Review for Lecture Review for Lecture and Laband LabYes, we have moreYes, we have more

Which of the following cell types is responsible for synthesizing the organic component of cartilage matrix?

a)a) ChondrocytesChondrocytes

b)b) OsteoblastsOsteoblasts

c)c) OsteocytesOsteocytes

d)d) ChondroclastsChondroclasts

e)e) 2 of the above2 of the above

Which of the following hormones acts to stimulate osteoclast activity and thus

increase bone resorption?

a) a) Growth Hormone

b) Parathyroid Hormone

c) Calcitonin

d) Insulin

e) Creatinine

Which of the following statements about bone is TRUE?

a)Bone is the hardest tissue in the body

b)Bone is a dynamic tissue which changes in response to hormonal demands

c)Bone has an organic component of hydroxyapatite

d)Bone contains 95% of the body's calcium in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals

Which of the following is NOT a Which of the following is NOT a

characteristic of bone tissue?characteristic of bone tissue?

a)Periosteum a)Periosteum

b)Calcium phosphate crystals b)Calcium phosphate crystals

c)Lacunae that contain 2-4 cells each c)Lacunae that contain 2-4 cells each

d)None of the aboved)None of the above

The matrix of hyaline The matrix of hyaline cartilage consists of all of cartilage consists of all of the following EXCEPT: the following EXCEPT:

a)Collagen fibers a)Collagen fibers

b)Chondrocytes b)Chondrocytes

c)Proteoglycans c)Proteoglycans

d)Lacunae d)Lacunae

e)Perichondrium e)Perichondrium

The organic component of The organic component of bone matrix is produced by bone matrix is produced by

a)Chondrocytes a)Chondrocytes

b)Chondroblasts b)Chondroblasts

c)Osteoblasts c)Osteoblasts

d)Osteocytes d)Osteocytes

e)Osteoclasts e)Osteoclasts

Which of the following statements Which of the following statements

about osteoblasts is TRUE?about osteoblasts is TRUE?

a)Osteoblasts are quiescent, inactive bone cells a)Osteoblasts are quiescent, inactive bone cells

b)Osteoblasts secrete osteoid, which contains b)Osteoblasts secrete osteoid, which contains only the inorganic component of bone matrix only the inorganic component of bone matrix

c)Osteoblasts respond to parathyroid hormone c)Osteoblasts respond to parathyroid hormone

d)Osteoblasts maintain contact with each other d)Osteoblasts maintain contact with each other via cytoplasmic processes known as via cytoplasmic processes known as canaliculi canaliculi

Which of the following cells Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for is primarily responsible for bone resorption? bone resorption?

a) Osteoblast a) Osteoblast

b) Osteocyte b) Osteocyte

c) Osteoclast c) Osteoclast

d) Chondrocyte d) Chondrocyte

e) Chondroblast e) Chondroblast

Which of the following cell types extend Which of the following cell types extend cytoplasmic processes through cytoplasmic processes through

canaliculi?canaliculi?

a)Osteoclasts

b)Osteocytes

c)Osteoblasts

d)Endothelial cells

e)Fibroblasts

Which of the following is Which of the following is absent in fibrocartilage? absent in fibrocartilage?

a)Matrix a)Matrix

b)Chondrocytes b)Chondrocytes

c)Collagenous fibers c)Collagenous fibers

d)Lacunae d)Lacunae

e)Perichondrium e)Perichondrium

Which of the following can Which of the following can be found in cartilage but be found in cartilage but not bone tissue not bone tissue

a) Lacunae a) Lacunae

b) Protein fibers b) Protein fibers

c) Blood vessels c) Blood vessels

d) Chondroitin d) Chondroitin

The dense connective tissue covering The dense connective tissue covering the outer surface of bone diaphyses is the outer surface of bone diaphyses is

known as the:known as the:

a)Perichondrium a)Perichondrium

b)Periosteum b)Periosteum

c)Endosteum c)Endosteum

d)Epiosteum d)Epiosteum

e)Exofibrium e)Exofibrium

Which of the following Which of the following bones is considered a bones is considered a sesamoid bone? sesamoid bone?

