Quarrel with the church

All property of the church was nationalized andthe monasteries were abolished. Turned theChurch against the Revolution and caused a

great division. Easily the greatest blunder of theFrench Revolution.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Required the popular election of bishops and pried and made the church adepartment of the government. An oath of loyalty to the state was required ofall priests but only 50% would comply. Those who took the oath were called"Constitutional Clergy" and saw themselves as patriots. Those who refusedwere called "Refractory Priests" and were persecuted and imnprisoned. The

pope refused to ratify the Civil Constitution and condemned the entirerevolution. This drove a deep wedge between devout Catholics and the

revolution.

Edmund BurkeWrote "Reflections on the Revolution in France,"

predicting anarchy and eventual militarydictatorship.

Jacobin ClubsSimilar to the salons of the enlightenment, thesedinner clubs were a forum for continued political

disscussion

EmigresThose who fled France with the intention ofreturning when it was safe again. Often veryvocal in their opposition to the Revolution.

Flight to VarennesThe king and his family tried to leave France asemigre. They were recognized and arrested and

returned to Paris.

Declaration of Pillnitz (1791)

Under pressure from the emigres and out of fearthat the revolution would spread, Austria and

Prussia threatened invasion. The Frenchretaliated by declaring war on Austria and

Prussia in 1792.

The First Coalition

Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia and Swedenformed an alliance to defeat France but failed

when Prussia, Austria, and Russia weredistracted by the opportunity to partition Poland.

The Legislative Assembly

Called to put the new constitution onto operation.The new delegates were much more radical than

those of the Constituent Assembly which hadbeen chosen to write the new constitution.

The Second French Revolution (Aug. 10, 1792)

Stirred by patriotism and upset that the newconstitution seemed to discriminate against the

mob, lower classes of Paris overthrew theLegislative Assembly and called for a new

constitution.

The National ConventionTasked with writing a new constitution for theSECOND French Revolution, the constitutionproclaimed France a republic in Sept. 1792

Girondin Party of moderate delegates to the convention.

The Mountain

Radical and extreme, the Mountain made up theleft side or wing of the convention. With the

support of the mob of Paris, the Mountain gainedcontrol of the convention.

The September Massacres

After imprisoning the king, the mob dragged over3,000 refractory priests and other opponents ofthe revolution out of their cells and murdered

them.

Louis XVI Convicted of treason and executed in early 1793

The Committee of Public Safety

Led by Robespierre and tasked with winning thewar and ridding France of all enemies. The

Commitee also fixed prices to calm thesans-culottes and mobilized the entire economyto boost the war effort. Conscription raised thenumber of soldiers in the French army to over

500,000.

The TerrorDesigned by Robespierre to rid the revolution of

its enemies. Used the guillotine as the instrumentof terror. 40,000 died in the terror.

The Republican Calendar

Because of the Revolutions' anti-Christian stanceand a desire to increase productivity, the

Convention created a calendar with 12 months,each with 3 weeks of 10 days. All months wererenamed and all religious holidays done away

with.

Thermidorian Reaction

Following Robespierre's execution on 9Thermidor of the Year III, the Terror was ended,

price controls done away with and a newconstitution written.

In Insurrection of ParairialWith the rise in the price of bread, the mob rose

up against the Convention. The militaryintervened and crushed the revolt.

The DirectoryNew government created by the constitution of

the Year III. led by a five man executive, theDirectory proved to be awkward and inefficient.

Napolean Bonaparte Young and brilliant general who defeated Austriain the alpine regions of Italy.

Treaty of Campo-Formio Ended the fighting with Austria in Italy.

Invasion of Egypt

Unable to cross the Channel to attack Britain,Napoleon chose to cut Britain's' supply line to

India in Egypt. Trapped there by the Royal Navy,Napoleon escaped to return to Paris and

overthrow the Directory.

The Consulate (1799-1804) Napoleon ruled France as First consul andinstituted many reforms.

The Civil Code Granted equal rights to the middle classes andguaranteed the gains made by the peasants.

The Concordat of 1801 Restored the Catholic Church in France toRome.

The Second CoalitionBritain, Russia, Sweden and Austria joined to

fight France in 1803. The British gained completecontrol of the sea at the Battle of Trafalgar.

The Louisiana PurchaseUnwilling to defend his new world possessions

while in at war in Europe, Napoleon soldLouisiana to the United States.

The Third CoalitionBritain, Russia, Sweden and Austria joined to

fight France in 1803. The British gained completecontrol of the sea at the Battle of Trafalgar.

Lord NelsonCommanded the British fleet from his flagship,

HMS Victory, in the Battle of Trafalgar. Killed bya French Sharpshooter.

