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Review
How many times can a normal cell divide? Max of 50 or 60 times
What are the three ways normal growth is controlled? Anchorage dependence – divide only if anchored to a tissue in the bodyDensity-dependent inhibition – divide only if there is roomGenes – genes tell cell to go through cell cycle
What is apoptosis? Cell suicide is called apoptosis.
Why do you think apoptosis is so important to cells?
How are cancer cells different from normal cells?
Cancer cells do not follow the cell’s control system…
They… don't stop reproducing don't obey signals from other cells don't stick together don't specialize, but stay immature
What is a mutation? Any change in your DNA sequence
How many mutations does it take to develop cancer?
Many
Goal of Hit Simulator Activity: (We skipped this) (… it was a graph… you change the settings and observe how the graph changes with the different settings…)
It takes multiple mutations, not just 1 to develop cancer
Mutation rates (how likely you are to get a mutation) variesCan vary by age (older more likely to mutate)Can vary by lifestyle (risky behaviors lead to
mutations)
Make a table with the heads below and fill it in as you read the next 5 slides!
Gene What it normally does
What it does when it mutates
Proto-onco genes
Tumor suppressor genes
P53 gene
DNA repair genes
Angiogenesis genes
Metastasis genes
GeneGene What it normally What it normally doesdoes
What it does when What it does when it mutatesit mutates
Proto-onco genes
Encourages cell to multiple or double. Once you are fully grown this does not happen very often
Mutated (oncogenes) tell the cell to multiply all the time. Too many cells for the body
Tumor suppressor genes
Stop the cell from multiplying or doubling
If mutated – cell may carry on and on multiplying. Becomes immortal
P53 gene Tumor suppressor gene. Stop cells with other damaged genes from reproducing and encourages them to destroy themselves
Apoptosis does not occur even when necessary. Cells will continue to accumulate mutation
Gene What it normally does
What it does when it mutates
DNA repair genes
Repair any damage to the DNA that make up cell’s genes.
Mutations are not repaired and cell can copy the mutation into its daughter cells
Angiogenesis genes
Proteins that switch blood vessel growth on and off
Abnormal blood vessel formation around cancerous tumors – limitless food and oxygen supply to tumor
Metastasis genes
Usually cells in an area stay attached and together
Allows cells to detach and move throughout the body to other places
The biggest ‘risk factor’ in developing cancer is not smoking or tanning, but getting old,
how do you think we can explain that?
Can take a long time before enough mutations to happen for a cell to become cancerous. (This is why most types of cancer are more common in older people)
The older you are the more time you have had… To be exposed to carcinogens. For accidents to occur when cells reproduce.
What is a carcinogen? A chemical that causes cancer!
Have you ever saw Erin Brochovich?
What are the 3 most common cancers in men? Women?
List the 3 ways we treat cancer? (if you are not familiar with any of them you may want to write a brief description)1.Chemotherapy – drug treatment, cytotoxic drugs2.Radiation – X-ray, electrons, radioactive material3.Surgery – cutting away tissue from the body
What is the difference between traditional chemotherapy and ‘magic bullet’ drugs?Chemo – targets cells to killMagic bullet – targets proteins (replace or block) instead of killing cells
‘Risky Behaviors’ that may lead to people developing
cancer…
Smoking / chewing tobaccoDrinkingRadiation (UV or X-ray)Not eating a healthy dietNot exercising regularlyWorkplace environment / exposureOther illnesses (including sexually transmitted diseases)
Cancer Vocabulary Reviewhttp://www.quia.com/jg/2071700.html
The Cell Cycle "Battleship"http://www.quia.com/ba/438775.html