a)Clavicle a)Clavicle

b)Humerus b)Humerus

c)Patella c)Patella

d)Femur d)Femur

e)Popliteal e)Popliteal

These 2 components of These 2 components of bone are responsible for its bone are responsible for its hardness and pliability. hardness and pliability.

a)Osteoclasts and collagen a)Osteoclasts and collagen

b)Mineralized salts and osteocytes b)Mineralized salts and osteocytes

c)Mineralized salts and collagen c)Mineralized salts and collagen

d)Collagen and elastin d)Collagen and elastin

e)Collagen and metastatin e)Collagen and metastatin

A fracture in the shaft of a A fracture in the shaft of a long bone would be a break long bone would be a break in the: in the:

a)Epiphysis a)Epiphysis

b)Metaphysis b)Metaphysis

c)Diaphysis c)Diaphysis

d)Arthrosis d)Arthrosis

e)Atalaphysis e)Atalaphysis

Yellow marrow consists of ______________ tissue.

Chondroblasts produce ____________________.

_____________ carry blood _____________ carry blood vessels along the long axis vessels along the long axis of a bone of a bone

a)Volkmann's canals a)Volkmann's canals

b)Canaliculi b)Canaliculi

c)Lacunae c)Lacunae

e)Foramina e)Foramina

f)Haversian canals f)Haversian canals

The cell type that maintains The cell type that maintains the previously formed bone the previously formed bone matrix is the: matrix is the:

a)Osteoclast a)Osteoclast

b)Osteocyte b)Osteocyte

c)Osteoblast c)Osteoblast

e)Fibrocyte e)Fibrocyte

Soft connective tissue Soft connective tissue membranes between the membranes between the cranial bones at birth are: cranial bones at birth are:

a)An indication of microcephaly a)An indication of microcephaly

b)Frontal sinuses b)Frontal sinuses

c)Epiphyseal plates c)Epiphyseal plates

e)Cribifrom plates e)Cribifrom plates

f)Fontanelles f)Fontanelles

Endochondral and Endochondral and intramembranous are 2 intramembranous are 2 mechanisms of: mechanisms of:

a)Bone remodeling a)Bone remodeling

b)Embryonic skeletal ossification b)Embryonic skeletal ossification

c)Negative feedback c)Negative feedback

d)Cartilage resorption d)Cartilage resorption

Which of the folllowing is Which of the folllowing is NOT a cranial suture? NOT a cranial suture?

a)Epiphyseal a)Epiphyseal

b)Lambdoidal b)Lambdoidal

c)Coronal c)Coronal

d)Sagittal d)Sagittal

e)Squamous e)Squamous

The 2 pairs of bones that The 2 pairs of bones that make up the hard palate are make up the hard palate are the right and left: the right and left:

a)Zygomatic and temporal a)Zygomatic and temporal

b)Palatine and maxillae b)Palatine and maxillae

c)Maxillae and zygomatic c)Maxillae and zygomatic

d)Maxillae and mandibular d)Maxillae and mandibular

The 2 bones that make up The 2 bones that make up the posterior nasal septum the posterior nasal septum are the are the

a)Nasal and lacrimal a)Nasal and lacrimal

b)Lacrimal and vomer b)Lacrimal and vomer

c)Vomer and ethmoid c)Vomer and ethmoid

d)Ethmoid and sphenoid d)Ethmoid and sphenoid

Which of the following is Which of the following is the most life-the most life-threatening? threatening?

a)Deviated nasal septum a)Deviated nasal septum

b)Sinusitis b)Sinusitis

c)Damaged cribiform plate c)Damaged cribiform plate

d)Cleft palate d)Cleft palate

e)Ruptured bursae e)Ruptured bursae

Articulation is another word for _________________.

