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Review of 2011 Integrated Waste Management Plan

Draft Situational Analysis

July 2014

Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality


377888 1 1

C:\Users\LUY65882\Desktop\Mangaung IWMP Situational Analysis V2.docx

27 June 2014





July 2014

Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality

Mott MacDonald, 2nd Floor, 5 St Georges Building, St Georges Mall, Cape Town 8001, South Africa

PO Box 7786, Roggebaai 8012, South Africa

T +27 (0)21 440 5060 F +27 (0) 21 418 6440 W www.mottmac.com


Review of 2011 Integrated Waste Management Plan Draft Situational Analysis

377888///1/1 27 June 2014 C:\Users\LUY65882\Desktop\Mangaung IWMP Situational Analysis V2.docx

Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description Standard

01 18 July 2014 Therese Luyt Mahier Abrahams Mahier Abrahams Review of 2011 Integrated Waste Management Plan: Situational Analysis

02 29 August 2014 Therese Luyt Mahier Abrahams Mahier Abrahams Review of 2011 Integrated Waste Management Plan: Situational Analysis – Final Report

Issue and revision record

This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose.

We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties.

This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it.




Chapter Title Page

Executive Summary i

1 Acronyms 1

2 Glossary 3

3 Acknowledgements 4

4 Terms of Reference 5

5 Introduction 6

5.1 Integrated Waste Management Plans ___________________________________________________ 6 5.2 Industry Waste Management Plans _____________________________________________________ 9 5.3 Responsibility of local and district municipalities __________________________________________ 10 5.4 Integrated Waste Management Planning as described in the IDP, 2014-15 _____________________ 11 5.5 Approach and Methodology __________________________________________________________ 12

6 Background 14

6.1 Mission Statement of Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality __________________________________ 14 6.2 General Description ________________________________________________________________ 15 6.3 Demographics ____________________________________________________________________ 16 6.4 Income __________________________________________________________________________ 16 6.5 Employment ______________________________________________________________________ 17 6.6 Economic activities _________________________________________________________________ 18 6.7 Climate __________________________________________________________________________ 18 6.8 Topography ______________________________________________________________________ 19 6.9 Geology and geohydrology ___________________________________________________________ 19 6.10 Water ___________________________________________________________________________ 19 6.11 Transport ________________________________________________________________________ 20 6.12 Development profiles _______________________________________________________________ 20

7 Situational analysis 21

7.1 Governance and institutional capacity __________________________________________________ 21 7.1.1 Waste policy and by-laws ____________________________________________________________ 21 7.1.2 Staff compliment of existing waste management system ____________________________________ 22 7.1.3 Role of private sector participation _____________________________________________________ 23 7.2 Waste generation areas _____________________________________________________________ 25 7.2.1 Definition of general, hazardous and industry waste _______________________________________ 25 7.2.2 Domestic waste ___________________________________________________________________ 28 7.2.3 Businesses _______________________________________________________________________ 29 7.2.4 Industry __________________________________________________________________________ 30 7.2.5 E-waste _________________________________________________________________________ 30 7.2.6 Tyres ___________________________________________________________________________ 31

Contents



7.2.7 Abattoir __________________________________________________________________________ 32 7.2.8 Building rubble ____________________________________________________________________ 32 7.2.9 Farming _________________________________________________________________________ 33 7.2.10 Manufacture ______________________________________________________________________ 33 7.2.11 Military __________________________________________________________________________ 33 7.2.12 Sewage sludge ____________________________________________________________________ 33 7.2.13 Health care facilities ________________________________________________________________ 34 7.3 Waste quantities and types __________________________________________________________ 38 7.3.1 Methodology for general waste survey __________________________________________________ 38 7.3.2 Population projections ______________________________________________________________ 38 7.3.3 MLM waste characterisation study _____________________________________________________ 40 7.3.4 Volumes of general waste generated ___________________________________________________ 41 7.4 Waste avoidance and reduction _______________________________________________________ 42 7.4.1 Description of waste avoidance and reduction ____________________________________________ 42 7.4.2 Existing waste avoidance and reduction_________________________________________________ 43 7.5 Collection systems _________________________________________________________________ 43 7.5.1 Levels of service ___________________________________________________________________ 43 7.5.2 Public cleansing ___________________________________________________________________ 45 7.5.3 Waste collection and transport technologies _____________________________________________ 45 7.5.4 Waste containment _________________________________________________________________ 47 7.6 Waste reduction ___________________________________________________________________ 48 7.6.1 Recovery for recycling ______________________________________________________________ 49 7.6.2 Waste pickers _____________________________________________________________________ 52 7.6.3 ILO Free State SME Development Initiative ______________________________________________ 54 7.6.4 Composting ______________________________________________________________________ 54 7.7 Waste disposal ____________________________________________________________________ 55 7.7.1 Landfill Site Auditing ________________________________________________________________ 55 7.7.2 Operating landfill sites ______________________________________________________________ 55 7.7.3 Waste Information System ___________________________________________________________ 73 7.7.4 Waste Transfer Stations _____________________________________________________________ 73 7.7.5 Public drop-off facilities ______________________________________________________________ 74 7.7.6 Illegal dumping ____________________________________________________________________ 74 7.7.7 Disposal facilities used outside of municipalities __________________________________________ 74 7.7.8 Education and awareness ___________________________________________________________ 75 7.7.9 Resident’s monitoring committee ______________________________________________________ 75 7.8 Financial aspects __________________________________________________________________ 76 7.8.1 Financial summary of waste management services ________________________________________ 76

8 Progress made towards objectives of 2011 draft IWMP 78

9 Progress: Draft 2011 IWMP 78

10 Stakeholder Participation 79

10.1 Stakeholder consultation and participation _______________________________________________ 79 10.2 Feedback ________________________________________________________________________ 80

11 Legislation 82



1.1 National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 ____________________________________ 82 1.2 Environment Conservation Act No. 73 of 1989 ____________________________________________ 83 1.3 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa ______________________________________________ 83 1.4 National Environmental Management Act _______________________________________________ 83 1.5 National Environment: Air Quality Act 39 of 2004 _________________________________________ 84 1.6 National Waste Management Strategy, November 2011 ____________________________________ 85 1.7 International Conventions ____________________________________________________________ 86

12 References 88

Appendices 90

Appendix A. SWMSd detailed organogram ________________________________________________________ 91 Appendix B. Irregular waste removal & illegal dumping per ward ________________________________________ 92 Appendix C. Northern landfill site permit ___________________________________________________________ 93 Appendix D. Northern landfill site operational plan ___________________________________________________ 94 Appendix E. Southern landfill site permit __________________________________________________________ 95 Appendix F. Southern landfill site operational plan ___________________________________________________ 96 Appendix G. Botshabelo landfill site permit _________________________________________________________ 97 Appendix H. Botshabelo landfill site operational plan _________________________________________________ 98 Appendix I. Monitoring Committee standard permit__________________________________________________ 99 Appendix J. MLM AISWMS ___________________________________________________________________ 100 Appendix K. Key stakeholder workshop response sheets ____________________________________________ 101

