution of pH of snowfallsamples Maximum number of samples had pH between621 and 660 (29) followed by a range of 581ndash620 (25)661ndash700 (17) 541ndash580 (17) 461ndash500 (10) and 501ndash540 (4) The high pH (pH gt 56) has been reported in

global precipitation samples due to the influence of soilderived particulate matter [40 68 76ndash80] Out of total83 of samples showed pH of snow above 56 while 17of samples only were found to be acidic at Kothi Acidicsnow samples were found at this site in airmasses originatedfrom Middle East Countries and Europe mainly Acidic pHhas been reported in precipitation samples in airmassesoriginated from Europe [80] and Gulf countries [55] 43of rain samples were observed to be acidic in nature at statebotanical garden in Bhubaneswar India [81] 18 occurrenceof acid rain has been reported at Delhi India [76] pH valueranged between 398 and 801 with 20 acidic precipitationsamples having been reported at Montseny in NortheastSpain Europe [80] Out of total precipitation samples 21 ofsamples were found to be acidic in nature at Sinhagad PuneIndia [82] 793 of the total precipitation has a pH value lessthan 56 at Jinhua in Southeastern Chinarsquos province [83]

Table 5 gives average concentration of chemical speciesin snowfall samples On average equivalent concentration ofionic species followed the following order Ca2+ gt Clminus gt

Advances in Meteorology 9

030 9080706040 50 100

Mumbai

10

20

30

40

110

Sinhagad

1400m

(a)

Mumbai Sinhagad

030 9080706040 50 100

10

20

30

40

110

1400m

(b)

Figure 7 Seven-day back trajectories at Sinhagad during the (a) monsoon and (b) postmonsoon seasons of 2005 [40]

Table 5 Descriptive statistics of pH and major ions (120583eq Lminus1) in snowmelt

pH Na+ NH4

+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Fminus Clminus NO3

minus SO4

2minus HCO3

minus

Average 569 4369 1846 1084 4713 1704 302 4599 1742 2745 2740sd 06 235 108 57 211 79 23 253 73 83 177Min 475 751 423 299 1765 010 008 1075 543 1195 172Max 698 9356 3941 2155 9644 3531 702 10651 3111 4673 7191

Na+ gt SO4

2minusgt HCO

3

minusgt NH

4

+gt NO

3

minusgt Mg2+ gt K+ gt

Fminus Very high concentration of Ca2+ among all ions at this siteindicated the crustal dominance in snowfall samples at KothiThe average concentration of Ca2+ was compared with othersof snow and found to be higher than Mount Everest [84]Mt LoganMassif [85] Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] but lowerthan Yulong snow Mt [87] and Tien Shan [88] In Indianregion many researchers have reported high concentrationof Ca due to suspended soil dust in precipitation samples[76 89 90] Since the site is situated at high altitude withless eroded soil [73] Ca2+ is not expected to be contributedby local soil significantly As discussed above in the samesection the contribution of transported dust from Africanregion West India and Nepal was significantly high at thissite Very high concentration of SO

4

2minus and NO3

minus might bedue to its transport through Af ME InW and Np airmassesThe concentration of SO

4

2minus in snow samples at this site waslower than surfacefresh snow samples of Yulong snow Mt[91] ice core samples of Dasuopu [92] and East Rongbuk[93] but lower than snow samples of Mt Everest [84]Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] andMt LoganMassif [85] Verysimilar range of concentration of SO

4

2minus has been reportedby many workers in global precipitation due to fossil fuelcombustion mainly [55 73 80 82 89] NO

3

minus concentrationwas found to be very high which might be due to transportof NO

119909NO3

minus from various airmasses as discussed above inthe same section Some contribution of NO

3

minus from biomassburning during winter season to produce heat by local peoplecannot be ruled out After Ca2+ very high concentration ofClminus and Na+ among all ions indicated strong influences ofmarine components at this site and it is very clear from theabove discussionThe high concentration of NH

4in snowfall

samplesmight be due to its transport fromAfrican continents

andNepalmainly Similarly high concentration ofKmight bedue to its transport of airmasses fromAf InW andNpmainly

2 Conclusion

Presently computation of trajectories is highly advancedMultiple and 3D trajectories are possible with numerousadditional features which make computation of backwardforward and vertical motion very simple However thereare uncertainties associated with the calculated trajectoriesand hence precaution of such errors is necessary for theirmeaningful interpretation Nevertheless the airmass trajec-tories are powerful tools for tracing pollution sources andthe routes of transport Transboundary pollution is becominga serious issue in South Asia Transport of pollutants fromnearby countries as well as from far Europe Middle East andAfrican continental regions to South Asia needs immediateattention of scientists and policymakers Studies indicate thatthe net import and export of pollutants vary depending uponthe season as the origin and path of airmasses change duringdifferent seasons and so the deposition load of different typesof pollutants at the receptor sites Hence similar to CLRTAPSouth Asian region also needs to develop a network to moni-tor the nature and type of pollutants and their quantificationof annual import and export followed by appropriate meth-ods of assessment in relation to damage to human healthforests and various agroecosystems Airmass trajectoriesrevealed that acidic pollutants from Europe and Middle Eastregions are deposited up to the remote Himalayan rangesvia long range transport Trajectory calculations providedvery vital information about the continental transportedemissions which were responsible for the elevated level of

10 Advances in Meteorology

Backward trajectory ending at 1900UTC 11 Dec 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

8500

500000

7500

6500

5500

4500

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 1209 1208 1207Job ID 181404 Job start Sat Apr 19 181031 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(a) pH = 635 (NAO)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 23 Feb 13NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

0223 0222 0221 0220 0219Job ID 181272 Job start Sat Apr 19 180654 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

500045004000350030002500200015001000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(b) pH = 572 (Af)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 2300UTC 13 Dec 12

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 12091213 1212Job ID 181119 Job start Sat Apr 19 180315 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

4000

3000

2000

1000

5000Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(c) pH = 496 (ME)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 29 Nov 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological dataM

eter

s AG

L

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 181330 Job start Sat Apr 19 180856 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 29 Nov 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

1129 1128 1127 1126 1125

5000

65005500450035002500

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(d) pH = 548 (Eu)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 24 Mar 13

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 182048 Job start Sat Apr 19 182929 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Mar 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0324 0323 0322 0321 0320

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(e) pH = 673 (InW)

NOAA HYSPLIT modelBackward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 26 Feb 13

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 180918 Job start Sat Apr 19 175935 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 1 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

0206 0205 0204 0203 0202

3000

2000

1000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(f) pH = 601 (Np)

Figure 8 Typical examples of six different airmass trajectories arriving at the site NAO = North Atlantic Ocean origin Af = African originME = Middle East origin Eu = European origin (Eu) InW =Western India origin and Np = Nepal origin

Advances in Meteorology 11

10

4

17

2529

15

05

101520253035

pH range

Freq

uenc

y (

)

461

ndash500

501

ndash540

541

ndash580

581

ndash620

621

ndash660

661

ndash700

Figure 9 Percent frequency distribution of pH of snowmelt forwhole dataset

acidity of rain water at an ecosensitive site in Western Ghatsin Southwest India

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

Support of DST-PURSE and UGC India is gratefullyacknowledged

References

[1] J A DuttonThe Ceaseless Wind An Introduction to the Theoryof Atmospheric Motion Dover New York NY USA 1986

[2] H R Byers General Meteorology McGraw-Hill New YorkUSA 4th edition 1974

[3] D JThomson and J DWilsonHistory of Lagrangian StochasticModels for Turbulent Dispersion Langrangian Model of theAtmosphere Geographical Monograph Series 200 AmericanGeophhysical union 2012

[4] K J Davis D H Lenschow S P Oncley et al ldquoRole ofentrainment in surface-atmosphere interactions over the borealforestrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D vol 102 no 24 pp29219ndash29230 1997

[5] P Seibert ldquoInverse modelling with a lagrangian particle dis-persion model application to point releases over limited timeintervals in air pollution modeling and its applicationrdquo Journalof Applied Meteorology vol 14 pp 381ndash389 2004

[6] A Eliassen J Saltbones F Stordal O Hov and I S A IsaksenldquoA Lagrangian long-range transport model with atmosphericboundary layer chemistryrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 11 pp 1645ndash1661 1982

[7] D Simpson ldquoPhotochemical model calculations over Europefor two extended summer periods 1985 and 1989 Model resultsand comparison with observationsrdquo Atmospheric EnvironmentA vol 27 no 6 pp 921ndash943 1993

[8] S Petterssen ldquoWeather analysis and forecastingrdquo pp 221ndash2231940

[9] E F Danielsen and R Bleck ldquoResearch in four-dimensionaldiagnosis of cyclonic stormcloud systemrdquoAFCRLRep 67ndash0617BedfordMass USA 1967 Available as NTIS AD-670 847 fromNational Technical Information Service Springfield Va USA

[10] H Rodhe ldquoA study of the sulfur budget for the atmosphere overNorthern Europerdquo Tellus vol 24 pp 128ndash138 1972

[11] T D Fox and J D Ludwick ldquoLead (Pb) concentrations associ-ated with 1000-MB geostrophic back trajectories at QuillayuteWashingtonrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 10 no 10 pp 799ndash803 1976

[12] L L AshbaughW CMalm andW Z Sadeh ldquoA residence timeprobability analysis of sulfur concentrations at Grand CanyonNational Parkrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 19 no 8 pp1263ndash1270 1985

[13] A V Polissar P K Hopke P Paatero et al ldquoThe aerosolat Barrow Alaska long-term trends and source locationsrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 33 no 16 pp 2441ndash2458 1999

[14] A Stohl ldquoComputation accuracy and applications oftrajectoriesmdasha review and bibliographyrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 32 no 6 pp 947ndash966 1998

[15] Z L Fleming P S Monks and A J Manning ldquoReviewuntangling the influence of air-mass history in interpretingobserved atmospheric compositionrdquoAtmospheric Research vol104-105 pp 1ndash39 2012

[16] B F Taubman J C Hains A M Thompson et al ldquoAircraftvertical profiles of trace gas and aerosol pollution over themid-Atlantic United States Statistics andmeteorological clusteranalysisrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol111 no 10 2006

[17] M Cabello J A G Orza V Galiano and G Ruiz ldquoInfluenceof meteorological input data on backtrajectory cluster analysisa seven-year study for southeastern Spainrdquo Advances in Scienceand Research vol 2 pp 65ndash70 2008

[18] S Pettersen Weather Analysis and Forecasting Motion andMotion Systems vol 1 McGraw-Hill 1956

[19] J D Kahl ldquoA cautionary note on the use of air trajectoriesin interpreting atmospheric chemistry measurementsrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 27 no 17-18 pp 3037ndash3038 1993

[20] P Seibert ldquoConvergence and accuracy of numerical methodsfor trajectory calculationsrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol32 no 3 pp 558ndash566 1993

[21] E Isaacson andH B KellerAnalysis of Numerical Methods vol541 John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 1966

[22] P Brumer ldquoStability concepts in the numerical solution ofclassical atomic and molecular scattering problemsrdquo Journal ofComputational Physics vol 14 pp 391ndash419 1974

[23] J T Merrill ldquoIsentropic air-flow probability analysisrdquo Journalof Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 99 pp 25881ndash258891994

[24] A Stohl G Wotawa P Seibert and H Kromp-Kolb ldquoInterpo-lation errors in wind fields as a function of spatial and temporalresolution and their impact on different types of kinematictrajectoriesrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol 34 no 10 pp2149ndash2165 1995

[25] A Virkkula M Aurela R Hillamo et al ldquoChemical compo-sition of atmospheric aerosol in the European subarctic con-tribution of the Kola Peninsula smelter areas central Europeand the Arctic Oceanrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 104 no 19 pp 23681ndash23696 1999

[26] J N Cape J Methven and L E Hudson ldquoThe use of trajectorycluster analysis to interpret trace gas measurements at Mace

12 Advances in Meteorology

Head Irelandrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 22 pp3651ndash3663 2000

[27] R R Draxler and G D Rolph ldquoHYSPLIT ( HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model NOAAAir Resources Laboratoryrdquo Silver Spring Md USA 2003httpreadyarlnoaagovHYSPLITphp

[28] P Pochanart H Akimoto Y Kajii V M Potemkin and T VKhodzher ldquoRegional background ozone and carbon monoxidevariations nin remote SiberiaEast Asiardquo Journal of GeophysicalResearch D Atmospheres vol 108 no 1 pp 1ndash18 2003

[29] B A Schichtel K A Gebhart M G Barna and W C MalmldquoAssociation of airmass transport patterns and particulate sulfurconcentrations at Big Bend National Park Texasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 40 no 5 pp 992ndash1006 2006

[30] A W Delcloo and H de Backer ldquoFive day 3D back trajectoryclusters and trends analysis of the Uccle ozone soundingtime series in the lower troposphere (1969ndash2001)rdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 42 no 19 pp 4419ndash4432 2008

[31] G Dogan G Gullu and G Tuncel ldquoSources and source regionseffecting the aerosol composition of the Eastern Mediter-raneanrdquoMicrochemical Journal vol 88 no 2 pp 142ndash149 2008

[32] O A Tarasova I A Senik M G Sosonkin J Cui J Staehelinand A S H Prevot ldquoSurface ozone at the Caucasian siteKislovodsk High Mountain Station and the Swiss Alpine siteJungfraujoch data analysis and trends (1990ndash2006)rdquo Atmo-spheric Chemistry and Physics vol 9 no 12 pp 4157ndash4175 2009

[33] httplagrangeempachlm trajhtml[34] H Riede P Jockel and R Sander ldquoQuantifying atmospheric

transport chemistry and mixing using a new trajectory-boxmodel and a global atmospheric-chemistry GCMrdquo GeoscienceModel Development vol 2 pp 267ndash280 2009

[35] R P Shadbolt E A Waller J P Messina and J A WinklerldquoSource regions of lower-tropospheric airflow trajectories forthe lower peninsula of Michigan a 40-year air mass climatol-ogyrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 111no 21 Article ID D21117 2006

[36] A Riccio G Giunta and E Chianese ldquoThe application ofa trajectory classification procedure to interpret air pollutionmeasurements in the urban area of Naples (Southern Italy)rdquoScience of the Total Environment vol 376 no 1ndash3 pp 198ndash2142007

[37] B S K Reddy K R Kumar G Balakrishnaiah et al ldquoObserva-tional studies on the variations in surface ozone concentrationat Anantapur in southern Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 98no 1 pp 125ndash139 2010

[38] B A Begum S K Biswas G G Pandit et al ldquoLong-rangetransport of soil dust and smoke pollution in the South AsianregionrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 2 pp 151ndash1572011

[39] A H M Saadat Md M Rahman S M K Hasan and A TM Jahangir Alam ldquoTravelling and source point identificationof some transboundary air pollutants by trajectory analysis inSathkhira Bangladeshrdquo Canadian Chemical Transactions vol1 no 1 pp 56ndash65 2013

[40] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ah ldquoChemistryofmonsoon and post-monsoon rains at a high altitude locationSinhagad Indiardquo Aerosol and Air Quality Research vol 9 no 1pp 65ndash79 2009

[41] K B Budhavant P S P Rao PD Safai LGranat andHRodheldquoChemical composition of the inorganic fraction of cloud-water at a high altitude station in West Indiardquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 88 pp 59ndash65 2014

[42] R R Draxler andA D Taylor ldquoHorizontal parameters for long-range transport modelingrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 3 pp 367ndash372 1982

[43] J C Lin C Gerbig S CWofsy et al ldquoMeasuring fluxes of tracegases at regional scales by Lagrangian observations applicationto the CO

2Budget and Rectification Airborne (COBRA) studyrdquo

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 109 no D152004

[44] D Wen J C Lin D B Millet A F Stein and R R DraxlerldquoA backward-time stochastic Lagrangian air quality modelrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 54 pp 373ndash386 2012

[45] J L Moody J A Galusky and J N Galloway ldquoThe use ofatmospheric transport pattern recognition techniques in under-standing variation in precipitation chemistryrdquo in AtmosphericDeposition (Proceedings of the Baltimore SymposiumMay 1989)IAHS Publ No 179 May 1989

[46] M Escudero A F Stein R R Draxler et al ldquoSource appor-tionment for African dust outbreaks over theWestern Mediter-ranean using the HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmospheric Research vol99 no 3-4 pp 518ndash527 2011

[47] J Baker ldquoA cluster analysis of long range air transport pathwaysand associated pollutant concentrations within the UKrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 44 no 4 pp 563ndash571 2010

[48] K A Gebhart B A Schichtel W C Malm M G Barna MA Rodriguez and J L Collett ldquoBack-trajectory-based sourceapportionment of airborne sulfur and nitrogen concentrationsat Rocky Mountain National Park Colorado USArdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 3 pp 621ndash633 2011

[49] B de Foy M Zavala N Bei and L T Molina ldquoEvaluationof WRF mesoscale simulations and particle trajectory analysisfor the MILAGRO field campaignrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 13 pp 4419ndash4438 2009

[50] R M Harrison J L Grenfell J D Peak et al ldquoInfluence of air-mass back trajectory upon nitrogen compound compositionrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 34 no 10 pp 1519ndash1527 2000

[51] TW Chan andMMozurkewich ldquoApplication of absolute prin-cipal component analysis to size distribution data identificationof particle originsrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics vol 7no 3 pp 887ndash897 2007

[52] L A K Reddy U C Kulshrestha J Satyanarayana M JKulshrestha and K K Moorthy ldquoChemical characteristics ofPM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea during ICARBrdquo Journal of Earth System Sciencevol 117 no 1 pp 345ndash352 2008

[53] P Salvador B Artınano X Querol and A Alastuey ldquoA com-bined analysis of backward trajectories and aerosol chemistryto characterise long-range transport episodes of particulatematter the Madrid air basin a case studyrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 390 no 2-3 pp 495ndash506 2008

[54] L Granat M Norman C Leck U C Kulshrestha andH Rodhe ldquoWet scavenging of sulfur compounds and otherconstituents during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)rdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 19article 8025 2002

[55] J Satyanarayana L A K Reddy M J Kulshrestha R N RaoandUC Kulshrestha ldquoChemical composition of rainwater andinfluence of airmass trajectories at a rural site in an ecologicalsensitive area of Western Ghats (India)rdquo Journal of AtmosphericChemistry vol 66 no 3 pp 101ndash116 2010

[56] A Dvorska G Lammel and I Holoubek ldquoRecent trendsof persistent organic pollutants in air in central Europemdashair

Advances in Meteorology 13

monitoring in combination with air mass trajectory statisticsas a tool to study the effectivity of regional chemical policyrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 43 no 6 pp 1280ndash1287 2009

[57] D W Tarasick J J Jin V E Fioletov et al ldquoHigh-resolutiontropospheric ozone fields for INTEX and ARCTAS from IONSozonesondesrdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchD vol 115 no 20Article ID D20301 2010

[58] A S Lefohn HWernli D Shadwick S Limbach S J OltmansandM Shapiro ldquoThe importance of stratospheric-tropospherictransport in affecting surface ozone concentrations in theWestern and Northern tier of the United Statesrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 45 no 28 pp 4845ndash4857 2011

[59] P D Tyson M Garstang R J Swap E V Browell R DDiab and A M Thompson ldquoTransport and Vertical structureof ozone and aerosol distributions over southern Africardquo inBiomass Burning and Global Change J S Levine Ed pp 403ndash421 MIT Press Cambridge UK 1996

[60] K AshrafiM Shafiepour-Motlagh A Aslemand and S GhadeldquoDust storm simulation over Iran using HYSPLITrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Health Science and Engineering vol 12 no 1article 9 2014

[61] K K Moorthy A Saha B S N Prasad K Niranjan D Jhurryand P S Pillai ldquoAerosol optical depths over peninsular Indiaand adjoining oceans during the INDOEX campaigns spatialtemporal and spectral characteristicsrdquo Journal of GeophysicalResearchDAtmospheres vol 106 no 22 pp 28539ndash28554 2001

[62] A Iqbal and N T K Oanh ldquoAssessment of acid depositionover Dhaka division using CAMx-MM5 modeling systemrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 4 pp 452ndash462 2011

[63] M Norman S N Das A G Pillai L Granat and H RodheldquoInfluence of air mass trajectories on the chemical compositionof precipitation in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 35 no25 pp 4223ndash4235 2001

[64] B Kumar G P Gupta S Singh and U C KulshresthaldquoChemical characterization of snowfall in western Himalayanregion of Indiardquo Unpublished data

[65] F Li and V Ramanathan ldquoWinter to summer monsoon varia-tion of aerosol optical depth over the tropical Indian OceanrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 16pp 2ndash13 2002

[66] T N Krishnamurti B Jha J Prospero A Jayaraman and VRamanathan ldquoAerosol and pollutant transport and their impacton radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during theJanuary-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruiserdquo Tellus vol 50 no5 pp 521ndash542 1998

[67] S Verma C Venkataraman O Boucher and S RamachandranldquoSource evaluation of aerosols measured during the IndianOcean Experiment using combined chemical transport andback trajectory modelingrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 112 no 11 2007

[68] R Das L Granat C Leck P S Praveen and H Rodhe ldquoChem-ical composition of rainwater at Maldives Climate Observa-tory at Hanimaadhoo (MCOH)rdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 11 no 8 pp 3743ndash3755 2011

[69] K Alam S Qureshi and T Blaschke ldquoMonitoring spatio-temporal aerosol patterns over Pakistan based on MODISTOMS and MISR satellite data and a HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 27 pp 4641ndash4651 2011

[70] S Singh B Kumar G P Gupta and U C KulshresthaldquoSignatures of increasing energy demand of past two decadesas captured in rain water composition and airmass trajectoryanalysis at Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Environment In press

[71] A Kumar S Tiwari D S Bisht et al ldquoAerosol characteristicsduring the coolest june month over new delhi Northern IndiardquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 32 no 23 pp8463ndash8483 2011

[72] LRTAP httpwwwuneceorgenvlrtap[73] S Tiwari D M Chate D S Bisht M K Srivastava and B

Padmanabhamurty ldquoRainwater chemistry in theNorthWesternHimalayan Region Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 104-105pp 128ndash138 2012

[74] M S Naik L T Khemani G A Momin P S P Rao P D Safaiand A G Pillai ldquoChemical composition of fresh snow fromGulmarg North Indiardquo Environmental Pollution vol 87 no 2pp 167ndash171 1995

[75] D C Parashar L Granat U C Kulshrestha et al ldquoChemicalcomposition of precipitation in India and Nepal-apreliminaryreport on an Indo-Swedish project on atmospheric chemistryrdquoTech Rep CM90 IMI Stockholm University StockholmSweden 1996

[76] U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar S S Srivastava and D CParashar ldquoInvestigation into atmospheric deposition throughprecipitation studies at New Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Envi-ronment vol 30 no 24 pp 4149ndash4154 1996

[77] U C Kulshrestha L Granat M Engardt and H RodheldquoReview of precipitation monitoring studies in Indiamdasha searchfor regional patternsrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 39 no 38pp 7403ndash7419 2005

[78] L T Khemani G A Momin P S Prakasa Rao P D SafaiG Singh and R K Kapoor ldquoSpread of acid rain over IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 23 no 4 pp 757ndash762 1989

[79] A Saxena S Sharma U C Kulshrestha and S S SrivastavaldquoFactors affecting alkaline nature of rain water in Agra (India)rdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 74 no 2 pp 129ndash138 1991

[80] A Avila and M Alarcon ldquoRelationship between precipitationchemistry and meteorological situations at a rural site inNortheastern Spainrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 33 no 11pp 1663ndash1677 1999

[81] R Das S N Das and V N Misra ldquoChemical composition ofrainwater and dustfall at Bhubaneswar in the east coast of IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 39 no 32 pp 5908ndash5916 2005

[82] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ali ldquoInfluence oflocal sources on rainwater chemistry over Pune region IndiardquoAtmospheric Research vol 100 no 1 pp 121ndash131 2011

[83] M Zhang S Wang F Wu X Yuan and Y Zhang ldquoChemicalcompositions ofwet precipitation and anthropogenic influencesat a developing urban site in Southeastern Chinardquo AtmosphericResearch vol 84 no 4 pp 311ndash322 2007

[84] S C Kang P A Mayewski D H Qin S A Sneed J W Renand D Q Zhang ldquoSeasonal differences in snow chemistry fromthe vicinity of Mt Everest central Himalayasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 38 no 18 pp 2819ndash2829 2004

[85] K Yalcin C P Wake S Kang K J Kreutz and S I WhitlowldquoSeasonal and spatial variability in snow chemistry at EclipseIcefield Yukon Canadardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 43 pp 230ndash238 2006

[86] AMarinoni S Polesello C Smiraglia and SValsecchi ldquoChem-ical composition of freshsnow samples from the southernslope of Mt Everest region (Khumbu-Himal region Nepal)rdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 35 no 18 pp 3183ndash3190 2001

[87] H Niu Y He G Zhu et al ldquoEnvironmental implications of thelatest snow chemistry from Mt Yulong Southeastern TibetanPlateaurdquo Quaternary International vol 313-314 pp 168ndash1782013

14 Advances in Meteorology

[88] K J Kreutz V B Aizen L D Cecil and C P Wake ldquoOxygenisotopic and soluble ionic composition of a shallow firn coreInilchek glacier central Tien Shanrdquo Journal of Glaciology vol47 no 159 pp 548ndash554 2001

[89] U C Kulshrestha M J Kulshrestha R Sekar G S R Sastryand M Vairamani ldquoChemical characteristics of rainwater at anurban site of south-central Indiardquo Atmospheric Environmentvol 37 no 21 pp 3019ndash3026 2003

[90] M Jain U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar and D C ParasharldquoInfluence of crustal aerosols on wet deposition at urban andrural sites in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 29-30 pp 5129ndash5137 2000

[91] G Zhu T Pu Y He P Shi and T Zhang ldquoSeasonal variationsof major ions in fresh snow at Baishui Glacier No 1 YulongMountain Chinardquo Environmental Earth Sciences vol 69 no 1pp 1ndash10 2013

[92] S C Kang C P Wake D H Qin P A Mayewski and T DYao ldquoMonsoon and dust signals recorded in Dasuopu glacierTibetan Plateaurdquo Journal of Glaciology vol 46 no 153 pp 222ndash226 2000

[93] D H Qin S G Hou D Q Zhang et al ldquoPreliminary resultsfrom the chemical records of an 804m ice core recoveredfrom East Rongbuk Glacier Qomolangma (Mount Everest)Himalayardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 35 pp 278ndash284 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

4 Advances in Meteorology

Mumbai (yellow dots

W E

S

N

Colombo (black dots at

at 500m)

1000m and blue at 300m)

Dhaka (green dots at 1000mand red dots at 500m)

Islamabad (orange dots at 1000mand brown dots at 500m)

Figure 2 Air parcel back trajectories showing the likely source areas for smoke in India Bangladesh Pakistan and Sri Lanka [38]

25

10

15

20

10

15

20

25

5

0

40 60 65 70 75 80 85 9045 50 55

5Latit

ude

034026

274349021718041837

268266021908386369043338

1513484

0411069

010512

020312

119973

Longitude

Figure 3 Measured concentration (120583moldmminus3) of nss-Ca2+ NH4

+and nss-SO

4

2minus and associated 10-day backwards trajectories for eachrain sample dots show the point of sample collection along thecruise tracks of ships during INDOEX 1999 [54]

which were transported by the airmasses from Africa WestAsia or Northwest India

Generally higher pollution is reported in the north ofequator in Indian Ocean [54] as most of the emission sourcesare located in northern hemisphere Relatively pristine atmo-sphere is observed in Southern Indian Ocean due to negligi-ble human perturbations However the search operation formissing Malaysian airlines flight MH 370 is expected to emitlarge amount of aerosols and gaseous pollutants in SouthernIndian Ocean due to fuel burning by a number of searchingaircrafts and ships More than a month long operationhad used around 20 aircrafts and 20 ships According toBBC (httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-asia-26514556) thishas been the largest search operation which covered768million sq km area which is equivalent to 11 of theIndian Ocean and 15 of the surface of the Earth Inthis relation the calculations of airmass trajectories can be

of great help to find out the pathways of transport of airpollutants in Southern Indian Ocean Scavenging of variousaerosols and gaseous pollutants can modify the clouds insouth of intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) which canfurther affect monsoon process

163 Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea Deposition of acidiccomponents has been reported over Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea by Reddy and coworkers [52] This study wascarried out during Integrated Campaign on Aerosol andtrace gas Radiative Forcing (ICARB) They observed thatthe air over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea was influencedby the airmasses coming from four sectors (i) passingthrough Indian land (ii) from IndianOcean region (iii) formNorthernArabian Sea andMiddle East and (iv) fromAfricancontinent Figure 4 shows the origin of airmasses reachingvarious cruise points over Bay of Bengal andArabian SeaThehighest nss-SO

4

2minus was observed during airmasses comingfrom the Indian land while the lowest concentrations wereobserved when the airmasses were coming from oceanicregion However total fluxes of pollutants contributed by theairmasses of different direction are not estimated in any of thestudies reported in this region

164 Maldives Most of the studies reported from Maldivesare part of Atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC) project asMCOH Climate Observatory is located at HanimaadhooIsland Transport of pollutants up to MCOH has beenreported by Das and coworkers [68] They have used airmasstrajectories to interpret the water soluble inorganic compo-nents in rain deposited at MCOH to find out seasonality andpossible source regions The concentrations of non-seasaltSO4

2minus NH4

+ and NO3

minus were observed to be higher by afactor of 4 when airmasses arrived from India as comparedto the marine airmasses Such effect resulted in very low pHof rainwater (47) which was significantly lower than the pHvalues (60) contributed by the marine airmasses Figure 5shows the trajectories arriving at MCOH (Hanimaadhoo)

Advances in Meteorology 5

Table 2 Summary of trajectory studies reported in South Asia

Location Countryregion Latitude and longitude Trajectory model used Components measured References

Arabian Sea Arabian Sea 90∘N to 22∘N58∘E to 773∘E

CGER METEXprogramme

Major ions (PM10aerosols) [52]

INDOEX Arabian Sea andIndian Ocean Multiple points Wind data (NCEP) AOD [61]

Dhaka (AECD) Bangladesh 2373∘N 9040∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Sathkhira Bangladesh 22181015840N 89021015840E HYSPLIT SOx NOx [39]

Dhaka Bangladesh 2373∘N 9040∘E HYSPLIT SOx NOx CONMVOC and PM [62]

Bay of Bengal Bay of Bengal 205∘N to 56∘N804∘E to 934∘E

CGER METEXprogramme

Major ions (PM10aerosols) [52]

Navi Mumbai India 1907∘N 7297∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Hudegade Western Ghats India 1436∘N 7454∘E HYSPLIT Major ions (rain) [55]Sinhagad India 18∘211015840N 73∘451015840E HYSPLIT Major ions (cloud water) [41]Sinhagad India 18∘211015840N 73∘451015840E HYSPLIT Major ions (rain water) [40]

Sinhagad India 18∘211015840N-73∘451015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Pune India 18∘321015840N-73∘511015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Goa India 15∘451015840N- 73∘851015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Bhubaneshwar India 20∘151015840N-85∘521015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Manali India 3231∘N 7720∘E HYSPLIT pH and major ions(snowfall) [64]

Anantpur India 1462∘N 7765∘E HYSPLIT O3 [37]

INDOEX Indian Ocean 30∘N to sim35∘S 40∘E tosim100∘E)

No (wind data fromNCEPNCAR) AOD [65]

INDOEX Indian Ocean Multiple points No AOD [66]

INDOEX Indian Ocean Multiple points McGrath model withECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [54]

INDOEX Indian Ocean 20∘S to 172∘N and 575∘Eto 77∘E

HYSPLIT (hybridapproach) BC sulphate (aerosol) [67]

MCOH Maldives 6∘461015840N and 73∘111015840E HYSPLIT pH and major ions (rainwater) [68]

Nilore Pakistan 3337∘N 7306∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Multiple sites Pakistan Multiple points HYSPLIT AOD [69]Colombo Sri Lanka 6933∘N 79833∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Delhi India 2838∘N 7712∘E HYSPIT Rain chemistry [70]New Delhi India 286∘N 772∘E HYSPLIT AOD [71]

165 Nepal Trajectory analysis for wet deposition in Nepalhas not been reported However according to MISU datacollected for rain chemistry at ABC observational siteGodavari indicated that airmasses from sectors are receivedat the observatory These included (i) from Arabian Seapassing over India (ii) from Bay of Bengal passing throughBangladesh (iii) from Middle East and (iv) from Europe[67] Sometimes airmasses were coming from SoutheastAsia through Myanmar Bangladesh and India Howeverour recent observations on snow chemistry at Manali inHimachal Pradesh revealed that airmasses coming fromNepal were found to be responsible for air pollution transport

to India Such trajectories have been discussed in the lastsection of this paper

166 India India has the highest landmass population andnatural resources aswell as the largest industrial setup amongall the South Asian countries Hence it can be termed asthe biggest pollution exporter to the nearby countries andoceanic regions At the same time India imports huge amountof pollution through long range transport from EuropeMiddle East Africa Indian Ocean and nearby countriesHowever the amount of such import and export of pollution

6 Advances in Meteorology

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

50 70 75 80 85 90 95 10055 60 65Longitude (∘E)

Latit

ude (

∘N

)

Figure 4 Airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Seaduring ICARB [52]

from different sectors has not been estimated due to absenceof regional emission regulatory body 1979 Geneva Conven-tion on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)is one such ideal example which aims to limit and as far aspossible gradually reduce and prevent air pollution includinglong-range transboundary air pollution by each participatingcountry [72] CLRTAP has 51 parties so far

Most of the studies given in Table 2 have reported theorigin of airmasses and the type of pollutants contributed bythese airmasses The reported information using trajectoriesis highly useful in order to understand the sources and path-ways of pollution transport to various sites in India Satya-narayana and co-workers noticed that the long range trans-port of pollution from various sectors significantly affectedthe pH and chemistry of rain water at Hudegadde a rural sitelocated in an ecological sensitive area of Western Ghats [55]They observed that Hudegade received the airmasses fromfive different sectors namely central part of Indian OceanNorthwest Indian Ocean Southwest Indian Ocean and Gulfand airmasses passing through Northwest Indian Ocean andsouth continental part of India Airmass trajectory analysissuggested a significant influence of local and intercontinentalanthropogenic and natural sources Sources located in theAfrican and Gulf regions had influenced the acidity at thesite They found that urban activities located in southwest ofIndian continent (north of sampling site) and the sources inGulf region were responsible for acid rain in Western Ghats(Table 3)

Chemical composition of precipitation during differenttrajectory classes has been reported by Norman and cowork-ers (2001) at Bhubaneshwer Goa Sinhagad and Pune [63]They compared the rain chemistry results with trajectoriesand precipitation fields As shown in Table 4 a systematicchange in chemical composition and pH of rain water wasnoticed in accordance with the origin of airmasses and theamount of rainfall along the trajectory Bhubaneswar which islocated in Eastern India received airmasses fromArabian SeaBay of Bengal and continental sources Different trajectoriesarriving to Bhubaneshwar have been shown in Figure 6

Table 3 Concentrations (120583eq Lminus1) of major ions in different air-masses at the site (source [55])

CIO NWIO SWIO Gulf NWIO + SWICClminus 12 40 64 03 03NO3

minus 4 29 9 11 13nss SO

4

2minus 11 35 35 12 16Na+ 16 45 59 7 3NH4

+ 5 28 2 2 4K+ 5 3 9 16 2nss Ca2+ 38 71 68 21 3CIO Central Indian Ocean NWIO Northwest Indian Ocean SWIOSouthwest Indian Ocean NWIO + SWIC Northwest Indian Ocean +Southwest Indian Continent