Which of the following Which of the following bones is NOT part of the bones is NOT part of the cranium? cranium?

a)Sphenoid a)Sphenoid

b)Palatine b)Palatine

c)Ethmoid c)Ethmoid

d)Occipital d)Occipital

Which of the following is Which of the following is NOT part of the axial NOT part of the axial skeleton? skeleton?

a)Femur a)Femur

b)Sternum b)Sternum

c)Mandible c)Mandible

d)Sacrum d)Sacrum

Incomplete closure of the vertebral column results in _____________.

The thickened cartilage cushions of the The thickened cartilage cushions of the knee that absorb compression are knee that absorb compression are

known as the:known as the:

a)Menisci a)Menisci

b)Bursae b)Bursae

c)Hovae c)Hovae

d)Ligaments d)Ligaments

e)Synovia e)Synovia

The The Hunchback of Notre Hunchback of Notre DameDame probably suffered probably suffered from: from:

a)Scoliosis a)Scoliosis

b)Kyphosis b)Kyphosis

c)Lordosis c)Lordosis

Which of the following does Which of the following does NOT describe synovial NOT describe synovial joints? joints?

a)Bones held together by cartilage a)Bones held together by cartilage

b)Joint surfaces covered with articulating b)Joint surfaces covered with articulating cartilage cartilage

c)Presence of a joint cavity c)Presence of a joint cavity

d)2-layered joint capsule d)2-layered joint capsule

e)Most freely moveable of joints e)Most freely moveable of joints

A ligament running along the side of the knee joint is a ____________.

Haversian canals contain ___________________.

Which of the following is Which of the following is LEAST likely to require LEAST likely to require arthroscopic surgery? arthroscopic surgery?

a)Removal of a torn meniscus in the knee a)Removal of a torn meniscus in the knee

b)Removal of torn articular cartilage in the b)Removal of torn articular cartilage in the knee knee

c)Repair of a torn lateral collateral ligament c)Repair of a torn lateral collateral ligament in the knee in the knee

d)Repair of a torn ACL in the knee d)Repair of a torn ACL in the knee

This hormone decreases This hormone decreases blood calcium levels. blood calcium levels.

a)Acetylcholine a)Acetylcholine

b)Glucagon b)Glucagon

c)Parathormone c)Parathormone

d)Calcitonin d)Calcitonin

Which of the following characteristics of Which of the following characteristics of cartilage distinguishes it from most other cartilage distinguishes it from most other

connective tissues?connective tissues?

a)Its extracellular matrix contains collagen a)Its extracellular matrix contains collagen

b)Its predominant cell type is a b)Its predominant cell type is a mesenchymal derivative mesenchymal derivative

c)Its predominant cell type secretes both c)Its predominant cell type secretes both fibers and ground substance fibers and ground substance

d)It lacks blood vessels d)It lacks blood vessels

e)It functions in mechanical support e)It functions in mechanical support

Fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage

a)Contains large numbers of elastic fibers a)Contains large numbers of elastic fibers b)Seldom contains isogenous groups of b)Seldom contains isogenous groups of

chondrocytes chondrocytes c)Is the cartilage type found in the c)Is the cartilage type found in the

epiphyses of long bones of children epiphyses of long bones of children d)Is structurally intermediate between d)Is structurally intermediate between

dense connective tissue and cartilage dense connective tissue and cartilage 3)Contains NO collagen 3)Contains NO collagen

All of the following facilitate the All of the following facilitate the distribution of nutrients and oxygen to distribution of nutrients and oxygen to

osteocytes EXCEPT:osteocytes EXCEPT:

a)Gap junctions a)Gap junctions

b)Cytoplasmic extensions b)Cytoplasmic extensions

c)Bone matrix c)Bone matrix

d)Haversian canals d)Haversian canals

e)Canaliculi e)Canaliculi

Each of the following is Each of the following is TRUE of Volkmann's canals TRUE of Volkmann's canals EXCEPT: EXCEPT:

a)They enclose extensions of osteoblasts a)They enclose extensions of osteoblasts

b)They form connections between b)They form connections between haversian canals haversian canals

c)They carry blood vessels c)They carry blood vessels

d)They are found in compact bone d)They are found in compact bone

e)They may be found in the diaphyses of e)They may be found in the diaphyses of adult long bones adult long bones