Figures

Figure 5-1: Waste Management Hierarchy _________________________________________________________ 7 Figure 5-2: The need for IWMPs (UNEP 2009) _____________________________________________________ 8 Figure 6-1: Locality map of Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality _______________________________________ 15 Figure 6-2: Employment status (STATS SA 2011) __________________________________________________ 17 Figure 6-3: GDP contribution per Sector (IDP 2014-15) ______________________________________________ 18 Figure 7-1: Organigram of the Solid Waste Management Sub-directorate of MMM _________________________ 22 Figure 7-2: Recycling of tyres at the Southern Landfill Site ___________________________________________ 32 Figure 7-3: Actual waste volumes (July 2013 – May 2014) ___________________________________________ 41 Figure 7-4: Percentage distribution of households by type of waste disposal 1996 – 2011 (STATS SA 2011) ____ 44 Figure 7-5: Fichardt Park clear bags and collection system _____________________________________________ 49 Figure 7-6: Various recycling activities ___________________________________________________________ 51 Figure 7-7: Recycling initiatives at various churches ________________________________________________ 52 Figure 7-8: Selection of photos showing recycling activities at the Botshabelo landfill site____________________ 53 Figure 7-9: Locality Plan: Operating landfill sites ___________________________________________________ 55 Figure 7-10: Selection of photographs showing current activities at Northern landfill site _____________________ 60 Figure 7-11: Selection of photos showing current activities at the Southern landfill site _______________________ 66 Figure 7-12: Selection of photos showing current activities at the Botshabelo landfill site _____________________ 71 Figure 7-13: Medical waste incineration at Southern landfill (MLM AISWMS 2010) __________________________ 72 Figure 7-14: Illegal dumping ____________________________________________________________________ 74

Tables

Table 5-1: IWMP Process ____________________________________________________________________ 13



Table 6-1: Population and household figures _____________________________________________________ 16 Table 6-2: Income groups ____________________________________________________________________ 16 Table 6-3: Socio-economic criteria for MLM ______________________________________________________ 17 Table 7-2: Role players' contribution to re-use, recycling and recovery of waste __________________________ 24 Table 7-3: SABS Code 0228, Hazard Classes ____________________________________________________ 26 Table 7-4: Hazardous waste industrial groups ____________________________________________________ 26 Table 7-5: Results from Northern landfill site spot sampling __________________________________________ 28 Table 7-6: Waste characterisation for various income groups _________________________________________ 29 Table 7-7: E-waste categories _________________________________________________________________ 31 Table 7-8: Treatment works in MMM area ________________________________________________________ 34 Table 7-9: Health care services in MLM (www.fshealth.gov.za 2010 & 2014) _____________________________ 36 Table 7-10: Hazardous waste transporter, destinations and name & type of facility _________________________ 37 Table 7-11: Population projections in relation to income groups (2010 – 2032) ____________________________ 39 Table 7-12: Population projection for MMM (2011 to 2030) _____________________________________________ 39 Table 7-13: Waste characterisation results for MLM _________________________________________________ 40 Table 7-14: Waste generation rates _______________________________________________________________ 41 Table 7-15: Projected waste quantities ___________________________________________________________ 42 Table 7-16: Status of collection vehicles on 21 May 2014 _____________________________________________ 46 Table 7-18: Retailers collecting e-waste __________________________________________________________ 50 Table 7-19: Permit conditions for Northern landfill site_________________________________________________ 56 Table 7-20: Plant and equipment: Northern landfill site ______________________________________________ 58 Table 7-21: Site staff members _________________________________________________________________ 59 Table 7-22: Permit conditions of Southern landfill site ________________________________________________ 61 Table 7-23: Plant and equipment: Southern landfill site ______________________________________________ 63 Table 7-24: Site staff members _________________________________________________________________ 64 Table 7-25: Permit conditions for Botshabelo landfill site _____________________________________________ 67 Table 7-26: Plant & Equipment: Botshabelo landfill site ______________________________________________ 69 Table 7-27: Site staff members _________________________________________________________________ 69 Table 7-28: Site staff members _________________________________________________________________ 73 Table 7-29: Monthly tariffs for residential purposes __________________________________________________ 76 Table 7-30: IDP Interventions and projects ________________________________________________________ 77 Table 10-1: Stakeholder workshop feedback ______________________________________________________ 80


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Executive Summary



1

AISWMS Advanced Integrated Solid Waste Management System

CBD Central Business District

CFLs Compact fluorescent lights

CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

DEA Department of Environmental Affairs (previously known as DEAT)

DETEA Department of Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs

DWA Department of Water Affairs (Previously known as DWAF)

eWASA e-Waste Association of South Africa

IDP Integrated Development Plan

IHWMP Integrated Health Waste Management Plan

IIWTMP Integrated Industry Waste Tyre Management Plan

ILO International Labour Organisation

GDP Gross Domestic Product

HCGW Health care general waste

HCRW Health care risk waste

IndWMPs Industry Waste Management Plans

IWMP Integrated Waste Management Plan

MLM Mangaung Local Municipality

MMM Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality

MSA Municipal Systems Act (Act no. 32 of 2000)

NEMWA National Environmental Management: Waste Act (Act No. 59 of 2008)

NWMS National Waste Management Strategy (2011)

1 Acronyms



2

PETCO PET Plastic Recycling South Africa

SLA Service Level Agreement

SMME Small, Medium, Micro Enterprise

SWMSd Solid Waste Management Sub-directorate

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

WIS Waste Information System

WMO Waste Management Officer



3

Buy-back Centre A collection site for one or more types of recyclable materials (like cans, or paper) where individuals can hand in and receive payment for recyclables that they have delivered to the site.

Drop-off Centre A collection site usually for all types of including recyclable materials where individuals can deliver and deposit general waste and recyclables into designated containers

Dump Site A dump site can be classified as any unlicensed terrain that is used for dumping and is thus considered to be illegal in terms of the National Environmental Management: Waste Act

Hierarchy of Waste Management The systematic order, or hierarchy, in which to approach the management of wastes. Even before creating waste one needs try to avoid generating it. Then one must recover materials for recycling, reuse and repair as far as is practical and economically feasible. After this, what is left should be responsibly treated and/or disposed of in such a way as to minimise the potentially adverse impact of waste on people and the natural environment.