From West India most of wet deposition studies havebeen reported for Pune region Using airmass trajectoriesBegum and coworkers (2011) observed that the long rangeof transport of air pollutants and dust was responsible forelevated levels of selected ions in cloud water at Sinhagadwhich is a high altitude side near Pune [38] In anotherstudy at Sinhagad Reddy and coworkers (2010) observedthat monsoon and postmonsoon airmasses had their originfrom different directions affecting rain chemistry accord-ingly [37] As shown in Figure 7 during monsoon seasonair moved from African region But during postmonsoonseason air parcel is seen originating from Middle East andEurope travelling through North India and finally reachingSinhagad Authors have reported that due to this reason theconcentrations of NO

3

minus NH4

+ nss-SO4

2minus and nss-K+ wereobserved to be higher in postmonsoon samples as comparedto monsoon samples

167 Long Range Transport up to Western Himalayan RangesIn order to observe the airmass movement in North Indiaup to the Western Himalaya we carried out snow chemistrystudy coupled with trajectory analysis In our study thesamples of snowfall were collected at a high altitude siteKothi (3231∘N 7720∘E) located in Kullu district of HimachalPradesh state of India which were processed for chemicalanalysis Five-day back trajectories at 5000m altitude werecalculated for these samples using HYSPLIT model fromNOAA [27] Airmass trajectories revealed that Kothi wasreceiving snowfall through the airmasses originating from sixmajor sectors which are termed as (1) North Atlantic Oceanorigin (NAO) (2) African origin (Af) (3) Middle East origin(ME) (4) European origin (Eu) (5) West India origin (WI)and (6) Nepal origin (Np) Figures 8(a)ndash8(f) show typicalexamples of these trajectories

North Atlantic Ocean Origin (NAO) Airmasses originat-ing from North Atlantic Ocean and passing over Europeto Afghanistan to Jammu and Kashmir and reaching thesampling site that is Kothi have been referred to as NAO(Figure 8(a)) This cluster represented the highest number ofevents (40)

African Origin (Af) Airmasses originating from Africancontinent and passing over Middle EastGulf to Pakistan

Advances in Meteorology 7

(a) Marine (b) Arabian Sea

(c) Indian (d) Mixed

Figure 5 Classification of trajectories arriving at MCOH (a) Marine (b) Arabian Sea (c) Indian and (d) mixed [68]

Table 4 Median concentrations (mmol Lminus1) in rain samples at Bhubaneswar for different trajectory groups and frequency of rain along thetrajectory ([63])

Sample group pH Na+ NH4

+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Clminus NO3

minus SO4

2minus nss-SO4

2minus Ca2+Na+ Number of samplesHigh rain frequency

C 548 63 222 12 13 31 65 94 68 65 066 18CL 484 282 735 94 69 281 347 538 37 353 079 2B 554 61 91 05 07 15 75 25 31 28 025 14M 582 119 207 11 116 72 126 109 89 67 053 23

Low rain frequencyC 561 169 447 37 38 105 23 29 212 196 058 21CL 503 182 526 45 5 284 20 44 402 391 233 2B 528 318 813 79 63 177 345 49 367 358 08 6M 577 124 113 06 24 5 145 94 92 84 056 8Note (a) continental (C) (b) continental local (CL) (c) monsoon (M) and (d) Bay of Bengal (B)

before reaching the sampling site have been termed as AfThis cluster represented 23 of snowfall events Figure 8(b)is a typical example of such airmasses

Middle East Origin (ME) Airmasses originating fromMiddleEast and reaching the sampling site via Pakistan andHaryanahave been termed as ME This group represented 10 of thetotal snowfall events Figure 8(c) is a typical example of MEairmasses

European Origin (Eu) Airmasses originating fromcontinental Europe and reaching the sampling site viaAfghanistan and Jammu and Kashmir have been referredto as Eu This class represented the least number (6) ofsnowfall events Figure 8(d) is a typical example of suchairmasses

Western India Origin (InW) Airmasses originating in West-ern India in the state of Rajasthan and transported over

8 Advances in Meteorology

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(a) Continental

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(b) Continental Local

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(c) Monsoon

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(d) Bay of Bengal

Figure 6 Trajectories to Bhubaneswar sorted into different trajectory groups during January 1997ndashOctober 1998 (a) Continental (C) (b)continental local (CL) (c) monsoon (M) and (d) Bay of Bengal (B) [63]

Punjab and Haryana and finally reaching the sampling sitehave been termed as InW This group represented 13 of thetotal snowfall events Figure 8(e) is a typical example of thistype of airmasses

Nepal Origin (Np) Airmasses originating from Nepal sidereaching the sampling site via Uttarakhand have been cat-egorized as Np This cluster represented the second lowestnumber of events (8) Figure 8(f) is a typical example of thistype of airmasses

In general pHof the samples varied from475 to 698withan average value of 569 indicating slight alkaline nature ofsnow samples Slight alkaline precipitation has been reportedat higher altitude in Indian region [40 41 73ndash75] Figure 9shows the percent frequency distribution of pH of snowfallsamples Maximum number of samples had pH between621 and 660 (29) followed by a range of 581ndash620 (25)661ndash700 (17) 541ndash580 (17) 461ndash500 (10) and 501ndash540 (4) The high pH (pH gt 56) has been reported in

global precipitation samples due to the influence of soilderived particulate matter [40 68 76ndash80] Out of total83 of samples showed pH of snow above 56 while 17of samples only were found to be acidic at Kothi Acidicsnow samples were found at this site in airmasses originatedfrom Middle East Countries and Europe mainly Acidic pHhas been reported in precipitation samples in airmassesoriginated from Europe [80] and Gulf countries [55] 43of rain samples were observed to be acidic in nature at statebotanical garden in Bhubaneswar India [81] 18 occurrenceof acid rain has been reported at Delhi India [76] pH valueranged between 398 and 801 with 20 acidic precipitationsamples having been reported at Montseny in NortheastSpain Europe [80] Out of total precipitation samples 21 ofsamples were found to be acidic in nature at Sinhagad PuneIndia [82] 793 of the total precipitation has a pH value lessthan 56 at Jinhua in Southeastern Chinarsquos province [83]

Table 5 gives average concentration of chemical speciesin snowfall samples On average equivalent concentration ofionic species followed the following order Ca2+ gt Clminus gt

Advances in Meteorology 9

030 9080706040 50 100

Mumbai

10

20

30

40

110

Sinhagad

1400m

(a)

Mumbai Sinhagad

030 9080706040 50 100

10

20

30

40

110

1400m

(b)

Figure 7 Seven-day back trajectories at Sinhagad during the (a) monsoon and (b) postmonsoon seasons of 2005 [40]

Table 5 Descriptive statistics of pH and major ions (120583eq Lminus1) in snowmelt

pH Na+ NH4

+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Fminus Clminus NO3

minus SO4

2minus HCO3

minus

Average 569 4369 1846 1084 4713 1704 302 4599 1742 2745 2740sd 06 235 108 57 211 79 23 253 73 83 177Min 475 751 423 299 1765 010 008 1075 543 1195 172Max 698 9356 3941 2155 9644 3531 702 10651 3111 4673 7191

Na+ gt SO4

2minusgt HCO

3

minusgt NH

4

+gt NO

3

minusgt Mg2+ gt K+ gt

Fminus Very high concentration of Ca2+ among all ions at this siteindicated the crustal dominance in snowfall samples at KothiThe average concentration of Ca2+ was compared with othersof snow and found to be higher than Mount Everest [84]Mt LoganMassif [85] Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] but lowerthan Yulong snow Mt [87] and Tien Shan [88] In Indianregion many researchers have reported high concentrationof Ca due to suspended soil dust in precipitation samples[76 89 90] Since the site is situated at high altitude withless eroded soil [73] Ca2+ is not expected to be contributedby local soil significantly As discussed above in the samesection the contribution of transported dust from Africanregion West India and Nepal was significantly high at thissite Very high concentration of SO

4

2minus and NO3

minus might bedue to its transport through Af ME InW and Np airmassesThe concentration of SO

4

2minus in snow samples at this site waslower than surfacefresh snow samples of Yulong snow Mt[91] ice core samples of Dasuopu [92] and East Rongbuk[93] but lower than snow samples of Mt Everest [84]Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] andMt LoganMassif [85] Verysimilar range of concentration of SO

4

2minus has been reportedby many workers in global precipitation due to fossil fuelcombustion mainly [55 73 80 82 89] NO

3

minus concentrationwas found to be very high which might be due to transportof NO

119909NO3

minus from various airmasses as discussed above inthe same section Some contribution of NO

3

minus from biomassburning during winter season to produce heat by local peoplecannot be ruled out After Ca2+ very high concentration ofClminus and Na+ among all ions indicated strong influences ofmarine components at this site and it is very clear from theabove discussionThe high concentration of NH

4in snowfall

samplesmight be due to its transport fromAfrican continents

andNepalmainly Similarly high concentration ofKmight bedue to its transport of airmasses fromAf InW andNpmainly

2 Conclusion

Presently computation of trajectories is highly advancedMultiple and 3D trajectories are possible with numerousadditional features which make computation of backwardforward and vertical motion very simple However thereare uncertainties associated with the calculated trajectoriesand hence precaution of such errors is necessary for theirmeaningful interpretation Nevertheless the airmass trajec-tories are powerful tools for tracing pollution sources andthe routes of transport Transboundary pollution is becominga serious issue in South Asia Transport of pollutants fromnearby countries as well as from far Europe Middle East andAfrican continental regions to South Asia needs immediateattention of scientists and policymakers Studies indicate thatthe net import and export of pollutants vary depending uponthe season as the origin and path of airmasses change duringdifferent seasons and so the deposition load of different typesof pollutants at the receptor sites Hence similar to CLRTAPSouth Asian region also needs to develop a network to moni-tor the nature and type of pollutants and their quantificationof annual import and export followed by appropriate meth-ods of assessment in relation to damage to human healthforests and various agroecosystems Airmass trajectoriesrevealed that acidic pollutants from Europe and Middle Eastregions are deposited up to the remote Himalayan rangesvia long range transport Trajectory calculations providedvery vital information about the continental transportedemissions which were responsible for the elevated level of

10 Advances in Meteorology

Backward trajectory ending at 1900UTC 11 Dec 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

8500

500000

7500

6500

5500

4500

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 1209 1208 1207Job ID 181404 Job start Sat Apr 19 181031 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(a) pH = 635 (NAO)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 23 Feb 13NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

0223 0222 0221 0220 0219Job ID 181272 Job start Sat Apr 19 180654 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

500045004000350030002500200015001000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(b) pH = 572 (Af)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 2300UTC 13 Dec 12

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 12091213 1212Job ID 181119 Job start Sat Apr 19 180315 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

4000

3000

2000

1000

5000Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(c) pH = 496 (ME)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 29 Nov 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological dataM

eter

s AG

L

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 181330 Job start Sat Apr 19 180856 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 29 Nov 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

1129 1128 1127 1126 1125

5000

65005500450035002500

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(d) pH = 548 (Eu)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 24 Mar 13

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 182048 Job start Sat Apr 19 182929 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Mar 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0324 0323 0322 0321 0320

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(e) pH = 673 (InW)

NOAA HYSPLIT modelBackward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 26 Feb 13

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 180918 Job start Sat Apr 19 175935 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 1 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

0206 0205 0204 0203 0202

3000

2000

1000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(f) pH = 601 (Np)

Figure 8 Typical examples of six different airmass trajectories arriving at the site NAO = North Atlantic Ocean origin Af = African originME = Middle East origin Eu = European origin (Eu) InW =Western India origin and Np = Nepal origin

Advances in Meteorology 11

10

4

17

2529

15

05

101520253035

pH range

Freq

uenc

y (

)

461

ndash500

501

ndash540

541

ndash580

581

ndash620

621

ndash660

661

ndash700

Figure 9 Percent frequency distribution of pH of snowmelt forwhole dataset

acidity of rain water at an ecosensitive site in Western Ghatsin Southwest India

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

Support of DST-PURSE and UGC India is gratefullyacknowledged

References

[1] J A DuttonThe Ceaseless Wind An Introduction to the Theoryof Atmospheric Motion Dover New York NY USA 1986

[2] H R Byers General Meteorology McGraw-Hill New YorkUSA 4th edition 1974

[3] D JThomson and J DWilsonHistory of Lagrangian StochasticModels for Turbulent Dispersion Langrangian Model of theAtmosphere Geographical Monograph Series 200 AmericanGeophhysical union 2012

[4] K J Davis D H Lenschow S P Oncley et al ldquoRole ofentrainment in surface-atmosphere interactions over the borealforestrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D vol 102 no 24 pp29219ndash29230 1997

[5] P Seibert ldquoInverse modelling with a lagrangian particle dis-persion model application to point releases over limited timeintervals in air pollution modeling and its applicationrdquo Journalof Applied Meteorology vol 14 pp 381ndash389 2004

[6] A Eliassen J Saltbones F Stordal O Hov and I S A IsaksenldquoA Lagrangian long-range transport model with atmosphericboundary layer chemistryrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 11 pp 1645ndash1661 1982

[7] D Simpson ldquoPhotochemical model calculations over Europefor two extended summer periods 1985 and 1989 Model resultsand comparison with observationsrdquo Atmospheric EnvironmentA vol 27 no 6 pp 921ndash943 1993

[8] S Petterssen ldquoWeather analysis and forecastingrdquo pp 221ndash2231940

[9] E F Danielsen and R Bleck ldquoResearch in four-dimensionaldiagnosis of cyclonic stormcloud systemrdquoAFCRLRep 67ndash0617BedfordMass USA 1967 Available as NTIS AD-670 847 fromNational Technical Information Service Springfield Va USA

[10] H Rodhe ldquoA study of the sulfur budget for the atmosphere overNorthern Europerdquo Tellus vol 24 pp 128ndash138 1972

[11] T D Fox and J D Ludwick ldquoLead (Pb) concentrations associ-ated with 1000-MB geostrophic back trajectories at QuillayuteWashingtonrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 10 no 10 pp 799ndash803 1976

[12] L L AshbaughW CMalm andW Z Sadeh ldquoA residence timeprobability analysis of sulfur concentrations at Grand CanyonNational Parkrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 19 no 8 pp1263ndash1270 1985

[13] A V Polissar P K Hopke P Paatero et al ldquoThe aerosolat Barrow Alaska long-term trends and source locationsrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 33 no 16 pp 2441ndash2458 1999

[14] A Stohl ldquoComputation accuracy and applications oftrajectoriesmdasha review and bibliographyrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 32 no 6 pp 947ndash966 1998

[15] Z L Fleming P S Monks and A J Manning ldquoReviewuntangling the influence of air-mass history in interpretingobserved atmospheric compositionrdquoAtmospheric Research vol104-105 pp 1ndash39 2012

[16] B F Taubman J C Hains A M Thompson et al ldquoAircraftvertical profiles of trace gas and aerosol pollution over themid-Atlantic United States Statistics andmeteorological clusteranalysisrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol111 no 10 2006

[17] M Cabello J A G Orza V Galiano and G Ruiz ldquoInfluenceof meteorological input data on backtrajectory cluster analysisa seven-year study for southeastern Spainrdquo Advances in Scienceand Research vol 2 pp 65ndash70 2008

[18] S Pettersen Weather Analysis and Forecasting Motion andMotion Systems vol 1 McGraw-Hill 1956

[19] J D Kahl ldquoA cautionary note on the use of air trajectoriesin interpreting atmospheric chemistry measurementsrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 27 no 17-18 pp 3037ndash3038 1993

[20] P Seibert ldquoConvergence and accuracy of numerical methodsfor trajectory calculationsrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol32 no 3 pp 558ndash566 1993

[21] E Isaacson andH B KellerAnalysis of Numerical Methods vol541 John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 1966

[22] P Brumer ldquoStability concepts in the numerical solution ofclassical atomic and molecular scattering problemsrdquo Journal ofComputational Physics vol 14 pp 391ndash419 1974

[23] J T Merrill ldquoIsentropic air-flow probability analysisrdquo Journalof Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 99 pp 25881ndash258891994

[24] A Stohl G Wotawa P Seibert and H Kromp-Kolb ldquoInterpo-lation errors in wind fields as a function of spatial and temporalresolution and their impact on different types of kinematictrajectoriesrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol 34 no 10 pp2149ndash2165 1995

[25] A Virkkula M Aurela R Hillamo et al ldquoChemical compo-sition of atmospheric aerosol in the European subarctic con-tribution of the Kola Peninsula smelter areas central Europeand the Arctic Oceanrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 104 no 19 pp 23681ndash23696 1999

[26] J N Cape J Methven and L E Hudson ldquoThe use of trajectorycluster analysis to interpret trace gas measurements at Mace

12 Advances in Meteorology

Head Irelandrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 22 pp3651ndash3663 2000

[27] R R Draxler and G D Rolph ldquoHYSPLIT ( HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model NOAAAir Resources Laboratoryrdquo Silver Spring Md USA 2003httpreadyarlnoaagovHYSPLITphp

[28] P Pochanart H Akimoto Y Kajii V M Potemkin and T VKhodzher ldquoRegional background ozone and carbon monoxidevariations nin remote SiberiaEast Asiardquo Journal of GeophysicalResearch D Atmospheres vol 108 no 1 pp 1ndash18 2003

[29] B A Schichtel K A Gebhart M G Barna and W C MalmldquoAssociation of airmass transport patterns and particulate sulfurconcentrations at Big Bend National Park Texasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 40 no 5 pp 992ndash1006 2006

[30] A W Delcloo and H de Backer ldquoFive day 3D back trajectoryclusters and trends analysis of the Uccle ozone soundingtime series in the lower troposphere (1969ndash2001)rdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 42 no 19 pp 4419ndash4432 2008

[31] G Dogan G Gullu and G Tuncel ldquoSources and source regionseffecting the aerosol composition of the Eastern Mediter-raneanrdquoMicrochemical Journal vol 88 no 2 pp 142ndash149 2008

[32] O A Tarasova I A Senik M G Sosonkin J Cui J Staehelinand A S H Prevot ldquoSurface ozone at the Caucasian siteKislovodsk High Mountain Station and the Swiss Alpine siteJungfraujoch data analysis and trends (1990ndash2006)rdquo Atmo-spheric Chemistry and Physics vol 9 no 12 pp 4157ndash4175 2009

[33] httplagrangeempachlm trajhtml[34] H Riede P Jockel and R Sander ldquoQuantifying atmospheric

transport chemistry and mixing using a new trajectory-boxmodel and a global atmospheric-chemistry GCMrdquo GeoscienceModel Development vol 2 pp 267ndash280 2009

[35] R P Shadbolt E A Waller J P Messina and J A WinklerldquoSource regions of lower-tropospheric airflow trajectories forthe lower peninsula of Michigan a 40-year air mass climatol-ogyrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 111no 21 Article ID D21117 2006

[36] A Riccio G Giunta and E Chianese ldquoThe application ofa trajectory classification procedure to interpret air pollutionmeasurements in the urban area of Naples (Southern Italy)rdquoScience of the Total Environment vol 376 no 1ndash3 pp 198ndash2142007

[37] B S K Reddy K R Kumar G Balakrishnaiah et al ldquoObserva-tional studies on the variations in surface ozone concentrationat Anantapur in southern Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 98no 1 pp 125ndash139 2010

[38] B A Begum S K Biswas G G Pandit et al ldquoLong-rangetransport of soil dust and smoke pollution in the South AsianregionrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 2 pp 151ndash1572011

[39] A H M Saadat Md M Rahman S M K Hasan and A TM Jahangir Alam ldquoTravelling and source point identificationof some transboundary air pollutants by trajectory analysis inSathkhira Bangladeshrdquo Canadian Chemical Transactions vol1 no 1 pp 56ndash65 2013

[40] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ah ldquoChemistryofmonsoon and post-monsoon rains at a high altitude locationSinhagad Indiardquo Aerosol and Air Quality Research vol 9 no 1pp 65ndash79 2009

[41] K B Budhavant P S P Rao PD Safai LGranat andHRodheldquoChemical composition of the inorganic fraction of cloud-water at a high altitude station in West Indiardquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 88 pp 59ndash65 2014

[42] R R Draxler andA D Taylor ldquoHorizontal parameters for long-range transport modelingrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 3 pp 367ndash372 1982

[43] J C Lin C Gerbig S CWofsy et al ldquoMeasuring fluxes of tracegases at regional scales by Lagrangian observations applicationto the CO

2Budget and Rectification Airborne (COBRA) studyrdquo

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 109 no D152004

[44] D Wen J C Lin D B Millet A F Stein and R R DraxlerldquoA backward-time stochastic Lagrangian air quality modelrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 54 pp 373ndash386 2012

[45] J L Moody J A Galusky and J N Galloway ldquoThe use ofatmospheric transport pattern recognition techniques in under-standing variation in precipitation chemistryrdquo in AtmosphericDeposition (Proceedings of the Baltimore SymposiumMay 1989)IAHS Publ No 179 May 1989

[46] M Escudero A F Stein R R Draxler et al ldquoSource appor-tionment for African dust outbreaks over theWestern Mediter-ranean using the HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmospheric Research vol99 no 3-4 pp 518ndash527 2011

[47] J Baker ldquoA cluster analysis of long range air transport pathwaysand associated pollutant concentrations within the UKrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 44 no 4 pp 563ndash571 2010

[48] K A Gebhart B A Schichtel W C Malm M G Barna MA Rodriguez and J L Collett ldquoBack-trajectory-based sourceapportionment of airborne sulfur and nitrogen concentrationsat Rocky Mountain National Park Colorado USArdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 3 pp 621ndash633 2011

[49] B de Foy M Zavala N Bei and L T Molina ldquoEvaluationof WRF mesoscale simulations and particle trajectory analysisfor the MILAGRO field campaignrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 13 pp 4419ndash4438 2009

[50] R M Harrison J L Grenfell J D Peak et al ldquoInfluence of air-mass back trajectory upon nitrogen compound compositionrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 34 no 10 pp 1519ndash1527 2000

[51] TW Chan andMMozurkewich ldquoApplication of absolute prin-cipal component analysis to size distribution data identificationof particle originsrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics vol 7no 3 pp 887ndash897 2007

[52] L A K Reddy U C Kulshrestha J Satyanarayana M JKulshrestha and K K Moorthy ldquoChemical characteristics ofPM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea during ICARBrdquo Journal of Earth System Sciencevol 117 no 1 pp 345ndash352 2008

[53] P Salvador B Artınano X Querol and A Alastuey ldquoA com-bined analysis of backward trajectories and aerosol chemistryto characterise long-range transport episodes of particulatematter the Madrid air basin a case studyrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 390 no 2-3 pp 495ndash506 2008

[54] L Granat M Norman C Leck U C Kulshrestha andH Rodhe ldquoWet scavenging of sulfur compounds and otherconstituents during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)rdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 19article 8025 2002

[55] J Satyanarayana L A K Reddy M J Kulshrestha R N RaoandUC Kulshrestha ldquoChemical composition of rainwater andinfluence of airmass trajectories at a rural site in an ecologicalsensitive area of Western Ghats (India)rdquo Journal of AtmosphericChemistry vol 66 no 3 pp 101ndash116 2010

[56] A Dvorska G Lammel and I Holoubek ldquoRecent trendsof persistent organic pollutants in air in central Europemdashair

Advances in Meteorology 13

monitoring in combination with air mass trajectory statisticsas a tool to study the effectivity of regional chemical policyrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 43 no 6 pp 1280ndash1287 2009

[57] D W Tarasick J J Jin V E Fioletov et al ldquoHigh-resolutiontropospheric ozone fields for INTEX and ARCTAS from IONSozonesondesrdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchD vol 115 no 20Article ID D20301 2010

[58] A S Lefohn HWernli D Shadwick S Limbach S J OltmansandM Shapiro ldquoThe importance of stratospheric-tropospherictransport in affecting surface ozone concentrations in theWestern and Northern tier of the United Statesrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 45 no 28 pp 4845ndash4857 2011

[59] P D Tyson M Garstang R J Swap E V Browell R DDiab and A M Thompson ldquoTransport and Vertical structureof ozone and aerosol distributions over southern Africardquo inBiomass Burning and Global Change J S Levine Ed pp 403ndash421 MIT Press Cambridge UK 1996

[60] K AshrafiM Shafiepour-Motlagh A Aslemand and S GhadeldquoDust storm simulation over Iran using HYSPLITrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Health Science and Engineering vol 12 no 1article 9 2014

[61] K K Moorthy A Saha B S N Prasad K Niranjan D Jhurryand P S Pillai ldquoAerosol optical depths over peninsular Indiaand adjoining oceans during the INDOEX campaigns spatialtemporal and spectral characteristicsrdquo Journal of GeophysicalResearchDAtmospheres vol 106 no 22 pp 28539ndash28554 2001

[62] A Iqbal and N T K Oanh ldquoAssessment of acid depositionover Dhaka division using CAMx-MM5 modeling systemrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 4 pp 452ndash462 2011

[63] M Norman S N Das A G Pillai L Granat and H RodheldquoInfluence of air mass trajectories on the chemical compositionof precipitation in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 35 no25 pp 4223ndash4235 2001

[64] B Kumar G P Gupta S Singh and U C KulshresthaldquoChemical characterization of snowfall in western Himalayanregion of Indiardquo Unpublished data

[65] F Li and V Ramanathan ldquoWinter to summer monsoon varia-tion of aerosol optical depth over the tropical Indian OceanrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 16pp 2ndash13 2002

[66] T N Krishnamurti B Jha J Prospero A Jayaraman and VRamanathan ldquoAerosol and pollutant transport and their impacton radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during theJanuary-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruiserdquo Tellus vol 50 no5 pp 521ndash542 1998

[67] S Verma C Venkataraman O Boucher and S RamachandranldquoSource evaluation of aerosols measured during the IndianOcean Experiment using combined chemical transport andback trajectory modelingrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 112 no 11 2007

[68] R Das L Granat C Leck P S Praveen and H Rodhe ldquoChem-ical composition of rainwater at Maldives Climate Observa-tory at Hanimaadhoo (MCOH)rdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 11 no 8 pp 3743ndash3755 2011

[69] K Alam S Qureshi and T Blaschke ldquoMonitoring spatio-temporal aerosol patterns over Pakistan based on MODISTOMS and MISR satellite data and a HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 27 pp 4641ndash4651 2011

[70] S Singh B Kumar G P Gupta and U C KulshresthaldquoSignatures of increasing energy demand of past two decadesas captured in rain water composition and airmass trajectoryanalysis at Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Environment In press

[71] A Kumar S Tiwari D S Bisht et al ldquoAerosol characteristicsduring the coolest june month over new delhi Northern IndiardquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 32 no 23 pp8463ndash8483 2011

[72] LRTAP httpwwwuneceorgenvlrtap[73] S Tiwari D M Chate D S Bisht M K Srivastava and B

Padmanabhamurty ldquoRainwater chemistry in theNorthWesternHimalayan Region Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 104-105pp 128ndash138 2012

[74] M S Naik L T Khemani G A Momin P S P Rao P D Safaiand A G Pillai ldquoChemical composition of fresh snow fromGulmarg North Indiardquo Environmental Pollution vol 87 no 2pp 167ndash171 1995

[75] D C Parashar L Granat U C Kulshrestha et al ldquoChemicalcomposition of precipitation in India and Nepal-apreliminaryreport on an Indo-Swedish project on atmospheric chemistryrdquoTech Rep CM90 IMI Stockholm University StockholmSweden 1996

[76] U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar S S Srivastava and D CParashar ldquoInvestigation into atmospheric deposition throughprecipitation studies at New Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Envi-ronment vol 30 no 24 pp 4149ndash4154 1996

[77] U C Kulshrestha L Granat M Engardt and H RodheldquoReview of precipitation monitoring studies in Indiamdasha searchfor regional patternsrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 39 no 38pp 7403ndash7419 2005

[78] L T Khemani G A Momin P S Prakasa Rao P D SafaiG Singh and R K Kapoor ldquoSpread of acid rain over IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 23 no 4 pp 757ndash762 1989

[79] A Saxena S Sharma U C Kulshrestha and S S SrivastavaldquoFactors affecting alkaline nature of rain water in Agra (India)rdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 74 no 2 pp 129ndash138 1991

[80] A Avila and M Alarcon ldquoRelationship between precipitationchemistry and meteorological situations at a rural site inNortheastern Spainrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 33 no 11pp 1663ndash1677 1999

[81] R Das S N Das and V N Misra ldquoChemical composition ofrainwater and dustfall at Bhubaneswar in the east coast of IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 39 no 32 pp 5908ndash5916 2005

[82] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ali ldquoInfluence oflocal sources on rainwater chemistry over Pune region IndiardquoAtmospheric Research vol 100 no 1 pp 121ndash131 2011

[83] M Zhang S Wang F Wu X Yuan and Y Zhang ldquoChemicalcompositions ofwet precipitation and anthropogenic influencesat a developing urban site in Southeastern Chinardquo AtmosphericResearch vol 84 no 4 pp 311ndash322 2007

[84] S C Kang P A Mayewski D H Qin S A Sneed J W Renand D Q Zhang ldquoSeasonal differences in snow chemistry fromthe vicinity of Mt Everest central Himalayasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 38 no 18 pp 2819ndash2829 2004

[85] K Yalcin C P Wake S Kang K J Kreutz and S I WhitlowldquoSeasonal and spatial variability in snow chemistry at EclipseIcefield Yukon Canadardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 43 pp 230ndash238 2006

[86] AMarinoni S Polesello C Smiraglia and SValsecchi ldquoChem-ical composition of freshsnow samples from the southernslope of Mt Everest region (Khumbu-Himal region Nepal)rdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 35 no 18 pp 3183ndash3190 2001

[87] H Niu Y He G Zhu et al ldquoEnvironmental implications of thelatest snow chemistry from Mt Yulong Southeastern TibetanPlateaurdquo Quaternary International vol 313-314 pp 168ndash1782013

14 Advances in Meteorology

[88] K J Kreutz V B Aizen L D Cecil and C P Wake ldquoOxygenisotopic and soluble ionic composition of a shallow firn coreInilchek glacier central Tien Shanrdquo Journal of Glaciology vol47 no 159 pp 548ndash554 2001

[89] U C Kulshrestha M J Kulshrestha R Sekar G S R Sastryand M Vairamani ldquoChemical characteristics of rainwater at anurban site of south-central Indiardquo Atmospheric Environmentvol 37 no 21 pp 3019ndash3026 2003

[90] M Jain U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar and D C ParasharldquoInfluence of crustal aerosols on wet deposition at urban andrural sites in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 29-30 pp 5129ndash5137 2000

[91] G Zhu T Pu Y He P Shi and T Zhang ldquoSeasonal variationsof major ions in fresh snow at Baishui Glacier No 1 YulongMountain Chinardquo Environmental Earth Sciences vol 69 no 1pp 1ndash10 2013

[92] S C Kang C P Wake D H Qin P A Mayewski and T DYao ldquoMonsoon and dust signals recorded in Dasuopu glacierTibetan Plateaurdquo Journal of Glaciology vol 46 no 153 pp 222ndash226 2000

[93] D H Qin S G Hou D Q Zhang et al ldquoPreliminary resultsfrom the chemical records of an 804m ice core recoveredfrom East Rongbuk Glacier Qomolangma (Mount Everest)Himalayardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 35 pp 278ndash284 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

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Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

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Journal of

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International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

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Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

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MineralogyInternational Journal of

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MeteorologyAdvances in

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Geological ResearchJournal of

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Geology Advances in

Advances in Meteorology 5

Table 2 Summary of trajectory studies reported in South Asia

Location Countryregion Latitude and longitude Trajectory model used Components measured References

Arabian Sea Arabian Sea 90∘N to 22∘N58∘E to 773∘E

CGER METEXprogramme

Major ions (PM10aerosols) [52]

INDOEX Arabian Sea andIndian Ocean Multiple points Wind data (NCEP) AOD [61]

Dhaka (AECD) Bangladesh 2373∘N 9040∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Sathkhira Bangladesh 22181015840N 89021015840E HYSPLIT SOx NOx [39]

Dhaka Bangladesh 2373∘N 9040∘E HYSPLIT SOx NOx CONMVOC and PM [62]

Bay of Bengal Bay of Bengal 205∘N to 56∘N804∘E to 934∘E

CGER METEXprogramme

Major ions (PM10aerosols) [52]

Navi Mumbai India 1907∘N 7297∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Hudegade Western Ghats India 1436∘N 7454∘E HYSPLIT Major ions (rain) [55]Sinhagad India 18∘211015840N 73∘451015840E HYSPLIT Major ions (cloud water) [41]Sinhagad India 18∘211015840N 73∘451015840E HYSPLIT Major ions (rain water) [40]

Sinhagad India 18∘211015840N-73∘451015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Pune India 18∘321015840N-73∘511015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Goa India 15∘451015840N- 73∘851015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Bhubaneshwar India 20∘151015840N-85∘521015840E McGrath (1989) modelwith ECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [63]

Manali India 3231∘N 7720∘E HYSPLIT pH and major ions(snowfall) [64]

Anantpur India 1462∘N 7765∘E HYSPLIT O3 [37]

INDOEX Indian Ocean 30∘N to sim35∘S 40∘E tosim100∘E)

No (wind data fromNCEPNCAR) AOD [65]

INDOEX Indian Ocean Multiple points No AOD [66]

INDOEX Indian Ocean Multiple points McGrath model withECMWF

pH and major ions (rainwater) [54]

INDOEX Indian Ocean 20∘S to 172∘N and 575∘Eto 77∘E

HYSPLIT (hybridapproach) BC sulphate (aerosol) [67]

MCOH Maldives 6∘461015840N and 73∘111015840E HYSPLIT pH and major ions (rainwater) [68]

Nilore Pakistan 3337∘N 7306∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Multiple sites Pakistan Multiple points HYSPLIT AOD [69]Colombo Sri Lanka 6933∘N 79833∘E HYSPLIT BC aerosol [38]Delhi India 2838∘N 7712∘E HYSPIT Rain chemistry [70]New Delhi India 286∘N 772∘E HYSPLIT AOD [71]

165 Nepal Trajectory analysis for wet deposition in Nepalhas not been reported However according to MISU datacollected for rain chemistry at ABC observational siteGodavari indicated that airmasses from sectors are receivedat the observatory These included (i) from Arabian Seapassing over India (ii) from Bay of Bengal passing throughBangladesh (iii) from Middle East and (iv) from Europe[67] Sometimes airmasses were coming from SoutheastAsia through Myanmar Bangladesh and India Howeverour recent observations on snow chemistry at Manali inHimachal Pradesh revealed that airmasses coming fromNepal were found to be responsible for air pollution transport

to India Such trajectories have been discussed in the lastsection of this paper

166 India India has the highest landmass population andnatural resources aswell as the largest industrial setup amongall the South Asian countries Hence it can be termed asthe biggest pollution exporter to the nearby countries andoceanic regions At the same time India imports huge amountof pollution through long range transport from EuropeMiddle East Africa Indian Ocean and nearby countriesHowever the amount of such import and export of pollution

6 Advances in Meteorology

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

50 70 75 80 85 90 95 10055 60 65Longitude (∘E)

Latit

ude (

∘N

)

Figure 4 Airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Seaduring ICARB [52]

from different sectors has not been estimated due to absenceof regional emission regulatory body 1979 Geneva Conven-tion on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)is one such ideal example which aims to limit and as far aspossible gradually reduce and prevent air pollution includinglong-range transboundary air pollution by each participatingcountry [72] CLRTAP has 51 parties so far

Most of the studies given in Table 2 have reported theorigin of airmasses and the type of pollutants contributed bythese airmasses The reported information using trajectoriesis highly useful in order to understand the sources and path-ways of pollution transport to various sites in India Satya-narayana and co-workers noticed that the long range trans-port of pollution from various sectors significantly affectedthe pH and chemistry of rain water at Hudegadde a rural sitelocated in an ecological sensitive area of Western Ghats [55]They observed that Hudegade received the airmasses fromfive different sectors namely central part of Indian OceanNorthwest Indian Ocean Southwest Indian Ocean and Gulfand airmasses passing through Northwest Indian Ocean andsouth continental part of India Airmass trajectory analysissuggested a significant influence of local and intercontinentalanthropogenic and natural sources Sources located in theAfrican and Gulf regions had influenced the acidity at thesite They found that urban activities located in southwest ofIndian continent (north of sampling site) and the sources inGulf region were responsible for acid rain in Western Ghats(Table 3)