Each of the following statements Each of the following statements about epiphyseal plates is correct about epiphyseal plates is correct

EXCEPTEXCEPT a)They are responsible for lengthening of long a)They are responsible for lengthening of long

bones bones b)They appear only after the formation of the b)They appear only after the formation of the

secondary ossification center secondary ossification center c)They ossify prematurely in children lacking c)They ossify prematurely in children lacking

sufficient growth hormone sufficient growth hormone d)They are composed mainly of elastic cartilage d)They are composed mainly of elastic cartilage e)They exhibit the various stages of e)They exhibit the various stages of

endochondral bone formation endochondral bone formation

a)Hyaline cartilage a)Hyaline cartilage b)Elastic cartilage b)Elastic cartilage c)Fibrocartilage c)Fibrocartilage d)All of the above d)All of the above e)None of the above e)None of the above

1)Primary skeletal 1)Primary skeletal tissue in the fetus tissue in the fetus

2)Contains 2)Contains predominantly predominantly reticular fibers reticular fibers

3)No identifiable 3)No identifiable perichondrium perichondrium

4)Most widely 4)Most widely distributed cartilage distributed cartilage type in the body type in the body

a)Hyaline cartilage a)Hyaline cartilage

b)Elastic cartilage b)Elastic cartilage

c)Fibrocartilage c)Fibrocartilage

d)All of the above d)All of the above

e)None of the abovee)None of the above

5)Contains abundant 5)Contains abundant collagen collagen

6)Is yellowish when 6)Is yellowish when fresh fresh

7)Articular cartilage 7)Articular cartilage

8)Predominant 8)Predominant cartilage type in the cartilage type in the external ear external ear

a)Hyaline cartilage a)Hyaline cartilage b)Elastic cartilage b)Elastic cartilage c)Fibrocartilage c)Fibrocartilage d)All of the above d)All of the above e)None of the abovee)None of the above

9)Found in the 9)Found in the intervertebral disk intervertebral disk

10)Chondrocytes 10)Chondrocytes differentiate from differentiate from fibroblasts or fibroblasts or fibroblast-like cells fibroblast-like cells

11)Cartilage of 11)Cartilage of epiphyseal plates epiphyseal plates

12)Derives from 12)Derives from mesenchyme mesenchyme

    

The matrix of connective tissue is composed of:

a. cells, fibers and ground substance

b. cells and fibers    c. fibers and ground substance      d. cells and ground substance

   

These cells are located in bone tissue:

  a. chondroblasts    b. osteocytes      c. fibroblasts      d. chondrocytes

    

The small holes in which some connective tissue cells reside are termed:

a. lumen

b. lamellae

c. Lacunae

d. lamaze

    

Which of the following suffixes implies "growth" or "formation":

a. -blast   b. -lemma      c. -stasis      d. -cyte

A tissue viewed under the microscope displays cells in little holes, densely packed fibers and no blood

vessels. This describes:

    a. dense regular connective tissue      b. hyaline cartilage      c. fibrocartilage      d. adipose tissue

The dense connective tissue covering outer surface of bone diaphyses is termed

a) perichondriumb) periosteumc) endosteumd) exofibriume) articular cartilage a a

The ( axial <<>> appendicular ) skeleton is built for support

Concentric rings of bone in the Haversian system are called ( lacunae <<>> lamellae )

Cancellous bone makes bone ( heavy <<>> light ). It functions to hold the hematopoietic, or ( blood-forming <<>> bone-forming ) tissue and is then called red marrow

By far, most of the weight of bone is due to the ( bone cells <<>> matrix)

Red bone marrow is found in greatest amounts in ( long <<>> short ) bones

Most blood enters and exits a bone via ( Volkmann’s canals <<>> Nutrient foramina)