Integrated Waste Management Plan An Integrated Waste Management Plan provides a framework within which local municipalities can deliver a waste management service to all residents and businesses.

Material Recovery Facility A specialised plant that receives separates and prepares recyclable material for marketing to end user manufacturers.1

Transfer Station A facility for the temporary deposition of certain wastes, where the waste is transferred to long-haul vehicles for transportation to landfill. Waste is often compacted prior to being loaded onto the long-haul vehicles.

Waste management facility

Means any site or premise used for the accumulation of waste with the purpose of disposing of the waste at that site or on that premise.

Waste Management Unit Waste management unit refers to a new unit that needs to be formed that specifically focuses on waste management.

Waste Management System Waste management requires the implementation of many interconnected processes. This web of interconnected waste management processes forms the Waste Management System.

Waste Policy According to Section 11 of the Municipal Systems Act No. 32 of 2000 a municipality exercises is legislative or executive authority by, amongst others, developing and adopting policies. A policy is a high-level statement of intent. A Waste Policy is therefore a policy specifically focussed on waste

1 A Naudé 2010, Conceptualising Waste Management, Cape Town

2 Glossary



4

We would like to express our appreciation for inputs received and the generous co-operation from Ms

Glory Twala, Mr Thomas Tshukudu (Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality) and Ms Winnie Sereeco

(International Labour Organisation).

We also with to express our appreciation for the kind co-operation received from Mr Daniel Mosia, Mr Sam

Ntobela, Ms Jemina Noe and all the Superintendents and Supervisors at the various landfill sites.

3 Acknowledgements



5

It is a requirement of National Government under the NEMA Waste Act (59 of 2008) (hereafter referred to

as the Waste Act) that a municipality compiles an Integrated Waste Management Plan (IWMP) to form part

of the municipal Integrated Development Plan (IDP). An IWMP provides a framework within which local

municipalities can deliver a waste management service to all residents and businesses.

In response to the Contract: “Finalisation of the Integrated Waste Management Plan for Mangaung

Metropolitan Municipality” Mott MacDonald PDNA (previously PD Naidoo & Associates Consulting

Engineers (Pty) Ltd)) was appointed by the International Labour Office (hereafter called ILO) to review the

2011 Integrated Waste Management Plan for Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality (hereafter called MMM).

In the tender invitation, the brief to the project included the following background:

“Review the current draft IWMP, with special attention for, amongst others,

The role of the private sector (public-private partnership) and informal sector.

Separation at source.

Non-traditional waste streams such as e-waste.

Update the draft IWMP with contents related to legislation that has been enacted since the draft IWMP

was prepared.

Consult with key municipal stakeholders from both the public and private sector in order to finalise the

strategy, including municipal, buy-back centres as well as representatives of informal waste pickers.

Present a final IWMP for approval of the Waste Management Unit of Mangaung Metro Municipality”

.

4 Terms of Reference



6

The introduction covers the legislative background supporting the IWMP process.

5.1 Integrated Waste Management Plans

The National Environmental Management: Waste Act (Act No 59 of 2008) (hereafter referred to as the

Waste Act) states in Section 11 that each municipality must develop an Integrated Waste Management

Plan (IWMP). An IWMP provides a framework within which local municipalities can deliver a waste

management service to all residents and businesses. According to section 12 of the Waste Act, the

following should be included in the contents of an IWMP:

Demographic information.

Assessment of waste generation, quantities and types.

Status quo of services for collection, minimisation, re-use, recovery, treatment and disposal of waste.

Determination of people not receiving waste collection services.

Identification of poor waste management and its negative health and environmental impacts.

Establishment and implementation of targets and initiatives for waste minimisation, re-use, recycling

and recovery.

Incorporation of best environmental practices.

Identification of implementation measures.

Planning of new facilities for disposal and decommissioning of existing waste disposal facilities.

Indication of financial resources required to implement projects.

Implementation requires that municipalities move away from traditional “end of pipe” solutions that focus on

waste after it has been generated (i.e. collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste

material), to a service which focuses on the prevention of waste as well as the minimisation of waste as a

by-product of production (DEAT, 2009, p.1). This approach is in recognition of the widely adopted waste

hierarchy, which includes the three Rs of waste management, i.e. recovery, reuse and recycle (see Figure

1 1) as well as energy recovery. Only after these efforts should the residual waste be disposed of at a

landfill. Section 16.1c & d of the Waste Act states that the holder of waste must take all reasonable

measures within the holder’s power to ensure that, where waste must be disposed of, the waste is treated

and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner, such that it does not endanger health or the

environment or cause nuisance through noise, odour or visual impacts.

The delivered service must maximise efficiency and minimise environmental impacts and financial costs,

with the ultimate aim of improving quality of life. Any IWMP must suggest measures that are practical,

achievable, implementable and sustainable.

5 Introduction



7

Figure 5-1: Waste Management Hierarchy

Integrated waste management is a multi-pronged approach that requires the co-operative effort of

government and waste generators. Local Government, as a service provider, must ensure that there is a

waste management service delivery system providing a network of collection and disposal options, so that

generators can effectively exercise their responsibilities. This would include separating their waste at

source (the point of generation), and then properly recycling, storing and disposing of the different parts of

the waste. Local Government as a regulator must ensure compliance with relevant waste related

legislation. Local Government therefore has a dual role as both service provider and regulator.



8

Figure 5-2 gives an indication of the reasons behind the need for integrated solid waste management

planning.

Figure 5-2: The need for IWMPs (UNEP 2009)

The IWMP addresses several key objectives by:

Discussing the current situation in respect to the description of the population development profile of

the area; reviewing the quantities and types of waste generated in the area; describing the services

provided (or that are available) for the collection, minimisation, re-use, recycling and recovery,

treatment and disposal of waste; and commenting on the number of persons in the area who are not

receiving waste collection.

Identifying and planning for future waste management needs and requirements of MMM.

Ensuring that the plan identifies strategies for provision of adequate and equitable waste services to all

residents within MMM.

Incorporating the principles of the internationally accepted waste management hierarchy into daily, as

well as short to long-term, waste activities and planning.

Building on the waste management foundations currently established and improving all aspects of

waste management within MMM.

Promoting the reduction of the quantity of waste disposed of at landfill by the continual support of

private and community waste minimisation and recycling projects and initiatives, and the development

of municipal projects.



9

Recommending that the municipality establish systems to have critical waste information at hand for

optimisation of waste management services.

Ensuring that all recommendations minimise adverse social and environmental impacts related to

waste management and thereby improving the quality of life for the communities of MMM.