Chemical composition of precipitation during differenttrajectory classes has been reported by Norman and cowork-ers (2001) at Bhubaneshwer Goa Sinhagad and Pune [63]They compared the rain chemistry results with trajectoriesand precipitation fields As shown in Table 4 a systematicchange in chemical composition and pH of rain water wasnoticed in accordance with the origin of airmasses and theamount of rainfall along the trajectory Bhubaneswar which islocated in Eastern India received airmasses fromArabian SeaBay of Bengal and continental sources Different trajectoriesarriving to Bhubaneshwar have been shown in Figure 6

Table 3 Concentrations (120583eq Lminus1) of major ions in different air-masses at the site (source [55])

CIO NWIO SWIO Gulf NWIO + SWICClminus 12 40 64 03 03NO3

minus 4 29 9 11 13nss SO

4

2minus 11 35 35 12 16Na+ 16 45 59 7 3NH4

+ 5 28 2 2 4K+ 5 3 9 16 2nss Ca2+ 38 71 68 21 3CIO Central Indian Ocean NWIO Northwest Indian Ocean SWIOSouthwest Indian Ocean NWIO + SWIC Northwest Indian Ocean +Southwest Indian Continent

From West India most of wet deposition studies havebeen reported for Pune region Using airmass trajectoriesBegum and coworkers (2011) observed that the long rangeof transport of air pollutants and dust was responsible forelevated levels of selected ions in cloud water at Sinhagadwhich is a high altitude side near Pune [38] In anotherstudy at Sinhagad Reddy and coworkers (2010) observedthat monsoon and postmonsoon airmasses had their originfrom different directions affecting rain chemistry accord-ingly [37] As shown in Figure 7 during monsoon seasonair moved from African region But during postmonsoonseason air parcel is seen originating from Middle East andEurope travelling through North India and finally reachingSinhagad Authors have reported that due to this reason theconcentrations of NO

3

minus NH4

+ nss-SO4

2minus and nss-K+ wereobserved to be higher in postmonsoon samples as comparedto monsoon samples

167 Long Range Transport up to Western Himalayan RangesIn order to observe the airmass movement in North Indiaup to the Western Himalaya we carried out snow chemistrystudy coupled with trajectory analysis In our study thesamples of snowfall were collected at a high altitude siteKothi (3231∘N 7720∘E) located in Kullu district of HimachalPradesh state of India which were processed for chemicalanalysis Five-day back trajectories at 5000m altitude werecalculated for these samples using HYSPLIT model fromNOAA [27] Airmass trajectories revealed that Kothi wasreceiving snowfall through the airmasses originating from sixmajor sectors which are termed as (1) North Atlantic Oceanorigin (NAO) (2) African origin (Af) (3) Middle East origin(ME) (4) European origin (Eu) (5) West India origin (WI)and (6) Nepal origin (Np) Figures 8(a)ndash8(f) show typicalexamples of these trajectories

North Atlantic Ocean Origin (NAO) Airmasses originat-ing from North Atlantic Ocean and passing over Europeto Afghanistan to Jammu and Kashmir and reaching thesampling site that is Kothi have been referred to as NAO(Figure 8(a)) This cluster represented the highest number ofevents (40)

African Origin (Af) Airmasses originating from Africancontinent and passing over Middle EastGulf to Pakistan

Advances in Meteorology 7

(a) Marine (b) Arabian Sea

(c) Indian (d) Mixed

Figure 5 Classification of trajectories arriving at MCOH (a) Marine (b) Arabian Sea (c) Indian and (d) mixed [68]

Table 4 Median concentrations (mmol Lminus1) in rain samples at Bhubaneswar for different trajectory groups and frequency of rain along thetrajectory ([63])

Sample group pH Na+ NH4

+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Clminus NO3

minus SO4

2minus nss-SO4

2minus Ca2+Na+ Number of samplesHigh rain frequency

C 548 63 222 12 13 31 65 94 68 65 066 18CL 484 282 735 94 69 281 347 538 37 353 079 2B 554 61 91 05 07 15 75 25 31 28 025 14M 582 119 207 11 116 72 126 109 89 67 053 23

Low rain frequencyC 561 169 447 37 38 105 23 29 212 196 058 21CL 503 182 526 45 5 284 20 44 402 391 233 2B 528 318 813 79 63 177 345 49 367 358 08 6M 577 124 113 06 24 5 145 94 92 84 056 8Note (a) continental (C) (b) continental local (CL) (c) monsoon (M) and (d) Bay of Bengal (B)

before reaching the sampling site have been termed as AfThis cluster represented 23 of snowfall events Figure 8(b)is a typical example of such airmasses

Middle East Origin (ME) Airmasses originating fromMiddleEast and reaching the sampling site via Pakistan andHaryanahave been termed as ME This group represented 10 of thetotal snowfall events Figure 8(c) is a typical example of MEairmasses

European Origin (Eu) Airmasses originating fromcontinental Europe and reaching the sampling site viaAfghanistan and Jammu and Kashmir have been referredto as Eu This class represented the least number (6) ofsnowfall events Figure 8(d) is a typical example of suchairmasses

Western India Origin (InW) Airmasses originating in West-ern India in the state of Rajasthan and transported over

8 Advances in Meteorology

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(a) Continental

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(b) Continental Local

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(c) Monsoon

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(d) Bay of Bengal

Figure 6 Trajectories to Bhubaneswar sorted into different trajectory groups during January 1997ndashOctober 1998 (a) Continental (C) (b)continental local (CL) (c) monsoon (M) and (d) Bay of Bengal (B) [63]

Punjab and Haryana and finally reaching the sampling sitehave been termed as InW This group represented 13 of thetotal snowfall events Figure 8(e) is a typical example of thistype of airmasses

Nepal Origin (Np) Airmasses originating from Nepal sidereaching the sampling site via Uttarakhand have been cat-egorized as Np This cluster represented the second lowestnumber of events (8) Figure 8(f) is a typical example of thistype of airmasses

In general pHof the samples varied from475 to 698withan average value of 569 indicating slight alkaline nature ofsnow samples Slight alkaline precipitation has been reportedat higher altitude in Indian region [40 41 73ndash75] Figure 9shows the percent frequency distribution of pH of snowfallsamples Maximum number of samples had pH between621 and 660 (29) followed by a range of 581ndash620 (25)661ndash700 (17) 541ndash580 (17) 461ndash500 (10) and 501ndash540 (4) The high pH (pH gt 56) has been reported in

global precipitation samples due to the influence of soilderived particulate matter [40 68 76ndash80] Out of total83 of samples showed pH of snow above 56 while 17of samples only were found to be acidic at Kothi Acidicsnow samples were found at this site in airmasses originatedfrom Middle East Countries and Europe mainly Acidic pHhas been reported in precipitation samples in airmassesoriginated from Europe [80] and Gulf countries [55] 43of rain samples were observed to be acidic in nature at statebotanical garden in Bhubaneswar India [81] 18 occurrenceof acid rain has been reported at Delhi India [76] pH valueranged between 398 and 801 with 20 acidic precipitationsamples having been reported at Montseny in NortheastSpain Europe [80] Out of total precipitation samples 21 ofsamples were found to be acidic in nature at Sinhagad PuneIndia [82] 793 of the total precipitation has a pH value lessthan 56 at Jinhua in Southeastern Chinarsquos province [83]

Table 5 gives average concentration of chemical speciesin snowfall samples On average equivalent concentration ofionic species followed the following order Ca2+ gt Clminus gt

Advances in Meteorology 9

030 9080706040 50 100

Mumbai

10

20

30

40

110

Sinhagad

1400m

(a)

Mumbai Sinhagad

030 9080706040 50 100

10

20

30

40

110

1400m

(b)

Figure 7 Seven-day back trajectories at Sinhagad during the (a) monsoon and (b) postmonsoon seasons of 2005 [40]

Table 5 Descriptive statistics of pH and major ions (120583eq Lminus1) in snowmelt

pH Na+ NH4

+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Fminus Clminus NO3

minus SO4

2minus HCO3

minus

Average 569 4369 1846 1084 4713 1704 302 4599 1742 2745 2740sd 06 235 108 57 211 79 23 253 73 83 177Min 475 751 423 299 1765 010 008 1075 543 1195 172Max 698 9356 3941 2155 9644 3531 702 10651 3111 4673 7191

Na+ gt SO4

2minusgt HCO

3

minusgt NH

4

+gt NO

3

minusgt Mg2+ gt K+ gt

Fminus Very high concentration of Ca2+ among all ions at this siteindicated the crustal dominance in snowfall samples at KothiThe average concentration of Ca2+ was compared with othersof snow and found to be higher than Mount Everest [84]Mt LoganMassif [85] Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] but lowerthan Yulong snow Mt [87] and Tien Shan [88] In Indianregion many researchers have reported high concentrationof Ca due to suspended soil dust in precipitation samples[76 89 90] Since the site is situated at high altitude withless eroded soil [73] Ca2+ is not expected to be contributedby local soil significantly As discussed above in the samesection the contribution of transported dust from Africanregion West India and Nepal was significantly high at thissite Very high concentration of SO

4

2minus and NO3

minus might bedue to its transport through Af ME InW and Np airmassesThe concentration of SO

4

2minus in snow samples at this site waslower than surfacefresh snow samples of Yulong snow Mt[91] ice core samples of Dasuopu [92] and East Rongbuk[93] but lower than snow samples of Mt Everest [84]Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] andMt LoganMassif [85] Verysimilar range of concentration of SO

4

2minus has been reportedby many workers in global precipitation due to fossil fuelcombustion mainly [55 73 80 82 89] NO

3

minus concentrationwas found to be very high which might be due to transportof NO

119909NO3

minus from various airmasses as discussed above inthe same section Some contribution of NO

3

minus from biomassburning during winter season to produce heat by local peoplecannot be ruled out After Ca2+ very high concentration ofClminus and Na+ among all ions indicated strong influences ofmarine components at this site and it is very clear from theabove discussionThe high concentration of NH

4in snowfall

samplesmight be due to its transport fromAfrican continents

andNepalmainly Similarly high concentration ofKmight bedue to its transport of airmasses fromAf InW andNpmainly

2 Conclusion

Presently computation of trajectories is highly advancedMultiple and 3D trajectories are possible with numerousadditional features which make computation of backwardforward and vertical motion very simple However thereare uncertainties associated with the calculated trajectoriesand hence precaution of such errors is necessary for theirmeaningful interpretation Nevertheless the airmass trajec-tories are powerful tools for tracing pollution sources andthe routes of transport Transboundary pollution is becominga serious issue in South Asia Transport of pollutants fromnearby countries as well as from far Europe Middle East andAfrican continental regions to South Asia needs immediateattention of scientists and policymakers Studies indicate thatthe net import and export of pollutants vary depending uponthe season as the origin and path of airmasses change duringdifferent seasons and so the deposition load of different typesof pollutants at the receptor sites Hence similar to CLRTAPSouth Asian region also needs to develop a network to moni-tor the nature and type of pollutants and their quantificationof annual import and export followed by appropriate meth-ods of assessment in relation to damage to human healthforests and various agroecosystems Airmass trajectoriesrevealed that acidic pollutants from Europe and Middle Eastregions are deposited up to the remote Himalayan rangesvia long range transport Trajectory calculations providedvery vital information about the continental transportedemissions which were responsible for the elevated level of

10 Advances in Meteorology

Backward trajectory ending at 1900UTC 11 Dec 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

8500

500000

7500

6500

5500

4500

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 1209 1208 1207Job ID 181404 Job start Sat Apr 19 181031 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(a) pH = 635 (NAO)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 23 Feb 13NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

0223 0222 0221 0220 0219Job ID 181272 Job start Sat Apr 19 180654 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

500045004000350030002500200015001000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(b) pH = 572 (Af)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 2300UTC 13 Dec 12

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 12091213 1212Job ID 181119 Job start Sat Apr 19 180315 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

4000

3000

2000

1000

5000Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(c) pH = 496 (ME)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 29 Nov 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological dataM

eter

s AG

L

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 181330 Job start Sat Apr 19 180856 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 29 Nov 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

1129 1128 1127 1126 1125

5000

65005500450035002500

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(d) pH = 548 (Eu)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 24 Mar 13

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 182048 Job start Sat Apr 19 182929 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Mar 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0324 0323 0322 0321 0320

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(e) pH = 673 (InW)

NOAA HYSPLIT modelBackward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 26 Feb 13

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 180918 Job start Sat Apr 19 175935 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 1 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

0206 0205 0204 0203 0202

3000

2000

1000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(f) pH = 601 (Np)

Figure 8 Typical examples of six different airmass trajectories arriving at the site NAO = North Atlantic Ocean origin Af = African originME = Middle East origin Eu = European origin (Eu) InW =Western India origin and Np = Nepal origin

Advances in Meteorology 11

10

4

17

2529

15

05

101520253035

pH range

Freq

uenc

y (

)

461

ndash500

501

ndash540

541

ndash580

581

ndash620

621

ndash660

661

ndash700

Figure 9 Percent frequency distribution of pH of snowmelt forwhole dataset

acidity of rain water at an ecosensitive site in Western Ghatsin Southwest India

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

Support of DST-PURSE and UGC India is gratefullyacknowledged

References

[1] J A DuttonThe Ceaseless Wind An Introduction to the Theoryof Atmospheric Motion Dover New York NY USA 1986

[2] H R Byers General Meteorology McGraw-Hill New YorkUSA 4th edition 1974

[3] D JThomson and J DWilsonHistory of Lagrangian StochasticModels for Turbulent Dispersion Langrangian Model of theAtmosphere Geographical Monograph Series 200 AmericanGeophhysical union 2012

[4] K J Davis D H Lenschow S P Oncley et al ldquoRole ofentrainment in surface-atmosphere interactions over the borealforestrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D vol 102 no 24 pp29219ndash29230 1997

[5] P Seibert ldquoInverse modelling with a lagrangian particle dis-persion model application to point releases over limited timeintervals in air pollution modeling and its applicationrdquo Journalof Applied Meteorology vol 14 pp 381ndash389 2004

[6] A Eliassen J Saltbones F Stordal O Hov and I S A IsaksenldquoA Lagrangian long-range transport model with atmosphericboundary layer chemistryrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 11 pp 1645ndash1661 1982

[7] D Simpson ldquoPhotochemical model calculations over Europefor two extended summer periods 1985 and 1989 Model resultsand comparison with observationsrdquo Atmospheric EnvironmentA vol 27 no 6 pp 921ndash943 1993

[8] S Petterssen ldquoWeather analysis and forecastingrdquo pp 221ndash2231940

[9] E F Danielsen and R Bleck ldquoResearch in four-dimensionaldiagnosis of cyclonic stormcloud systemrdquoAFCRLRep 67ndash0617BedfordMass USA 1967 Available as NTIS AD-670 847 fromNational Technical Information Service Springfield Va USA

[10] H Rodhe ldquoA study of the sulfur budget for the atmosphere overNorthern Europerdquo Tellus vol 24 pp 128ndash138 1972

[11] T D Fox and J D Ludwick ldquoLead (Pb) concentrations associ-ated with 1000-MB geostrophic back trajectories at QuillayuteWashingtonrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 10 no 10 pp 799ndash803 1976

[12] L L AshbaughW CMalm andW Z Sadeh ldquoA residence timeprobability analysis of sulfur concentrations at Grand CanyonNational Parkrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 19 no 8 pp1263ndash1270 1985

[13] A V Polissar P K Hopke P Paatero et al ldquoThe aerosolat Barrow Alaska long-term trends and source locationsrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 33 no 16 pp 2441ndash2458 1999

[14] A Stohl ldquoComputation accuracy and applications oftrajectoriesmdasha review and bibliographyrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 32 no 6 pp 947ndash966 1998

[15] Z L Fleming P S Monks and A J Manning ldquoReviewuntangling the influence of air-mass history in interpretingobserved atmospheric compositionrdquoAtmospheric Research vol104-105 pp 1ndash39 2012

[16] B F Taubman J C Hains A M Thompson et al ldquoAircraftvertical profiles of trace gas and aerosol pollution over themid-Atlantic United States Statistics andmeteorological clusteranalysisrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol111 no 10 2006

[17] M Cabello J A G Orza V Galiano and G Ruiz ldquoInfluenceof meteorological input data on backtrajectory cluster analysisa seven-year study for southeastern Spainrdquo Advances in Scienceand Research vol 2 pp 65ndash70 2008

[18] S Pettersen Weather Analysis and Forecasting Motion andMotion Systems vol 1 McGraw-Hill 1956

[19] J D Kahl ldquoA cautionary note on the use of air trajectoriesin interpreting atmospheric chemistry measurementsrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 27 no 17-18 pp 3037ndash3038 1993

[20] P Seibert ldquoConvergence and accuracy of numerical methodsfor trajectory calculationsrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol32 no 3 pp 558ndash566 1993

[21] E Isaacson andH B KellerAnalysis of Numerical Methods vol541 John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 1966

[22] P Brumer ldquoStability concepts in the numerical solution ofclassical atomic and molecular scattering problemsrdquo Journal ofComputational Physics vol 14 pp 391ndash419 1974

[23] J T Merrill ldquoIsentropic air-flow probability analysisrdquo Journalof Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 99 pp 25881ndash258891994

[24] A Stohl G Wotawa P Seibert and H Kromp-Kolb ldquoInterpo-lation errors in wind fields as a function of spatial and temporalresolution and their impact on different types of kinematictrajectoriesrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol 34 no 10 pp2149ndash2165 1995

[25] A Virkkula M Aurela R Hillamo et al ldquoChemical compo-sition of atmospheric aerosol in the European subarctic con-tribution of the Kola Peninsula smelter areas central Europeand the Arctic Oceanrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 104 no 19 pp 23681ndash23696 1999

[26] J N Cape J Methven and L E Hudson ldquoThe use of trajectorycluster analysis to interpret trace gas measurements at Mace

12 Advances in Meteorology

Head Irelandrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 22 pp3651ndash3663 2000

[27] R R Draxler and G D Rolph ldquoHYSPLIT ( HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model NOAAAir Resources Laboratoryrdquo Silver Spring Md USA 2003httpreadyarlnoaagovHYSPLITphp

[28] P Pochanart H Akimoto Y Kajii V M Potemkin and T VKhodzher ldquoRegional background ozone and carbon monoxidevariations nin remote SiberiaEast Asiardquo Journal of GeophysicalResearch D Atmospheres vol 108 no 1 pp 1ndash18 2003

[29] B A Schichtel K A Gebhart M G Barna and W C MalmldquoAssociation of airmass transport patterns and particulate sulfurconcentrations at Big Bend National Park Texasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 40 no 5 pp 992ndash1006 2006

[30] A W Delcloo and H de Backer ldquoFive day 3D back trajectoryclusters and trends analysis of the Uccle ozone soundingtime series in the lower troposphere (1969ndash2001)rdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 42 no 19 pp 4419ndash4432 2008

[31] G Dogan G Gullu and G Tuncel ldquoSources and source regionseffecting the aerosol composition of the Eastern Mediter-raneanrdquoMicrochemical Journal vol 88 no 2 pp 142ndash149 2008

[32] O A Tarasova I A Senik M G Sosonkin J Cui J Staehelinand A S H Prevot ldquoSurface ozone at the Caucasian siteKislovodsk High Mountain Station and the Swiss Alpine siteJungfraujoch data analysis and trends (1990ndash2006)rdquo Atmo-spheric Chemistry and Physics vol 9 no 12 pp 4157ndash4175 2009

[33] httplagrangeempachlm trajhtml[34] H Riede P Jockel and R Sander ldquoQuantifying atmospheric

transport chemistry and mixing using a new trajectory-boxmodel and a global atmospheric-chemistry GCMrdquo GeoscienceModel Development vol 2 pp 267ndash280 2009

[35] R P Shadbolt E A Waller J P Messina and J A WinklerldquoSource regions of lower-tropospheric airflow trajectories forthe lower peninsula of Michigan a 40-year air mass climatol-ogyrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 111no 21 Article ID D21117 2006

[36] A Riccio G Giunta and E Chianese ldquoThe application ofa trajectory classification procedure to interpret air pollutionmeasurements in the urban area of Naples (Southern Italy)rdquoScience of the Total Environment vol 376 no 1ndash3 pp 198ndash2142007

[37] B S K Reddy K R Kumar G Balakrishnaiah et al ldquoObserva-tional studies on the variations in surface ozone concentrationat Anantapur in southern Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 98no 1 pp 125ndash139 2010

[38] B A Begum S K Biswas G G Pandit et al ldquoLong-rangetransport of soil dust and smoke pollution in the South AsianregionrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 2 pp 151ndash1572011

[39] A H M Saadat Md M Rahman S M K Hasan and A TM Jahangir Alam ldquoTravelling and source point identificationof some transboundary air pollutants by trajectory analysis inSathkhira Bangladeshrdquo Canadian Chemical Transactions vol1 no 1 pp 56ndash65 2013

[40] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ah ldquoChemistryofmonsoon and post-monsoon rains at a high altitude locationSinhagad Indiardquo Aerosol and Air Quality Research vol 9 no 1pp 65ndash79 2009

[41] K B Budhavant P S P Rao PD Safai LGranat andHRodheldquoChemical composition of the inorganic fraction of cloud-water at a high altitude station in West Indiardquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 88 pp 59ndash65 2014

[42] R R Draxler andA D Taylor ldquoHorizontal parameters for long-range transport modelingrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 3 pp 367ndash372 1982

[43] J C Lin C Gerbig S CWofsy et al ldquoMeasuring fluxes of tracegases at regional scales by Lagrangian observations applicationto the CO

2Budget and Rectification Airborne (COBRA) studyrdquo

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 109 no D152004

[44] D Wen J C Lin D B Millet A F Stein and R R DraxlerldquoA backward-time stochastic Lagrangian air quality modelrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 54 pp 373ndash386 2012

[45] J L Moody J A Galusky and J N Galloway ldquoThe use ofatmospheric transport pattern recognition techniques in under-standing variation in precipitation chemistryrdquo in AtmosphericDeposition (Proceedings of the Baltimore SymposiumMay 1989)IAHS Publ No 179 May 1989

[46] M Escudero A F Stein R R Draxler et al ldquoSource appor-tionment for African dust outbreaks over theWestern Mediter-ranean using the HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmospheric Research vol99 no 3-4 pp 518ndash527 2011

[47] J Baker ldquoA cluster analysis of long range air transport pathwaysand associated pollutant concentrations within the UKrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 44 no 4 pp 563ndash571 2010

[48] K A Gebhart B A Schichtel W C Malm M G Barna MA Rodriguez and J L Collett ldquoBack-trajectory-based sourceapportionment of airborne sulfur and nitrogen concentrationsat Rocky Mountain National Park Colorado USArdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 3 pp 621ndash633 2011

[49] B de Foy M Zavala N Bei and L T Molina ldquoEvaluationof WRF mesoscale simulations and particle trajectory analysisfor the MILAGRO field campaignrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 13 pp 4419ndash4438 2009

[50] R M Harrison J L Grenfell J D Peak et al ldquoInfluence of air-mass back trajectory upon nitrogen compound compositionrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 34 no 10 pp 1519ndash1527 2000

[51] TW Chan andMMozurkewich ldquoApplication of absolute prin-cipal component analysis to size distribution data identificationof particle originsrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics vol 7no 3 pp 887ndash897 2007

[52] L A K Reddy U C Kulshrestha J Satyanarayana M JKulshrestha and K K Moorthy ldquoChemical characteristics ofPM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea during ICARBrdquo Journal of Earth System Sciencevol 117 no 1 pp 345ndash352 2008

[53] P Salvador B Artınano X Querol and A Alastuey ldquoA com-bined analysis of backward trajectories and aerosol chemistryto characterise long-range transport episodes of particulatematter the Madrid air basin a case studyrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 390 no 2-3 pp 495ndash506 2008

[54] L Granat M Norman C Leck U C Kulshrestha andH Rodhe ldquoWet scavenging of sulfur compounds and otherconstituents during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)rdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 19article 8025 2002

[55] J Satyanarayana L A K Reddy M J Kulshrestha R N RaoandUC Kulshrestha ldquoChemical composition of rainwater andinfluence of airmass trajectories at a rural site in an ecologicalsensitive area of Western Ghats (India)rdquo Journal of AtmosphericChemistry vol 66 no 3 pp 101ndash116 2010

[56] A Dvorska G Lammel and I Holoubek ldquoRecent trendsof persistent organic pollutants in air in central Europemdashair

Advances in Meteorology 13

monitoring in combination with air mass trajectory statisticsas a tool to study the effectivity of regional chemical policyrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 43 no 6 pp 1280ndash1287 2009

[57] D W Tarasick J J Jin V E Fioletov et al ldquoHigh-resolutiontropospheric ozone fields for INTEX and ARCTAS from IONSozonesondesrdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchD vol 115 no 20Article ID D20301 2010

[58] A S Lefohn HWernli D Shadwick S Limbach S J OltmansandM Shapiro ldquoThe importance of stratospheric-tropospherictransport in affecting surface ozone concentrations in theWestern and Northern tier of the United Statesrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 45 no 28 pp 4845ndash4857 2011

[59] P D Tyson M Garstang R J Swap E V Browell R DDiab and A M Thompson ldquoTransport and Vertical structureof ozone and aerosol distributions over southern Africardquo inBiomass Burning and Global Change J S Levine Ed pp 403ndash421 MIT Press Cambridge UK 1996

[60] K AshrafiM Shafiepour-Motlagh A Aslemand and S GhadeldquoDust storm simulation over Iran using HYSPLITrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Health Science and Engineering vol 12 no 1article 9 2014

[61] K K Moorthy A Saha B S N Prasad K Niranjan D Jhurryand P S Pillai ldquoAerosol optical depths over peninsular Indiaand adjoining oceans during the INDOEX campaigns spatialtemporal and spectral characteristicsrdquo Journal of GeophysicalResearchDAtmospheres vol 106 no 22 pp 28539ndash28554 2001

[62] A Iqbal and N T K Oanh ldquoAssessment of acid depositionover Dhaka division using CAMx-MM5 modeling systemrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 4 pp 452ndash462 2011

[63] M Norman S N Das A G Pillai L Granat and H RodheldquoInfluence of air mass trajectories on the chemical compositionof precipitation in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 35 no25 pp 4223ndash4235 2001

[64] B Kumar G P Gupta S Singh and U C KulshresthaldquoChemical characterization of snowfall in western Himalayanregion of Indiardquo Unpublished data

[65] F Li and V Ramanathan ldquoWinter to summer monsoon varia-tion of aerosol optical depth over the tropical Indian OceanrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 16pp 2ndash13 2002

[66] T N Krishnamurti B Jha J Prospero A Jayaraman and VRamanathan ldquoAerosol and pollutant transport and their impacton radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during theJanuary-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruiserdquo Tellus vol 50 no5 pp 521ndash542 1998

[67] S Verma C Venkataraman O Boucher and S RamachandranldquoSource evaluation of aerosols measured during the IndianOcean Experiment using combined chemical transport andback trajectory modelingrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 112 no 11 2007

[68] R Das L Granat C Leck P S Praveen and H Rodhe ldquoChem-ical composition of rainwater at Maldives Climate Observa-tory at Hanimaadhoo (MCOH)rdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 11 no 8 pp 3743ndash3755 2011

[69] K Alam S Qureshi and T Blaschke ldquoMonitoring spatio-temporal aerosol patterns over Pakistan based on MODISTOMS and MISR satellite data and a HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 27 pp 4641ndash4651 2011

[70] S Singh B Kumar G P Gupta and U C KulshresthaldquoSignatures of increasing energy demand of past two decadesas captured in rain water composition and airmass trajectoryanalysis at Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Environment In press

[71] A Kumar S Tiwari D S Bisht et al ldquoAerosol characteristicsduring the coolest june month over new delhi Northern IndiardquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 32 no 23 pp8463ndash8483 2011

[72] LRTAP httpwwwuneceorgenvlrtap[73] S Tiwari D M Chate D S Bisht M K Srivastava and B

Padmanabhamurty ldquoRainwater chemistry in theNorthWesternHimalayan Region Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 104-105pp 128ndash138 2012

[74] M S Naik L T Khemani G A Momin P S P Rao P D Safaiand A G Pillai ldquoChemical composition of fresh snow fromGulmarg North Indiardquo Environmental Pollution vol 87 no 2pp 167ndash171 1995

[75] D C Parashar L Granat U C Kulshrestha et al ldquoChemicalcomposition of precipitation in India and Nepal-apreliminaryreport on an Indo-Swedish project on atmospheric chemistryrdquoTech Rep CM90 IMI Stockholm University StockholmSweden 1996

[76] U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar S S Srivastava and D CParashar ldquoInvestigation into atmospheric deposition throughprecipitation studies at New Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Envi-ronment vol 30 no 24 pp 4149ndash4154 1996

[77] U C Kulshrestha L Granat M Engardt and H RodheldquoReview of precipitation monitoring studies in Indiamdasha searchfor regional patternsrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 39 no 38pp 7403ndash7419 2005

[78] L T Khemani G A Momin P S Prakasa Rao P D SafaiG Singh and R K Kapoor ldquoSpread of acid rain over IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 23 no 4 pp 757ndash762 1989

[79] A Saxena S Sharma U C Kulshrestha and S S SrivastavaldquoFactors affecting alkaline nature of rain water in Agra (India)rdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 74 no 2 pp 129ndash138 1991

[80] A Avila and M Alarcon ldquoRelationship between precipitationchemistry and meteorological situations at a rural site inNortheastern Spainrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 33 no 11pp 1663ndash1677 1999

[81] R Das S N Das and V N Misra ldquoChemical composition ofrainwater and dustfall at Bhubaneswar in the east coast of IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 39 no 32 pp 5908ndash5916 2005

[82] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ali ldquoInfluence oflocal sources on rainwater chemistry over Pune region IndiardquoAtmospheric Research vol 100 no 1 pp 121ndash131 2011

[83] M Zhang S Wang F Wu X Yuan and Y Zhang ldquoChemicalcompositions ofwet precipitation and anthropogenic influencesat a developing urban site in Southeastern Chinardquo AtmosphericResearch vol 84 no 4 pp 311ndash322 2007

[84] S C Kang P A Mayewski D H Qin S A Sneed J W Renand D Q Zhang ldquoSeasonal differences in snow chemistry fromthe vicinity of Mt Everest central Himalayasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 38 no 18 pp 2819ndash2829 2004

[85] K Yalcin C P Wake S Kang K J Kreutz and S I WhitlowldquoSeasonal and spatial variability in snow chemistry at EclipseIcefield Yukon Canadardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 43 pp 230ndash238 2006

[86] AMarinoni S Polesello C Smiraglia and SValsecchi ldquoChem-ical composition of freshsnow samples from the southernslope of Mt Everest region (Khumbu-Himal region Nepal)rdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 35 no 18 pp 3183ndash3190 2001

[87] H Niu Y He G Zhu et al ldquoEnvironmental implications of thelatest snow chemistry from Mt Yulong Southeastern TibetanPlateaurdquo Quaternary International vol 313-314 pp 168ndash1782013

14 Advances in Meteorology

[88] K J Kreutz V B Aizen L D Cecil and C P Wake ldquoOxygenisotopic and soluble ionic composition of a shallow firn coreInilchek glacier central Tien Shanrdquo Journal of Glaciology vol47 no 159 pp 548ndash554 2001

[89] U C Kulshrestha M J Kulshrestha R Sekar G S R Sastryand M Vairamani ldquoChemical characteristics of rainwater at anurban site of south-central Indiardquo Atmospheric Environmentvol 37 no 21 pp 3019ndash3026 2003

[90] M Jain U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar and D C ParasharldquoInfluence of crustal aerosols on wet deposition at urban andrural sites in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 29-30 pp 5129ndash5137 2000

[91] G Zhu T Pu Y He P Shi and T Zhang ldquoSeasonal variationsof major ions in fresh snow at Baishui Glacier No 1 YulongMountain Chinardquo Environmental Earth Sciences vol 69 no 1pp 1ndash10 2013

[92] S C Kang C P Wake D H Qin P A Mayewski and T DYao ldquoMonsoon and dust signals recorded in Dasuopu glacierTibetan Plateaurdquo Journal of Glaciology vol 46 no 153 pp 222ndash226 2000

[93] D H Qin S G Hou D Q Zhang et al ldquoPreliminary resultsfrom the chemical records of an 804m ice core recoveredfrom East Rongbuk Glacier Qomolangma (Mount Everest)Himalayardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 35 pp 278ndash284 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

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Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

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Journal of

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International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

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Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

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GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

6 Advances in Meteorology

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

50 70 75 80 85 90 95 10055 60 65Longitude (∘E)

Latit

ude (

∘N

)

Figure 4 Airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Seaduring ICARB [52]

from different sectors has not been estimated due to absenceof regional emission regulatory body 1979 Geneva Conven-tion on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)is one such ideal example which aims to limit and as far aspossible gradually reduce and prevent air pollution includinglong-range transboundary air pollution by each participatingcountry [72] CLRTAP has 51 parties so far

Most of the studies given in Table 2 have reported theorigin of airmasses and the type of pollutants contributed bythese airmasses The reported information using trajectoriesis highly useful in order to understand the sources and path-ways of pollution transport to various sites in India Satya-narayana and co-workers noticed that the long range trans-port of pollution from various sectors significantly affectedthe pH and chemistry of rain water at Hudegadde a rural sitelocated in an ecological sensitive area of Western Ghats [55]They observed that Hudegade received the airmasses fromfive different sectors namely central part of Indian OceanNorthwest Indian Ocean Southwest Indian Ocean and Gulfand airmasses passing through Northwest Indian Ocean andsouth continental part of India Airmass trajectory analysissuggested a significant influence of local and intercontinentalanthropogenic and natural sources Sources located in theAfrican and Gulf regions had influenced the acidity at thesite They found that urban activities located in southwest ofIndian continent (north of sampling site) and the sources inGulf region were responsible for acid rain in Western Ghats(Table 3)

Chemical composition of precipitation during differenttrajectory classes has been reported by Norman and cowork-ers (2001) at Bhubaneshwer Goa Sinhagad and Pune [63]They compared the rain chemistry results with trajectoriesand precipitation fields As shown in Table 4 a systematicchange in chemical composition and pH of rain water wasnoticed in accordance with the origin of airmasses and theamount of rainfall along the trajectory Bhubaneswar which islocated in Eastern India received airmasses fromArabian SeaBay of Bengal and continental sources Different trajectoriesarriving to Bhubaneshwar have been shown in Figure 6

Table 3 Concentrations (120583eq Lminus1) of major ions in different air-masses at the site (source [55])

CIO NWIO SWIO Gulf NWIO + SWICClminus 12 40 64 03 03NO3

minus 4 29 9 11 13nss SO

4

2minus 11 35 35 12 16Na+ 16 45 59 7 3NH4

+ 5 28 2 2 4K+ 5 3 9 16 2nss Ca2+ 38 71 68 21 3CIO Central Indian Ocean NWIO Northwest Indian Ocean SWIOSouthwest Indian Ocean NWIO + SWIC Northwest Indian Ocean +Southwest Indian Continent

From West India most of wet deposition studies havebeen reported for Pune region Using airmass trajectoriesBegum and coworkers (2011) observed that the long rangeof transport of air pollutants and dust was responsible forelevated levels of selected ions in cloud water at Sinhagadwhich is a high altitude side near Pune [38] In anotherstudy at Sinhagad Reddy and coworkers (2010) observedthat monsoon and postmonsoon airmasses had their originfrom different directions affecting rain chemistry accord-ingly [37] As shown in Figure 7 during monsoon seasonair moved from African region But during postmonsoonseason air parcel is seen originating from Middle East andEurope travelling through North India and finally reachingSinhagad Authors have reported that due to this reason theconcentrations of NO