Most bone formation in the body develops by ( intra membranous <<>> cartilaginous ) formation

The primary ossification center of a long bone is always in the ( epiphysis <<>> diaphysis ) of the bone

 

A phagocytic cell, which destroys part of the matrix of cartilage so it can be invaded by blood vessels and other cells, is called the ( osteoclast <<>> chondroclast)

Bone cells are typically found in the ( canaliculi <<>> lacunae ) of an Haversian system

Appositional bone growth involves growth from the ( perichondrium <<>> periosteum)

 

Since the ( epiosteum <<>> periosteum ) is the outermost portion of a long bone, the inner most edge is called the ( endosteum <<>> compact portion ).

The ( axial <<>> appendicular ) skeleton protects the brain, lungs

and spinal cord

Hemopoiesis occurs mainly in ( medullary <<>> epiphyseal ) cavities of long bones,

and spongy bone of flat bones

Calcitonin ( increases <<>> decreases ) calcium levels in the blood while parahormone ( increases <<>>

decreases ) calcium levels in the blood.

(Trabeculae <<>> Volkmann's canals ) are a component of spongy

bone

A freely movable joint is a ( synarthrosis <<>> diarthrosis)

A(n) ( amphiarthrosis <<>> synarthrosis ) is a immovable joint.

The hip and shoulder joints are examples of ( hinge <<>> ball-and-socket ) joints.

The joints between the individual bones of the tarsals are ( gliding <<>> saddle ) joints

Forward movement of most of the body parts is called ( flexion <<>> extension)

Synovial fluid is made by the synovial membrane; the latter is continuous with the ( ligaments <<>> Periosteum ) attached to the

bone.

(Pivot <<>> Ball-and-socket ) joints exist between the axis and atlas and between the radial notch and the

head of the radius

(

Gliding <<>> Condyloid ) joints exist between individual bones of the carpals.

The joint between the first metacarpal of the hand and the trapezium of the carpals is a ( hinge

<<>> saddle ) joint

Holding your pen as your write your notes is an example of ( abduction <<>> opposition ) of your finger

and thumb

Movement in a circular motion that describes the open part of a cone is called ( rotation <<>>

circumduction)

 

Turning-type motion is called ( abduction <<>> rotation ).

Movement in one plane only, i.e., backward and forward, is allowed at ( hinge <<>> condyloid ) joints

Pulling your shoulders back when standing straight indicates ( adduction <<>> retraction ) of your shoulders

Increasing the angle at a joint is ( flexion <<>> extension)

A) Temporal BonesA) Temporal Bones B) SphenoidB) Sphenoid C) Lacrimal bonesC) Lacrimal bones D) MaxillaeD) Maxillae

1) These very small bones are at 1) These very small bones are at the medial border of each eye.the medial border of each eye.

2) Failure of these anterior bones 2) Failure of these anterior bones to fuse causes a condition known to fuse causes a condition known as cleft palate.as cleft palate.

3) This bone houses the 3) This bone houses the apparatus of the inner and middle apparatus of the inner and middle ear.ear.

4) This bone is wing‑shaped and 4) This bone is wing‑shaped and extends behind the eyes and extends behind the eyes and forms part of the floor of the forms part of the floor of the cranial vault.cranial vault.

5) The bones that contain teeth5) The bones that contain teeth 6) This bone has a pasageway 6) This bone has a pasageway

into the nasal cavity.into the nasal cavity. 7) The sella turcica is a portion of 7) The sella turcica is a portion of

this bone.this bone.

A) CoccyxA) Coccyx B) Lumbar vertebraeB) Lumbar vertebrae C) AtlasC) Atlas D) Thoracic D) Thoracic

vertebraevertebrae

1)Thickest centrum with short 1)Thickest centrum with short blunt spinous processes blunt spinous processes

2)Fused rudimentary tailbone2)Fused rudimentary tailbone 3)A circle of bone that 3)A circle of bone that

articulatesarticulates

superiorly with the occipital superiorly with the occipital condylescondyles

4) These bones have articular 4) These bones have articular facets for the ribs.facets for the ribs.