Assessing the institutional arrangements of MMM and recommending measures for optimising the

efficiency of the waste management system in terms of infrastructure, equipment, human resources,

the development of skills and capacity.

5.2 Industry Waste Management Plans

Part 7 of the Waste Act makes provision for industry waste management plans. “Industry” as defined in the

Waste Act means commercial activities, commercial agricultural activities, mining activities and the

operation of power stations. The Department of Environmental Affairs has released a report titled: Generic

Guideline Document for Preparing Industry Waste Management Plans (Draft, March 2010). The document

differentiates between “Mandatory plans” to be prepared in terms of sections 28 (1) and (2) and 29 (1) and

(2) of the Waste Act and “Voluntary plans” in terms of section 28 (7).

The mandatory plans will be those specifically required by the Minister of Environmental Affairs while

voluntary plans may be prepared by a person, category of persons or industry should they decide to do so.

Mandatory plans are currently being developed for the following areas:

Tyres industry for waste tyres.

Paper and Packaging industry for packaging and paper waste.

Lighting industry for mercury containing lamps e.g. CFLs.

Pesticide Industry for residual pesticides and pesticide containers. (NWMS, 2011)



10

5.3 Responsibility of local and district municipalities

The responsibility for refuse removal, refuse dumps and solid waste disposal has been assigned to local

government according to the Constitution. District and local municipalities have different roles and

responsibilities as described in the Municipal Structures Act (Act No. 117 of 1998).

The following section gives a helpful summary of these roles and responsibilities:

“District municipalities have powers and functions related to the integrated, sustainable and equitable

social and economic development of the district. Local municipalities are responsible for the provisioning of

specific services, including the removal and disposal of waste. Municipalities (district and local) are

encouraged to practice the principles of co-operative governance to avoid conflict between overlapping

functions. Combining efforts where there are similar initiatives may achieve better results.

District municipalities are responsible for:

Ensuring integrated development planning for the district as a whole. This includes the development of

a framework for IDPs and ensuring that IWMPs inform the IDP process;

Promoting bulk infrastructure development and services for the district as a whole. The infrastructure

refers to the establishment of regional waste disposal sites and bulk waste transfer stations that can be

used by more than one local municipality within the district;

Building local municipality capacity – where a local municipality fails to perform its management

functions, Waste management governance encompasses the legal framework and institutions involved

in waste management. As such the main players are National Departments of Environmental Affairs

and Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs, the various Provincial departments responsible

for environmental affairs and Local government including Metropolitan, District and Local

Municipalities. The district municipality can enter into a Service Level Agreement (SLA) with the local

municipality to provide the service for a stipulated period until such time that the local municipality can

offer the service;

Promoting equitable distribution of resources between the local municipalities in its area, for example,

ensuring that resources are deployed in municipalities within their area of jurisdiction, where it is most

needed.

Specific Local Municipality functions include:

Compiling and implementing IWMPs and integrating these into IDPs;

Running public awareness campaigns;

Collecting data for the Waste Information System;

Providing waste management services which includes waste removal, waste storage and waste

disposal services, which are in line with national norms and standards. Municipality specific standards

for separation, compacting and storage of solid waste that is collected as part of the municipal service

will, may be set and enforced by the municipality;

Implementing and enforcing waste minimisation and recycling (including the encouraging of voluntary

partnerships with industry and waste minimisation clubs). (CSIR 2011)



11

5.4 Integrated Waste Management Planning as described in the IDP, 2014-15

The IDP (2014-15) has set objectives for integrated waste management planning as follows:

“Waste Management planning should be contextualised within the framework of national government,

provincial government, district municipality and local municipality legal regulatory and policy framework.

Development in Mangaung can be described from a waste management perspective as follows:

Bloemfontein incorporates integrated residential, commercial and industrial development. This area has

well developed infrastructure with substantial road networks and good access to all points of waste

generations

Botshabelo was established in 1978 as an apartheid engineered town for displaced people in the Free

State, Development is substantially formal with substantial internal road network providing access to most

households

Thaba N’chu has been a home of Tswana people in the Free State for more than 180 years. Thaba N’chu

consists of urban area with private land ownership and rural area of both private communal land people

living in 37 scattered villages. Development is fairly formal with an internal road network providing access

to most households

23% of MM area is farm land with a further 2% covered in small holdings and as such presents a new

challenge to the expanded municipality, the area has basic road infrastructure.”



12

5.5 Approach and Methodology

The approach to the review of the draft 2011 IWMP included:

The Phase 1: Inception phase consisted of the following:

Inception meeting on 29 May 2014

Site visit to Botshabelo landfill site on 29 May 2014

Site visit to closed landfill site in Thaba N’chu on 29 May 2014

Site visits to Northern and Southern Landfill Sites in Bloemfontein on 29 May 2014

Personal interviews with three buy-backcollectors on 30 May 2014

Personal interviews with informal pickers at Botshabelo, Northern and Southern Landfill Sites on 29

May 2014

Key stakeholder workshops on 18 June 2014

– MMM, DEA, DETEA

– Buy-back facilities

– Waste Pickers

PETCO ILO workshop on 19 June 2014

Submission of draft inception report on 19 June 2014

Submission of final inception report on 09 July 2014

The Phase 2: Situational Analysis consisted of a literature review:

Mangaung Local Municipality 2011 draft Integrated Waste Management Plan, PD Naidoo & Associates

Consulting Engineers, August 2011

Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality Reviewed Integrated Development Plan (IDP), 2014-15

Mangaung Local Municipality “Window” Identification, February 2010

Elaboration of a Feasibility Study for an Advanced Integrated Solid Waste Management System for

Mangaung Local Municipality, April 2010

Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Budget Speech delivered by Executive Mayor of Mangaung, Cllr.

Thabo Manyoni on the occasion of the tabling of the IDP and budget for 2014/15 to 2016/17

Unrecognised Waste Management Experts: Challenges & Opportunities for Small Business

Development and Decent Job Creation in the Waste Sector in the Free State, 2012



13

The methodology followed in the development of the IWMP is shown in Table 5-1.

Table 5-1: IWMP Process

Methodology

Phase 1: Inception Project inception meeting and site visits Information gathering and review Inception report Public participation & stakeholder

engagement: – Identify stakeholders – Introduce project to stakeholders – Public Participation Workshop

Phase 3: Draft IWMP Gap analysis Needs assessment Interventions and prioritisation Draft IWMP Client review Stakeholder engagement Client review

Phase 2: Situational Analysis Status quo assessment Assessment of progress made towards

objectives of 2011 draft IWMP Submit situational analysis Client review

Phase 4: Final IWMP Finalise IWMP Submit final report Client review and acceptance Project closeout



14

In this section we look at specific circumstances relating to the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality.