3

minus NH4

+ nss-SO4

2minus and nss-K+ wereobserved to be higher in postmonsoon samples as comparedto monsoon samples

167 Long Range Transport up to Western Himalayan RangesIn order to observe the airmass movement in North Indiaup to the Western Himalaya we carried out snow chemistrystudy coupled with trajectory analysis In our study thesamples of snowfall were collected at a high altitude siteKothi (3231∘N 7720∘E) located in Kullu district of HimachalPradesh state of India which were processed for chemicalanalysis Five-day back trajectories at 5000m altitude werecalculated for these samples using HYSPLIT model fromNOAA [27] Airmass trajectories revealed that Kothi wasreceiving snowfall through the airmasses originating from sixmajor sectors which are termed as (1) North Atlantic Oceanorigin (NAO) (2) African origin (Af) (3) Middle East origin(ME) (4) European origin (Eu) (5) West India origin (WI)and (6) Nepal origin (Np) Figures 8(a)ndash8(f) show typicalexamples of these trajectories

North Atlantic Ocean Origin (NAO) Airmasses originat-ing from North Atlantic Ocean and passing over Europeto Afghanistan to Jammu and Kashmir and reaching thesampling site that is Kothi have been referred to as NAO(Figure 8(a)) This cluster represented the highest number ofevents (40)

African Origin (Af) Airmasses originating from Africancontinent and passing over Middle EastGulf to Pakistan

Advances in Meteorology 7

(a) Marine (b) Arabian Sea

(c) Indian (d) Mixed

Figure 5 Classification of trajectories arriving at MCOH (a) Marine (b) Arabian Sea (c) Indian and (d) mixed [68]

Table 4 Median concentrations (mmol Lminus1) in rain samples at Bhubaneswar for different trajectory groups and frequency of rain along thetrajectory ([63])

Sample group pH Na+ NH4

+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Clminus NO3

minus SO4

2minus nss-SO4

2minus Ca2+Na+ Number of samplesHigh rain frequency

C 548 63 222 12 13 31 65 94 68 65 066 18CL 484 282 735 94 69 281 347 538 37 353 079 2B 554 61 91 05 07 15 75 25 31 28 025 14M 582 119 207 11 116 72 126 109 89 67 053 23

Low rain frequencyC 561 169 447 37 38 105 23 29 212 196 058 21CL 503 182 526 45 5 284 20 44 402 391 233 2B 528 318 813 79 63 177 345 49 367 358 08 6M 577 124 113 06 24 5 145 94 92 84 056 8Note (a) continental (C) (b) continental local (CL) (c) monsoon (M) and (d) Bay of Bengal (B)

before reaching the sampling site have been termed as AfThis cluster represented 23 of snowfall events Figure 8(b)is a typical example of such airmasses

Middle East Origin (ME) Airmasses originating fromMiddleEast and reaching the sampling site via Pakistan andHaryanahave been termed as ME This group represented 10 of thetotal snowfall events Figure 8(c) is a typical example of MEairmasses

European Origin (Eu) Airmasses originating fromcontinental Europe and reaching the sampling site viaAfghanistan and Jammu and Kashmir have been referredto as Eu This class represented the least number (6) ofsnowfall events Figure 8(d) is a typical example of suchairmasses

Western India Origin (InW) Airmasses originating in West-ern India in the state of Rajasthan and transported over

8 Advances in Meteorology

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(a) Continental

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(b) Continental Local

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(c) Monsoon

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(d) Bay of Bengal

Figure 6 Trajectories to Bhubaneswar sorted into different trajectory groups during January 1997ndashOctober 1998 (a) Continental (C) (b)continental local (CL) (c) monsoon (M) and (d) Bay of Bengal (B) [63]

Punjab and Haryana and finally reaching the sampling sitehave been termed as InW This group represented 13 of thetotal snowfall events Figure 8(e) is a typical example of thistype of airmasses

Nepal Origin (Np) Airmasses originating from Nepal sidereaching the sampling site via Uttarakhand have been cat-egorized as Np This cluster represented the second lowestnumber of events (8) Figure 8(f) is a typical example of thistype of airmasses

In general pHof the samples varied from475 to 698withan average value of 569 indicating slight alkaline nature ofsnow samples Slight alkaline precipitation has been reportedat higher altitude in Indian region [40 41 73ndash75] Figure 9shows the percent frequency distribution of pH of snowfallsamples Maximum number of samples had pH between621 and 660 (29) followed by a range of 581ndash620 (25)661ndash700 (17) 541ndash580 (17) 461ndash500 (10) and 501ndash540 (4) The high pH (pH gt 56) has been reported in

global precipitation samples due to the influence of soilderived particulate matter [40 68 76ndash80] Out of total83 of samples showed pH of snow above 56 while 17of samples only were found to be acidic at Kothi Acidicsnow samples were found at this site in airmasses originatedfrom Middle East Countries and Europe mainly Acidic pHhas been reported in precipitation samples in airmassesoriginated from Europe [80] and Gulf countries [55] 43of rain samples were observed to be acidic in nature at statebotanical garden in Bhubaneswar India [81] 18 occurrenceof acid rain has been reported at Delhi India [76] pH valueranged between 398 and 801 with 20 acidic precipitationsamples having been reported at Montseny in NortheastSpain Europe [80] Out of total precipitation samples 21 ofsamples were found to be acidic in nature at Sinhagad PuneIndia [82] 793 of the total precipitation has a pH value lessthan 56 at Jinhua in Southeastern Chinarsquos province [83]

Table 5 gives average concentration of chemical speciesin snowfall samples On average equivalent concentration ofionic species followed the following order Ca2+ gt Clminus gt

Advances in Meteorology 9

030 9080706040 50 100

Mumbai

10

20

30

40

110

Sinhagad

1400m

(a)

Mumbai Sinhagad

030 9080706040 50 100

10

20

30

40

110

1400m

(b)

Figure 7 Seven-day back trajectories at Sinhagad during the (a) monsoon and (b) postmonsoon seasons of 2005 [40]

Table 5 Descriptive statistics of pH and major ions (120583eq Lminus1) in snowmelt

pH Na+ NH4

+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Fminus Clminus NO3

minus SO4

2minus HCO3

minus

Average 569 4369 1846 1084 4713 1704 302 4599 1742 2745 2740sd 06 235 108 57 211 79 23 253 73 83 177Min 475 751 423 299 1765 010 008 1075 543 1195 172Max 698 9356 3941 2155 9644 3531 702 10651 3111 4673 7191

Na+ gt SO4

2minusgt HCO

3

minusgt NH

4

+gt NO

3

minusgt Mg2+ gt K+ gt

Fminus Very high concentration of Ca2+ among all ions at this siteindicated the crustal dominance in snowfall samples at KothiThe average concentration of Ca2+ was compared with othersof snow and found to be higher than Mount Everest [84]Mt LoganMassif [85] Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] but lowerthan Yulong snow Mt [87] and Tien Shan [88] In Indianregion many researchers have reported high concentrationof Ca due to suspended soil dust in precipitation samples[76 89 90] Since the site is situated at high altitude withless eroded soil [73] Ca2+ is not expected to be contributedby local soil significantly As discussed above in the samesection the contribution of transported dust from Africanregion West India and Nepal was significantly high at thissite Very high concentration of SO

4

2minus and NO3

minus might bedue to its transport through Af ME InW and Np airmassesThe concentration of SO

4

2minus in snow samples at this site waslower than surfacefresh snow samples of Yulong snow Mt[91] ice core samples of Dasuopu [92] and East Rongbuk[93] but lower than snow samples of Mt Everest [84]Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] andMt LoganMassif [85] Verysimilar range of concentration of SO

4

2minus has been reportedby many workers in global precipitation due to fossil fuelcombustion mainly [55 73 80 82 89] NO

3

minus concentrationwas found to be very high which might be due to transportof NO

119909NO3

minus from various airmasses as discussed above inthe same section Some contribution of NO

3

minus from biomassburning during winter season to produce heat by local peoplecannot be ruled out After Ca2+ very high concentration ofClminus and Na+ among all ions indicated strong influences ofmarine components at this site and it is very clear from theabove discussionThe high concentration of NH

4in snowfall

samplesmight be due to its transport fromAfrican continents

andNepalmainly Similarly high concentration ofKmight bedue to its transport of airmasses fromAf InW andNpmainly

2 Conclusion

Presently computation of trajectories is highly advancedMultiple and 3D trajectories are possible with numerousadditional features which make computation of backwardforward and vertical motion very simple However thereare uncertainties associated with the calculated trajectoriesand hence precaution of such errors is necessary for theirmeaningful interpretation Nevertheless the airmass trajec-tories are powerful tools for tracing pollution sources andthe routes of transport Transboundary pollution is becominga serious issue in South Asia Transport of pollutants fromnearby countries as well as from far Europe Middle East andAfrican continental regions to South Asia needs immediateattention of scientists and policymakers Studies indicate thatthe net import and export of pollutants vary depending uponthe season as the origin and path of airmasses change duringdifferent seasons and so the deposition load of different typesof pollutants at the receptor sites Hence similar to CLRTAPSouth Asian region also needs to develop a network to moni-tor the nature and type of pollutants and their quantificationof annual import and export followed by appropriate meth-ods of assessment in relation to damage to human healthforests and various agroecosystems Airmass trajectoriesrevealed that acidic pollutants from Europe and Middle Eastregions are deposited up to the remote Himalayan rangesvia long range transport Trajectory calculations providedvery vital information about the continental transportedemissions which were responsible for the elevated level of

10 Advances in Meteorology

Backward trajectory ending at 1900UTC 11 Dec 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

8500

500000

7500

6500

5500

4500

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 1209 1208 1207Job ID 181404 Job start Sat Apr 19 181031 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(a) pH = 635 (NAO)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 23 Feb 13NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

0223 0222 0221 0220 0219Job ID 181272 Job start Sat Apr 19 180654 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

500045004000350030002500200015001000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(b) pH = 572 (Af)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 2300UTC 13 Dec 12

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 12091213 1212Job ID 181119 Job start Sat Apr 19 180315 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

4000

3000

2000

1000

5000Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(c) pH = 496 (ME)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 29 Nov 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological dataM

eter

s AG

L

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 181330 Job start Sat Apr 19 180856 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 29 Nov 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

1129 1128 1127 1126 1125

5000

65005500450035002500

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(d) pH = 548 (Eu)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 24 Mar 13

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 182048 Job start Sat Apr 19 182929 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Mar 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0324 0323 0322 0321 0320

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(e) pH = 673 (InW)

NOAA HYSPLIT modelBackward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 26 Feb 13

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 180918 Job start Sat Apr 19 175935 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 1 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

0206 0205 0204 0203 0202

3000

2000

1000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(f) pH = 601 (Np)

Figure 8 Typical examples of six different airmass trajectories arriving at the site NAO = North Atlantic Ocean origin Af = African originME = Middle East origin Eu = European origin (Eu) InW =Western India origin and Np = Nepal origin

Advances in Meteorology 11

10

4

17

2529

15

05

101520253035

pH range

Freq

uenc

y (

)

461

ndash500

501

ndash540

541

ndash580

581

ndash620

621

ndash660

661

ndash700

Figure 9 Percent frequency distribution of pH of snowmelt forwhole dataset

acidity of rain water at an ecosensitive site in Western Ghatsin Southwest India

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

Support of DST-PURSE and UGC India is gratefullyacknowledged

References

[1] J A DuttonThe Ceaseless Wind An Introduction to the Theoryof Atmospheric Motion Dover New York NY USA 1986

[2] H R Byers General Meteorology McGraw-Hill New YorkUSA 4th edition 1974

[3] D JThomson and J DWilsonHistory of Lagrangian StochasticModels for Turbulent Dispersion Langrangian Model of theAtmosphere Geographical Monograph Series 200 AmericanGeophhysical union 2012

[4] K J Davis D H Lenschow S P Oncley et al ldquoRole ofentrainment in surface-atmosphere interactions over the borealforestrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D vol 102 no 24 pp29219ndash29230 1997

[5] P Seibert ldquoInverse modelling with a lagrangian particle dis-persion model application to point releases over limited timeintervals in air pollution modeling and its applicationrdquo Journalof Applied Meteorology vol 14 pp 381ndash389 2004

[6] A Eliassen J Saltbones F Stordal O Hov and I S A IsaksenldquoA Lagrangian long-range transport model with atmosphericboundary layer chemistryrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 11 pp 1645ndash1661 1982

[7] D Simpson ldquoPhotochemical model calculations over Europefor two extended summer periods 1985 and 1989 Model resultsand comparison with observationsrdquo Atmospheric EnvironmentA vol 27 no 6 pp 921ndash943 1993

[8] S Petterssen ldquoWeather analysis and forecastingrdquo pp 221ndash2231940

[9] E F Danielsen and R Bleck ldquoResearch in four-dimensionaldiagnosis of cyclonic stormcloud systemrdquoAFCRLRep 67ndash0617BedfordMass USA 1967 Available as NTIS AD-670 847 fromNational Technical Information Service Springfield Va USA

[10] H Rodhe ldquoA study of the sulfur budget for the atmosphere overNorthern Europerdquo Tellus vol 24 pp 128ndash138 1972

[11] T D Fox and J D Ludwick ldquoLead (Pb) concentrations associ-ated with 1000-MB geostrophic back trajectories at QuillayuteWashingtonrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 10 no 10 pp 799ndash803 1976

[12] L L AshbaughW CMalm andW Z Sadeh ldquoA residence timeprobability analysis of sulfur concentrations at Grand CanyonNational Parkrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 19 no 8 pp1263ndash1270 1985

[13] A V Polissar P K Hopke P Paatero et al ldquoThe aerosolat Barrow Alaska long-term trends and source locationsrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 33 no 16 pp 2441ndash2458 1999

[14] A Stohl ldquoComputation accuracy and applications oftrajectoriesmdasha review and bibliographyrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 32 no 6 pp 947ndash966 1998

[15] Z L Fleming P S Monks and A J Manning ldquoReviewuntangling the influence of air-mass history in interpretingobserved atmospheric compositionrdquoAtmospheric Research vol104-105 pp 1ndash39 2012

[16] B F Taubman J C Hains A M Thompson et al ldquoAircraftvertical profiles of trace gas and aerosol pollution over themid-Atlantic United States Statistics andmeteorological clusteranalysisrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol111 no 10 2006

[17] M Cabello J A G Orza V Galiano and G Ruiz ldquoInfluenceof meteorological input data on backtrajectory cluster analysisa seven-year study for southeastern Spainrdquo Advances in Scienceand Research vol 2 pp 65ndash70 2008

[18] S Pettersen Weather Analysis and Forecasting Motion andMotion Systems vol 1 McGraw-Hill 1956

[19] J D Kahl ldquoA cautionary note on the use of air trajectoriesin interpreting atmospheric chemistry measurementsrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 27 no 17-18 pp 3037ndash3038 1993

[20] P Seibert ldquoConvergence and accuracy of numerical methodsfor trajectory calculationsrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol32 no 3 pp 558ndash566 1993

[21] E Isaacson andH B KellerAnalysis of Numerical Methods vol541 John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 1966

[22] P Brumer ldquoStability concepts in the numerical solution ofclassical atomic and molecular scattering problemsrdquo Journal ofComputational Physics vol 14 pp 391ndash419 1974

[23] J T Merrill ldquoIsentropic air-flow probability analysisrdquo Journalof Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 99 pp 25881ndash258891994

[24] A Stohl G Wotawa P Seibert and H Kromp-Kolb ldquoInterpo-lation errors in wind fields as a function of spatial and temporalresolution and their impact on different types of kinematictrajectoriesrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol 34 no 10 pp2149ndash2165 1995

[25] A Virkkula M Aurela R Hillamo et al ldquoChemical compo-sition of atmospheric aerosol in the European subarctic con-tribution of the Kola Peninsula smelter areas central Europeand the Arctic Oceanrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 104 no 19 pp 23681ndash23696 1999

[26] J N Cape J Methven and L E Hudson ldquoThe use of trajectorycluster analysis to interpret trace gas measurements at Mace

12 Advances in Meteorology

Head Irelandrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 22 pp3651ndash3663 2000

[27] R R Draxler and G D Rolph ldquoHYSPLIT ( HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model NOAAAir Resources Laboratoryrdquo Silver Spring Md USA 2003httpreadyarlnoaagovHYSPLITphp

[28] P Pochanart H Akimoto Y Kajii V M Potemkin and T VKhodzher ldquoRegional background ozone and carbon monoxidevariations nin remote SiberiaEast Asiardquo Journal of GeophysicalResearch D Atmospheres vol 108 no 1 pp 1ndash18 2003

[29] B A Schichtel K A Gebhart M G Barna and W C MalmldquoAssociation of airmass transport patterns and particulate sulfurconcentrations at Big Bend National Park Texasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 40 no 5 pp 992ndash1006 2006

[30] A W Delcloo and H de Backer ldquoFive day 3D back trajectoryclusters and trends analysis of the Uccle ozone soundingtime series in the lower troposphere (1969ndash2001)rdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 42 no 19 pp 4419ndash4432 2008

[31] G Dogan G Gullu and G Tuncel ldquoSources and source regionseffecting the aerosol composition of the Eastern Mediter-raneanrdquoMicrochemical Journal vol 88 no 2 pp 142ndash149 2008

[32] O A Tarasova I A Senik M G Sosonkin J Cui J Staehelinand A S H Prevot ldquoSurface ozone at the Caucasian siteKislovodsk High Mountain Station and the Swiss Alpine siteJungfraujoch data analysis and trends (1990ndash2006)rdquo Atmo-spheric Chemistry and Physics vol 9 no 12 pp 4157ndash4175 2009

[33] httplagrangeempachlm trajhtml[34] H Riede P Jockel and R Sander ldquoQuantifying atmospheric

transport chemistry and mixing using a new trajectory-boxmodel and a global atmospheric-chemistry GCMrdquo GeoscienceModel Development vol 2 pp 267ndash280 2009

[35] R P Shadbolt E A Waller J P Messina and J A WinklerldquoSource regions of lower-tropospheric airflow trajectories forthe lower peninsula of Michigan a 40-year air mass climatol-ogyrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 111no 21 Article ID D21117 2006

[36] A Riccio G Giunta and E Chianese ldquoThe application ofa trajectory classification procedure to interpret air pollutionmeasurements in the urban area of Naples (Southern Italy)rdquoScience of the Total Environment vol 376 no 1ndash3 pp 198ndash2142007

[37] B S K Reddy K R Kumar G Balakrishnaiah et al ldquoObserva-tional studies on the variations in surface ozone concentrationat Anantapur in southern Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 98no 1 pp 125ndash139 2010

[38] B A Begum S K Biswas G G Pandit et al ldquoLong-rangetransport of soil dust and smoke pollution in the South AsianregionrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 2 pp 151ndash1572011

[39] A H M Saadat Md M Rahman S M K Hasan and A TM Jahangir Alam ldquoTravelling and source point identificationof some transboundary air pollutants by trajectory analysis inSathkhira Bangladeshrdquo Canadian Chemical Transactions vol1 no 1 pp 56ndash65 2013

[40] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ah ldquoChemistryofmonsoon and post-monsoon rains at a high altitude locationSinhagad Indiardquo Aerosol and Air Quality Research vol 9 no 1pp 65ndash79 2009

[41] K B Budhavant P S P Rao PD Safai LGranat andHRodheldquoChemical composition of the inorganic fraction of cloud-water at a high altitude station in West Indiardquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 88 pp 59ndash65 2014

[42] R R Draxler andA D Taylor ldquoHorizontal parameters for long-range transport modelingrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 3 pp 367ndash372 1982

[43] J C Lin C Gerbig S CWofsy et al ldquoMeasuring fluxes of tracegases at regional scales by Lagrangian observations applicationto the CO

2Budget and Rectification Airborne (COBRA) studyrdquo

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 109 no D152004

[44] D Wen J C Lin D B Millet A F Stein and R R DraxlerldquoA backward-time stochastic Lagrangian air quality modelrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 54 pp 373ndash386 2012

[45] J L Moody J A Galusky and J N Galloway ldquoThe use ofatmospheric transport pattern recognition techniques in under-standing variation in precipitation chemistryrdquo in AtmosphericDeposition (Proceedings of the Baltimore SymposiumMay 1989)IAHS Publ No 179 May 1989

[46] M Escudero A F Stein R R Draxler et al ldquoSource appor-tionment for African dust outbreaks over theWestern Mediter-ranean using the HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmospheric Research vol99 no 3-4 pp 518ndash527 2011

[47] J Baker ldquoA cluster analysis of long range air transport pathwaysand associated pollutant concentrations within the UKrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 44 no 4 pp 563ndash571 2010

[48] K A Gebhart B A Schichtel W C Malm M G Barna MA Rodriguez and J L Collett ldquoBack-trajectory-based sourceapportionment of airborne sulfur and nitrogen concentrationsat Rocky Mountain National Park Colorado USArdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 3 pp 621ndash633 2011

[49] B de Foy M Zavala N Bei and L T Molina ldquoEvaluationof WRF mesoscale simulations and particle trajectory analysisfor the MILAGRO field campaignrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 13 pp 4419ndash4438 2009

[50] R M Harrison J L Grenfell J D Peak et al ldquoInfluence of air-mass back trajectory upon nitrogen compound compositionrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 34 no 10 pp 1519ndash1527 2000

[51] TW Chan andMMozurkewich ldquoApplication of absolute prin-cipal component analysis to size distribution data identificationof particle originsrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics vol 7no 3 pp 887ndash897 2007

[52] L A K Reddy U C Kulshrestha J Satyanarayana M JKulshrestha and K K Moorthy ldquoChemical characteristics ofPM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea during ICARBrdquo Journal of Earth System Sciencevol 117 no 1 pp 345ndash352 2008

[53] P Salvador B Artınano X Querol and A Alastuey ldquoA com-bined analysis of backward trajectories and aerosol chemistryto characterise long-range transport episodes of particulatematter the Madrid air basin a case studyrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 390 no 2-3 pp 495ndash506 2008

[54] L Granat M Norman C Leck U C Kulshrestha andH Rodhe ldquoWet scavenging of sulfur compounds and otherconstituents during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)rdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 19article 8025 2002

[55] J Satyanarayana L A K Reddy M J Kulshrestha R N RaoandUC Kulshrestha ldquoChemical composition of rainwater andinfluence of airmass trajectories at a rural site in an ecologicalsensitive area of Western Ghats (India)rdquo Journal of AtmosphericChemistry vol 66 no 3 pp 101ndash116 2010

[56] A Dvorska G Lammel and I Holoubek ldquoRecent trendsof persistent organic pollutants in air in central Europemdashair

Advances in Meteorology 13

monitoring in combination with air mass trajectory statisticsas a tool to study the effectivity of regional chemical policyrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 43 no 6 pp 1280ndash1287 2009

[57] D W Tarasick J J Jin V E Fioletov et al ldquoHigh-resolutiontropospheric ozone fields for INTEX and ARCTAS from IONSozonesondesrdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchD vol 115 no 20Article ID D20301 2010

[58] A S Lefohn HWernli D Shadwick S Limbach S J OltmansandM Shapiro ldquoThe importance of stratospheric-tropospherictransport in affecting surface ozone concentrations in theWestern and Northern tier of the United Statesrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 45 no 28 pp 4845ndash4857 2011

[59] P D Tyson M Garstang R J Swap E V Browell R DDiab and A M Thompson ldquoTransport and Vertical structureof ozone and aerosol distributions over southern Africardquo inBiomass Burning and Global Change J S Levine Ed pp 403ndash421 MIT Press Cambridge UK 1996

[60] K AshrafiM Shafiepour-Motlagh A Aslemand and S GhadeldquoDust storm simulation over Iran using HYSPLITrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Health Science and Engineering vol 12 no 1article 9 2014

[61] K K Moorthy A Saha B S N Prasad K Niranjan D Jhurryand P S Pillai ldquoAerosol optical depths over peninsular Indiaand adjoining oceans during the INDOEX campaigns spatialtemporal and spectral characteristicsrdquo Journal of GeophysicalResearchDAtmospheres vol 106 no 22 pp 28539ndash28554 2001

[62] A Iqbal and N T K Oanh ldquoAssessment of acid depositionover Dhaka division using CAMx-MM5 modeling systemrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 4 pp 452ndash462 2011

[63] M Norman S N Das A G Pillai L Granat and H RodheldquoInfluence of air mass trajectories on the chemical compositionof precipitation in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 35 no25 pp 4223ndash4235 2001

[64] B Kumar G P Gupta S Singh and U C KulshresthaldquoChemical characterization of snowfall in western Himalayanregion of Indiardquo Unpublished data

[65] F Li and V Ramanathan ldquoWinter to summer monsoon varia-tion of aerosol optical depth over the tropical Indian OceanrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 16pp 2ndash13 2002

[66] T N Krishnamurti B Jha J Prospero A Jayaraman and VRamanathan ldquoAerosol and pollutant transport and their impacton radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during theJanuary-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruiserdquo Tellus vol 50 no5 pp 521ndash542 1998

[67] S Verma C Venkataraman O Boucher and S RamachandranldquoSource evaluation of aerosols measured during the IndianOcean Experiment using combined chemical transport andback trajectory modelingrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 112 no 11 2007

[68] R Das L Granat C Leck P S Praveen and H Rodhe ldquoChem-ical composition of rainwater at Maldives Climate Observa-tory at Hanimaadhoo (MCOH)rdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 11 no 8 pp 3743ndash3755 2011

[69] K Alam S Qureshi and T Blaschke ldquoMonitoring spatio-temporal aerosol patterns over Pakistan based on MODISTOMS and MISR satellite data and a HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 27 pp 4641ndash4651 2011

[70] S Singh B Kumar G P Gupta and U C KulshresthaldquoSignatures of increasing energy demand of past two decadesas captured in rain water composition and airmass trajectoryanalysis at Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Environment In press

[71] A Kumar S Tiwari D S Bisht et al ldquoAerosol characteristicsduring the coolest june month over new delhi Northern IndiardquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 32 no 23 pp8463ndash8483 2011

[72] LRTAP httpwwwuneceorgenvlrtap[73] S Tiwari D M Chate D S Bisht M K Srivastava and B

Padmanabhamurty ldquoRainwater chemistry in theNorthWesternHimalayan Region Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 104-105pp 128ndash138 2012

[74] M S Naik L T Khemani G A Momin P S P Rao P D Safaiand A G Pillai ldquoChemical composition of fresh snow fromGulmarg North Indiardquo Environmental Pollution vol 87 no 2pp 167ndash171 1995

[75] D C Parashar L Granat U C Kulshrestha et al ldquoChemicalcomposition of precipitation in India and Nepal-apreliminaryreport on an Indo-Swedish project on atmospheric chemistryrdquoTech Rep CM90 IMI Stockholm University StockholmSweden 1996

[76] U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar S S Srivastava and D CParashar ldquoInvestigation into atmospheric deposition throughprecipitation studies at New Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Envi-ronment vol 30 no 24 pp 4149ndash4154 1996

[77] U C Kulshrestha L Granat M Engardt and H RodheldquoReview of precipitation monitoring studies in Indiamdasha searchfor regional patternsrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 39 no 38pp 7403ndash7419 2005

[78] L T Khemani G A Momin P S Prakasa Rao P D SafaiG Singh and R K Kapoor ldquoSpread of acid rain over IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 23 no 4 pp 757ndash762 1989

[79] A Saxena S Sharma U C Kulshrestha and S S SrivastavaldquoFactors affecting alkaline nature of rain water in Agra (India)rdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 74 no 2 pp 129ndash138 1991

[80] A Avila and M Alarcon ldquoRelationship between precipitationchemistry and meteorological situations at a rural site inNortheastern Spainrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 33 no 11pp 1663ndash1677 1999

[81] R Das S N Das and V N Misra ldquoChemical composition ofrainwater and dustfall at Bhubaneswar in the east coast of IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 39 no 32 pp 5908ndash5916 2005

[82] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ali ldquoInfluence oflocal sources on rainwater chemistry over Pune region IndiardquoAtmospheric Research vol 100 no 1 pp 121ndash131 2011

[83] M Zhang S Wang F Wu X Yuan and Y Zhang ldquoChemicalcompositions ofwet precipitation and anthropogenic influencesat a developing urban site in Southeastern Chinardquo AtmosphericResearch vol 84 no 4 pp 311ndash322 2007

[84] S C Kang P A Mayewski D H Qin S A Sneed J W Renand D Q Zhang ldquoSeasonal differences in snow chemistry fromthe vicinity of Mt Everest central Himalayasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 38 no 18 pp 2819ndash2829 2004

[85] K Yalcin C P Wake S Kang K J Kreutz and S I WhitlowldquoSeasonal and spatial variability in snow chemistry at EclipseIcefield Yukon Canadardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 43 pp 230ndash238 2006

[86] AMarinoni S Polesello C Smiraglia and SValsecchi ldquoChem-ical composition of freshsnow samples from the southernslope of Mt Everest region (Khumbu-Himal region Nepal)rdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 35 no 18 pp 3183ndash3190 2001

[87] H Niu Y He G Zhu et al ldquoEnvironmental implications of thelatest snow chemistry from Mt Yulong Southeastern TibetanPlateaurdquo Quaternary International vol 313-314 pp 168ndash1782013

14 Advances in Meteorology

[88] K J Kreutz V B Aizen L D Cecil and C P Wake ldquoOxygenisotopic and soluble ionic composition of a shallow firn coreInilchek glacier central Tien Shanrdquo Journal of Glaciology vol47 no 159 pp 548ndash554 2001

[89] U C Kulshrestha M J Kulshrestha R Sekar G S R Sastryand M Vairamani ldquoChemical characteristics of rainwater at anurban site of south-central Indiardquo Atmospheric Environmentvol 37 no 21 pp 3019ndash3026 2003

[90] M Jain U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar and D C ParasharldquoInfluence of crustal aerosols on wet deposition at urban andrural sites in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 29-30 pp 5129ndash5137 2000

[91] G Zhu T Pu Y He P Shi and T Zhang ldquoSeasonal variationsof major ions in fresh snow at Baishui Glacier No 1 YulongMountain Chinardquo Environmental Earth Sciences vol 69 no 1pp 1ndash10 2013

[92] S C Kang C P Wake D H Qin P A Mayewski and T DYao ldquoMonsoon and dust signals recorded in Dasuopu glacierTibetan Plateaurdquo Journal of Glaciology vol 46 no 153 pp 222ndash226 2000

[93] D H Qin S G Hou D Q Zhang et al ldquoPreliminary resultsfrom the chemical records of an 804m ice core recoveredfrom East Rongbuk Glacier Qomolangma (Mount Everest)Himalayardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 35 pp 278ndash284 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Geological ResearchJournal of

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Geology Advances in

Advances in Meteorology 7

(a) Marine (b) Arabian Sea

(c) Indian (d) Mixed

Figure 5 Classification of trajectories arriving at MCOH (a) Marine (b) Arabian Sea (c) Indian and (d) mixed [68]

Table 4 Median concentrations (mmol Lminus1) in rain samples at Bhubaneswar for different trajectory groups and frequency of rain along thetrajectory ([63])

Sample group pH Na+ NH4

+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Clminus NO3

minus SO4

2minus nss-SO4

2minus Ca2+Na+ Number of samplesHigh rain frequency

C 548 63 222 12 13 31 65 94 68 65 066 18CL 484 282 735 94 69 281 347 538 37 353 079 2B 554 61 91 05 07 15 75 25 31 28 025 14M 582 119 207 11 116 72 126 109 89 67 053 23

Low rain frequencyC 561 169 447 37 38 105 23 29 212 196 058 21CL 503 182 526 45 5 284 20 44 402 391 233 2B 528 318 813 79 63 177 345 49 367 358 08 6M 577 124 113 06 24 5 145 94 92 84 056 8Note (a) continental (C) (b) continental local (CL) (c) monsoon (M) and (d) Bay of Bengal (B)

before reaching the sampling site have been termed as AfThis cluster represented 23 of snowfall events Figure 8(b)is a typical example of such airmasses

Middle East Origin (ME) Airmasses originating fromMiddleEast and reaching the sampling site via Pakistan andHaryanahave been termed as ME This group represented 10 of thetotal snowfall events Figure 8(c) is a typical example of MEairmasses

European Origin (Eu) Airmasses originating fromcontinental Europe and reaching the sampling site viaAfghanistan and Jammu and Kashmir have been referredto as Eu This class represented the least number (6) ofsnowfall events Figure 8(d) is a typical example of suchairmasses

Western India Origin (InW) Airmasses originating in West-ern India in the state of Rajasthan and transported over

8 Advances in Meteorology

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(a) Continental

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(b) Continental Local

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(c) Monsoon

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(d) Bay of Bengal

Figure 6 Trajectories to Bhubaneswar sorted into different trajectory groups during January 1997ndashOctober 1998 (a) Continental (C) (b)continental local (CL) (c) monsoon (M) and (d) Bay of Bengal (B) [63]

Punjab and Haryana and finally reaching the sampling sitehave been termed as InW This group represented 13 of thetotal snowfall events Figure 8(e) is a typical example of thistype of airmasses

Nepal Origin (Np) Airmasses originating from Nepal sidereaching the sampling site via Uttarakhand have been cat-egorized as Np This cluster represented the second lowestnumber of events (8) Figure 8(f) is a typical example of thistype of airmasses

In general pHof the samples varied from475 to 698withan average value of 569 indicating slight alkaline nature ofsnow samples Slight alkaline precipitation has been reportedat higher altitude in Indian region [40 41 73ndash75] Figure 9shows the percent frequency distribution of pH of snowfallsamples Maximum number of samples had pH between621 and 660 (29) followed by a range of 581ndash620 (25)661ndash700 (17) 541ndash580 (17) 461ndash500 (10) and 501ndash540 (4) The high pH (pH gt 56) has been reported in

global precipitation samples due to the influence of soilderived particulate matter [40 68 76ndash80] Out of total83 of samples showed pH of snow above 56 while 17of samples only were found to be acidic at Kothi Acidicsnow samples were found at this site in airmasses originatedfrom Middle East Countries and Europe mainly Acidic pHhas been reported in precipitation samples in airmassesoriginated from Europe [80] and Gulf countries [55] 43of rain samples were observed to be acidic in nature at statebotanical garden in Bhubaneswar India [81] 18 occurrenceof acid rain has been reported at Delhi India [76] pH valueranged between 398 and 801 with 20 acidic precipitationsamples having been reported at Montseny in NortheastSpain Europe [80] Out of total precipitation samples 21 ofsamples were found to be acidic in nature at Sinhagad PuneIndia [82] 793 of the total precipitation has a pH value lessthan 56 at Jinhua in Southeastern Chinarsquos province [83]

Table 5 gives average concentration of chemical speciesin snowfall samples On average equivalent concentration ofionic species followed the following order Ca2+ gt Clminus gt

Advances in Meteorology 9

030 9080706040 50 100

Mumbai

10

20

30

40

110

Sinhagad

1400m

(a)

Mumbai Sinhagad

030 9080706040 50 100

10

20

30

40

110

1400m

(b)

Figure 7 Seven-day back trajectories at Sinhagad during the (a) monsoon and (b) postmonsoon seasons of 2005 [40]

Table 5 Descriptive statistics of pH and major ions (120583eq Lminus1) in snowmelt

pH Na+ NH4

+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Fminus Clminus NO3

minus SO4

2minus HCO3

minus

Average 569 4369 1846 1084 4713 1704 302 4599 1742 2745 2740sd 06 235 108 57 211 79 23 253 73 83 177Min 475 751 423 299 1765 010 008 1075 543 1195 172Max 698 9356 3941 2155 9644 3531 702 10651 3111 4673 7191