5) Allows the head to nod 5) Allows the head to nod eyeseyes

T or F: All of the bones of the skull, except the mandible, are united by sutures and are therefore immovable.

T or F: The foramen magnum goes through the occipital bone.

T or F: The vertebral column is held in place primarily by the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments.

T or F: Costal cartilages join most ribs to the sternum.

T or F: The tubercle of a rib articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra.

T or F: The term vertebrochondral ribs refers to ribs that attach to each other before they attach to the sternum.

T or F: In the anatomical position, the lateral forearm bone is the radius.

T or F: The vomer forms part of the nasal septum.

T or F: The lacrimal bones contain openings that allow the tear ducts to pass.

T or F: There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.

T or F: All vertebrae possess a body, a spine, and transverse foramina.

T or F: The dens articulates with the axis.

T or F: The master gland of the body (pituitary gland) is housed in a saddlelike depression in the temporal bonecalled the sella turcica.

T or F: The ischium articulates with both the ilium and the pubis.

1) A structure found on the femur is the ________.A) anterior crestB) malleolusC) linea asperaD) apex

Which forms the major portion of the coxal bone?A) ischiumB) pubisC) iliumD) pelvic

The inferiormost part of the sternum is the ________.A) xiphoid processB) bodyC) manubriumD) ala

The membranous areas between the cranial bones of the fetal skull are called ________.A) areolasB) foraminaC) suturesD) fontanels

The axial skeleton contains ________.A) the skull, vertebral column, and pelvisB) arms, legs, hands, and feetC) the skull, vertebral column, and rib cageD) shoulder and pelvic girdles

The ethmoid bone is composed of all of the following except the ________.A) superior nasal conchaB) crista galliC) cribriform plateD) inferior nasal concha

Only the ________ vertebra does not have a body.A) last lumbarB) axisC) atlasD) last cervical

The suture that connects the two parietal bones together is the ________.A) coronalB) sagittalC) lambdoidD) squamosal

The pituitary gland is housed in the ________.A) vomer boneB) sinuses of the ethmoidC) sella turcica of the sphenoidD) foramen lacerum

The hyoid bone is unique because ________.A) it is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other boneB) it is shaped like a plowC) it is covered with mucosaD) it has no specific function

Along with support, the broad anterior ligament of the vertebral column also acts to ________.A) hold the discs in placeB) prevent hyperextension of the spineC) hold the spine erectD) protect the spinal cord

The major function of the intervertebral discs is to ________.A) absorb shockB) string the vertebrae togetherC) prevent injuriesD) prevent hyperextension

All of the following facial bones are paired except one. Which of the following is the unpaired facial bone?A) palatineB) lacrimalC) vomerD) maxillae

Paranasal sinuses are found in which of these facial bones?A) zygomaticB) nasal conchaeC) vomerD) maxillae

Which of the following is an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column often seen in the thoracicregion?A) kyphosisB) scoliosisC) lordosisD) swayback

Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body?A) the sacrumB) the cervical regionC) the lumbar regionD) the sacral promontory

Thoracic vertebrae T2 through T8 differ from the others in that ________.A) they have no transverse processesB) they have superior and inferior demifacetsC) they have transverse foraminaD) they have no intervertebral discs

The major function of the axial skeleton is to ________.A) give the body resilienceB) provide an attachment point for muscles that allow movementC) provide central support for the body and protect internal organsD) provide a space for the heart and lungs

The antebrachium is composed of which of the following two bones?A) the radius and the ulnaB) the humerus and the clavicleC) the scapula and the clavicleD) the humerus and the radius

The true wrist or carpus consists of ________.A) a group of eight short bones united by ligamentsB) the phalangesC) the styloid processes of the radius and ulnaD) the metacarpals

The short bone that attaches to the third metacarpal is the ________.A) trapezoidB) hamateC) capitateD) triquetral