6.1 Mission Statement of Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality

The Executive Mayor of Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Cllr TM Manyoni envisioned that the

municipality will be striving to be a progressive municipality that is ‘… globally safe and attractive to live,

work and invest in”.

“In line with the vision of our metro as a “globally safe and attractive municipality to work, invest and

live in” the following elements are part of this vision:

A democratic municipality, rooted in the Constitution, working with all sectors of the society to improve

the quality of life of the people of Mangaung;

A municipality whose community is united in diversity, recognising our common interests and greater

equality of women;

A municipality that provides high quality of service delivery and is constantly striving to ensure value for

money;

Create an ideal environment for our people to be able to work and have access to jobs and ensure that

workers’ rights are protected and the workforce skilled;

Build a municipality that ensures that business is afforded an environment to invest and profit while

promoting the common interests of the community, including descent work;

An efficient municipality that protects local citizens, provides quality services and infrastructure as well

as providing leadership for local development;

Ensure that individual and communities embrace mutual respect and human solidarity”

A municipality that works closely with other spheres of government, business and civil society to built a

better metro, province and country.

A municipality that is vigorously driving the pro-poor agenda and intervening strategically and

programmatically in breaking the cycle of poverty;

The municipality that is alive to and recognises its operational context of the municipality, the city

region, the province and being part of the country.” (IDP 2014-15)

6 Background



15

The following 6 important aspects have been identified (IDP 2014-15):

“External Accountability (Communication with Citizens);

Stability (Political Stability);

Effectiveness of policy

Adherence Regulatory Framework;

Appreciation of the Role of Law and

Control of Corruption”

6.2 General Description

Mangaung is centrally located in the Free State Province, South Africa. Its municipal area includes the

capital of the province, Bloemfontein. Mangaung Local Municipality was established in 2000 from the

amalgamation of the former Bloemfontein, Botshabelo and Thaba N’chu Local Councils but was recently

elevated from a category “B” municipality to a category “A” metropolitan municipality. Mangaung

Metropolitan Municipality (MMM) covers an area of approximately 6 863km2 (IDP 2014-15:32).

Figure 6-1: Locality map of Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality

Bloemfontein

Thaba N’chu

Botshabelo



16

MMM consists of three urban areas, namely the city of Bloemfontein, the towns of Botshabelo and Thaba

N’chu, and some 37 scattered villages. The city of Bloemfontein is the economic centre of both the

province and MMM. The town of Botshabelo is located 55km east of Bloemfontein and is the largest

township development in the Free State, and one of the largest in South Africa. Thaba N’chu is situated

12km east of Botshabelo. MMM has three regional municipal offices situated in Botshabelo, Thaba N’chu

and Bloemfontein (Draft IWMP 2011).

6.3 Demographics

Results from the STATS SA data give the total population figures as follows:

Table 6-1: Population and household figures

Description Census 2001 Census 2011

Population 645,440 747,431

Household 185,103 231,921

Source: STATS SA

The figures (2001 and 2011) indicate a compounded annual population growth rate of 1.48% and an

annual household growth rate of 2.28%.

6.4 Income

Table 6-2 shows the results from the 2011 Census as follows:

Table 6-2: Income groups

Income category Percentage

None 11.4%

R1 – R4,800 4.6%

R4,801 – R9,600 6.8%

R9,601 – R19,608 17.2%

R19,601 – R38,200 20.2%

R38,201 – R76,400 14.1%

R76,401 – R153,800 10.3%

R153,801 – R307,600 8%

R307,601 – R614,400 5%

R614,401 – R1,228,800 1.6%

R1,228,801 – R2,457,600 0.4%

R2,457,601 0.4%

Source: STATS SA 2011

Approximately 11.4% of the population in Mangaung had no income in 2011.



17

The socio-economic levels were grouped into three income group in the draft 2011 IWMP as shown in

Table 6-3. This table also includes the latest STATS SA 2011 household figures.

Table 6-3: Socio-economic criteria for MLM

Household income group

Household income per annum

% of total households

(2001)


(2007)


(2011

High R76 801 or more 3% 6% 26%

Middle R19 201– R76 800 9% 11% 34%

Low None - R19 200 88% 83% 40%

Source: STATS SA 2011

Table 6-3 clearly indicates a positive trend in income as a number of residents has moved to the middle

and higher income groups.

6.5 Employment

The employment status of MMM population, as indicated in Table 6-2 shows that 39% are not

economically active, 42% are employed and 16% are unemployed. Together, those who are unemployed

and not economically active constitute 55% of the population. There are also job seekers that represent

3% of the population.

Figure 6-2: Employment status (STATS SA 2011)

42%

16% 3%

39%

Employment Status

Employed

Unemployed

Discouraged work seeker

Not economically active



18

6.6 Economic activities

It is noted that the economy of MMM is strongly driven by government services, wholesale and retail trade

and transport, storage and communication. Figure 6-3 depicts the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per

sector in 1996 and 2011 for the Free State Province and MMM.

Figure 6-3: GDP contribution per Sector (IDP 2014-15)

6.7 Climate

MMM is a semi-arid region with a Highveld climate. Summer in MMM is from October to February and

winter from May to August. Mangaung has an average summer temperature of 26°C and an average

winter temperature of 16°C, with severe frost at times over the entire region. Snow is often recorded on

the eastern mountains of the Free State and occasionally over the rest of the region. MMM is situated in a

summer rainfall region with an average rainfall of between 600mm and 750mm per annum (Draft IWMP

2011).

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

Industries

FS 1996

FS 2011

MMM 1996

MMM 2011



19

6.8 Topography

The area is generally flat with occasional koppies (small hills), natural drainage systems and green areas.

There are large hills in the east, Thaba N’chu mountain itself and Thaba Bosiu, as well as hills in northern

Bloemfontein and towards Glen. A number of perennial rivers traverse the MMM with major rivers

including the Modder, Klein Modder and Kgabanyane. In the northwest and southeast, the municipality is

bounded by the Modder River flowing in a north-westerly direction (AISWMS 2011).