Na+ gt SO4

2minusgt HCO

3

minusgt NH

4

+gt NO

3

minusgt Mg2+ gt K+ gt

Fminus Very high concentration of Ca2+ among all ions at this siteindicated the crustal dominance in snowfall samples at KothiThe average concentration of Ca2+ was compared with othersof snow and found to be higher than Mount Everest [84]Mt LoganMassif [85] Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] but lowerthan Yulong snow Mt [87] and Tien Shan [88] In Indianregion many researchers have reported high concentrationof Ca due to suspended soil dust in precipitation samples[76 89 90] Since the site is situated at high altitude withless eroded soil [73] Ca2+ is not expected to be contributedby local soil significantly As discussed above in the samesection the contribution of transported dust from Africanregion West India and Nepal was significantly high at thissite Very high concentration of SO

4

2minus and NO3

minus might bedue to its transport through Af ME InW and Np airmassesThe concentration of SO

4

2minus in snow samples at this site waslower than surfacefresh snow samples of Yulong snow Mt[91] ice core samples of Dasuopu [92] and East Rongbuk[93] but lower than snow samples of Mt Everest [84]Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] andMt LoganMassif [85] Verysimilar range of concentration of SO

4

2minus has been reportedby many workers in global precipitation due to fossil fuelcombustion mainly [55 73 80 82 89] NO

3

minus concentrationwas found to be very high which might be due to transportof NO

119909NO3

minus from various airmasses as discussed above inthe same section Some contribution of NO

3

minus from biomassburning during winter season to produce heat by local peoplecannot be ruled out After Ca2+ very high concentration ofClminus and Na+ among all ions indicated strong influences ofmarine components at this site and it is very clear from theabove discussionThe high concentration of NH

4in snowfall

samplesmight be due to its transport fromAfrican continents

andNepalmainly Similarly high concentration ofKmight bedue to its transport of airmasses fromAf InW andNpmainly

2 Conclusion

Presently computation of trajectories is highly advancedMultiple and 3D trajectories are possible with numerousadditional features which make computation of backwardforward and vertical motion very simple However thereare uncertainties associated with the calculated trajectoriesand hence precaution of such errors is necessary for theirmeaningful interpretation Nevertheless the airmass trajec-tories are powerful tools for tracing pollution sources andthe routes of transport Transboundary pollution is becominga serious issue in South Asia Transport of pollutants fromnearby countries as well as from far Europe Middle East andAfrican continental regions to South Asia needs immediateattention of scientists and policymakers Studies indicate thatthe net import and export of pollutants vary depending uponthe season as the origin and path of airmasses change duringdifferent seasons and so the deposition load of different typesof pollutants at the receptor sites Hence similar to CLRTAPSouth Asian region also needs to develop a network to moni-tor the nature and type of pollutants and their quantificationof annual import and export followed by appropriate meth-ods of assessment in relation to damage to human healthforests and various agroecosystems Airmass trajectoriesrevealed that acidic pollutants from Europe and Middle Eastregions are deposited up to the remote Himalayan rangesvia long range transport Trajectory calculations providedvery vital information about the continental transportedemissions which were responsible for the elevated level of

10 Advances in Meteorology

Backward trajectory ending at 1900UTC 11 Dec 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

8500

500000

7500

6500

5500

4500

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 1209 1208 1207Job ID 181404 Job start Sat Apr 19 181031 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(a) pH = 635 (NAO)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 23 Feb 13NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

0223 0222 0221 0220 0219Job ID 181272 Job start Sat Apr 19 180654 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

500045004000350030002500200015001000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(b) pH = 572 (Af)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 2300UTC 13 Dec 12

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 12091213 1212Job ID 181119 Job start Sat Apr 19 180315 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

4000

3000

2000

1000

5000Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(c) pH = 496 (ME)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 29 Nov 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological dataM

eter

s AG

L

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 181330 Job start Sat Apr 19 180856 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 29 Nov 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

1129 1128 1127 1126 1125

5000

65005500450035002500

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(d) pH = 548 (Eu)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 24 Mar 13

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 182048 Job start Sat Apr 19 182929 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Mar 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0324 0323 0322 0321 0320

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(e) pH = 673 (InW)

NOAA HYSPLIT modelBackward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 26 Feb 13

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 180918 Job start Sat Apr 19 175935 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 1 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

0206 0205 0204 0203 0202

3000

2000

1000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(f) pH = 601 (Np)

Figure 8 Typical examples of six different airmass trajectories arriving at the site NAO = North Atlantic Ocean origin Af = African originME = Middle East origin Eu = European origin (Eu) InW =Western India origin and Np = Nepal origin

Advances in Meteorology 11

10

4

17

2529

15

05

101520253035

pH range

Freq

uenc

y (

)

461

ndash500

501

ndash540

541

ndash580

581

ndash620

621

ndash660

661

ndash700

Figure 9 Percent frequency distribution of pH of snowmelt forwhole dataset

acidity of rain water at an ecosensitive site in Western Ghatsin Southwest India

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

Support of DST-PURSE and UGC India is gratefullyacknowledged

References

[1] J A DuttonThe Ceaseless Wind An Introduction to the Theoryof Atmospheric Motion Dover New York NY USA 1986

[2] H R Byers General Meteorology McGraw-Hill New YorkUSA 4th edition 1974

[3] D JThomson and J DWilsonHistory of Lagrangian StochasticModels for Turbulent Dispersion Langrangian Model of theAtmosphere Geographical Monograph Series 200 AmericanGeophhysical union 2012

[4] K J Davis D H Lenschow S P Oncley et al ldquoRole ofentrainment in surface-atmosphere interactions over the borealforestrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D vol 102 no 24 pp29219ndash29230 1997

[5] P Seibert ldquoInverse modelling with a lagrangian particle dis-persion model application to point releases over limited timeintervals in air pollution modeling and its applicationrdquo Journalof Applied Meteorology vol 14 pp 381ndash389 2004

[6] A Eliassen J Saltbones F Stordal O Hov and I S A IsaksenldquoA Lagrangian long-range transport model with atmosphericboundary layer chemistryrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 11 pp 1645ndash1661 1982

[7] D Simpson ldquoPhotochemical model calculations over Europefor two extended summer periods 1985 and 1989 Model resultsand comparison with observationsrdquo Atmospheric EnvironmentA vol 27 no 6 pp 921ndash943 1993

[8] S Petterssen ldquoWeather analysis and forecastingrdquo pp 221ndash2231940

[9] E F Danielsen and R Bleck ldquoResearch in four-dimensionaldiagnosis of cyclonic stormcloud systemrdquoAFCRLRep 67ndash0617BedfordMass USA 1967 Available as NTIS AD-670 847 fromNational Technical Information Service Springfield Va USA

[10] H Rodhe ldquoA study of the sulfur budget for the atmosphere overNorthern Europerdquo Tellus vol 24 pp 128ndash138 1972

[11] T D Fox and J D Ludwick ldquoLead (Pb) concentrations associ-ated with 1000-MB geostrophic back trajectories at QuillayuteWashingtonrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 10 no 10 pp 799ndash803 1976

[12] L L AshbaughW CMalm andW Z Sadeh ldquoA residence timeprobability analysis of sulfur concentrations at Grand CanyonNational Parkrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 19 no 8 pp1263ndash1270 1985

[13] A V Polissar P K Hopke P Paatero et al ldquoThe aerosolat Barrow Alaska long-term trends and source locationsrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 33 no 16 pp 2441ndash2458 1999

[14] A Stohl ldquoComputation accuracy and applications oftrajectoriesmdasha review and bibliographyrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 32 no 6 pp 947ndash966 1998

[15] Z L Fleming P S Monks and A J Manning ldquoReviewuntangling the influence of air-mass history in interpretingobserved atmospheric compositionrdquoAtmospheric Research vol104-105 pp 1ndash39 2012

[16] B F Taubman J C Hains A M Thompson et al ldquoAircraftvertical profiles of trace gas and aerosol pollution over themid-Atlantic United States Statistics andmeteorological clusteranalysisrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol111 no 10 2006

[17] M Cabello J A G Orza V Galiano and G Ruiz ldquoInfluenceof meteorological input data on backtrajectory cluster analysisa seven-year study for southeastern Spainrdquo Advances in Scienceand Research vol 2 pp 65ndash70 2008

[18] S Pettersen Weather Analysis and Forecasting Motion andMotion Systems vol 1 McGraw-Hill 1956

[19] J D Kahl ldquoA cautionary note on the use of air trajectoriesin interpreting atmospheric chemistry measurementsrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 27 no 17-18 pp 3037ndash3038 1993

[20] P Seibert ldquoConvergence and accuracy of numerical methodsfor trajectory calculationsrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol32 no 3 pp 558ndash566 1993

[21] E Isaacson andH B KellerAnalysis of Numerical Methods vol541 John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 1966

[22] P Brumer ldquoStability concepts in the numerical solution ofclassical atomic and molecular scattering problemsrdquo Journal ofComputational Physics vol 14 pp 391ndash419 1974

[23] J T Merrill ldquoIsentropic air-flow probability analysisrdquo Journalof Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 99 pp 25881ndash258891994

[24] A Stohl G Wotawa P Seibert and H Kromp-Kolb ldquoInterpo-lation errors in wind fields as a function of spatial and temporalresolution and their impact on different types of kinematictrajectoriesrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol 34 no 10 pp2149ndash2165 1995

[25] A Virkkula M Aurela R Hillamo et al ldquoChemical compo-sition of atmospheric aerosol in the European subarctic con-tribution of the Kola Peninsula smelter areas central Europeand the Arctic Oceanrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 104 no 19 pp 23681ndash23696 1999

[26] J N Cape J Methven and L E Hudson ldquoThe use of trajectorycluster analysis to interpret trace gas measurements at Mace

12 Advances in Meteorology

Head Irelandrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 22 pp3651ndash3663 2000

[27] R R Draxler and G D Rolph ldquoHYSPLIT ( HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model NOAAAir Resources Laboratoryrdquo Silver Spring Md USA 2003httpreadyarlnoaagovHYSPLITphp

[28] P Pochanart H Akimoto Y Kajii V M Potemkin and T VKhodzher ldquoRegional background ozone and carbon monoxidevariations nin remote SiberiaEast Asiardquo Journal of GeophysicalResearch D Atmospheres vol 108 no 1 pp 1ndash18 2003

[29] B A Schichtel K A Gebhart M G Barna and W C MalmldquoAssociation of airmass transport patterns and particulate sulfurconcentrations at Big Bend National Park Texasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 40 no 5 pp 992ndash1006 2006

[30] A W Delcloo and H de Backer ldquoFive day 3D back trajectoryclusters and trends analysis of the Uccle ozone soundingtime series in the lower troposphere (1969ndash2001)rdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 42 no 19 pp 4419ndash4432 2008

[31] G Dogan G Gullu and G Tuncel ldquoSources and source regionseffecting the aerosol composition of the Eastern Mediter-raneanrdquoMicrochemical Journal vol 88 no 2 pp 142ndash149 2008

[32] O A Tarasova I A Senik M G Sosonkin J Cui J Staehelinand A S H Prevot ldquoSurface ozone at the Caucasian siteKislovodsk High Mountain Station and the Swiss Alpine siteJungfraujoch data analysis and trends (1990ndash2006)rdquo Atmo-spheric Chemistry and Physics vol 9 no 12 pp 4157ndash4175 2009

[33] httplagrangeempachlm trajhtml[34] H Riede P Jockel and R Sander ldquoQuantifying atmospheric

transport chemistry and mixing using a new trajectory-boxmodel and a global atmospheric-chemistry GCMrdquo GeoscienceModel Development vol 2 pp 267ndash280 2009

[35] R P Shadbolt E A Waller J P Messina and J A WinklerldquoSource regions of lower-tropospheric airflow trajectories forthe lower peninsula of Michigan a 40-year air mass climatol-ogyrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 111no 21 Article ID D21117 2006

[36] A Riccio G Giunta and E Chianese ldquoThe application ofa trajectory classification procedure to interpret air pollutionmeasurements in the urban area of Naples (Southern Italy)rdquoScience of the Total Environment vol 376 no 1ndash3 pp 198ndash2142007

[37] B S K Reddy K R Kumar G Balakrishnaiah et al ldquoObserva-tional studies on the variations in surface ozone concentrationat Anantapur in southern Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 98no 1 pp 125ndash139 2010

[38] B A Begum S K Biswas G G Pandit et al ldquoLong-rangetransport of soil dust and smoke pollution in the South AsianregionrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 2 pp 151ndash1572011

[39] A H M Saadat Md M Rahman S M K Hasan and A TM Jahangir Alam ldquoTravelling and source point identificationof some transboundary air pollutants by trajectory analysis inSathkhira Bangladeshrdquo Canadian Chemical Transactions vol1 no 1 pp 56ndash65 2013

[40] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ah ldquoChemistryofmonsoon and post-monsoon rains at a high altitude locationSinhagad Indiardquo Aerosol and Air Quality Research vol 9 no 1pp 65ndash79 2009

[41] K B Budhavant P S P Rao PD Safai LGranat andHRodheldquoChemical composition of the inorganic fraction of cloud-water at a high altitude station in West Indiardquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 88 pp 59ndash65 2014

[42] R R Draxler andA D Taylor ldquoHorizontal parameters for long-range transport modelingrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 3 pp 367ndash372 1982

[43] J C Lin C Gerbig S CWofsy et al ldquoMeasuring fluxes of tracegases at regional scales by Lagrangian observations applicationto the CO

2Budget and Rectification Airborne (COBRA) studyrdquo

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 109 no D152004

[44] D Wen J C Lin D B Millet A F Stein and R R DraxlerldquoA backward-time stochastic Lagrangian air quality modelrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 54 pp 373ndash386 2012

[45] J L Moody J A Galusky and J N Galloway ldquoThe use ofatmospheric transport pattern recognition techniques in under-standing variation in precipitation chemistryrdquo in AtmosphericDeposition (Proceedings of the Baltimore SymposiumMay 1989)IAHS Publ No 179 May 1989

[46] M Escudero A F Stein R R Draxler et al ldquoSource appor-tionment for African dust outbreaks over theWestern Mediter-ranean using the HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmospheric Research vol99 no 3-4 pp 518ndash527 2011

[47] J Baker ldquoA cluster analysis of long range air transport pathwaysand associated pollutant concentrations within the UKrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 44 no 4 pp 563ndash571 2010

[48] K A Gebhart B A Schichtel W C Malm M G Barna MA Rodriguez and J L Collett ldquoBack-trajectory-based sourceapportionment of airborne sulfur and nitrogen concentrationsat Rocky Mountain National Park Colorado USArdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 3 pp 621ndash633 2011

[49] B de Foy M Zavala N Bei and L T Molina ldquoEvaluationof WRF mesoscale simulations and particle trajectory analysisfor the MILAGRO field campaignrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 13 pp 4419ndash4438 2009

[50] R M Harrison J L Grenfell J D Peak et al ldquoInfluence of air-mass back trajectory upon nitrogen compound compositionrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 34 no 10 pp 1519ndash1527 2000

[51] TW Chan andMMozurkewich ldquoApplication of absolute prin-cipal component analysis to size distribution data identificationof particle originsrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics vol 7no 3 pp 887ndash897 2007

[52] L A K Reddy U C Kulshrestha J Satyanarayana M JKulshrestha and K K Moorthy ldquoChemical characteristics ofPM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea during ICARBrdquo Journal of Earth System Sciencevol 117 no 1 pp 345ndash352 2008

[53] P Salvador B Artınano X Querol and A Alastuey ldquoA com-bined analysis of backward trajectories and aerosol chemistryto characterise long-range transport episodes of particulatematter the Madrid air basin a case studyrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 390 no 2-3 pp 495ndash506 2008

[54] L Granat M Norman C Leck U C Kulshrestha andH Rodhe ldquoWet scavenging of sulfur compounds and otherconstituents during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)rdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 19article 8025 2002

[55] J Satyanarayana L A K Reddy M J Kulshrestha R N RaoandUC Kulshrestha ldquoChemical composition of rainwater andinfluence of airmass trajectories at a rural site in an ecologicalsensitive area of Western Ghats (India)rdquo Journal of AtmosphericChemistry vol 66 no 3 pp 101ndash116 2010

[56] A Dvorska G Lammel and I Holoubek ldquoRecent trendsof persistent organic pollutants in air in central Europemdashair

Advances in Meteorology 13

monitoring in combination with air mass trajectory statisticsas a tool to study the effectivity of regional chemical policyrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 43 no 6 pp 1280ndash1287 2009

[57] D W Tarasick J J Jin V E Fioletov et al ldquoHigh-resolutiontropospheric ozone fields for INTEX and ARCTAS from IONSozonesondesrdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchD vol 115 no 20Article ID D20301 2010

[58] A S Lefohn HWernli D Shadwick S Limbach S J OltmansandM Shapiro ldquoThe importance of stratospheric-tropospherictransport in affecting surface ozone concentrations in theWestern and Northern tier of the United Statesrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 45 no 28 pp 4845ndash4857 2011

[59] P D Tyson M Garstang R J Swap E V Browell R DDiab and A M Thompson ldquoTransport and Vertical structureof ozone and aerosol distributions over southern Africardquo inBiomass Burning and Global Change J S Levine Ed pp 403ndash421 MIT Press Cambridge UK 1996

[60] K AshrafiM Shafiepour-Motlagh A Aslemand and S GhadeldquoDust storm simulation over Iran using HYSPLITrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Health Science and Engineering vol 12 no 1article 9 2014

[61] K K Moorthy A Saha B S N Prasad K Niranjan D Jhurryand P S Pillai ldquoAerosol optical depths over peninsular Indiaand adjoining oceans during the INDOEX campaigns spatialtemporal and spectral characteristicsrdquo Journal of GeophysicalResearchDAtmospheres vol 106 no 22 pp 28539ndash28554 2001

[62] A Iqbal and N T K Oanh ldquoAssessment of acid depositionover Dhaka division using CAMx-MM5 modeling systemrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 4 pp 452ndash462 2011

[63] M Norman S N Das A G Pillai L Granat and H RodheldquoInfluence of air mass trajectories on the chemical compositionof precipitation in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 35 no25 pp 4223ndash4235 2001

[64] B Kumar G P Gupta S Singh and U C KulshresthaldquoChemical characterization of snowfall in western Himalayanregion of Indiardquo Unpublished data

[65] F Li and V Ramanathan ldquoWinter to summer monsoon varia-tion of aerosol optical depth over the tropical Indian OceanrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 16pp 2ndash13 2002

[66] T N Krishnamurti B Jha J Prospero A Jayaraman and VRamanathan ldquoAerosol and pollutant transport and their impacton radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during theJanuary-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruiserdquo Tellus vol 50 no5 pp 521ndash542 1998

[67] S Verma C Venkataraman O Boucher and S RamachandranldquoSource evaluation of aerosols measured during the IndianOcean Experiment using combined chemical transport andback trajectory modelingrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 112 no 11 2007

[68] R Das L Granat C Leck P S Praveen and H Rodhe ldquoChem-ical composition of rainwater at Maldives Climate Observa-tory at Hanimaadhoo (MCOH)rdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 11 no 8 pp 3743ndash3755 2011

[69] K Alam S Qureshi and T Blaschke ldquoMonitoring spatio-temporal aerosol patterns over Pakistan based on MODISTOMS and MISR satellite data and a HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 27 pp 4641ndash4651 2011

[70] S Singh B Kumar G P Gupta and U C KulshresthaldquoSignatures of increasing energy demand of past two decadesas captured in rain water composition and airmass trajectoryanalysis at Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Environment In press

[71] A Kumar S Tiwari D S Bisht et al ldquoAerosol characteristicsduring the coolest june month over new delhi Northern IndiardquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 32 no 23 pp8463ndash8483 2011

[72] LRTAP httpwwwuneceorgenvlrtap[73] S Tiwari D M Chate D S Bisht M K Srivastava and B

Padmanabhamurty ldquoRainwater chemistry in theNorthWesternHimalayan Region Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 104-105pp 128ndash138 2012

[74] M S Naik L T Khemani G A Momin P S P Rao P D Safaiand A G Pillai ldquoChemical composition of fresh snow fromGulmarg North Indiardquo Environmental Pollution vol 87 no 2pp 167ndash171 1995

[75] D C Parashar L Granat U C Kulshrestha et al ldquoChemicalcomposition of precipitation in India and Nepal-apreliminaryreport on an Indo-Swedish project on atmospheric chemistryrdquoTech Rep CM90 IMI Stockholm University StockholmSweden 1996

[76] U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar S S Srivastava and D CParashar ldquoInvestigation into atmospheric deposition throughprecipitation studies at New Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Envi-ronment vol 30 no 24 pp 4149ndash4154 1996

[77] U C Kulshrestha L Granat M Engardt and H RodheldquoReview of precipitation monitoring studies in Indiamdasha searchfor regional patternsrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 39 no 38pp 7403ndash7419 2005

[78] L T Khemani G A Momin P S Prakasa Rao P D SafaiG Singh and R K Kapoor ldquoSpread of acid rain over IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 23 no 4 pp 757ndash762 1989

[79] A Saxena S Sharma U C Kulshrestha and S S SrivastavaldquoFactors affecting alkaline nature of rain water in Agra (India)rdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 74 no 2 pp 129ndash138 1991

[80] A Avila and M Alarcon ldquoRelationship between precipitationchemistry and meteorological situations at a rural site inNortheastern Spainrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 33 no 11pp 1663ndash1677 1999

[81] R Das S N Das and V N Misra ldquoChemical composition ofrainwater and dustfall at Bhubaneswar in the east coast of IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 39 no 32 pp 5908ndash5916 2005

[82] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ali ldquoInfluence oflocal sources on rainwater chemistry over Pune region IndiardquoAtmospheric Research vol 100 no 1 pp 121ndash131 2011

[83] M Zhang S Wang F Wu X Yuan and Y Zhang ldquoChemicalcompositions ofwet precipitation and anthropogenic influencesat a developing urban site in Southeastern Chinardquo AtmosphericResearch vol 84 no 4 pp 311ndash322 2007

[84] S C Kang P A Mayewski D H Qin S A Sneed J W Renand D Q Zhang ldquoSeasonal differences in snow chemistry fromthe vicinity of Mt Everest central Himalayasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 38 no 18 pp 2819ndash2829 2004

[85] K Yalcin C P Wake S Kang K J Kreutz and S I WhitlowldquoSeasonal and spatial variability in snow chemistry at EclipseIcefield Yukon Canadardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 43 pp 230ndash238 2006

[86] AMarinoni S Polesello C Smiraglia and SValsecchi ldquoChem-ical composition of freshsnow samples from the southernslope of Mt Everest region (Khumbu-Himal region Nepal)rdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 35 no 18 pp 3183ndash3190 2001

[87] H Niu Y He G Zhu et al ldquoEnvironmental implications of thelatest snow chemistry from Mt Yulong Southeastern TibetanPlateaurdquo Quaternary International vol 313-314 pp 168ndash1782013

14 Advances in Meteorology

[88] K J Kreutz V B Aizen L D Cecil and C P Wake ldquoOxygenisotopic and soluble ionic composition of a shallow firn coreInilchek glacier central Tien Shanrdquo Journal of Glaciology vol47 no 159 pp 548ndash554 2001

[89] U C Kulshrestha M J Kulshrestha R Sekar G S R Sastryand M Vairamani ldquoChemical characteristics of rainwater at anurban site of south-central Indiardquo Atmospheric Environmentvol 37 no 21 pp 3019ndash3026 2003

[90] M Jain U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar and D C ParasharldquoInfluence of crustal aerosols on wet deposition at urban andrural sites in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 29-30 pp 5129ndash5137 2000

[91] G Zhu T Pu Y He P Shi and T Zhang ldquoSeasonal variationsof major ions in fresh snow at Baishui Glacier No 1 YulongMountain Chinardquo Environmental Earth Sciences vol 69 no 1pp 1ndash10 2013

[92] S C Kang C P Wake D H Qin P A Mayewski and T DYao ldquoMonsoon and dust signals recorded in Dasuopu glacierTibetan Plateaurdquo Journal of Glaciology vol 46 no 153 pp 222ndash226 2000

[93] D H Qin S G Hou D Q Zhang et al ldquoPreliminary resultsfrom the chemical records of an 804m ice core recoveredfrom East Rongbuk Glacier Qomolangma (Mount Everest)Himalayardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 35 pp 278ndash284 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

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Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

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Journal of

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International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

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Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

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GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

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MineralogyInternational Journal of

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MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

8 Advances in Meteorology

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(a) Continental

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(b) Continental Local

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(c) Monsoon

30

20

10

0

50 70 80 90 10060minus10

(d) Bay of Bengal

Figure 6 Trajectories to Bhubaneswar sorted into different trajectory groups during January 1997ndashOctober 1998 (a) Continental (C) (b)continental local (CL) (c) monsoon (M) and (d) Bay of Bengal (B) [63]

Punjab and Haryana and finally reaching the sampling sitehave been termed as InW This group represented 13 of thetotal snowfall events Figure 8(e) is a typical example of thistype of airmasses

Nepal Origin (Np) Airmasses originating from Nepal sidereaching the sampling site via Uttarakhand have been cat-egorized as Np This cluster represented the second lowestnumber of events (8) Figure 8(f) is a typical example of thistype of airmasses

In general pHof the samples varied from475 to 698withan average value of 569 indicating slight alkaline nature ofsnow samples Slight alkaline precipitation has been reportedat higher altitude in Indian region [40 41 73ndash75] Figure 9shows the percent frequency distribution of pH of snowfallsamples Maximum number of samples had pH between621 and 660 (29) followed by a range of 581ndash620 (25)661ndash700 (17) 541ndash580 (17) 461ndash500 (10) and 501ndash540 (4) The high pH (pH gt 56) has been reported in

global precipitation samples due to the influence of soilderived particulate matter [40 68 76ndash80] Out of total83 of samples showed pH of snow above 56 while 17of samples only were found to be acidic at Kothi Acidicsnow samples were found at this site in airmasses originatedfrom Middle East Countries and Europe mainly Acidic pHhas been reported in precipitation samples in airmassesoriginated from Europe [80] and Gulf countries [55] 43of rain samples were observed to be acidic in nature at statebotanical garden in Bhubaneswar India [81] 18 occurrenceof acid rain has been reported at Delhi India [76] pH valueranged between 398 and 801 with 20 acidic precipitationsamples having been reported at Montseny in NortheastSpain Europe [80] Out of total precipitation samples 21 ofsamples were found to be acidic in nature at Sinhagad PuneIndia [82] 793 of the total precipitation has a pH value lessthan 56 at Jinhua in Southeastern Chinarsquos province [83]

Table 5 gives average concentration of chemical speciesin snowfall samples On average equivalent concentration ofionic species followed the following order Ca2+ gt Clminus gt

Advances in Meteorology 9

030 9080706040 50 100

Mumbai

10

20

30

40

110

Sinhagad

1400m

(a)

Mumbai Sinhagad

030 9080706040 50 100

10

20

30

40

110

1400m

(b)

Figure 7 Seven-day back trajectories at Sinhagad during the (a) monsoon and (b) postmonsoon seasons of 2005 [40]

Table 5 Descriptive statistics of pH and major ions (120583eq Lminus1) in snowmelt

pH Na+ NH4

+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Fminus Clminus NO3

minus SO4

2minus HCO3

minus

Average 569 4369 1846 1084 4713 1704 302 4599 1742 2745 2740sd 06 235 108 57 211 79 23 253 73 83 177Min 475 751 423 299 1765 010 008 1075 543 1195 172Max 698 9356 3941 2155 9644 3531 702 10651 3111 4673 7191

Na+ gt SO4

2minusgt HCO

3

minusgt NH

4

+gt NO

3

minusgt Mg2+ gt K+ gt

Fminus Very high concentration of Ca2+ among all ions at this siteindicated the crustal dominance in snowfall samples at KothiThe average concentration of Ca2+ was compared with othersof snow and found to be higher than Mount Everest [84]Mt LoganMassif [85] Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] but lowerthan Yulong snow Mt [87] and Tien Shan [88] In Indianregion many researchers have reported high concentrationof Ca due to suspended soil dust in precipitation samples[76 89 90] Since the site is situated at high altitude withless eroded soil [73] Ca2+ is not expected to be contributedby local soil significantly As discussed above in the samesection the contribution of transported dust from Africanregion West India and Nepal was significantly high at thissite Very high concentration of SO

4

2minus and NO3

minus might bedue to its transport through Af ME InW and Np airmassesThe concentration of SO

4

2minus in snow samples at this site waslower than surfacefresh snow samples of Yulong snow Mt[91] ice core samples of Dasuopu [92] and East Rongbuk[93] but lower than snow samples of Mt Everest [84]Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] andMt LoganMassif [85] Verysimilar range of concentration of SO

4

2minus has been reportedby many workers in global precipitation due to fossil fuelcombustion mainly [55 73 80 82 89] NO

3

minus concentrationwas found to be very high which might be due to transportof NO

119909NO3

minus from various airmasses as discussed above inthe same section Some contribution of NO

3

minus from biomassburning during winter season to produce heat by local peoplecannot be ruled out After Ca2+ very high concentration ofClminus and Na+ among all ions indicated strong influences ofmarine components at this site and it is very clear from theabove discussionThe high concentration of NH

4in snowfall

samplesmight be due to its transport fromAfrican continents

andNepalmainly Similarly high concentration ofKmight bedue to its transport of airmasses fromAf InW andNpmainly

2 Conclusion

Presently computation of trajectories is highly advancedMultiple and 3D trajectories are possible with numerousadditional features which make computation of backwardforward and vertical motion very simple However thereare uncertainties associated with the calculated trajectoriesand hence precaution of such errors is necessary for theirmeaningful interpretation Nevertheless the airmass trajec-tories are powerful tools for tracing pollution sources andthe routes of transport Transboundary pollution is becominga serious issue in South Asia Transport of pollutants fromnearby countries as well as from far Europe Middle East andAfrican continental regions to South Asia needs immediateattention of scientists and policymakers Studies indicate thatthe net import and export of pollutants vary depending uponthe season as the origin and path of airmasses change duringdifferent seasons and so the deposition load of different typesof pollutants at the receptor sites Hence similar to CLRTAPSouth Asian region also needs to develop a network to moni-tor the nature and type of pollutants and their quantificationof annual import and export followed by appropriate meth-ods of assessment in relation to damage to human healthforests and various agroecosystems Airmass trajectoriesrevealed that acidic pollutants from Europe and Middle Eastregions are deposited up to the remote Himalayan rangesvia long range transport Trajectory calculations providedvery vital information about the continental transportedemissions which were responsible for the elevated level of

10 Advances in Meteorology

Backward trajectory ending at 1900UTC 11 Dec 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

8500

500000

7500

6500

5500

4500

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 1209 1208 1207Job ID 181404 Job start Sat Apr 19 181031 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(a) pH = 635 (NAO)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 23 Feb 13NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

0223 0222 0221 0220 0219Job ID 181272 Job start Sat Apr 19 180654 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

500045004000350030002500200015001000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(b) pH = 572 (Af)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 2300UTC 13 Dec 12

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 12091213 1212Job ID 181119 Job start Sat Apr 19 180315 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

4000

3000

2000

1000

5000Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(c) pH = 496 (ME)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 29 Nov 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological dataM

eter

s AG

L

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 181330 Job start Sat Apr 19 180856 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 29 Nov 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

1129 1128 1127 1126 1125

5000

65005500450035002500

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(d) pH = 548 (Eu)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 24 Mar 13

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 182048 Job start Sat Apr 19 182929 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Mar 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0324 0323 0322 0321 0320

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(e) pH = 673 (InW)

NOAA HYSPLIT modelBackward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 26 Feb 13

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 180918 Job start Sat Apr 19 175935 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 1 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

0206 0205 0204 0203 0202

3000

2000

1000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(f) pH = 601 (Np)

Figure 8 Typical examples of six different airmass trajectories arriving at the site NAO = North Atlantic Ocean origin Af = African originME = Middle East origin Eu = European origin (Eu) InW =Western India origin and Np = Nepal origin

Advances in Meteorology 11

10

4

17

2529

15

05

101520253035

pH range

Freq

uenc

y (

)

461

ndash500

501

ndash540

541

ndash580

581

ndash620

621

ndash660

661

ndash700

Figure 9 Percent frequency distribution of pH of snowmelt forwhole dataset

acidity of rain water at an ecosensitive site in Western Ghatsin Southwest India

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

Support of DST-PURSE and UGC India is gratefullyacknowledged

References

[1] J A DuttonThe Ceaseless Wind An Introduction to the Theoryof Atmospheric Motion Dover New York NY USA 1986

[2] H R Byers General Meteorology McGraw-Hill New YorkUSA 4th edition 1974

[3] D JThomson and J DWilsonHistory of Lagrangian StochasticModels for Turbulent Dispersion Langrangian Model of theAtmosphere Geographical Monograph Series 200 AmericanGeophhysical union 2012

[4] K J Davis D H Lenschow S P Oncley et al ldquoRole ofentrainment in surface-atmosphere interactions over the borealforestrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D vol 102 no 24 pp29219ndash29230 1997

[5] P Seibert ldquoInverse modelling with a lagrangian particle dis-persion model application to point releases over limited timeintervals in air pollution modeling and its applicationrdquo Journalof Applied Meteorology vol 14 pp 381ndash389 2004

[6] A Eliassen J Saltbones F Stordal O Hov and I S A IsaksenldquoA Lagrangian long-range transport model with atmosphericboundary layer chemistryrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 11 pp 1645ndash1661 1982

[7] D Simpson ldquoPhotochemical model calculations over Europefor two extended summer periods 1985 and 1989 Model resultsand comparison with observationsrdquo Atmospheric EnvironmentA vol 27 no 6 pp 921ndash943 1993

[8] S Petterssen ldquoWeather analysis and forecastingrdquo pp 221ndash2231940

[9] E F Danielsen and R Bleck ldquoResearch in four-dimensionaldiagnosis of cyclonic stormcloud systemrdquoAFCRLRep 67ndash0617BedfordMass USA 1967 Available as NTIS AD-670 847 fromNational Technical Information Service Springfield Va USA

[10] H Rodhe ldquoA study of the sulfur budget for the atmosphere overNorthern Europerdquo Tellus vol 24 pp 128ndash138 1972

[11] T D Fox and J D Ludwick ldquoLead (Pb) concentrations associ-ated with 1000-MB geostrophic back trajectories at QuillayuteWashingtonrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 10 no 10 pp 799ndash803 1976

[12] L L AshbaughW CMalm andW Z Sadeh ldquoA residence timeprobability analysis of sulfur concentrations at Grand CanyonNational Parkrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 19 no 8 pp1263ndash1270 1985

[13] A V Polissar P K Hopke P Paatero et al ldquoThe aerosolat Barrow Alaska long-term trends and source locationsrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 33 no 16 pp 2441ndash2458 1999

[14] A Stohl ldquoComputation accuracy and applications oftrajectoriesmdasha review and bibliographyrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 32 no 6 pp 947ndash966 1998

[15] Z L Fleming P S Monks and A J Manning ldquoReviewuntangling the influence of air-mass history in interpretingobserved atmospheric compositionrdquoAtmospheric Research vol104-105 pp 1ndash39 2012

[16] B F Taubman J C Hains A M Thompson et al ldquoAircraftvertical profiles of trace gas and aerosol pollution over themid-Atlantic United States Statistics andmeteorological clusteranalysisrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol111 no 10 2006

[17] M Cabello J A G Orza V Galiano and G Ruiz ldquoInfluenceof meteorological input data on backtrajectory cluster analysisa seven-year study for southeastern Spainrdquo Advances in Scienceand Research vol 2 pp 65ndash70 2008

[18] S Pettersen Weather Analysis and Forecasting Motion andMotion Systems vol 1 McGraw-Hill 1956

[19] J D Kahl ldquoA cautionary note on the use of air trajectoriesin interpreting atmospheric chemistry measurementsrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 27 no 17-18 pp 3037ndash3038 1993