The bone in direct contact with the first metatarsal (big toe) is the ________.A) medial cuneiformB) lateral cuneiformC) cuboidD) calcaneus

The skull bone that the foramen magnum passes through is the ________.A) atlasB) axisC) occipitalD) parietal

The middle nasal concha is part of which bone?A) maxillaB) zygomaticC) nasalD) ethmoid

The superior nasal concha is a part of which bone?A) vomerB) ethmoidC) sphenoidD) maxilla

The following is not a structure found on the ischium.A) superior ramusB) inferior ramusC) lesser sciatic notchD) superior body

The tibia is in contact with which tarsus?A) calcaneusB) cuboidC) navicularD) talus

The heel bone is called the ________.

The medial condyle of the femur articulates with the medial condyle of the ________.

The largest foramen in the body is the ________ foramen.

The styloid process of the ________ points to the thumb.

The ________ is the primary bone in the septum of the nose.

Your cheek is composed of the ________ bone.

Example Open Example Open QuestionsQuestions

How are the pectoral and pelvic girdles structurally different? How is this difference reflected in theirfunctions?Answer: The pectoral girdle moves freely across the thorax and allows the upper limb a high degree ofmobility, while the pelvic girdle is secured to the axial skeleton to provide strength and support.

Which are the four major sutural bones and between which bones are they found?Answer: 1. Coronal parietaland frontal2. Sagittal betweenthe parietal bones3. Squamous parietaland temporal4. Lambdoidal parietaland occipital

If the hyoid bone is not attached to another bone why is it so important?Answer: The hyoid acts as an attachment point for muscles in the throat region to connect the muscles in thelower jaw region. It allows for the muscles to make a right angle at the junction of the lower jaw andthroat. The hyoid serves as a movable base for the tongue and its horns are attachment points for neckmuscles that raise and lower the larynx during speech and swallowing.

What is the purpose of the articular processes of the vertebrae?Answer: These processes (superior and inferior) allow the vertebral column to flex forward some, but lock thevertebrae if the column is flexed back. In a fourleggedanimal, such as a horse, these processes allowthe back to remain in place while you ride it.

1. List four groups of bones based upon their shapes, and name an example from each group.

a. Long bones—femur and humerus

b. Short bones—tarsals and carpals

c. Flat bones—ribs, scapulae, and bones of the skull

d. Irregular bones—vertebrae and many facial bones

Sketch a typical long bone, and label its epiphyses, diaphysis, medullary cavity, periosteum, and articular cartilages. See figure 7.2, page 183.

3. Distinguish between spongy and compact bone. Compact bone is comprised of tightly packed tissue that is strong, solid, and resistant to bending. Spongy bone consists of numerous branching bony plates. Irregular interconnected spaces occur between these plates, thus reducing the weight of the bone.

Explain how central canals and perforating canals are related. Central canals (Haversian canals) contain one or two small blood vessels and a nerve, surrounded by loose connective tissue. These vessels provide nourishment for the bone cells associated with the osteonic canals. The osteonic canals run longitudinally. Perforating canals (Volkmann’s canals) run transversely and contain larger blood vessels and nerves by which the vessels and nerves in osteonic canals communicate with the surface of the bone and the medullary cavity.

Distinguish between osteoblasts and osteocytes. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells. Osteocytes are mature bone cells surrounded by matrix.

Explain the function of an epiphyseal plate. The epiphyseal plate is a band of cartilage that is left between the primary and secondary ossification centers. This plate includes rows of young cells that are undergoing mitosis and producing new cells. As the epiphyseal plate thickens due to the new cells, bone length is increased.

Describe the functions of red and yellow bone marrow. Red marrow functions in the formation of red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets. Its red color is derived from the oxygen-carrying pigment hemoglobin. Yellow marrow functions in fat storage and is inactive in blood cell production

Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeletons. The axial skeleton consists of the bones that make up the skull, the hyoid bone, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle, the bones that comprise the upper and lower limbs, and the pelvic girdle.