The French EmpireNapoleon proclaimed himself Emperor of theFrench in 1804. This ended the First French

Republic.

Austerlitz (1805)Napoleon defeated the forces of Austria and

Russia, causing the collapse of the ThirdCoalition.

The Confederation of the Rhine

Created by Napoleon out of the German statesbordering the Rhine. Aroused by this, Prussia

rises against the French and are promptlydefeated in the battles of Jena and Auerstadt.

Treaty of Tilsit (1807) Prussia looses half it's population to France andRussia agrees to ally themselves with France.

Continental System

Unable to invade Britain, Napoleon wages economic warfare by declaring(the Declaration of Berlin) a European boycott of British products. Britainresponds with a naval blockade of European ports. Forced to use roads,rivers and canals to transport goods. Europe suffers more than Britain

because of the Continental System. Particularly hurt is Russia, which its verypoor road system. Britain, on the other hand, seeks and gains markets in the

Americas and Asia.

Three parts of the French Empire France, Dependent States, and ConqueredNations and Allies.

Part of the French Empire: France

Expanded to the base of Denmark and down theboot of Italy and including even the coast of

Dalmatia, France intended to keep coastal areasunder close control.

Part of the French Empire: Dependent StatesThe Confederation of the Rhine and the Grand

Duchy or Warsaw owed their existence to Franceand depended on French support.

Part of the French Empire: Conquered Nationsand allies

Included Denmark, Norway, Prussia, Austria, Russia, Italyand although never thoroughly subdued, Spain. These

nations often rose in rebellion, but, with the exception ofSpain, were quickly brought back into the empire. Russiawithdrew from the continental system on Dec. 31, 1810,

causing Napoleon to raise an army to force them back intothe system.

The Peninsular War

The people of Spain refused to submit to Frenchrule and continued to fight on. Britain sent troops

and aid and the first defeat of a French armyoccurred in Spain.

The Grande Armee

Napoleon used the year of 1811 to form an armyto march into Russia. By June of 1812, the

Grande Armee numbered 611,000 men, onethird of whom were French.

Invasion of Russia

In June of 1812, the Grande Armee Marched into Russia expecting a briefcampaign. The Russian army refused to fight the the Russian people deniedNapoleon the ability to live off the land by burning everything in front of the

Grandee Armee. In September, the Russian Army made a stand at Borodinoand fought the bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic Wars. The French were

victorious, but the Russian army retreated in good order. The French enteredMoscow which caught fire and burned. Napoleon was faced with the decision

of retreating back to the Grand Duchy or staying the winter in a ruinedMoscow with a Russian Army nearby. It took six weeks for him to decide toreturn to Poland. Winter came early and between the Russian army and the

weather, the Grande Armee lost 500,000 men. Killed or captured.

The Fourth CoalitionFormed by Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia.Defeated what remained of the French army and

forced the abdication of Napoleon.

Elba Small island off Italy and location of the place ofexile for Napoleon.

The Congress of Vienna Called to sort out the post-Napoleonic Europeand form the peace.

Louis XVIII Brother to Louis XVI. Restored to the throne ofFrance following the abdication of Napoleon.

The Hundred DaysNapoleon escaped from Elba and raised an army

that threatened the Congress of Vienna.Defeated at Waterloo by the Fifth Coalition.

The Peace of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna redrew the map of Europe with anenlarged Prussia designed to prevent future Frenchexpansion on the Rhine, created a Poland with Tsar

Alexander I as it's king, consolidated the German Statesinto a German Confederation and joined the Netherlands

and Belgium. There was minimum resentment of France atthe Congress and the peace reached there would last for

nearly 100 years.

The Industrial Revolution The change from hand production to machineproduction.

Energy Crisis The reduction of England's forests resulted in asearch for substitute sources of fuel.

Coal Mining

When surface deposits of coal ran out, miningresulted but was faced with water invading themines. Pumping the water out was the solution

but with only animal or wind power, the pumpingwas very difficult.

Steam EnginesEarly steam engines like that of Newcomen

(1705), answered the problem of powering thepumps. Early engines were very inefficient.

James Watt and Matthew Boulton

Designed a more efficient steam engine byadding a condenser. This allowed for the

reduction in size and weight of the engine, evenallowing the engine to be mounted on a carriage

to become the first locomotives.

Factory system

When machines became large and heavy andrequired steam of water power the machines

were concentrated in a single location. Workerscame to the machines.

Spinning Jenny Hargreaves developed a spinning wheel thatcould spin multiple threads at one time.

Water FrameArkwright's improvement in the Spinning Jennywhich when powered by water and later steam.

Spun hundreds of threads at a time.