[20] P Seibert ldquoConvergence and accuracy of numerical methodsfor trajectory calculationsrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol32 no 3 pp 558ndash566 1993

[21] E Isaacson andH B KellerAnalysis of Numerical Methods vol541 John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 1966

[22] P Brumer ldquoStability concepts in the numerical solution ofclassical atomic and molecular scattering problemsrdquo Journal ofComputational Physics vol 14 pp 391ndash419 1974

[23] J T Merrill ldquoIsentropic air-flow probability analysisrdquo Journalof Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 99 pp 25881ndash258891994

[24] A Stohl G Wotawa P Seibert and H Kromp-Kolb ldquoInterpo-lation errors in wind fields as a function of spatial and temporalresolution and their impact on different types of kinematictrajectoriesrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol 34 no 10 pp2149ndash2165 1995

[25] A Virkkula M Aurela R Hillamo et al ldquoChemical compo-sition of atmospheric aerosol in the European subarctic con-tribution of the Kola Peninsula smelter areas central Europeand the Arctic Oceanrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 104 no 19 pp 23681ndash23696 1999

[26] J N Cape J Methven and L E Hudson ldquoThe use of trajectorycluster analysis to interpret trace gas measurements at Mace

12 Advances in Meteorology

Head Irelandrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 22 pp3651ndash3663 2000

[27] R R Draxler and G D Rolph ldquoHYSPLIT ( HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model NOAAAir Resources Laboratoryrdquo Silver Spring Md USA 2003httpreadyarlnoaagovHYSPLITphp

[28] P Pochanart H Akimoto Y Kajii V M Potemkin and T VKhodzher ldquoRegional background ozone and carbon monoxidevariations nin remote SiberiaEast Asiardquo Journal of GeophysicalResearch D Atmospheres vol 108 no 1 pp 1ndash18 2003

[29] B A Schichtel K A Gebhart M G Barna and W C MalmldquoAssociation of airmass transport patterns and particulate sulfurconcentrations at Big Bend National Park Texasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 40 no 5 pp 992ndash1006 2006

[30] A W Delcloo and H de Backer ldquoFive day 3D back trajectoryclusters and trends analysis of the Uccle ozone soundingtime series in the lower troposphere (1969ndash2001)rdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 42 no 19 pp 4419ndash4432 2008

[31] G Dogan G Gullu and G Tuncel ldquoSources and source regionseffecting the aerosol composition of the Eastern Mediter-raneanrdquoMicrochemical Journal vol 88 no 2 pp 142ndash149 2008

[32] O A Tarasova I A Senik M G Sosonkin J Cui J Staehelinand A S H Prevot ldquoSurface ozone at the Caucasian siteKislovodsk High Mountain Station and the Swiss Alpine siteJungfraujoch data analysis and trends (1990ndash2006)rdquo Atmo-spheric Chemistry and Physics vol 9 no 12 pp 4157ndash4175 2009

[33] httplagrangeempachlm trajhtml[34] H Riede P Jockel and R Sander ldquoQuantifying atmospheric

transport chemistry and mixing using a new trajectory-boxmodel and a global atmospheric-chemistry GCMrdquo GeoscienceModel Development vol 2 pp 267ndash280 2009

[35] R P Shadbolt E A Waller J P Messina and J A WinklerldquoSource regions of lower-tropospheric airflow trajectories forthe lower peninsula of Michigan a 40-year air mass climatol-ogyrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 111no 21 Article ID D21117 2006

[36] A Riccio G Giunta and E Chianese ldquoThe application ofa trajectory classification procedure to interpret air pollutionmeasurements in the urban area of Naples (Southern Italy)rdquoScience of the Total Environment vol 376 no 1ndash3 pp 198ndash2142007

[37] B S K Reddy K R Kumar G Balakrishnaiah et al ldquoObserva-tional studies on the variations in surface ozone concentrationat Anantapur in southern Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 98no 1 pp 125ndash139 2010

[38] B A Begum S K Biswas G G Pandit et al ldquoLong-rangetransport of soil dust and smoke pollution in the South AsianregionrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 2 pp 151ndash1572011

[39] A H M Saadat Md M Rahman S M K Hasan and A TM Jahangir Alam ldquoTravelling and source point identificationof some transboundary air pollutants by trajectory analysis inSathkhira Bangladeshrdquo Canadian Chemical Transactions vol1 no 1 pp 56ndash65 2013

[40] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ah ldquoChemistryofmonsoon and post-monsoon rains at a high altitude locationSinhagad Indiardquo Aerosol and Air Quality Research vol 9 no 1pp 65ndash79 2009

[41] K B Budhavant P S P Rao PD Safai LGranat andHRodheldquoChemical composition of the inorganic fraction of cloud-water at a high altitude station in West Indiardquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 88 pp 59ndash65 2014

[42] R R Draxler andA D Taylor ldquoHorizontal parameters for long-range transport modelingrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 3 pp 367ndash372 1982

[43] J C Lin C Gerbig S CWofsy et al ldquoMeasuring fluxes of tracegases at regional scales by Lagrangian observations applicationto the CO

2Budget and Rectification Airborne (COBRA) studyrdquo

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 109 no D152004

[44] D Wen J C Lin D B Millet A F Stein and R R DraxlerldquoA backward-time stochastic Lagrangian air quality modelrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 54 pp 373ndash386 2012

[45] J L Moody J A Galusky and J N Galloway ldquoThe use ofatmospheric transport pattern recognition techniques in under-standing variation in precipitation chemistryrdquo in AtmosphericDeposition (Proceedings of the Baltimore SymposiumMay 1989)IAHS Publ No 179 May 1989

[46] M Escudero A F Stein R R Draxler et al ldquoSource appor-tionment for African dust outbreaks over theWestern Mediter-ranean using the HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmospheric Research vol99 no 3-4 pp 518ndash527 2011

[47] J Baker ldquoA cluster analysis of long range air transport pathwaysand associated pollutant concentrations within the UKrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 44 no 4 pp 563ndash571 2010

[48] K A Gebhart B A Schichtel W C Malm M G Barna MA Rodriguez and J L Collett ldquoBack-trajectory-based sourceapportionment of airborne sulfur and nitrogen concentrationsat Rocky Mountain National Park Colorado USArdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 3 pp 621ndash633 2011

[49] B de Foy M Zavala N Bei and L T Molina ldquoEvaluationof WRF mesoscale simulations and particle trajectory analysisfor the MILAGRO field campaignrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 13 pp 4419ndash4438 2009

[50] R M Harrison J L Grenfell J D Peak et al ldquoInfluence of air-mass back trajectory upon nitrogen compound compositionrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 34 no 10 pp 1519ndash1527 2000

[51] TW Chan andMMozurkewich ldquoApplication of absolute prin-cipal component analysis to size distribution data identificationof particle originsrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics vol 7no 3 pp 887ndash897 2007

[52] L A K Reddy U C Kulshrestha J Satyanarayana M JKulshrestha and K K Moorthy ldquoChemical characteristics ofPM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea during ICARBrdquo Journal of Earth System Sciencevol 117 no 1 pp 345ndash352 2008

[53] P Salvador B Artınano X Querol and A Alastuey ldquoA com-bined analysis of backward trajectories and aerosol chemistryto characterise long-range transport episodes of particulatematter the Madrid air basin a case studyrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 390 no 2-3 pp 495ndash506 2008

[54] L Granat M Norman C Leck U C Kulshrestha andH Rodhe ldquoWet scavenging of sulfur compounds and otherconstituents during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)rdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 19article 8025 2002

[55] J Satyanarayana L A K Reddy M J Kulshrestha R N RaoandUC Kulshrestha ldquoChemical composition of rainwater andinfluence of airmass trajectories at a rural site in an ecologicalsensitive area of Western Ghats (India)rdquo Journal of AtmosphericChemistry vol 66 no 3 pp 101ndash116 2010

[56] A Dvorska G Lammel and I Holoubek ldquoRecent trendsof persistent organic pollutants in air in central Europemdashair

Advances in Meteorology 13

monitoring in combination with air mass trajectory statisticsas a tool to study the effectivity of regional chemical policyrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 43 no 6 pp 1280ndash1287 2009

[57] D W Tarasick J J Jin V E Fioletov et al ldquoHigh-resolutiontropospheric ozone fields for INTEX and ARCTAS from IONSozonesondesrdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchD vol 115 no 20Article ID D20301 2010

[58] A S Lefohn HWernli D Shadwick S Limbach S J OltmansandM Shapiro ldquoThe importance of stratospheric-tropospherictransport in affecting surface ozone concentrations in theWestern and Northern tier of the United Statesrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 45 no 28 pp 4845ndash4857 2011

[59] P D Tyson M Garstang R J Swap E V Browell R DDiab and A M Thompson ldquoTransport and Vertical structureof ozone and aerosol distributions over southern Africardquo inBiomass Burning and Global Change J S Levine Ed pp 403ndash421 MIT Press Cambridge UK 1996

[60] K AshrafiM Shafiepour-Motlagh A Aslemand and S GhadeldquoDust storm simulation over Iran using HYSPLITrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Health Science and Engineering vol 12 no 1article 9 2014

[61] K K Moorthy A Saha B S N Prasad K Niranjan D Jhurryand P S Pillai ldquoAerosol optical depths over peninsular Indiaand adjoining oceans during the INDOEX campaigns spatialtemporal and spectral characteristicsrdquo Journal of GeophysicalResearchDAtmospheres vol 106 no 22 pp 28539ndash28554 2001

[62] A Iqbal and N T K Oanh ldquoAssessment of acid depositionover Dhaka division using CAMx-MM5 modeling systemrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 4 pp 452ndash462 2011

[63] M Norman S N Das A G Pillai L Granat and H RodheldquoInfluence of air mass trajectories on the chemical compositionof precipitation in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 35 no25 pp 4223ndash4235 2001

[64] B Kumar G P Gupta S Singh and U C KulshresthaldquoChemical characterization of snowfall in western Himalayanregion of Indiardquo Unpublished data

[65] F Li and V Ramanathan ldquoWinter to summer monsoon varia-tion of aerosol optical depth over the tropical Indian OceanrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 16pp 2ndash13 2002

[66] T N Krishnamurti B Jha J Prospero A Jayaraman and VRamanathan ldquoAerosol and pollutant transport and their impacton radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during theJanuary-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruiserdquo Tellus vol 50 no5 pp 521ndash542 1998

[67] S Verma C Venkataraman O Boucher and S RamachandranldquoSource evaluation of aerosols measured during the IndianOcean Experiment using combined chemical transport andback trajectory modelingrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 112 no 11 2007

[68] R Das L Granat C Leck P S Praveen and H Rodhe ldquoChem-ical composition of rainwater at Maldives Climate Observa-tory at Hanimaadhoo (MCOH)rdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 11 no 8 pp 3743ndash3755 2011

[69] K Alam S Qureshi and T Blaschke ldquoMonitoring spatio-temporal aerosol patterns over Pakistan based on MODISTOMS and MISR satellite data and a HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 27 pp 4641ndash4651 2011

[70] S Singh B Kumar G P Gupta and U C KulshresthaldquoSignatures of increasing energy demand of past two decadesas captured in rain water composition and airmass trajectoryanalysis at Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Environment In press

[71] A Kumar S Tiwari D S Bisht et al ldquoAerosol characteristicsduring the coolest june month over new delhi Northern IndiardquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 32 no 23 pp8463ndash8483 2011

[72] LRTAP httpwwwuneceorgenvlrtap[73] S Tiwari D M Chate D S Bisht M K Srivastava and B

Padmanabhamurty ldquoRainwater chemistry in theNorthWesternHimalayan Region Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 104-105pp 128ndash138 2012

[74] M S Naik L T Khemani G A Momin P S P Rao P D Safaiand A G Pillai ldquoChemical composition of fresh snow fromGulmarg North Indiardquo Environmental Pollution vol 87 no 2pp 167ndash171 1995

[75] D C Parashar L Granat U C Kulshrestha et al ldquoChemicalcomposition of precipitation in India and Nepal-apreliminaryreport on an Indo-Swedish project on atmospheric chemistryrdquoTech Rep CM90 IMI Stockholm University StockholmSweden 1996

[76] U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar S S Srivastava and D CParashar ldquoInvestigation into atmospheric deposition throughprecipitation studies at New Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Envi-ronment vol 30 no 24 pp 4149ndash4154 1996

[77] U C Kulshrestha L Granat M Engardt and H RodheldquoReview of precipitation monitoring studies in Indiamdasha searchfor regional patternsrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 39 no 38pp 7403ndash7419 2005

[78] L T Khemani G A Momin P S Prakasa Rao P D SafaiG Singh and R K Kapoor ldquoSpread of acid rain over IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 23 no 4 pp 757ndash762 1989

[79] A Saxena S Sharma U C Kulshrestha and S S SrivastavaldquoFactors affecting alkaline nature of rain water in Agra (India)rdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 74 no 2 pp 129ndash138 1991

[80] A Avila and M Alarcon ldquoRelationship between precipitationchemistry and meteorological situations at a rural site inNortheastern Spainrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 33 no 11pp 1663ndash1677 1999

[81] R Das S N Das and V N Misra ldquoChemical composition ofrainwater and dustfall at Bhubaneswar in the east coast of IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 39 no 32 pp 5908ndash5916 2005

[82] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ali ldquoInfluence oflocal sources on rainwater chemistry over Pune region IndiardquoAtmospheric Research vol 100 no 1 pp 121ndash131 2011

[83] M Zhang S Wang F Wu X Yuan and Y Zhang ldquoChemicalcompositions ofwet precipitation and anthropogenic influencesat a developing urban site in Southeastern Chinardquo AtmosphericResearch vol 84 no 4 pp 311ndash322 2007

[84] S C Kang P A Mayewski D H Qin S A Sneed J W Renand D Q Zhang ldquoSeasonal differences in snow chemistry fromthe vicinity of Mt Everest central Himalayasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 38 no 18 pp 2819ndash2829 2004

[85] K Yalcin C P Wake S Kang K J Kreutz and S I WhitlowldquoSeasonal and spatial variability in snow chemistry at EclipseIcefield Yukon Canadardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 43 pp 230ndash238 2006

[86] AMarinoni S Polesello C Smiraglia and SValsecchi ldquoChem-ical composition of freshsnow samples from the southernslope of Mt Everest region (Khumbu-Himal region Nepal)rdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 35 no 18 pp 3183ndash3190 2001

[87] H Niu Y He G Zhu et al ldquoEnvironmental implications of thelatest snow chemistry from Mt Yulong Southeastern TibetanPlateaurdquo Quaternary International vol 313-314 pp 168ndash1782013

14 Advances in Meteorology

[88] K J Kreutz V B Aizen L D Cecil and C P Wake ldquoOxygenisotopic and soluble ionic composition of a shallow firn coreInilchek glacier central Tien Shanrdquo Journal of Glaciology vol47 no 159 pp 548ndash554 2001

[89] U C Kulshrestha M J Kulshrestha R Sekar G S R Sastryand M Vairamani ldquoChemical characteristics of rainwater at anurban site of south-central Indiardquo Atmospheric Environmentvol 37 no 21 pp 3019ndash3026 2003

[90] M Jain U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar and D C ParasharldquoInfluence of crustal aerosols on wet deposition at urban andrural sites in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 29-30 pp 5129ndash5137 2000

[91] G Zhu T Pu Y He P Shi and T Zhang ldquoSeasonal variationsof major ions in fresh snow at Baishui Glacier No 1 YulongMountain Chinardquo Environmental Earth Sciences vol 69 no 1pp 1ndash10 2013

[92] S C Kang C P Wake D H Qin P A Mayewski and T DYao ldquoMonsoon and dust signals recorded in Dasuopu glacierTibetan Plateaurdquo Journal of Glaciology vol 46 no 153 pp 222ndash226 2000

[93] D H Qin S G Hou D Q Zhang et al ldquoPreliminary resultsfrom the chemical records of an 804m ice core recoveredfrom East Rongbuk Glacier Qomolangma (Mount Everest)Himalayardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 35 pp 278ndash284 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

Advances in Meteorology 9

030 9080706040 50 100

Mumbai

10

20

30

40

110

Sinhagad

1400m

(a)

Mumbai Sinhagad

030 9080706040 50 100

10

20

30

40

110

1400m

(b)

Figure 7 Seven-day back trajectories at Sinhagad during the (a) monsoon and (b) postmonsoon seasons of 2005 [40]

Table 5 Descriptive statistics of pH and major ions (120583eq Lminus1) in snowmelt

pH Na+ NH4

+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Fminus Clminus NO3

minus SO4

2minus HCO3

minus

Average 569 4369 1846 1084 4713 1704 302 4599 1742 2745 2740sd 06 235 108 57 211 79 23 253 73 83 177Min 475 751 423 299 1765 010 008 1075 543 1195 172Max 698 9356 3941 2155 9644 3531 702 10651 3111 4673 7191

Na+ gt SO4

2minusgt HCO

3

minusgt NH

4

+gt NO

3

minusgt Mg2+ gt K+ gt

Fminus Very high concentration of Ca2+ among all ions at this siteindicated the crustal dominance in snowfall samples at KothiThe average concentration of Ca2+ was compared with othersof snow and found to be higher than Mount Everest [84]Mt LoganMassif [85] Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] but lowerthan Yulong snow Mt [87] and Tien Shan [88] In Indianregion many researchers have reported high concentrationof Ca due to suspended soil dust in precipitation samples[76 89 90] Since the site is situated at high altitude withless eroded soil [73] Ca2+ is not expected to be contributedby local soil significantly As discussed above in the samesection the contribution of transported dust from Africanregion West India and Nepal was significantly high at thissite Very high concentration of SO

4

2minus and NO3

minus might bedue to its transport through Af ME InW and Np airmassesThe concentration of SO

4

2minus in snow samples at this site waslower than surfacefresh snow samples of Yulong snow Mt[91] ice core samples of Dasuopu [92] and East Rongbuk[93] but lower than snow samples of Mt Everest [84]Khumbu-Himal Nepal [86] andMt LoganMassif [85] Verysimilar range of concentration of SO

4

2minus has been reportedby many workers in global precipitation due to fossil fuelcombustion mainly [55 73 80 82 89] NO

3

minus concentrationwas found to be very high which might be due to transportof NO

119909NO3

minus from various airmasses as discussed above inthe same section Some contribution of NO

3

minus from biomassburning during winter season to produce heat by local peoplecannot be ruled out After Ca2+ very high concentration ofClminus and Na+ among all ions indicated strong influences ofmarine components at this site and it is very clear from theabove discussionThe high concentration of NH

4in snowfall

samplesmight be due to its transport fromAfrican continents

andNepalmainly Similarly high concentration ofKmight bedue to its transport of airmasses fromAf InW andNpmainly

2 Conclusion

Presently computation of trajectories is highly advancedMultiple and 3D trajectories are possible with numerousadditional features which make computation of backwardforward and vertical motion very simple However thereare uncertainties associated with the calculated trajectoriesand hence precaution of such errors is necessary for theirmeaningful interpretation Nevertheless the airmass trajec-tories are powerful tools for tracing pollution sources andthe routes of transport Transboundary pollution is becominga serious issue in South Asia Transport of pollutants fromnearby countries as well as from far Europe Middle East andAfrican continental regions to South Asia needs immediateattention of scientists and policymakers Studies indicate thatthe net import and export of pollutants vary depending uponthe season as the origin and path of airmasses change duringdifferent seasons and so the deposition load of different typesof pollutants at the receptor sites Hence similar to CLRTAPSouth Asian region also needs to develop a network to moni-tor the nature and type of pollutants and their quantificationof annual import and export followed by appropriate meth-ods of assessment in relation to damage to human healthforests and various agroecosystems Airmass trajectoriesrevealed that acidic pollutants from Europe and Middle Eastregions are deposited up to the remote Himalayan rangesvia long range transport Trajectory calculations providedvery vital information about the continental transportedemissions which were responsible for the elevated level of

10 Advances in Meteorology

Backward trajectory ending at 1900UTC 11 Dec 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

8500

500000

7500

6500

5500

4500

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 1209 1208 1207Job ID 181404 Job start Sat Apr 19 181031 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(a) pH = 635 (NAO)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 23 Feb 13NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

0223 0222 0221 0220 0219Job ID 181272 Job start Sat Apr 19 180654 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

500045004000350030002500200015001000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(b) pH = 572 (Af)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 2300UTC 13 Dec 12

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 12091213 1212Job ID 181119 Job start Sat Apr 19 180315 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

4000

3000

2000

1000

5000Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(c) pH = 496 (ME)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 29 Nov 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological dataM

eter

s AG

L

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 181330 Job start Sat Apr 19 180856 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 29 Nov 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

1129 1128 1127 1126 1125

5000

65005500450035002500

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(d) pH = 548 (Eu)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 24 Mar 13

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 182048 Job start Sat Apr 19 182929 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Mar 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0324 0323 0322 0321 0320

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(e) pH = 673 (InW)

NOAA HYSPLIT modelBackward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 26 Feb 13

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 180918 Job start Sat Apr 19 175935 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 1 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

0206 0205 0204 0203 0202

3000

2000

1000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(f) pH = 601 (Np)

Figure 8 Typical examples of six different airmass trajectories arriving at the site NAO = North Atlantic Ocean origin Af = African originME = Middle East origin Eu = European origin (Eu) InW =Western India origin and Np = Nepal origin

Advances in Meteorology 11

10

4

17

2529

15

05

101520253035

pH range

Freq

uenc

y (

)

461

ndash500

501

ndash540

541

ndash580

581

ndash620

621

ndash660

661

ndash700

Figure 9 Percent frequency distribution of pH of snowmelt forwhole dataset

acidity of rain water at an ecosensitive site in Western Ghatsin Southwest India

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

Support of DST-PURSE and UGC India is gratefullyacknowledged

References

[1] J A DuttonThe Ceaseless Wind An Introduction to the Theoryof Atmospheric Motion Dover New York NY USA 1986

[2] H R Byers General Meteorology McGraw-Hill New YorkUSA 4th edition 1974

[3] D JThomson and J DWilsonHistory of Lagrangian StochasticModels for Turbulent Dispersion Langrangian Model of theAtmosphere Geographical Monograph Series 200 AmericanGeophhysical union 2012

[4] K J Davis D H Lenschow S P Oncley et al ldquoRole ofentrainment in surface-atmosphere interactions over the borealforestrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D vol 102 no 24 pp29219ndash29230 1997

[5] P Seibert ldquoInverse modelling with a lagrangian particle dis-persion model application to point releases over limited timeintervals in air pollution modeling and its applicationrdquo Journalof Applied Meteorology vol 14 pp 381ndash389 2004

[6] A Eliassen J Saltbones F Stordal O Hov and I S A IsaksenldquoA Lagrangian long-range transport model with atmosphericboundary layer chemistryrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 11 pp 1645ndash1661 1982

[7] D Simpson ldquoPhotochemical model calculations over Europefor two extended summer periods 1985 and 1989 Model resultsand comparison with observationsrdquo Atmospheric EnvironmentA vol 27 no 6 pp 921ndash943 1993

[8] S Petterssen ldquoWeather analysis and forecastingrdquo pp 221ndash2231940

[9] E F Danielsen and R Bleck ldquoResearch in four-dimensionaldiagnosis of cyclonic stormcloud systemrdquoAFCRLRep 67ndash0617BedfordMass USA 1967 Available as NTIS AD-670 847 fromNational Technical Information Service Springfield Va USA

[10] H Rodhe ldquoA study of the sulfur budget for the atmosphere overNorthern Europerdquo Tellus vol 24 pp 128ndash138 1972

[11] T D Fox and J D Ludwick ldquoLead (Pb) concentrations associ-ated with 1000-MB geostrophic back trajectories at QuillayuteWashingtonrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 10 no 10 pp 799ndash803 1976

[12] L L AshbaughW CMalm andW Z Sadeh ldquoA residence timeprobability analysis of sulfur concentrations at Grand CanyonNational Parkrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 19 no 8 pp1263ndash1270 1985

[13] A V Polissar P K Hopke P Paatero et al ldquoThe aerosolat Barrow Alaska long-term trends and source locationsrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 33 no 16 pp 2441ndash2458 1999

[14] A Stohl ldquoComputation accuracy and applications oftrajectoriesmdasha review and bibliographyrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 32 no 6 pp 947ndash966 1998

[15] Z L Fleming P S Monks and A J Manning ldquoReviewuntangling the influence of air-mass history in interpretingobserved atmospheric compositionrdquoAtmospheric Research vol104-105 pp 1ndash39 2012

[16] B F Taubman J C Hains A M Thompson et al ldquoAircraftvertical profiles of trace gas and aerosol pollution over themid-Atlantic United States Statistics andmeteorological clusteranalysisrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol111 no 10 2006

[17] M Cabello J A G Orza V Galiano and G Ruiz ldquoInfluenceof meteorological input data on backtrajectory cluster analysisa seven-year study for southeastern Spainrdquo Advances in Scienceand Research vol 2 pp 65ndash70 2008

[18] S Pettersen Weather Analysis and Forecasting Motion andMotion Systems vol 1 McGraw-Hill 1956

[19] J D Kahl ldquoA cautionary note on the use of air trajectoriesin interpreting atmospheric chemistry measurementsrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 27 no 17-18 pp 3037ndash3038 1993

[20] P Seibert ldquoConvergence and accuracy of numerical methodsfor trajectory calculationsrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol32 no 3 pp 558ndash566 1993

[21] E Isaacson andH B KellerAnalysis of Numerical Methods vol541 John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 1966

[22] P Brumer ldquoStability concepts in the numerical solution ofclassical atomic and molecular scattering problemsrdquo Journal ofComputational Physics vol 14 pp 391ndash419 1974

[23] J T Merrill ldquoIsentropic air-flow probability analysisrdquo Journalof Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 99 pp 25881ndash258891994

[24] A Stohl G Wotawa P Seibert and H Kromp-Kolb ldquoInterpo-lation errors in wind fields as a function of spatial and temporalresolution and their impact on different types of kinematictrajectoriesrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol 34 no 10 pp2149ndash2165 1995

[25] A Virkkula M Aurela R Hillamo et al ldquoChemical compo-sition of atmospheric aerosol in the European subarctic con-tribution of the Kola Peninsula smelter areas central Europeand the Arctic Oceanrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 104 no 19 pp 23681ndash23696 1999

[26] J N Cape J Methven and L E Hudson ldquoThe use of trajectorycluster analysis to interpret trace gas measurements at Mace

12 Advances in Meteorology

Head Irelandrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 22 pp3651ndash3663 2000

[27] R R Draxler and G D Rolph ldquoHYSPLIT ( HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model NOAAAir Resources Laboratoryrdquo Silver Spring Md USA 2003httpreadyarlnoaagovHYSPLITphp

[28] P Pochanart H Akimoto Y Kajii V M Potemkin and T VKhodzher ldquoRegional background ozone and carbon monoxidevariations nin remote SiberiaEast Asiardquo Journal of GeophysicalResearch D Atmospheres vol 108 no 1 pp 1ndash18 2003

[29] B A Schichtel K A Gebhart M G Barna and W C MalmldquoAssociation of airmass transport patterns and particulate sulfurconcentrations at Big Bend National Park Texasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 40 no 5 pp 992ndash1006 2006

[30] A W Delcloo and H de Backer ldquoFive day 3D back trajectoryclusters and trends analysis of the Uccle ozone soundingtime series in the lower troposphere (1969ndash2001)rdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 42 no 19 pp 4419ndash4432 2008

[31] G Dogan G Gullu and G Tuncel ldquoSources and source regionseffecting the aerosol composition of the Eastern Mediter-raneanrdquoMicrochemical Journal vol 88 no 2 pp 142ndash149 2008

[32] O A Tarasova I A Senik M G Sosonkin J Cui J Staehelinand A S H Prevot ldquoSurface ozone at the Caucasian siteKislovodsk High Mountain Station and the Swiss Alpine siteJungfraujoch data analysis and trends (1990ndash2006)rdquo Atmo-spheric Chemistry and Physics vol 9 no 12 pp 4157ndash4175 2009

[33] httplagrangeempachlm trajhtml[34] H Riede P Jockel and R Sander ldquoQuantifying atmospheric

transport chemistry and mixing using a new trajectory-boxmodel and a global atmospheric-chemistry GCMrdquo GeoscienceModel Development vol 2 pp 267ndash280 2009

[35] R P Shadbolt E A Waller J P Messina and J A WinklerldquoSource regions of lower-tropospheric airflow trajectories forthe lower peninsula of Michigan a 40-year air mass climatol-ogyrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 111no 21 Article ID D21117 2006

[36] A Riccio G Giunta and E Chianese ldquoThe application ofa trajectory classification procedure to interpret air pollutionmeasurements in the urban area of Naples (Southern Italy)rdquoScience of the Total Environment vol 376 no 1ndash3 pp 198ndash2142007

[37] B S K Reddy K R Kumar G Balakrishnaiah et al ldquoObserva-tional studies on the variations in surface ozone concentrationat Anantapur in southern Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 98no 1 pp 125ndash139 2010

[38] B A Begum S K Biswas G G Pandit et al ldquoLong-rangetransport of soil dust and smoke pollution in the South AsianregionrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 2 pp 151ndash1572011

[39] A H M Saadat Md M Rahman S M K Hasan and A TM Jahangir Alam ldquoTravelling and source point identificationof some transboundary air pollutants by trajectory analysis inSathkhira Bangladeshrdquo Canadian Chemical Transactions vol1 no 1 pp 56ndash65 2013

[40] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ah ldquoChemistryofmonsoon and post-monsoon rains at a high altitude locationSinhagad Indiardquo Aerosol and Air Quality Research vol 9 no 1pp 65ndash79 2009

[41] K B Budhavant P S P Rao PD Safai LGranat andHRodheldquoChemical composition of the inorganic fraction of cloud-water at a high altitude station in West Indiardquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 88 pp 59ndash65 2014

[42] R R Draxler andA D Taylor ldquoHorizontal parameters for long-range transport modelingrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 3 pp 367ndash372 1982

[43] J C Lin C Gerbig S CWofsy et al ldquoMeasuring fluxes of tracegases at regional scales by Lagrangian observations applicationto the CO

2Budget and Rectification Airborne (COBRA) studyrdquo

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 109 no D152004

[44] D Wen J C Lin D B Millet A F Stein and R R DraxlerldquoA backward-time stochastic Lagrangian air quality modelrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 54 pp 373ndash386 2012

[45] J L Moody J A Galusky and J N Galloway ldquoThe use ofatmospheric transport pattern recognition techniques in under-standing variation in precipitation chemistryrdquo in AtmosphericDeposition (Proceedings of the Baltimore SymposiumMay 1989)IAHS Publ No 179 May 1989

[46] M Escudero A F Stein R R Draxler et al ldquoSource appor-tionment for African dust outbreaks over theWestern Mediter-ranean using the HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmospheric Research vol99 no 3-4 pp 518ndash527 2011

[47] J Baker ldquoA cluster analysis of long range air transport pathwaysand associated pollutant concentrations within the UKrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 44 no 4 pp 563ndash571 2010

[48] K A Gebhart B A Schichtel W C Malm M G Barna MA Rodriguez and J L Collett ldquoBack-trajectory-based sourceapportionment of airborne sulfur and nitrogen concentrationsat Rocky Mountain National Park Colorado USArdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 3 pp 621ndash633 2011

[49] B de Foy M Zavala N Bei and L T Molina ldquoEvaluationof WRF mesoscale simulations and particle trajectory analysisfor the MILAGRO field campaignrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 13 pp 4419ndash4438 2009

[50] R M Harrison J L Grenfell J D Peak et al ldquoInfluence of air-mass back trajectory upon nitrogen compound compositionrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 34 no 10 pp 1519ndash1527 2000

[51] TW Chan andMMozurkewich ldquoApplication of absolute prin-cipal component analysis to size distribution data identificationof particle originsrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics vol 7no 3 pp 887ndash897 2007

[52] L A K Reddy U C Kulshrestha J Satyanarayana M JKulshrestha and K K Moorthy ldquoChemical characteristics ofPM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea during ICARBrdquo Journal of Earth System Sciencevol 117 no 1 pp 345ndash352 2008

[53] P Salvador B Artınano X Querol and A Alastuey ldquoA com-bined analysis of backward trajectories and aerosol chemistryto characterise long-range transport episodes of particulatematter the Madrid air basin a case studyrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 390 no 2-3 pp 495ndash506 2008

[54] L Granat M Norman C Leck U C Kulshrestha andH Rodhe ldquoWet scavenging of sulfur compounds and otherconstituents during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)rdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 19article 8025 2002

[55] J Satyanarayana L A K Reddy M J Kulshrestha R N RaoandUC Kulshrestha ldquoChemical composition of rainwater andinfluence of airmass trajectories at a rural site in an ecologicalsensitive area of Western Ghats (India)rdquo Journal of AtmosphericChemistry vol 66 no 3 pp 101ndash116 2010

[56] A Dvorska G Lammel and I Holoubek ldquoRecent trendsof persistent organic pollutants in air in central Europemdashair

Advances in Meteorology 13

monitoring in combination with air mass trajectory statisticsas a tool to study the effectivity of regional chemical policyrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 43 no 6 pp 1280ndash1287 2009

[57] D W Tarasick J J Jin V E Fioletov et al ldquoHigh-resolutiontropospheric ozone fields for INTEX and ARCTAS from IONSozonesondesrdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchD vol 115 no 20Article ID D20301 2010

[58] A S Lefohn HWernli D Shadwick S Limbach S J OltmansandM Shapiro ldquoThe importance of stratospheric-tropospherictransport in affecting surface ozone concentrations in theWestern and Northern tier of the United Statesrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 45 no 28 pp 4845ndash4857 2011

[59] P D Tyson M Garstang R J Swap E V Browell R DDiab and A M Thompson ldquoTransport and Vertical structureof ozone and aerosol distributions over southern Africardquo inBiomass Burning and Global Change J S Levine Ed pp 403ndash421 MIT Press Cambridge UK 1996

[60] K AshrafiM Shafiepour-Motlagh A Aslemand and S GhadeldquoDust storm simulation over Iran using HYSPLITrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Health Science and Engineering vol 12 no 1article 9 2014

[61] K K Moorthy A Saha B S N Prasad K Niranjan D Jhurryand P S Pillai ldquoAerosol optical depths over peninsular Indiaand adjoining oceans during the INDOEX campaigns spatialtemporal and spectral characteristicsrdquo Journal of GeophysicalResearchDAtmospheres vol 106 no 22 pp 28539ndash28554 2001

[62] A Iqbal and N T K Oanh ldquoAssessment of acid depositionover Dhaka division using CAMx-MM5 modeling systemrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 4 pp 452ndash462 2011

[63] M Norman S N Das A G Pillai L Granat and H RodheldquoInfluence of air mass trajectories on the chemical compositionof precipitation in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 35 no25 pp 4223ndash4235 2001

[64] B Kumar G P Gupta S Singh and U C KulshresthaldquoChemical characterization of snowfall in western Himalayanregion of Indiardquo Unpublished data

[65] F Li and V Ramanathan ldquoWinter to summer monsoon varia-tion of aerosol optical depth over the tropical Indian OceanrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 16pp 2ndash13 2002

[66] T N Krishnamurti B Jha J Prospero A Jayaraman and VRamanathan ldquoAerosol and pollutant transport and their impacton radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during theJanuary-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruiserdquo Tellus vol 50 no5 pp 521ndash542 1998

[67] S Verma C Venkataraman O Boucher and S RamachandranldquoSource evaluation of aerosols measured during the IndianOcean Experiment using combined chemical transport andback trajectory modelingrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 112 no 11 2007

[68] R Das L Granat C Leck P S Praveen and H Rodhe ldquoChem-ical composition of rainwater at Maldives Climate Observa-tory at Hanimaadhoo (MCOH)rdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 11 no 8 pp 3743ndash3755 2011