6.9 Geology and geohydrology

“There area has two geological groups present. From oldest to youngest in age these are the Ecca and

Beaufort Groups of the Karoo Supergroup. These constitute sandstone, shale and mudstone, which have

been intruded by dolerite sills and dykes. They are part of the vast Karoo basin that covers almost two-

thirds of South Africa, and were deposited between 200 and 300 million years ago. The western region of

the study area is underlain by rocks of the Tierberg Formation, Ecca Group comprising shale, mudstone

and sandstone. The central study area is underlain by rocks of the Adelaide Formation of the Beaufort

Group while the east is underlain by rocks of the Tarkastad Formation of the Beaufort Group. Shales are

generally more favourable for waste site development because of the development of clay layers by

weathering, low hydraulic conductivity and lower groundwater potential.” (AISWMS 2011)

“Two aquifer types occur in the area namely fractured and intergranular and fractured regimes. Fractured

aquifer types: Here, groundwater is contained mainly in fractures, joints and fissures including the

important jointed transitional zone between the decomposed and solid rock components and on bedding

planes. The fractured regime is represented by the Ecca Group where average borehole yields range

between 0.5 and 2 ℓ/s. Intergranular and fractured aquifer: The mode of groundwater occurrence is

represented by the Adelaide and Tarkastad Subgroups of the Beaufort Group, and widespread dolerite

intrusions. Average borehole yields in the Tarkastad and Adelaide Subgroups are reportedly < 0.5 ℓ/s

(DWAF, 1996), while the average borehole yields associated with the dolerite dykes range between 0.5

and 5 ℓ/s.” (AISWMS 2011)

6.10 Water

MMM purchases 70% of its water from BloemWater, a government water board, and supplies it to

consumers via its own network of pipes. BloemWater and MMM together purify water for supply to the

whole of Mangaung which includes Bloemfontein, Botshabelo and Thaba N’chu.

Water comes from the Modder and Caledon rivers. The Modder River flows into the Rustfontein and

Mockes dam, which feeds the water treatment plant at Maselspoort. This treatment facility is the property

of the municipality. The Welbedacht dam in the Caledon River feeds water to the BloemWater Board’s

treatment plant situated next to the Caledon River near Wepenaar. The areas supplying the dams consist

mainly of rural and agricultural land with very little industry. Consequently, the quality of water flowing into

the dam is very good (Draft IWMP 2011).



20

6.11 Transport

The total length of Bloemfontein’s roads/streets is approximately 1 736km. The road network is

complemented by well-maintained roads from Bloemfontein and is served by major roads such as the N1,

which links Gauteng with the Southern and Western Cape, the N6 which links Bloemfontein to the Eastern

Cape and the N8 which links Lesotho in the east with the Northern Cape in the west via Bloemfontein

(Draft IWMP 2011). Bloemfontein links up all the important railway connections between the industrial

north and the south.

Bloemfontein Airport is the third-largest airport under the jurisdiction of the Airports Company South Africa

(ACSA) and is an important gateway to the Free State. This airport, which is only 10km from the city

centre, handles approximately 33 flights per week departing for short-haul destinations. About 200 000

passengers are transported annually (Draft IWMP 2011).

Private motor vehicles are the preferred mode of transport. There is a lack of non-motorised transport

routes, proper pedestrian walkways and public transport amenities at bigger developments (IDP 2014-15).

6.12 Development profiles

During 2010 an internal investigation by MMM revealed that the current housing backlog are approximately

53,820 houses, the bulk of which are residing in the Mangaung Township. This figure has increased to

58,820 during 2011. The City is implementing the Brandwag Social Housing Project that is geared towards

the refurbishment and construction of 1052 social housing units. To date 328 rental units in Phase One

have been completed. A total number of 228 rental units have already been occupied. It is noted that 495

units are under construction as part of Phase Two (IDP 2014-15).



21

This chapter describes the status quo with regards to waste management in the municipality. The status

quo includes a description of all existing waste management related activities within MMM. These activities

are listed under the following headings:

Governance and institutional capacity

Waste generation areas

Waste quantities and types

Waste avoidance and reduction

Collection systems

Waste reduction

Waste disposal

Financial aspects

7.1 Governance and institutional capacity

The MMM Solid Waste Management Sub-directorate (SWMSd) falls within the Engineering Services

Directorate and is responsible for the collection, transportation and disposal of domestic and trade waste,

street cleaning, awareness raising and management of all landfill sites in the MMM area.

7.1.1 Waste policy and by-laws

Sections 11, 12 and 13 of the Municipal Systems Act 2000 (Act No. 32 of 2000) describes the municipal

functions and powers, and states that a municipality may exercise its executive authority through the

adoption of polices and the passing of by-laws.

The MMM has no waste policy in place. A waste policy will need to be developed to suit the particular

intentions of MMM in terms of waste management.

By-laws relating to waste management have been passed by Council in July 2013. The by-law is not

aligned with the reduction and source separation targets as set out in the Waste Act (2008) and specifically

the NWMS (2011).

7 Situational analysis

22 377888///1/1 27 June 2014 C:\Users\LUY65882\Desktop\Mangaung IWMP Situational Analysis V2.docx


7.1.2 Staff compliment of existing waste management system

The organisational structure of the SWMSd is shown in Figure 7-1. A more detailed organigram per division is attached as Appendix A.

Figure 7-1: Organigram of the Solid Waste Management Sub-directorate of MMM

SUB-DIRECTORATE

SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT

1 x GENERAL MANAGER:

SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT

ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE: SUB-DIRECTORATE SOLID

WASTE MANAGEMENT

AN

NE

XU

RE

C.3

EDUCATION,

AWARENESS &

COMPLIANCE

DIVISION

DOMESTIC WASTE

DIVISION

LANDFILL SITE

MANAGEMENT

DIVISION

THABA N'CHU

DIVISION

TRADE WASTE

DIVISION

BOTSHABELO

DIVISION

1 X SECRETARY

1 X MANAGER 1 X MANAGER

ADMINISTRATIVE

SUPPORT

1 X SNR ADMIN OFFICER

2 X ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER

7 X CLERK GR I

3 X CLERK GR II

1 X STORE ATTENDANT

ANNEXURE C.3.1 ANNEXURE C.3.3ANNEXURE C.3.2

Thursday, March 06, 2014

1 X MANAGER: TRADE WASTE1 X MANAGER: EDUC,

AWARENESS & COMP

1 X MANAGER: DISPOSAL

SITES

1 x MANAGER: DOMESTIC

WASTE

PUBLIC CLEANING

DIVISION

1 X MANAGER:PUBLIC

CLEANING

9:16 AM

ANNEXURE C.3.6ANNEXURE C.3.5ANNEXURE C.3.4 ANNEXURE C.3.7



23

The SWMSd is headed by a General Manager, Ms Glory Twala, (who is also dedicated Waste

Management Officer), under whom there are seven (7) divisions – Education; Awareness & Compliance;

Landfill Site Management; Public Cleansing; Domestic Waste; Botshabelo; Thaba N’chu and Trade Waste.

There is no deputy manager for the SWMSd which places increased pressure on the sub-directorate head.