Power Loom Wove the threads rapidly.

Child Labor

Abondoned children were a primary source inearly factories. They worked in unbearableconditions for as many as 16 hours a day.

Orphanages profited from the leasing of thesechildren to the factories.

Stevenson's Rocket The first practical steam locomotive.

Liverpool and Manchester Railway The first important railroad in Europe

Railroad Boom (1830-1850)Lower transportation costs, larger markets andcheaper goods. Made it easier for rural workers

to move to urban areas.

The Great Exposition (1851) Held in the Crystal Palace, reflected the growthof industry and population in Britain.

Thomas Malthus Argued that population would always grow fasterthan the food supply.

David Ricardo

"Iron Law of Wages," insisted that wages wouldalswys be low. Manchester School of Economic

Thought -any who believed in the theories ofMalthus and Ricardo were considered to be of

the "Manchester School." The negativeteachings of these men led their theories to be

known as "a dismal science."

Continental Industry

Retarded due to revolutions and wars,continental Europe found it difficult to comepete

with Britain's head start. Much of Britishpioneering work in industry was borrowed or

stolen by Europeans.

Cockerill An Englishman who took industrial secrets to thecontinent and help industrialize Belgium.

Harkort Unsuccessfully attempted to industrialize thePrussia.

Frederich List Promoted the idea that nations should buildindustry behind protective tariff barriers.

Credit MobilerAn investment bank of France. Banks played amuch greater role in financing industry on the

continent.

Factory Workers

Poor working condition and the lack of benefitsand insurance protection led the working class tosee themselves as oppressed. 14-16 hour work

days were common. Women and childrenworked alongside the men in the factories.

Real WagesThe purchasing power of workers saw no

significant improvement. Diet probably improvedbut housing did not.

Child Labor Laws Parliament sought to reduce the hours thechildren worked.

The Factory Act of 1833 Limited child labor and the hours that childrencould work.

Subcontracting

The use of subcontractors to hire and maintainwork. Led to solidarity in the work place due to

the fact that friends and relatives would be hiredfirst.

Sexual division of labor

Child labor laws required mothers to remainhome with their young children while the fathersprovided for the family's' needs. This became a

permanent situation that soon saw workingwomen relegated to the lowest end of the

working class division.

Early Labor Movements

Working class consciousness developed andagitated for higher wages and better working

condition. Employers saw early unions asstanding in the way of industrial progress.

The Combination Act of 1799 Outlawed unions and strikes. Repealed in 1824.

Chartism

Those who sought to expand the franchise andallow all adult males to vote circulated a petitioncalled the "People's Charter." The petition was

circulated several times and showed muchsupport for reform but Parliament rejected each

petition.

Balance of Power

The idea that there should be an internationalequilibrium of political and military forces. Nosingle state should hold the majority of the

power. Often it requires a number of small statesto balance out the power of a large and powerful

state.

Castlereagh Delegate from Britain to the Congress of Vienna.

Metternich

Represented Austria at the Congress. Chiefproponent of Conservatism and an enemy of

liberalism and republicanism. Author of the HolyAlliance.

Holy AllianceA crusade against liberalism led by Metternichand included the states of Austria, Prussia, and

Russia.

The Congress System

Operational System of the Holy Alliance. Anattempt to prevent liberalism and republicanismby calling a series of conferences to check therise of liberalism throughout Europe. Dedicatedto the prevention of the rise of liberalism and the

destruction of the notion of Liberty.

Congress of Aix-la-ChappelCalled for the removal of occupation troops fromFrance and support of the Bourbon restoration of

Louis XVIII.

Congress of TroppauCalled for the use of military force to restore the

king of Naples to his throne because he hadbeen toppled by the revolution.

Congress of Verona

Called for the restoration by force of LatinAmerican nations to their former colonial

motherland, Spain. Since this would require amulti-national naval expedition, it was doomedfrom the beginning due to lack of support from

Britain.

The Monroe Doctrine

Alarmed by the Congress of Verona, the United States, withthe support of Britain, formulated a doctrine to called for

European states to recognize the sovereignty of the nationsof the new world and prohibited any further colonization.The fact that the doctrine was backed by Britain gave the

doctrine real power and authority.

The Carlsbad DecreesIssued by Metternich, these laws prohibited theteaching of nationalism in German classrooms

and also dissolved the student unions.

Metternich and Conservatism

Metternich Championed the idea that eh best form ofgovernment blended monarchy, bureaucracy, and

aristocracy. He hated liberalism which he saw as stirring upthe lower classes to rebellion. He feared that liberal ideas

like nationalism would stir up the many minority nationalitieswithin Austria and cause it's disintegration.