[69] K Alam S Qureshi and T Blaschke ldquoMonitoring spatio-temporal aerosol patterns over Pakistan based on MODISTOMS and MISR satellite data and a HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 27 pp 4641ndash4651 2011

[70] S Singh B Kumar G P Gupta and U C KulshresthaldquoSignatures of increasing energy demand of past two decadesas captured in rain water composition and airmass trajectoryanalysis at Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Environment In press

[71] A Kumar S Tiwari D S Bisht et al ldquoAerosol characteristicsduring the coolest june month over new delhi Northern IndiardquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 32 no 23 pp8463ndash8483 2011

[72] LRTAP httpwwwuneceorgenvlrtap[73] S Tiwari D M Chate D S Bisht M K Srivastava and B

Padmanabhamurty ldquoRainwater chemistry in theNorthWesternHimalayan Region Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 104-105pp 128ndash138 2012

[74] M S Naik L T Khemani G A Momin P S P Rao P D Safaiand A G Pillai ldquoChemical composition of fresh snow fromGulmarg North Indiardquo Environmental Pollution vol 87 no 2pp 167ndash171 1995

[75] D C Parashar L Granat U C Kulshrestha et al ldquoChemicalcomposition of precipitation in India and Nepal-apreliminaryreport on an Indo-Swedish project on atmospheric chemistryrdquoTech Rep CM90 IMI Stockholm University StockholmSweden 1996

[76] U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar S S Srivastava and D CParashar ldquoInvestigation into atmospheric deposition throughprecipitation studies at New Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Envi-ronment vol 30 no 24 pp 4149ndash4154 1996

[77] U C Kulshrestha L Granat M Engardt and H RodheldquoReview of precipitation monitoring studies in Indiamdasha searchfor regional patternsrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 39 no 38pp 7403ndash7419 2005

[78] L T Khemani G A Momin P S Prakasa Rao P D SafaiG Singh and R K Kapoor ldquoSpread of acid rain over IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 23 no 4 pp 757ndash762 1989

[79] A Saxena S Sharma U C Kulshrestha and S S SrivastavaldquoFactors affecting alkaline nature of rain water in Agra (India)rdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 74 no 2 pp 129ndash138 1991

[80] A Avila and M Alarcon ldquoRelationship between precipitationchemistry and meteorological situations at a rural site inNortheastern Spainrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 33 no 11pp 1663ndash1677 1999

[81] R Das S N Das and V N Misra ldquoChemical composition ofrainwater and dustfall at Bhubaneswar in the east coast of IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 39 no 32 pp 5908ndash5916 2005

[82] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ali ldquoInfluence oflocal sources on rainwater chemistry over Pune region IndiardquoAtmospheric Research vol 100 no 1 pp 121ndash131 2011

[83] M Zhang S Wang F Wu X Yuan and Y Zhang ldquoChemicalcompositions ofwet precipitation and anthropogenic influencesat a developing urban site in Southeastern Chinardquo AtmosphericResearch vol 84 no 4 pp 311ndash322 2007

[84] S C Kang P A Mayewski D H Qin S A Sneed J W Renand D Q Zhang ldquoSeasonal differences in snow chemistry fromthe vicinity of Mt Everest central Himalayasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 38 no 18 pp 2819ndash2829 2004

[85] K Yalcin C P Wake S Kang K J Kreutz and S I WhitlowldquoSeasonal and spatial variability in snow chemistry at EclipseIcefield Yukon Canadardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 43 pp 230ndash238 2006

[86] AMarinoni S Polesello C Smiraglia and SValsecchi ldquoChem-ical composition of freshsnow samples from the southernslope of Mt Everest region (Khumbu-Himal region Nepal)rdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 35 no 18 pp 3183ndash3190 2001

[87] H Niu Y He G Zhu et al ldquoEnvironmental implications of thelatest snow chemistry from Mt Yulong Southeastern TibetanPlateaurdquo Quaternary International vol 313-314 pp 168ndash1782013

14 Advances in Meteorology

[88] K J Kreutz V B Aizen L D Cecil and C P Wake ldquoOxygenisotopic and soluble ionic composition of a shallow firn coreInilchek glacier central Tien Shanrdquo Journal of Glaciology vol47 no 159 pp 548ndash554 2001

[89] U C Kulshrestha M J Kulshrestha R Sekar G S R Sastryand M Vairamani ldquoChemical characteristics of rainwater at anurban site of south-central Indiardquo Atmospheric Environmentvol 37 no 21 pp 3019ndash3026 2003

[90] M Jain U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar and D C ParasharldquoInfluence of crustal aerosols on wet deposition at urban andrural sites in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 29-30 pp 5129ndash5137 2000

[91] G Zhu T Pu Y He P Shi and T Zhang ldquoSeasonal variationsof major ions in fresh snow at Baishui Glacier No 1 YulongMountain Chinardquo Environmental Earth Sciences vol 69 no 1pp 1ndash10 2013

[92] S C Kang C P Wake D H Qin P A Mayewski and T DYao ldquoMonsoon and dust signals recorded in Dasuopu glacierTibetan Plateaurdquo Journal of Glaciology vol 46 no 153 pp 222ndash226 2000

[93] D H Qin S G Hou D Q Zhang et al ldquoPreliminary resultsfrom the chemical records of an 804m ice core recoveredfrom East Rongbuk Glacier Qomolangma (Mount Everest)Himalayardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 35 pp 278ndash284 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

10 Advances in Meteorology

Backward trajectory ending at 1900UTC 11 Dec 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

8500

500000

7500

6500

5500

4500

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 1209 1208 1207Job ID 181404 Job start Sat Apr 19 181031 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(a) pH = 635 (NAO)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 23 Feb 13NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

0223 0222 0221 0220 0219Job ID 181272 Job start Sat Apr 19 180654 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

500045004000350030002500200015001000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(b) pH = 572 (Af)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 2300UTC 13 Dec 12

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

1211 1210 12091213 1212Job ID 181119 Job start Sat Apr 19 180315 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 8 Dec 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

4000

3000

2000

1000

5000Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(c) pH = 496 (ME)

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 29 Nov 12NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological dataM

eter

s AG

L

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 181330 Job start Sat Apr 19 180856 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 29 Nov 2012-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

1129 1128 1127 1126 1125

5000

65005500450035002500

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(d) pH = 548 (Eu)

NOAA HYSPLIT model

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

Backward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 24 Mar 13

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 182048 Job start Sat Apr 19 182929 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 22 Mar 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0324 0323 0322 0321 0320

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(e) pH = 673 (InW)

NOAA HYSPLIT modelBackward trajectory ending at 1100 UTC 26 Feb 13

GDAS meteorological data

Met

ers A

GL

18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00 18 12 06 00

Job ID 180918 Job start Sat Apr 19 175935 UTC 2014

Source 1 Lat 32310000 Ion 77200000Trajectory direction backward Duration 120hrsVertical motion calculation method Model vertical velocityMeteorology 0000Z 1 Feb 2013-GDAS1

Height 5000m AGL

18 12 06 00 18 1206 00

5000

0206 0205 0204 0203 0202

3000

2000

1000

Sour

ce

at3231

N7720

E

(f) pH = 601 (Np)

Figure 8 Typical examples of six different airmass trajectories arriving at the site NAO = North Atlantic Ocean origin Af = African originME = Middle East origin Eu = European origin (Eu) InW =Western India origin and Np = Nepal origin

Advances in Meteorology 11

10

4

17

2529

15

05

101520253035

pH range

Freq

uenc

y (

)

461

ndash500

501

ndash540

541

ndash580

581

ndash620

621

ndash660

661

ndash700

Figure 9 Percent frequency distribution of pH of snowmelt forwhole dataset

acidity of rain water at an ecosensitive site in Western Ghatsin Southwest India

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

Support of DST-PURSE and UGC India is gratefullyacknowledged

References

[1] J A DuttonThe Ceaseless Wind An Introduction to the Theoryof Atmospheric Motion Dover New York NY USA 1986

[2] H R Byers General Meteorology McGraw-Hill New YorkUSA 4th edition 1974

[3] D JThomson and J DWilsonHistory of Lagrangian StochasticModels for Turbulent Dispersion Langrangian Model of theAtmosphere Geographical Monograph Series 200 AmericanGeophhysical union 2012

[4] K J Davis D H Lenschow S P Oncley et al ldquoRole ofentrainment in surface-atmosphere interactions over the borealforestrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D vol 102 no 24 pp29219ndash29230 1997

[5] P Seibert ldquoInverse modelling with a lagrangian particle dis-persion model application to point releases over limited timeintervals in air pollution modeling and its applicationrdquo Journalof Applied Meteorology vol 14 pp 381ndash389 2004

[6] A Eliassen J Saltbones F Stordal O Hov and I S A IsaksenldquoA Lagrangian long-range transport model with atmosphericboundary layer chemistryrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 11 pp 1645ndash1661 1982

[7] D Simpson ldquoPhotochemical model calculations over Europefor two extended summer periods 1985 and 1989 Model resultsand comparison with observationsrdquo Atmospheric EnvironmentA vol 27 no 6 pp 921ndash943 1993

[8] S Petterssen ldquoWeather analysis and forecastingrdquo pp 221ndash2231940

[9] E F Danielsen and R Bleck ldquoResearch in four-dimensionaldiagnosis of cyclonic stormcloud systemrdquoAFCRLRep 67ndash0617BedfordMass USA 1967 Available as NTIS AD-670 847 fromNational Technical Information Service Springfield Va USA

[10] H Rodhe ldquoA study of the sulfur budget for the atmosphere overNorthern Europerdquo Tellus vol 24 pp 128ndash138 1972

[11] T D Fox and J D Ludwick ldquoLead (Pb) concentrations associ-ated with 1000-MB geostrophic back trajectories at QuillayuteWashingtonrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 10 no 10 pp 799ndash803 1976

[12] L L AshbaughW CMalm andW Z Sadeh ldquoA residence timeprobability analysis of sulfur concentrations at Grand CanyonNational Parkrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 19 no 8 pp1263ndash1270 1985

[13] A V Polissar P K Hopke P Paatero et al ldquoThe aerosolat Barrow Alaska long-term trends and source locationsrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 33 no 16 pp 2441ndash2458 1999

[14] A Stohl ldquoComputation accuracy and applications oftrajectoriesmdasha review and bibliographyrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 32 no 6 pp 947ndash966 1998

[15] Z L Fleming P S Monks and A J Manning ldquoReviewuntangling the influence of air-mass history in interpretingobserved atmospheric compositionrdquoAtmospheric Research vol104-105 pp 1ndash39 2012

[16] B F Taubman J C Hains A M Thompson et al ldquoAircraftvertical profiles of trace gas and aerosol pollution over themid-Atlantic United States Statistics andmeteorological clusteranalysisrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol111 no 10 2006

[17] M Cabello J A G Orza V Galiano and G Ruiz ldquoInfluenceof meteorological input data on backtrajectory cluster analysisa seven-year study for southeastern Spainrdquo Advances in Scienceand Research vol 2 pp 65ndash70 2008

[18] S Pettersen Weather Analysis and Forecasting Motion andMotion Systems vol 1 McGraw-Hill 1956

[19] J D Kahl ldquoA cautionary note on the use of air trajectoriesin interpreting atmospheric chemistry measurementsrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 27 no 17-18 pp 3037ndash3038 1993

[20] P Seibert ldquoConvergence and accuracy of numerical methodsfor trajectory calculationsrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol32 no 3 pp 558ndash566 1993

[21] E Isaacson andH B KellerAnalysis of Numerical Methods vol541 John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 1966

[22] P Brumer ldquoStability concepts in the numerical solution ofclassical atomic and molecular scattering problemsrdquo Journal ofComputational Physics vol 14 pp 391ndash419 1974

[23] J T Merrill ldquoIsentropic air-flow probability analysisrdquo Journalof Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 99 pp 25881ndash258891994

[24] A Stohl G Wotawa P Seibert and H Kromp-Kolb ldquoInterpo-lation errors in wind fields as a function of spatial and temporalresolution and their impact on different types of kinematictrajectoriesrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol 34 no 10 pp2149ndash2165 1995

[25] A Virkkula M Aurela R Hillamo et al ldquoChemical compo-sition of atmospheric aerosol in the European subarctic con-tribution of the Kola Peninsula smelter areas central Europeand the Arctic Oceanrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 104 no 19 pp 23681ndash23696 1999

[26] J N Cape J Methven and L E Hudson ldquoThe use of trajectorycluster analysis to interpret trace gas measurements at Mace

12 Advances in Meteorology

Head Irelandrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 22 pp3651ndash3663 2000

[27] R R Draxler and G D Rolph ldquoHYSPLIT ( HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model NOAAAir Resources Laboratoryrdquo Silver Spring Md USA 2003httpreadyarlnoaagovHYSPLITphp

[28] P Pochanart H Akimoto Y Kajii V M Potemkin and T VKhodzher ldquoRegional background ozone and carbon monoxidevariations nin remote SiberiaEast Asiardquo Journal of GeophysicalResearch D Atmospheres vol 108 no 1 pp 1ndash18 2003

[29] B A Schichtel K A Gebhart M G Barna and W C MalmldquoAssociation of airmass transport patterns and particulate sulfurconcentrations at Big Bend National Park Texasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 40 no 5 pp 992ndash1006 2006

[30] A W Delcloo and H de Backer ldquoFive day 3D back trajectoryclusters and trends analysis of the Uccle ozone soundingtime series in the lower troposphere (1969ndash2001)rdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 42 no 19 pp 4419ndash4432 2008

[31] G Dogan G Gullu and G Tuncel ldquoSources and source regionseffecting the aerosol composition of the Eastern Mediter-raneanrdquoMicrochemical Journal vol 88 no 2 pp 142ndash149 2008

[32] O A Tarasova I A Senik M G Sosonkin J Cui J Staehelinand A S H Prevot ldquoSurface ozone at the Caucasian siteKislovodsk High Mountain Station and the Swiss Alpine siteJungfraujoch data analysis and trends (1990ndash2006)rdquo Atmo-spheric Chemistry and Physics vol 9 no 12 pp 4157ndash4175 2009

[33] httplagrangeempachlm trajhtml[34] H Riede P Jockel and R Sander ldquoQuantifying atmospheric

transport chemistry and mixing using a new trajectory-boxmodel and a global atmospheric-chemistry GCMrdquo GeoscienceModel Development vol 2 pp 267ndash280 2009

[35] R P Shadbolt E A Waller J P Messina and J A WinklerldquoSource regions of lower-tropospheric airflow trajectories forthe lower peninsula of Michigan a 40-year air mass climatol-ogyrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 111no 21 Article ID D21117 2006

[36] A Riccio G Giunta and E Chianese ldquoThe application ofa trajectory classification procedure to interpret air pollutionmeasurements in the urban area of Naples (Southern Italy)rdquoScience of the Total Environment vol 376 no 1ndash3 pp 198ndash2142007

[37] B S K Reddy K R Kumar G Balakrishnaiah et al ldquoObserva-tional studies on the variations in surface ozone concentrationat Anantapur in southern Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 98no 1 pp 125ndash139 2010

[38] B A Begum S K Biswas G G Pandit et al ldquoLong-rangetransport of soil dust and smoke pollution in the South AsianregionrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 2 pp 151ndash1572011

[39] A H M Saadat Md M Rahman S M K Hasan and A TM Jahangir Alam ldquoTravelling and source point identificationof some transboundary air pollutants by trajectory analysis inSathkhira Bangladeshrdquo Canadian Chemical Transactions vol1 no 1 pp 56ndash65 2013

[40] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ah ldquoChemistryofmonsoon and post-monsoon rains at a high altitude locationSinhagad Indiardquo Aerosol and Air Quality Research vol 9 no 1pp 65ndash79 2009

[41] K B Budhavant P S P Rao PD Safai LGranat andHRodheldquoChemical composition of the inorganic fraction of cloud-water at a high altitude station in West Indiardquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 88 pp 59ndash65 2014

[42] R R Draxler andA D Taylor ldquoHorizontal parameters for long-range transport modelingrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 3 pp 367ndash372 1982

[43] J C Lin C Gerbig S CWofsy et al ldquoMeasuring fluxes of tracegases at regional scales by Lagrangian observations applicationto the CO

2Budget and Rectification Airborne (COBRA) studyrdquo

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 109 no D152004

[44] D Wen J C Lin D B Millet A F Stein and R R DraxlerldquoA backward-time stochastic Lagrangian air quality modelrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 54 pp 373ndash386 2012

[45] J L Moody J A Galusky and J N Galloway ldquoThe use ofatmospheric transport pattern recognition techniques in under-standing variation in precipitation chemistryrdquo in AtmosphericDeposition (Proceedings of the Baltimore SymposiumMay 1989)IAHS Publ No 179 May 1989

[46] M Escudero A F Stein R R Draxler et al ldquoSource appor-tionment for African dust outbreaks over theWestern Mediter-ranean using the HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmospheric Research vol99 no 3-4 pp 518ndash527 2011

[47] J Baker ldquoA cluster analysis of long range air transport pathwaysand associated pollutant concentrations within the UKrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 44 no 4 pp 563ndash571 2010

[48] K A Gebhart B A Schichtel W C Malm M G Barna MA Rodriguez and J L Collett ldquoBack-trajectory-based sourceapportionment of airborne sulfur and nitrogen concentrationsat Rocky Mountain National Park Colorado USArdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 3 pp 621ndash633 2011

[49] B de Foy M Zavala N Bei and L T Molina ldquoEvaluationof WRF mesoscale simulations and particle trajectory analysisfor the MILAGRO field campaignrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 13 pp 4419ndash4438 2009

[50] R M Harrison J L Grenfell J D Peak et al ldquoInfluence of air-mass back trajectory upon nitrogen compound compositionrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 34 no 10 pp 1519ndash1527 2000

[51] TW Chan andMMozurkewich ldquoApplication of absolute prin-cipal component analysis to size distribution data identificationof particle originsrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics vol 7no 3 pp 887ndash897 2007

[52] L A K Reddy U C Kulshrestha J Satyanarayana M JKulshrestha and K K Moorthy ldquoChemical characteristics ofPM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea during ICARBrdquo Journal of Earth System Sciencevol 117 no 1 pp 345ndash352 2008

[53] P Salvador B Artınano X Querol and A Alastuey ldquoA com-bined analysis of backward trajectories and aerosol chemistryto characterise long-range transport episodes of particulatematter the Madrid air basin a case studyrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 390 no 2-3 pp 495ndash506 2008

[54] L Granat M Norman C Leck U C Kulshrestha andH Rodhe ldquoWet scavenging of sulfur compounds and otherconstituents during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)rdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 19article 8025 2002

[55] J Satyanarayana L A K Reddy M J Kulshrestha R N RaoandUC Kulshrestha ldquoChemical composition of rainwater andinfluence of airmass trajectories at a rural site in an ecologicalsensitive area of Western Ghats (India)rdquo Journal of AtmosphericChemistry vol 66 no 3 pp 101ndash116 2010

[56] A Dvorska G Lammel and I Holoubek ldquoRecent trendsof persistent organic pollutants in air in central Europemdashair

Advances in Meteorology 13

monitoring in combination with air mass trajectory statisticsas a tool to study the effectivity of regional chemical policyrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 43 no 6 pp 1280ndash1287 2009

[57] D W Tarasick J J Jin V E Fioletov et al ldquoHigh-resolutiontropospheric ozone fields for INTEX and ARCTAS from IONSozonesondesrdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchD vol 115 no 20Article ID D20301 2010

[58] A S Lefohn HWernli D Shadwick S Limbach S J OltmansandM Shapiro ldquoThe importance of stratospheric-tropospherictransport in affecting surface ozone concentrations in theWestern and Northern tier of the United Statesrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 45 no 28 pp 4845ndash4857 2011

[59] P D Tyson M Garstang R J Swap E V Browell R DDiab and A M Thompson ldquoTransport and Vertical structureof ozone and aerosol distributions over southern Africardquo inBiomass Burning and Global Change J S Levine Ed pp 403ndash421 MIT Press Cambridge UK 1996

[60] K AshrafiM Shafiepour-Motlagh A Aslemand and S GhadeldquoDust storm simulation over Iran using HYSPLITrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Health Science and Engineering vol 12 no 1article 9 2014

[61] K K Moorthy A Saha B S N Prasad K Niranjan D Jhurryand P S Pillai ldquoAerosol optical depths over peninsular Indiaand adjoining oceans during the INDOEX campaigns spatialtemporal and spectral characteristicsrdquo Journal of GeophysicalResearchDAtmospheres vol 106 no 22 pp 28539ndash28554 2001

[62] A Iqbal and N T K Oanh ldquoAssessment of acid depositionover Dhaka division using CAMx-MM5 modeling systemrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 4 pp 452ndash462 2011

[63] M Norman S N Das A G Pillai L Granat and H RodheldquoInfluence of air mass trajectories on the chemical compositionof precipitation in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 35 no25 pp 4223ndash4235 2001

[64] B Kumar G P Gupta S Singh and U C KulshresthaldquoChemical characterization of snowfall in western Himalayanregion of Indiardquo Unpublished data

[65] F Li and V Ramanathan ldquoWinter to summer monsoon varia-tion of aerosol optical depth over the tropical Indian OceanrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 16pp 2ndash13 2002

[66] T N Krishnamurti B Jha J Prospero A Jayaraman and VRamanathan ldquoAerosol and pollutant transport and their impacton radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during theJanuary-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruiserdquo Tellus vol 50 no5 pp 521ndash542 1998

[67] S Verma C Venkataraman O Boucher and S RamachandranldquoSource evaluation of aerosols measured during the IndianOcean Experiment using combined chemical transport andback trajectory modelingrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 112 no 11 2007

[68] R Das L Granat C Leck P S Praveen and H Rodhe ldquoChem-ical composition of rainwater at Maldives Climate Observa-tory at Hanimaadhoo (MCOH)rdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 11 no 8 pp 3743ndash3755 2011

[69] K Alam S Qureshi and T Blaschke ldquoMonitoring spatio-temporal aerosol patterns over Pakistan based on MODISTOMS and MISR satellite data and a HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 27 pp 4641ndash4651 2011

[70] S Singh B Kumar G P Gupta and U C KulshresthaldquoSignatures of increasing energy demand of past two decadesas captured in rain water composition and airmass trajectoryanalysis at Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Environment In press

[71] A Kumar S Tiwari D S Bisht et al ldquoAerosol characteristicsduring the coolest june month over new delhi Northern IndiardquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 32 no 23 pp8463ndash8483 2011

[72] LRTAP httpwwwuneceorgenvlrtap[73] S Tiwari D M Chate D S Bisht M K Srivastava and B

Padmanabhamurty ldquoRainwater chemistry in theNorthWesternHimalayan Region Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 104-105pp 128ndash138 2012

[74] M S Naik L T Khemani G A Momin P S P Rao P D Safaiand A G Pillai ldquoChemical composition of fresh snow fromGulmarg North Indiardquo Environmental Pollution vol 87 no 2pp 167ndash171 1995

[75] D C Parashar L Granat U C Kulshrestha et al ldquoChemicalcomposition of precipitation in India and Nepal-apreliminaryreport on an Indo-Swedish project on atmospheric chemistryrdquoTech Rep CM90 IMI Stockholm University StockholmSweden 1996

[76] U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar S S Srivastava and D CParashar ldquoInvestigation into atmospheric deposition throughprecipitation studies at New Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Envi-ronment vol 30 no 24 pp 4149ndash4154 1996

[77] U C Kulshrestha L Granat M Engardt and H RodheldquoReview of precipitation monitoring studies in Indiamdasha searchfor regional patternsrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 39 no 38pp 7403ndash7419 2005

[78] L T Khemani G A Momin P S Prakasa Rao P D SafaiG Singh and R K Kapoor ldquoSpread of acid rain over IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 23 no 4 pp 757ndash762 1989

[79] A Saxena S Sharma U C Kulshrestha and S S SrivastavaldquoFactors affecting alkaline nature of rain water in Agra (India)rdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 74 no 2 pp 129ndash138 1991

[80] A Avila and M Alarcon ldquoRelationship between precipitationchemistry and meteorological situations at a rural site inNortheastern Spainrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 33 no 11pp 1663ndash1677 1999

[81] R Das S N Das and V N Misra ldquoChemical composition ofrainwater and dustfall at Bhubaneswar in the east coast of IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 39 no 32 pp 5908ndash5916 2005

[82] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ali ldquoInfluence oflocal sources on rainwater chemistry over Pune region IndiardquoAtmospheric Research vol 100 no 1 pp 121ndash131 2011

[83] M Zhang S Wang F Wu X Yuan and Y Zhang ldquoChemicalcompositions ofwet precipitation and anthropogenic influencesat a developing urban site in Southeastern Chinardquo AtmosphericResearch vol 84 no 4 pp 311ndash322 2007

[84] S C Kang P A Mayewski D H Qin S A Sneed J W Renand D Q Zhang ldquoSeasonal differences in snow chemistry fromthe vicinity of Mt Everest central Himalayasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 38 no 18 pp 2819ndash2829 2004

[85] K Yalcin C P Wake S Kang K J Kreutz and S I WhitlowldquoSeasonal and spatial variability in snow chemistry at EclipseIcefield Yukon Canadardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 43 pp 230ndash238 2006

[86] AMarinoni S Polesello C Smiraglia and SValsecchi ldquoChem-ical composition of freshsnow samples from the southernslope of Mt Everest region (Khumbu-Himal region Nepal)rdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 35 no 18 pp 3183ndash3190 2001

[87] H Niu Y He G Zhu et al ldquoEnvironmental implications of thelatest snow chemistry from Mt Yulong Southeastern TibetanPlateaurdquo Quaternary International vol 313-314 pp 168ndash1782013

14 Advances in Meteorology

[88] K J Kreutz V B Aizen L D Cecil and C P Wake ldquoOxygenisotopic and soluble ionic composition of a shallow firn coreInilchek glacier central Tien Shanrdquo Journal of Glaciology vol47 no 159 pp 548ndash554 2001

[89] U C Kulshrestha M J Kulshrestha R Sekar G S R Sastryand M Vairamani ldquoChemical characteristics of rainwater at anurban site of south-central Indiardquo Atmospheric Environmentvol 37 no 21 pp 3019ndash3026 2003

[90] M Jain U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar and D C ParasharldquoInfluence of crustal aerosols on wet deposition at urban andrural sites in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 29-30 pp 5129ndash5137 2000

[91] G Zhu T Pu Y He P Shi and T Zhang ldquoSeasonal variationsof major ions in fresh snow at Baishui Glacier No 1 YulongMountain Chinardquo Environmental Earth Sciences vol 69 no 1pp 1ndash10 2013

[92] S C Kang C P Wake D H Qin P A Mayewski and T DYao ldquoMonsoon and dust signals recorded in Dasuopu glacierTibetan Plateaurdquo Journal of Glaciology vol 46 no 153 pp 222ndash226 2000

[93] D H Qin S G Hou D Q Zhang et al ldquoPreliminary resultsfrom the chemical records of an 804m ice core recoveredfrom East Rongbuk Glacier Qomolangma (Mount Everest)Himalayardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 35 pp 278ndash284 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

Advances in Meteorology 11

10

4

17

2529

15

05

101520253035

pH range

Freq

uenc

y (

)

461

ndash500

501

ndash540

541

ndash580

581

ndash620

621

ndash660

661

ndash700

Figure 9 Percent frequency distribution of pH of snowmelt forwhole dataset

acidity of rain water at an ecosensitive site in Western Ghatsin Southwest India

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

Support of DST-PURSE and UGC India is gratefullyacknowledged

References

[1] J A DuttonThe Ceaseless Wind An Introduction to the Theoryof Atmospheric Motion Dover New York NY USA 1986

[2] H R Byers General Meteorology McGraw-Hill New YorkUSA 4th edition 1974

[3] D JThomson and J DWilsonHistory of Lagrangian StochasticModels for Turbulent Dispersion Langrangian Model of theAtmosphere Geographical Monograph Series 200 AmericanGeophhysical union 2012

[4] K J Davis D H Lenschow S P Oncley et al ldquoRole ofentrainment in surface-atmosphere interactions over the borealforestrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D vol 102 no 24 pp29219ndash29230 1997

[5] P Seibert ldquoInverse modelling with a lagrangian particle dis-persion model application to point releases over limited timeintervals in air pollution modeling and its applicationrdquo Journalof Applied Meteorology vol 14 pp 381ndash389 2004

[6] A Eliassen J Saltbones F Stordal O Hov and I S A IsaksenldquoA Lagrangian long-range transport model with atmosphericboundary layer chemistryrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 11 pp 1645ndash1661 1982

[7] D Simpson ldquoPhotochemical model calculations over Europefor two extended summer periods 1985 and 1989 Model resultsand comparison with observationsrdquo Atmospheric EnvironmentA vol 27 no 6 pp 921ndash943 1993

[8] S Petterssen ldquoWeather analysis and forecastingrdquo pp 221ndash2231940

[9] E F Danielsen and R Bleck ldquoResearch in four-dimensionaldiagnosis of cyclonic stormcloud systemrdquoAFCRLRep 67ndash0617BedfordMass USA 1967 Available as NTIS AD-670 847 fromNational Technical Information Service Springfield Va USA

[10] H Rodhe ldquoA study of the sulfur budget for the atmosphere overNorthern Europerdquo Tellus vol 24 pp 128ndash138 1972

[11] T D Fox and J D Ludwick ldquoLead (Pb) concentrations associ-ated with 1000-MB geostrophic back trajectories at QuillayuteWashingtonrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 10 no 10 pp 799ndash803 1976

[12] L L AshbaughW CMalm andW Z Sadeh ldquoA residence timeprobability analysis of sulfur concentrations at Grand CanyonNational Parkrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 19 no 8 pp1263ndash1270 1985

[13] A V Polissar P K Hopke P Paatero et al ldquoThe aerosolat Barrow Alaska long-term trends and source locationsrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 33 no 16 pp 2441ndash2458 1999

[14] A Stohl ldquoComputation accuracy and applications oftrajectoriesmdasha review and bibliographyrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 32 no 6 pp 947ndash966 1998

[15] Z L Fleming P S Monks and A J Manning ldquoReviewuntangling the influence of air-mass history in interpretingobserved atmospheric compositionrdquoAtmospheric Research vol104-105 pp 1ndash39 2012

[16] B F Taubman J C Hains A M Thompson et al ldquoAircraftvertical profiles of trace gas and aerosol pollution over themid-Atlantic United States Statistics andmeteorological clusteranalysisrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol111 no 10 2006

[17] M Cabello J A G Orza V Galiano and G Ruiz ldquoInfluenceof meteorological input data on backtrajectory cluster analysisa seven-year study for southeastern Spainrdquo Advances in Scienceand Research vol 2 pp 65ndash70 2008

[18] S Pettersen Weather Analysis and Forecasting Motion andMotion Systems vol 1 McGraw-Hill 1956

[19] J D Kahl ldquoA cautionary note on the use of air trajectoriesin interpreting atmospheric chemistry measurementsrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 27 no 17-18 pp 3037ndash3038 1993

[20] P Seibert ldquoConvergence and accuracy of numerical methodsfor trajectory calculationsrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol32 no 3 pp 558ndash566 1993

[21] E Isaacson andH B KellerAnalysis of Numerical Methods vol541 John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 1966

[22] P Brumer ldquoStability concepts in the numerical solution ofclassical atomic and molecular scattering problemsrdquo Journal ofComputational Physics vol 14 pp 391ndash419 1974

[23] J T Merrill ldquoIsentropic air-flow probability analysisrdquo Journalof Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 99 pp 25881ndash258891994

[24] A Stohl G Wotawa P Seibert and H Kromp-Kolb ldquoInterpo-lation errors in wind fields as a function of spatial and temporalresolution and their impact on different types of kinematictrajectoriesrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol 34 no 10 pp2149ndash2165 1995

[25] A Virkkula M Aurela R Hillamo et al ldquoChemical compo-sition of atmospheric aerosol in the European subarctic con-tribution of the Kola Peninsula smelter areas central Europeand the Arctic Oceanrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 104 no 19 pp 23681ndash23696 1999

[26] J N Cape J Methven and L E Hudson ldquoThe use of trajectorycluster analysis to interpret trace gas measurements at Mace

12 Advances in Meteorology

Head Irelandrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 22 pp3651ndash3663 2000

[27] R R Draxler and G D Rolph ldquoHYSPLIT ( HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model NOAAAir Resources Laboratoryrdquo Silver Spring Md USA 2003httpreadyarlnoaagovHYSPLITphp

[28] P Pochanart H Akimoto Y Kajii V M Potemkin and T VKhodzher ldquoRegional background ozone and carbon monoxidevariations nin remote SiberiaEast Asiardquo Journal of GeophysicalResearch D Atmospheres vol 108 no 1 pp 1ndash18 2003

[29] B A Schichtel K A Gebhart M G Barna and W C MalmldquoAssociation of airmass transport patterns and particulate sulfurconcentrations at Big Bend National Park Texasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 40 no 5 pp 992ndash1006 2006

[30] A W Delcloo and H de Backer ldquoFive day 3D back trajectoryclusters and trends analysis of the Uccle ozone soundingtime series in the lower troposphere (1969ndash2001)rdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 42 no 19 pp 4419ndash4432 2008

[31] G Dogan G Gullu and G Tuncel ldquoSources and source regionseffecting the aerosol composition of the Eastern Mediter-raneanrdquoMicrochemical Journal vol 88 no 2 pp 142ndash149 2008

[32] O A Tarasova I A Senik M G Sosonkin J Cui J Staehelinand A S H Prevot ldquoSurface ozone at the Caucasian siteKislovodsk High Mountain Station and the Swiss Alpine siteJungfraujoch data analysis and trends (1990ndash2006)rdquo Atmo-spheric Chemistry and Physics vol 9 no 12 pp 4157ndash4175 2009

[33] httplagrangeempachlm trajhtml[34] H Riede P Jockel and R Sander ldquoQuantifying atmospheric

transport chemistry and mixing using a new trajectory-boxmodel and a global atmospheric-chemistry GCMrdquo GeoscienceModel Development vol 2 pp 267ndash280 2009

[35] R P Shadbolt E A Waller J P Messina and J A WinklerldquoSource regions of lower-tropospheric airflow trajectories forthe lower peninsula of Michigan a 40-year air mass climatol-ogyrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 111no 21 Article ID D21117 2006

[36] A Riccio G Giunta and E Chianese ldquoThe application ofa trajectory classification procedure to interpret air pollutionmeasurements in the urban area of Naples (Southern Italy)rdquoScience of the Total Environment vol 376 no 1ndash3 pp 198ndash2142007

[37] B S K Reddy K R Kumar G Balakrishnaiah et al ldquoObserva-tional studies on the variations in surface ozone concentrationat Anantapur in southern Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 98no 1 pp 125ndash139 2010

[38] B A Begum S K Biswas G G Pandit et al ldquoLong-rangetransport of soil dust and smoke pollution in the South AsianregionrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 2 pp 151ndash1572011

[39] A H M Saadat Md M Rahman S M K Hasan and A TM Jahangir Alam ldquoTravelling and source point identificationof some transboundary air pollutants by trajectory analysis inSathkhira Bangladeshrdquo Canadian Chemical Transactions vol1 no 1 pp 56ndash65 2013

[40] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ah ldquoChemistryofmonsoon and post-monsoon rains at a high altitude locationSinhagad Indiardquo Aerosol and Air Quality Research vol 9 no 1pp 65ndash79 2009

[41] K B Budhavant P S P Rao PD Safai LGranat andHRodheldquoChemical composition of the inorganic fraction of cloud-water at a high altitude station in West Indiardquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 88 pp 59ndash65 2014

[42] R R Draxler andA D Taylor ldquoHorizontal parameters for long-range transport modelingrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 3 pp 367ndash372 1982

[43] J C Lin C Gerbig S CWofsy et al ldquoMeasuring fluxes of tracegases at regional scales by Lagrangian observations applicationto the CO