In general, the current organigram is sufficiently well framed. However, as at May 2014 there were

vacancies available and until recently, 32 vacancies have been filled as follows:

1 Compliance Officer

3 Education and Awareness Officers

20 General Workers

8 Part time weighbridge Operators

The lack of skills, in particular, technical skills in municipalities, is a serious problem throughout South

Africa. MMM has a need for additional skilled staff. During site visits it was noted that there is a need for

training, especially landfill sites operations (i.e. slopes, daily cover and compaction, health and safety

training)

7.1.3 Role of private sector participation

The range of opportunities for participation by the private sector in the provision of municipal service (i.e.

collection and disposal), where the municipality acts as service provider, is limited.

In Bloemfontein CBD there are only three small, medium, micro enterprises (SMMEs) involved in cleansing

services. A pool of fourty SMMEs have been appointed in the across the municipality for “emergency door

to door collection services” as and when necessary. The collection service is also outsourced to SMMEs,

both in Bloemfontein and Thaba N’chu where access by normal truck to settlements is not possible as the

streets are too narrow. The role of the private sector is therefore extremely limited in the current

arrangements. Therefore, there is opportunity for increased private sector involvement in the provision of

waste management services.

The role of the private sector in recycling activities in MMM has presented opportunities for some

entrepreneurs (SMMEs, landfill waste pickers, street pickers and buy-back facilities). MMM supports

recycling activities initiated by the public.



24

The NWMS (2011) states that “a fundamental change in waste disposal practices will be supported by the

development of a national recycling infrastructure through partnerships among the various role-players.

The infrastructure will enable separation at source of organic waste, hazardous waste and clean general

recyclable waste and the collection of particular waste types that contaminate general household waste

through specialised infrastructure”. The responsibility of different role players for providing the recycling

infrastructure for management of the different waste streams is set out in Table 7-1 (NWMS 2011).

Table 7-1: Role players' contribution to re-use, recycling and recovery of waste

Role General waste Organic waste

Recyclables

(paper, plastic, metal, glass and tyres)

Hazardous (batteries,

solvents, CFLs, etc.)

Advocacy and education Municipality Municipality (with national and provincial support)

Industry participation with municipality

Industry

Providing bins at source or take back facilities

Municipality Municipality Municipality to provide additional bins at source, industry to provide accessible take back facilities

Industry

Collecting waste Municipality Municipality SMEs supported by industry

Industry

Processing waste Municipality Municipality MRFs run by SMEs and supported by industry

Industry

Dispose of waste Municipality (landfill)

Municipality (composting facility)

No disposal as per set target

Industry

Source: NWMS 2011

The role for private sector participation in municipal service delivery in South Africa has become

increasingly popular in the collection of municipal solid waste, the managing of landfill sites, recycling and

education and training.



25

7.2 Waste generation areas

Waste generation sources can broadly be divided into the following areas:

Residential areas including private gardens and public open spaces

Businesses, commercial activities, government institutions and offices

Mining industry and light industrial

Small farms, small agricultural producers and animal keeping, game farms

Health care facilities

Wastewater treatment works (sludge)

Water treatment works (sludge)

A definition of key waste categories is given in Section 7.2.1.

7.2.1 Definition of general, hazardous and industry waste

The National Environmental Management: Waste Act (No. 59 of 2008) defines general, hazardous and

industry waste as follows:

General waste “does not pose an immediate hazard or threat to the health or the environment” and

includes the following waste flows/categories:

Domestic waste

Building and demolition waste

Business waste

Inert waste

The composition of general waste varies considerably between households, businesses and industry, with

lower income households in general generating waste with a lower level of recyclable material. The

proportion of recyclable and compostable materials in the general waste stream varies between 50% and

80%, respectively (NWMS first draft, 2010).

Hazardous waste means “any waste that contains organic or inorganic elements or compounds that may,

owing to the inherent physical, chemical or toxicological characteristics of that waste, have a detrimental

impact on health and the environment”.

Hazardous waste must be managed in accordance with DWAF’s Minimum Requirements for the Handling,

Classification and Disposal of Hazardous Waste (1998).



26

Waste streams which include hazardous components and which present particular strategic challenges

include (NWMS first draft, 2010):

Health care waste

E-waste

Batteries

Fluorescent lamps

Pesticide waste

Oil

Sewage sludge.

The SABS Code 0228 classifies hazardous waste into the following classes.

Table 7-2: SABS Code 0228, Hazard Classes

Class Type

1 Explosives

2 Gases

3 Flammable liquids

4 Flammable solids

5 Oxidising substance and organic peroxides

6 Toxic and infectious substances

7 Radioactive substances

8 Corrosiveness

9 Other miscellaneous substances

Source: DWAF 1998

DWAF’s Minimum Requirements define eleven industrial groups as having processes or activities that are

likely to produce hazardous waste as given in Table 7-3.

Table 7-3: Hazardous waste industrial groups

Industrial Group Identify Process

A Agriculture, Forestry and Food Products Agriculture, Forest Management, Fisheries Animal and Vegetable Products from food

B Mineral Extraction and upgrading (excluding hydrocarbons)

Mining and Quarrying of Non-Metallic Minerals Mining and Quarrying of Metallic Minerals

C Energy Coal Industry including Gas Works and Coking Petroleum and Gas Industry including Extraction and Refined Products

D Metal Manufacture Ferrous Metallurgy Non-Ferrous Metallurgy Foundry and Metal Working Operations

E Manufacture Of Non-Metal Mineral Products

Construction Materials, Ceramics and Glass Salt Recovery and Refining Asbestos Goods Abrasive Products

F Chemical and Related Industries Petrochemicals



27

Industrial Group Identify Process

Production of Primary Chemicals and Feedstock Production of Fine Chemicals Production of Inks, Varnish, Paint and Glue Fabrication of Photographic Products Production of Pharmaceuticals Rubber and Plastic Materials Production of Explosives Production of Biocides Waste and Water Treatment

G Metal Goods, Engineering and Vehicle Industries

Mechanical Engineering Electronic and Electrical Engineering Manufacture of Motor Vehicles and Parts

H Textile, Leather, Timber and Wood Industries

Textile, Clothing and Footwear Industry Hide and Leather Industry Timber, Wood and Furniture Industry

J Manufacture of Paper and Products, Printing and Publishing

Paper and Cardboard Industry Printing, Publishing and Photographic Laboratories

K Medical, Sanitary and other Health Services

Health, Hospitals, Medical Centres and Laboratories Veterinary Services

L Commercial and Personal Services Laundries, Dyers and Dry Cleaners Domestic Services Cosmetic Institutions

Source: DWAF 1998

Hazardous waste is produced mainly by industries and health care facilities with businesses occasionally

also contributing to the waste stream. In MMM the healthcare facilities are the main producers of

hazardous waste.