2Budget and Rectification Airborne (COBRA) studyrdquo

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 109 no D152004

[44] D Wen J C Lin D B Millet A F Stein and R R DraxlerldquoA backward-time stochastic Lagrangian air quality modelrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 54 pp 373ndash386 2012

[45] J L Moody J A Galusky and J N Galloway ldquoThe use ofatmospheric transport pattern recognition techniques in under-standing variation in precipitation chemistryrdquo in AtmosphericDeposition (Proceedings of the Baltimore SymposiumMay 1989)IAHS Publ No 179 May 1989

[46] M Escudero A F Stein R R Draxler et al ldquoSource appor-tionment for African dust outbreaks over theWestern Mediter-ranean using the HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmospheric Research vol99 no 3-4 pp 518ndash527 2011

[47] J Baker ldquoA cluster analysis of long range air transport pathwaysand associated pollutant concentrations within the UKrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 44 no 4 pp 563ndash571 2010

[48] K A Gebhart B A Schichtel W C Malm M G Barna MA Rodriguez and J L Collett ldquoBack-trajectory-based sourceapportionment of airborne sulfur and nitrogen concentrationsat Rocky Mountain National Park Colorado USArdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 3 pp 621ndash633 2011

[49] B de Foy M Zavala N Bei and L T Molina ldquoEvaluationof WRF mesoscale simulations and particle trajectory analysisfor the MILAGRO field campaignrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 13 pp 4419ndash4438 2009

[50] R M Harrison J L Grenfell J D Peak et al ldquoInfluence of air-mass back trajectory upon nitrogen compound compositionrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 34 no 10 pp 1519ndash1527 2000

[51] TW Chan andMMozurkewich ldquoApplication of absolute prin-cipal component analysis to size distribution data identificationof particle originsrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics vol 7no 3 pp 887ndash897 2007

[52] L A K Reddy U C Kulshrestha J Satyanarayana M JKulshrestha and K K Moorthy ldquoChemical characteristics ofPM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea during ICARBrdquo Journal of Earth System Sciencevol 117 no 1 pp 345ndash352 2008

[53] P Salvador B Artınano X Querol and A Alastuey ldquoA com-bined analysis of backward trajectories and aerosol chemistryto characterise long-range transport episodes of particulatematter the Madrid air basin a case studyrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 390 no 2-3 pp 495ndash506 2008

[54] L Granat M Norman C Leck U C Kulshrestha andH Rodhe ldquoWet scavenging of sulfur compounds and otherconstituents during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)rdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 19article 8025 2002

[55] J Satyanarayana L A K Reddy M J Kulshrestha R N RaoandUC Kulshrestha ldquoChemical composition of rainwater andinfluence of airmass trajectories at a rural site in an ecologicalsensitive area of Western Ghats (India)rdquo Journal of AtmosphericChemistry vol 66 no 3 pp 101ndash116 2010

[56] A Dvorska G Lammel and I Holoubek ldquoRecent trendsof persistent organic pollutants in air in central Europemdashair

Advances in Meteorology 13

monitoring in combination with air mass trajectory statisticsas a tool to study the effectivity of regional chemical policyrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 43 no 6 pp 1280ndash1287 2009

[57] D W Tarasick J J Jin V E Fioletov et al ldquoHigh-resolutiontropospheric ozone fields for INTEX and ARCTAS from IONSozonesondesrdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchD vol 115 no 20Article ID D20301 2010

[58] A S Lefohn HWernli D Shadwick S Limbach S J OltmansandM Shapiro ldquoThe importance of stratospheric-tropospherictransport in affecting surface ozone concentrations in theWestern and Northern tier of the United Statesrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 45 no 28 pp 4845ndash4857 2011

[59] P D Tyson M Garstang R J Swap E V Browell R DDiab and A M Thompson ldquoTransport and Vertical structureof ozone and aerosol distributions over southern Africardquo inBiomass Burning and Global Change J S Levine Ed pp 403ndash421 MIT Press Cambridge UK 1996

[60] K AshrafiM Shafiepour-Motlagh A Aslemand and S GhadeldquoDust storm simulation over Iran using HYSPLITrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Health Science and Engineering vol 12 no 1article 9 2014

[61] K K Moorthy A Saha B S N Prasad K Niranjan D Jhurryand P S Pillai ldquoAerosol optical depths over peninsular Indiaand adjoining oceans during the INDOEX campaigns spatialtemporal and spectral characteristicsrdquo Journal of GeophysicalResearchDAtmospheres vol 106 no 22 pp 28539ndash28554 2001

[62] A Iqbal and N T K Oanh ldquoAssessment of acid depositionover Dhaka division using CAMx-MM5 modeling systemrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 4 pp 452ndash462 2011

[63] M Norman S N Das A G Pillai L Granat and H RodheldquoInfluence of air mass trajectories on the chemical compositionof precipitation in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 35 no25 pp 4223ndash4235 2001

[64] B Kumar G P Gupta S Singh and U C KulshresthaldquoChemical characterization of snowfall in western Himalayanregion of Indiardquo Unpublished data

[65] F Li and V Ramanathan ldquoWinter to summer monsoon varia-tion of aerosol optical depth over the tropical Indian OceanrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 16pp 2ndash13 2002

[66] T N Krishnamurti B Jha J Prospero A Jayaraman and VRamanathan ldquoAerosol and pollutant transport and their impacton radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during theJanuary-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruiserdquo Tellus vol 50 no5 pp 521ndash542 1998

[67] S Verma C Venkataraman O Boucher and S RamachandranldquoSource evaluation of aerosols measured during the IndianOcean Experiment using combined chemical transport andback trajectory modelingrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 112 no 11 2007

[68] R Das L Granat C Leck P S Praveen and H Rodhe ldquoChem-ical composition of rainwater at Maldives Climate Observa-tory at Hanimaadhoo (MCOH)rdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 11 no 8 pp 3743ndash3755 2011

[69] K Alam S Qureshi and T Blaschke ldquoMonitoring spatio-temporal aerosol patterns over Pakistan based on MODISTOMS and MISR satellite data and a HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 27 pp 4641ndash4651 2011

[70] S Singh B Kumar G P Gupta and U C KulshresthaldquoSignatures of increasing energy demand of past two decadesas captured in rain water composition and airmass trajectoryanalysis at Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Environment In press

[71] A Kumar S Tiwari D S Bisht et al ldquoAerosol characteristicsduring the coolest june month over new delhi Northern IndiardquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 32 no 23 pp8463ndash8483 2011

[72] LRTAP httpwwwuneceorgenvlrtap[73] S Tiwari D M Chate D S Bisht M K Srivastava and B

Padmanabhamurty ldquoRainwater chemistry in theNorthWesternHimalayan Region Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 104-105pp 128ndash138 2012

[74] M S Naik L T Khemani G A Momin P S P Rao P D Safaiand A G Pillai ldquoChemical composition of fresh snow fromGulmarg North Indiardquo Environmental Pollution vol 87 no 2pp 167ndash171 1995

[75] D C Parashar L Granat U C Kulshrestha et al ldquoChemicalcomposition of precipitation in India and Nepal-apreliminaryreport on an Indo-Swedish project on atmospheric chemistryrdquoTech Rep CM90 IMI Stockholm University StockholmSweden 1996

[76] U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar S S Srivastava and D CParashar ldquoInvestigation into atmospheric deposition throughprecipitation studies at New Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Envi-ronment vol 30 no 24 pp 4149ndash4154 1996

[77] U C Kulshrestha L Granat M Engardt and H RodheldquoReview of precipitation monitoring studies in Indiamdasha searchfor regional patternsrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 39 no 38pp 7403ndash7419 2005

[78] L T Khemani G A Momin P S Prakasa Rao P D SafaiG Singh and R K Kapoor ldquoSpread of acid rain over IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 23 no 4 pp 757ndash762 1989

[79] A Saxena S Sharma U C Kulshrestha and S S SrivastavaldquoFactors affecting alkaline nature of rain water in Agra (India)rdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 74 no 2 pp 129ndash138 1991

[80] A Avila and M Alarcon ldquoRelationship between precipitationchemistry and meteorological situations at a rural site inNortheastern Spainrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 33 no 11pp 1663ndash1677 1999

[81] R Das S N Das and V N Misra ldquoChemical composition ofrainwater and dustfall at Bhubaneswar in the east coast of IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 39 no 32 pp 5908ndash5916 2005

[82] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ali ldquoInfluence oflocal sources on rainwater chemistry over Pune region IndiardquoAtmospheric Research vol 100 no 1 pp 121ndash131 2011

[83] M Zhang S Wang F Wu X Yuan and Y Zhang ldquoChemicalcompositions ofwet precipitation and anthropogenic influencesat a developing urban site in Southeastern Chinardquo AtmosphericResearch vol 84 no 4 pp 311ndash322 2007

[84] S C Kang P A Mayewski D H Qin S A Sneed J W Renand D Q Zhang ldquoSeasonal differences in snow chemistry fromthe vicinity of Mt Everest central Himalayasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 38 no 18 pp 2819ndash2829 2004

[85] K Yalcin C P Wake S Kang K J Kreutz and S I WhitlowldquoSeasonal and spatial variability in snow chemistry at EclipseIcefield Yukon Canadardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 43 pp 230ndash238 2006

[86] AMarinoni S Polesello C Smiraglia and SValsecchi ldquoChem-ical composition of freshsnow samples from the southernslope of Mt Everest region (Khumbu-Himal region Nepal)rdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 35 no 18 pp 3183ndash3190 2001

[87] H Niu Y He G Zhu et al ldquoEnvironmental implications of thelatest snow chemistry from Mt Yulong Southeastern TibetanPlateaurdquo Quaternary International vol 313-314 pp 168ndash1782013

14 Advances in Meteorology

[88] K J Kreutz V B Aizen L D Cecil and C P Wake ldquoOxygenisotopic and soluble ionic composition of a shallow firn coreInilchek glacier central Tien Shanrdquo Journal of Glaciology vol47 no 159 pp 548ndash554 2001

[89] U C Kulshrestha M J Kulshrestha R Sekar G S R Sastryand M Vairamani ldquoChemical characteristics of rainwater at anurban site of south-central Indiardquo Atmospheric Environmentvol 37 no 21 pp 3019ndash3026 2003

[90] M Jain U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar and D C ParasharldquoInfluence of crustal aerosols on wet deposition at urban andrural sites in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 29-30 pp 5129ndash5137 2000

[91] G Zhu T Pu Y He P Shi and T Zhang ldquoSeasonal variationsof major ions in fresh snow at Baishui Glacier No 1 YulongMountain Chinardquo Environmental Earth Sciences vol 69 no 1pp 1ndash10 2013

[92] S C Kang C P Wake D H Qin P A Mayewski and T DYao ldquoMonsoon and dust signals recorded in Dasuopu glacierTibetan Plateaurdquo Journal of Glaciology vol 46 no 153 pp 222ndash226 2000

[93] D H Qin S G Hou D Q Zhang et al ldquoPreliminary resultsfrom the chemical records of an 804m ice core recoveredfrom East Rongbuk Glacier Qomolangma (Mount Everest)Himalayardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 35 pp 278ndash284 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

12 Advances in Meteorology

Head Irelandrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 22 pp3651ndash3663 2000

[27] R R Draxler and G D Rolph ldquoHYSPLIT ( HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model NOAAAir Resources Laboratoryrdquo Silver Spring Md USA 2003httpreadyarlnoaagovHYSPLITphp

[28] P Pochanart H Akimoto Y Kajii V M Potemkin and T VKhodzher ldquoRegional background ozone and carbon monoxidevariations nin remote SiberiaEast Asiardquo Journal of GeophysicalResearch D Atmospheres vol 108 no 1 pp 1ndash18 2003

[29] B A Schichtel K A Gebhart M G Barna and W C MalmldquoAssociation of airmass transport patterns and particulate sulfurconcentrations at Big Bend National Park Texasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 40 no 5 pp 992ndash1006 2006

[30] A W Delcloo and H de Backer ldquoFive day 3D back trajectoryclusters and trends analysis of the Uccle ozone soundingtime series in the lower troposphere (1969ndash2001)rdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 42 no 19 pp 4419ndash4432 2008

[31] G Dogan G Gullu and G Tuncel ldquoSources and source regionseffecting the aerosol composition of the Eastern Mediter-raneanrdquoMicrochemical Journal vol 88 no 2 pp 142ndash149 2008

[32] O A Tarasova I A Senik M G Sosonkin J Cui J Staehelinand A S H Prevot ldquoSurface ozone at the Caucasian siteKislovodsk High Mountain Station and the Swiss Alpine siteJungfraujoch data analysis and trends (1990ndash2006)rdquo Atmo-spheric Chemistry and Physics vol 9 no 12 pp 4157ndash4175 2009

[33] httplagrangeempachlm trajhtml[34] H Riede P Jockel and R Sander ldquoQuantifying atmospheric

transport chemistry and mixing using a new trajectory-boxmodel and a global atmospheric-chemistry GCMrdquo GeoscienceModel Development vol 2 pp 267ndash280 2009

[35] R P Shadbolt E A Waller J P Messina and J A WinklerldquoSource regions of lower-tropospheric airflow trajectories forthe lower peninsula of Michigan a 40-year air mass climatol-ogyrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 111no 21 Article ID D21117 2006

[36] A Riccio G Giunta and E Chianese ldquoThe application ofa trajectory classification procedure to interpret air pollutionmeasurements in the urban area of Naples (Southern Italy)rdquoScience of the Total Environment vol 376 no 1ndash3 pp 198ndash2142007

[37] B S K Reddy K R Kumar G Balakrishnaiah et al ldquoObserva-tional studies on the variations in surface ozone concentrationat Anantapur in southern Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 98no 1 pp 125ndash139 2010

[38] B A Begum S K Biswas G G Pandit et al ldquoLong-rangetransport of soil dust and smoke pollution in the South AsianregionrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 2 pp 151ndash1572011

[39] A H M Saadat Md M Rahman S M K Hasan and A TM Jahangir Alam ldquoTravelling and source point identificationof some transboundary air pollutants by trajectory analysis inSathkhira Bangladeshrdquo Canadian Chemical Transactions vol1 no 1 pp 56ndash65 2013

[40] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ah ldquoChemistryofmonsoon and post-monsoon rains at a high altitude locationSinhagad Indiardquo Aerosol and Air Quality Research vol 9 no 1pp 65ndash79 2009

[41] K B Budhavant P S P Rao PD Safai LGranat andHRodheldquoChemical composition of the inorganic fraction of cloud-water at a high altitude station in West Indiardquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 88 pp 59ndash65 2014

[42] R R Draxler andA D Taylor ldquoHorizontal parameters for long-range transport modelingrdquo Journal of Applied Meteorology vol21 no 3 pp 367ndash372 1982

[43] J C Lin C Gerbig S CWofsy et al ldquoMeasuring fluxes of tracegases at regional scales by Lagrangian observations applicationto the CO

2Budget and Rectification Airborne (COBRA) studyrdquo

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 109 no D152004

[44] D Wen J C Lin D B Millet A F Stein and R R DraxlerldquoA backward-time stochastic Lagrangian air quality modelrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 54 pp 373ndash386 2012

[45] J L Moody J A Galusky and J N Galloway ldquoThe use ofatmospheric transport pattern recognition techniques in under-standing variation in precipitation chemistryrdquo in AtmosphericDeposition (Proceedings of the Baltimore SymposiumMay 1989)IAHS Publ No 179 May 1989

[46] M Escudero A F Stein R R Draxler et al ldquoSource appor-tionment for African dust outbreaks over theWestern Mediter-ranean using the HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmospheric Research vol99 no 3-4 pp 518ndash527 2011

[47] J Baker ldquoA cluster analysis of long range air transport pathwaysand associated pollutant concentrations within the UKrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 44 no 4 pp 563ndash571 2010

[48] K A Gebhart B A Schichtel W C Malm M G Barna MA Rodriguez and J L Collett ldquoBack-trajectory-based sourceapportionment of airborne sulfur and nitrogen concentrationsat Rocky Mountain National Park Colorado USArdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 3 pp 621ndash633 2011

[49] B de Foy M Zavala N Bei and L T Molina ldquoEvaluationof WRF mesoscale simulations and particle trajectory analysisfor the MILAGRO field campaignrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 9 no 13 pp 4419ndash4438 2009

[50] R M Harrison J L Grenfell J D Peak et al ldquoInfluence of air-mass back trajectory upon nitrogen compound compositionrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 34 no 10 pp 1519ndash1527 2000

[51] TW Chan andMMozurkewich ldquoApplication of absolute prin-cipal component analysis to size distribution data identificationof particle originsrdquo Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics vol 7no 3 pp 887ndash897 2007

[52] L A K Reddy U C Kulshrestha J Satyanarayana M JKulshrestha and K K Moorthy ldquoChemical characteristics ofPM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea during ICARBrdquo Journal of Earth System Sciencevol 117 no 1 pp 345ndash352 2008

[53] P Salvador B Artınano X Querol and A Alastuey ldquoA com-bined analysis of backward trajectories and aerosol chemistryto characterise long-range transport episodes of particulatematter the Madrid air basin a case studyrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 390 no 2-3 pp 495ndash506 2008

[54] L Granat M Norman C Leck U C Kulshrestha andH Rodhe ldquoWet scavenging of sulfur compounds and otherconstituents during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)rdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 19article 8025 2002

[55] J Satyanarayana L A K Reddy M J Kulshrestha R N RaoandUC Kulshrestha ldquoChemical composition of rainwater andinfluence of airmass trajectories at a rural site in an ecologicalsensitive area of Western Ghats (India)rdquo Journal of AtmosphericChemistry vol 66 no 3 pp 101ndash116 2010

[56] A Dvorska G Lammel and I Holoubek ldquoRecent trendsof persistent organic pollutants in air in central Europemdashair

Advances in Meteorology 13

monitoring in combination with air mass trajectory statisticsas a tool to study the effectivity of regional chemical policyrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 43 no 6 pp 1280ndash1287 2009

[57] D W Tarasick J J Jin V E Fioletov et al ldquoHigh-resolutiontropospheric ozone fields for INTEX and ARCTAS from IONSozonesondesrdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchD vol 115 no 20Article ID D20301 2010

[58] A S Lefohn HWernli D Shadwick S Limbach S J OltmansandM Shapiro ldquoThe importance of stratospheric-tropospherictransport in affecting surface ozone concentrations in theWestern and Northern tier of the United Statesrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 45 no 28 pp 4845ndash4857 2011

[59] P D Tyson M Garstang R J Swap E V Browell R DDiab and A M Thompson ldquoTransport and Vertical structureof ozone and aerosol distributions over southern Africardquo inBiomass Burning and Global Change J S Levine Ed pp 403ndash421 MIT Press Cambridge UK 1996

[60] K AshrafiM Shafiepour-Motlagh A Aslemand and S GhadeldquoDust storm simulation over Iran using HYSPLITrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Health Science and Engineering vol 12 no 1article 9 2014

[61] K K Moorthy A Saha B S N Prasad K Niranjan D Jhurryand P S Pillai ldquoAerosol optical depths over peninsular Indiaand adjoining oceans during the INDOEX campaigns spatialtemporal and spectral characteristicsrdquo Journal of GeophysicalResearchDAtmospheres vol 106 no 22 pp 28539ndash28554 2001

[62] A Iqbal and N T K Oanh ldquoAssessment of acid depositionover Dhaka division using CAMx-MM5 modeling systemrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 4 pp 452ndash462 2011

[63] M Norman S N Das A G Pillai L Granat and H RodheldquoInfluence of air mass trajectories on the chemical compositionof precipitation in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 35 no25 pp 4223ndash4235 2001

[64] B Kumar G P Gupta S Singh and U C KulshresthaldquoChemical characterization of snowfall in western Himalayanregion of Indiardquo Unpublished data

[65] F Li and V Ramanathan ldquoWinter to summer monsoon varia-tion of aerosol optical depth over the tropical Indian OceanrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 16pp 2ndash13 2002

[66] T N Krishnamurti B Jha J Prospero A Jayaraman and VRamanathan ldquoAerosol and pollutant transport and their impacton radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during theJanuary-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruiserdquo Tellus vol 50 no5 pp 521ndash542 1998

[67] S Verma C Venkataraman O Boucher and S RamachandranldquoSource evaluation of aerosols measured during the IndianOcean Experiment using combined chemical transport andback trajectory modelingrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 112 no 11 2007

[68] R Das L Granat C Leck P S Praveen and H Rodhe ldquoChem-ical composition of rainwater at Maldives Climate Observa-tory at Hanimaadhoo (MCOH)rdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 11 no 8 pp 3743ndash3755 2011

[69] K Alam S Qureshi and T Blaschke ldquoMonitoring spatio-temporal aerosol patterns over Pakistan based on MODISTOMS and MISR satellite data and a HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 27 pp 4641ndash4651 2011

[70] S Singh B Kumar G P Gupta and U C KulshresthaldquoSignatures of increasing energy demand of past two decadesas captured in rain water composition and airmass trajectoryanalysis at Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Environment In press

[71] A Kumar S Tiwari D S Bisht et al ldquoAerosol characteristicsduring the coolest june month over new delhi Northern IndiardquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 32 no 23 pp8463ndash8483 2011

[72] LRTAP httpwwwuneceorgenvlrtap[73] S Tiwari D M Chate D S Bisht M K Srivastava and B

Padmanabhamurty ldquoRainwater chemistry in theNorthWesternHimalayan Region Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 104-105pp 128ndash138 2012

[74] M S Naik L T Khemani G A Momin P S P Rao P D Safaiand A G Pillai ldquoChemical composition of fresh snow fromGulmarg North Indiardquo Environmental Pollution vol 87 no 2pp 167ndash171 1995

[75] D C Parashar L Granat U C Kulshrestha et al ldquoChemicalcomposition of precipitation in India and Nepal-apreliminaryreport on an Indo-Swedish project on atmospheric chemistryrdquoTech Rep CM90 IMI Stockholm University StockholmSweden 1996

[76] U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar S S Srivastava and D CParashar ldquoInvestigation into atmospheric deposition throughprecipitation studies at New Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Envi-ronment vol 30 no 24 pp 4149ndash4154 1996

[77] U C Kulshrestha L Granat M Engardt and H RodheldquoReview of precipitation monitoring studies in Indiamdasha searchfor regional patternsrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 39 no 38pp 7403ndash7419 2005

[78] L T Khemani G A Momin P S Prakasa Rao P D SafaiG Singh and R K Kapoor ldquoSpread of acid rain over IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 23 no 4 pp 757ndash762 1989

[79] A Saxena S Sharma U C Kulshrestha and S S SrivastavaldquoFactors affecting alkaline nature of rain water in Agra (India)rdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 74 no 2 pp 129ndash138 1991

[80] A Avila and M Alarcon ldquoRelationship between precipitationchemistry and meteorological situations at a rural site inNortheastern Spainrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 33 no 11pp 1663ndash1677 1999

[81] R Das S N Das and V N Misra ldquoChemical composition ofrainwater and dustfall at Bhubaneswar in the east coast of IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 39 no 32 pp 5908ndash5916 2005

[82] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ali ldquoInfluence oflocal sources on rainwater chemistry over Pune region IndiardquoAtmospheric Research vol 100 no 1 pp 121ndash131 2011

[83] M Zhang S Wang F Wu X Yuan and Y Zhang ldquoChemicalcompositions ofwet precipitation and anthropogenic influencesat a developing urban site in Southeastern Chinardquo AtmosphericResearch vol 84 no 4 pp 311ndash322 2007

[84] S C Kang P A Mayewski D H Qin S A Sneed J W Renand D Q Zhang ldquoSeasonal differences in snow chemistry fromthe vicinity of Mt Everest central Himalayasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 38 no 18 pp 2819ndash2829 2004

[85] K Yalcin C P Wake S Kang K J Kreutz and S I WhitlowldquoSeasonal and spatial variability in snow chemistry at EclipseIcefield Yukon Canadardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 43 pp 230ndash238 2006

[86] AMarinoni S Polesello C Smiraglia and SValsecchi ldquoChem-ical composition of freshsnow samples from the southernslope of Mt Everest region (Khumbu-Himal region Nepal)rdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 35 no 18 pp 3183ndash3190 2001

[87] H Niu Y He G Zhu et al ldquoEnvironmental implications of thelatest snow chemistry from Mt Yulong Southeastern TibetanPlateaurdquo Quaternary International vol 313-314 pp 168ndash1782013

14 Advances in Meteorology

[88] K J Kreutz V B Aizen L D Cecil and C P Wake ldquoOxygenisotopic and soluble ionic composition of a shallow firn coreInilchek glacier central Tien Shanrdquo Journal of Glaciology vol47 no 159 pp 548ndash554 2001

[89] U C Kulshrestha M J Kulshrestha R Sekar G S R Sastryand M Vairamani ldquoChemical characteristics of rainwater at anurban site of south-central Indiardquo Atmospheric Environmentvol 37 no 21 pp 3019ndash3026 2003

[90] M Jain U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar and D C ParasharldquoInfluence of crustal aerosols on wet deposition at urban andrural sites in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 29-30 pp 5129ndash5137 2000

[91] G Zhu T Pu Y He P Shi and T Zhang ldquoSeasonal variationsof major ions in fresh snow at Baishui Glacier No 1 YulongMountain Chinardquo Environmental Earth Sciences vol 69 no 1pp 1ndash10 2013

[92] S C Kang C P Wake D H Qin P A Mayewski and T DYao ldquoMonsoon and dust signals recorded in Dasuopu glacierTibetan Plateaurdquo Journal of Glaciology vol 46 no 153 pp 222ndash226 2000

[93] D H Qin S G Hou D Q Zhang et al ldquoPreliminary resultsfrom the chemical records of an 804m ice core recoveredfrom East Rongbuk Glacier Qomolangma (Mount Everest)Himalayardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 35 pp 278ndash284 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

Advances in Meteorology 13

monitoring in combination with air mass trajectory statisticsas a tool to study the effectivity of regional chemical policyrdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 43 no 6 pp 1280ndash1287 2009

[57] D W Tarasick J J Jin V E Fioletov et al ldquoHigh-resolutiontropospheric ozone fields for INTEX and ARCTAS from IONSozonesondesrdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchD vol 115 no 20Article ID D20301 2010

[58] A S Lefohn HWernli D Shadwick S Limbach S J OltmansandM Shapiro ldquoThe importance of stratospheric-tropospherictransport in affecting surface ozone concentrations in theWestern and Northern tier of the United Statesrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 45 no 28 pp 4845ndash4857 2011

[59] P D Tyson M Garstang R J Swap E V Browell R DDiab and A M Thompson ldquoTransport and Vertical structureof ozone and aerosol distributions over southern Africardquo inBiomass Burning and Global Change J S Levine Ed pp 403ndash421 MIT Press Cambridge UK 1996

[60] K AshrafiM Shafiepour-Motlagh A Aslemand and S GhadeldquoDust storm simulation over Iran using HYSPLITrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Health Science and Engineering vol 12 no 1article 9 2014

[61] K K Moorthy A Saha B S N Prasad K Niranjan D Jhurryand P S Pillai ldquoAerosol optical depths over peninsular Indiaand adjoining oceans during the INDOEX campaigns spatialtemporal and spectral characteristicsrdquo Journal of GeophysicalResearchDAtmospheres vol 106 no 22 pp 28539ndash28554 2001

[62] A Iqbal and N T K Oanh ldquoAssessment of acid depositionover Dhaka division using CAMx-MM5 modeling systemrdquoAtmospheric Pollution Research vol 2 no 4 pp 452ndash462 2011

[63] M Norman S N Das A G Pillai L Granat and H RodheldquoInfluence of air mass trajectories on the chemical compositionof precipitation in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 35 no25 pp 4223ndash4235 2001

[64] B Kumar G P Gupta S Singh and U C KulshresthaldquoChemical characterization of snowfall in western Himalayanregion of Indiardquo Unpublished data

[65] F Li and V Ramanathan ldquoWinter to summer monsoon varia-tion of aerosol optical depth over the tropical Indian OceanrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research D Atmospheres vol 107 no 16pp 2ndash13 2002

[66] T N Krishnamurti B Jha J Prospero A Jayaraman and VRamanathan ldquoAerosol and pollutant transport and their impacton radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during theJanuary-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruiserdquo Tellus vol 50 no5 pp 521ndash542 1998

[67] S Verma C Venkataraman O Boucher and S RamachandranldquoSource evaluation of aerosols measured during the IndianOcean Experiment using combined chemical transport andback trajectory modelingrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research DAtmospheres vol 112 no 11 2007

[68] R Das L Granat C Leck P S Praveen and H Rodhe ldquoChem-ical composition of rainwater at Maldives Climate Observa-tory at Hanimaadhoo (MCOH)rdquo Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics vol 11 no 8 pp 3743ndash3755 2011

[69] K Alam S Qureshi and T Blaschke ldquoMonitoring spatio-temporal aerosol patterns over Pakistan based on MODISTOMS and MISR satellite data and a HYSPLIT modelrdquo Atmo-spheric Environment vol 45 no 27 pp 4641ndash4651 2011

[70] S Singh B Kumar G P Gupta and U C KulshresthaldquoSignatures of increasing energy demand of past two decadesas captured in rain water composition and airmass trajectoryanalysis at Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Environment In press

[71] A Kumar S Tiwari D S Bisht et al ldquoAerosol characteristicsduring the coolest june month over new delhi Northern IndiardquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 32 no 23 pp8463ndash8483 2011

[72] LRTAP httpwwwuneceorgenvlrtap[73] S Tiwari D M Chate D S Bisht M K Srivastava and B

Padmanabhamurty ldquoRainwater chemistry in theNorthWesternHimalayan Region Indiardquo Atmospheric Research vol 104-105pp 128ndash138 2012

[74] M S Naik L T Khemani G A Momin P S P Rao P D Safaiand A G Pillai ldquoChemical composition of fresh snow fromGulmarg North Indiardquo Environmental Pollution vol 87 no 2pp 167ndash171 1995

[75] D C Parashar L Granat U C Kulshrestha et al ldquoChemicalcomposition of precipitation in India and Nepal-apreliminaryreport on an Indo-Swedish project on atmospheric chemistryrdquoTech Rep CM90 IMI Stockholm University StockholmSweden 1996

[76] U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar S S Srivastava and D CParashar ldquoInvestigation into atmospheric deposition throughprecipitation studies at New Delhi (India)rdquo Atmospheric Envi-ronment vol 30 no 24 pp 4149ndash4154 1996

[77] U C Kulshrestha L Granat M Engardt and H RodheldquoReview of precipitation monitoring studies in Indiamdasha searchfor regional patternsrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 39 no 38pp 7403ndash7419 2005

[78] L T Khemani G A Momin P S Prakasa Rao P D SafaiG Singh and R K Kapoor ldquoSpread of acid rain over IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 23 no 4 pp 757ndash762 1989

[79] A Saxena S Sharma U C Kulshrestha and S S SrivastavaldquoFactors affecting alkaline nature of rain water in Agra (India)rdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 74 no 2 pp 129ndash138 1991

[80] A Avila and M Alarcon ldquoRelationship between precipitationchemistry and meteorological situations at a rural site inNortheastern Spainrdquo Atmospheric Environment vol 33 no 11pp 1663ndash1677 1999

[81] R Das S N Das and V N Misra ldquoChemical composition ofrainwater and dustfall at Bhubaneswar in the east coast of IndiardquoAtmospheric Environment vol 39 no 32 pp 5908ndash5916 2005

[82] K B Budhavant P S P Rao P D Safai and K Ali ldquoInfluence oflocal sources on rainwater chemistry over Pune region IndiardquoAtmospheric Research vol 100 no 1 pp 121ndash131 2011

[83] M Zhang S Wang F Wu X Yuan and Y Zhang ldquoChemicalcompositions ofwet precipitation and anthropogenic influencesat a developing urban site in Southeastern Chinardquo AtmosphericResearch vol 84 no 4 pp 311ndash322 2007

[84] S C Kang P A Mayewski D H Qin S A Sneed J W Renand D Q Zhang ldquoSeasonal differences in snow chemistry fromthe vicinity of Mt Everest central Himalayasrdquo AtmosphericEnvironment vol 38 no 18 pp 2819ndash2829 2004

[85] K Yalcin C P Wake S Kang K J Kreutz and S I WhitlowldquoSeasonal and spatial variability in snow chemistry at EclipseIcefield Yukon Canadardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 43 pp 230ndash238 2006

[86] AMarinoni S Polesello C Smiraglia and SValsecchi ldquoChem-ical composition of freshsnow samples from the southernslope of Mt Everest region (Khumbu-Himal region Nepal)rdquoAtmospheric Environment vol 35 no 18 pp 3183ndash3190 2001

[87] H Niu Y He G Zhu et al ldquoEnvironmental implications of thelatest snow chemistry from Mt Yulong Southeastern TibetanPlateaurdquo Quaternary International vol 313-314 pp 168ndash1782013

14 Advances in Meteorology

[88] K J Kreutz V B Aizen L D Cecil and C P Wake ldquoOxygenisotopic and soluble ionic composition of a shallow firn coreInilchek glacier central Tien Shanrdquo Journal of Glaciology vol47 no 159 pp 548ndash554 2001

[89] U C Kulshrestha M J Kulshrestha R Sekar G S R Sastryand M Vairamani ldquoChemical characteristics of rainwater at anurban site of south-central Indiardquo Atmospheric Environmentvol 37 no 21 pp 3019ndash3026 2003

[90] M Jain U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar and D C ParasharldquoInfluence of crustal aerosols on wet deposition at urban andrural sites in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 29-30 pp 5129ndash5137 2000

[91] G Zhu T Pu Y He P Shi and T Zhang ldquoSeasonal variationsof major ions in fresh snow at Baishui Glacier No 1 YulongMountain Chinardquo Environmental Earth Sciences vol 69 no 1pp 1ndash10 2013

[92] S C Kang C P Wake D H Qin P A Mayewski and T DYao ldquoMonsoon and dust signals recorded in Dasuopu glacierTibetan Plateaurdquo Journal of Glaciology vol 46 no 153 pp 222ndash226 2000

[93] D H Qin S G Hou D Q Zhang et al ldquoPreliminary resultsfrom the chemical records of an 804m ice core recoveredfrom East Rongbuk Glacier Qomolangma (Mount Everest)Himalayardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 35 pp 278ndash284 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

14 Advances in Meteorology

[88] K J Kreutz V B Aizen L D Cecil and C P Wake ldquoOxygenisotopic and soluble ionic composition of a shallow firn coreInilchek glacier central Tien Shanrdquo Journal of Glaciology vol47 no 159 pp 548ndash554 2001

[89] U C Kulshrestha M J Kulshrestha R Sekar G S R Sastryand M Vairamani ldquoChemical characteristics of rainwater at anurban site of south-central Indiardquo Atmospheric Environmentvol 37 no 21 pp 3019ndash3026 2003

[90] M Jain U C Kulshrestha A K Sarkar and D C ParasharldquoInfluence of crustal aerosols on wet deposition at urban andrural sites in Indiardquo Atmospheric Environment vol 34 no 29-30 pp 5129ndash5137 2000

[91] G Zhu T Pu Y He P Shi and T Zhang ldquoSeasonal variationsof major ions in fresh snow at Baishui Glacier No 1 YulongMountain Chinardquo Environmental Earth Sciences vol 69 no 1pp 1ndash10 2013

[92] S C Kang C P Wake D H Qin P A Mayewski and T DYao ldquoMonsoon and dust signals recorded in Dasuopu glacierTibetan Plateaurdquo Journal of Glaciology vol 46 no 153 pp 222ndash226 2000

[93] D H Qin S G Hou D Q Zhang et al ldquoPreliminary resultsfrom the chemical records of an 804m ice core recoveredfrom East Rongbuk Glacier Qomolangma (Mount Everest)Himalayardquo Annals of Glaciology vol 35 pp 278ndash284 2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in