The guideline developed by DEA&DP (2004) which is based on the National Waste Management Strategy,

indicates that a local municipal IWMP must only cover hazardous domestic waste in detail. “Framework

planning for: hazardous industrial waste, agricultural and forestry waste (pesticides), medical waste, mining

waste, power station waste, radioactive medical waste and radioactive mining waste will be done at the

provincial government level”.

Household hazardous waste: MMM is responsible for the management of household hazardous waste.

Currently household hazardous waste such as batteries and compact fluorescent lights (CFLs) are

included in the general waste, which is disposed of at the landfill sites. These wastes contain highly toxic

substances such as mercury and cadmium, which can, in small amounts, contaminate large volumes of

groundwater when disposed of at landfills. These waste items decompose very slowly and therefore

accumulate in the soil.



28

7.2.2 Domestic waste

Domestic waste means “waste, excluding hazardous waste that emanates from premises that are used

wholly or mainly for residential, educational, health care, sport or recreation purposes” (Waste Act, 2008).

Major domestic waste generators in MMM are residents in the various towns, settlements, health care

clinics, farm houses, game farms and lodges. Most of the residents in the formal urban areas are serviced

by MMM. However, in some rural areas, waste is disposed of by burying and/or burning of waste.

VLM Trading undertook a one week long spot sampling analysis of collection vehicles entering the

Northern landfill site in Bloemfontein in 2009 (AISWMS 2010).

Results from this survey are given in Table 7-4: Results from Northern landfill site spot sampling.

Table 7-4: Results from Northern landfill site spot sampling

Category Waste type Weight (kg) as a %

Paper & cardboard White paper 303 4

Mixed paper 709 9

Cardboard 989 13

Metal Scrap metal 750 10

Cans 370 5

Glass Glass 761 10

Plastics PET bottles 1178 15

PE-LD 776 10

Garden greens Garden waste 802 10

Other Non - recyclable 1130 15

Total 7 768 100

Source: PDNA 2009

This survey was done on various vehicles (municipal, commercial, industrial and private) entering the site.



29

7.2.2.1 Composition of the domestic waste stream

Various waste characterisation studies have been undertaken in South Africa to understand the waste

characteristics for the various income groups, as well as the composition of the waste generated within

these groups.

An analysis of the results of a waste characterisation, undertaken by Arcus Gibb on behalf of the City of

Cape Town in 2007/2008, shows that the waste generated by Very Low Income groups is quite different in

composition to the waste generated by the other income groups.

Table 7-5 sets out the waste characteristics for the very low, low, middle and high income groups.

Table 7-5: Waste characterisation for various income groups

Household income per

annum

Income group

Paper, cardboard & books

Plastic Metal Glass Food waste

Garden waste

Textiles Other Total

None – R9 600 Very low 13% 24% 4% 6% 16% 7% 6% 23% 100%

R9 601 – R 38,400 Low 25% 17% 5% 7% 10% 13% 8% 15% 100%

R38 401 – R76 800 Middle 27% 17% 6% 7% 11% 10% 9% 13% 100%

R76 801 or more High 30% 16% 6% 8% 10% 11% 9% 11% 100%

Source: PDNA 2009

Note that the characteristics of the waste from low, middle and high income groups are not significantly

different from one another. The characteristics of the very low income group, however, are significantly

different.

7.2.3 Businesses

Business areas have a different waste generation profile. They are significant waste generators but with a

proportionately higher percentage of packaging material in the waste except restaurants, fast food outlets

and hotels. The composition of business waste can vary significantly between different types of

businesses. Business waste in general has a higher potential for recycling, owing to the fact that waste

materials are more homogeneous or exist in higher concentrations within the waste stream, compared to,

for example, household waste. Most businesses generate what is classified as a general waste originating

from offices, common areas and lounges and service areas. If this waste is properly managed by being

separated at source, businesses can contribute to a sustainable solution for waste management.

MMM provides waste collection services to business in Bloemfontein, Botshabelo and Thaba N’chu Central

Business District (CBD). These include retail stores, office blocks, SMME businesses and information

trading.



30

All business waste is disposed of directly to landfill sites. However, there are a few businesses that does

on site recycling which is collected by buy-back centres.

7.2.4 Industry

Industry waste “includes commercial activities, commercial agricultural activities, mining activities and the

operation of power stations”.

In terms of the Minimum Requirements for the Handling, Classification and Disposal of Hazardous Waste

(DWAF 1998) waste from industry and mining is classified as hazardous waste.

Industrial activities are concentrated in Bloemfontein, Botshabelo and Thaba N’chu. Botshabelo has a

large textile, clothing and leather goods industry this is followed by furniture and other items (IDP 2014-15)

7.2.5 E-waste

The Waste Act classifies e-waste (electronic waste) as hazardous. Due to its potential hazardous nature it

can cause harm to human health and environmental concerns if not handled properly. Hazardous elements

and compounds are found in the manufacturing of e-waste products such as cadmium, lead, mercury, etc.

E-waste are not allowed at general landfill sites and can only be taken to permitted hazardous landfill sites,

drop-off facilities or permitted e-waste facilities for re-use, recycling and resell. The MMM does not have a

hazardous landfill site therefore e-waste are disposed of at the landfill sites.

The e-Waste Association of South Africa (eWASA), a non-profit organisation, was established in 2008 to

manage the establishment of a sustainable environmentally sound e-waste management system for the

country. eWASA list e-waste in the following categories (eWASA Industry Waste Management Plan Draft

v3.4, 2011)



31

Table 7-6: E-waste categories

No. Type Description

01 Large Household Appliances Washing machines, Dryers, Refrigerators, Air-conditioners, etc.

02 Small Household Appliances Vacuum cleaners, Coffee Machines, Irons, Toasters, etc.

03 Office, Information & Communication Equipment PCs, Laptops, Mobiles, Telephones, Fax Machines, Copiers, Printers etc.

04 Entertainment & Consumer Electronics, and Toys, Leisure, Sports & Recreational Equipment, and Automatic Issuing Machines

Televisions, VCR/DVD/CD players, Hi-Fi sets, Radios, etc., and electric train sets, coin slot machines, treadmills etc., and vending machines, parking ticket equipment etc.

05 Lighting Equipment Fluorescent tubes and lamps, sodium lamps etc. (Except Incandescent Bulbs, Halogen Bulbs) etc.

06 Electric and Electronic Tools Drills, Electric saws, Sewing Machines, Lawn Mowers etc. (Except: large stationary tools/machines) etc.

07 Security & health care equipment Surveillance and Control Equipment (e.g. CCTV cameras, scanning equipment), and Medical Instruments and Equipment (e.g. x-ray and heart lung machines) etc.

08 Mixed WEEE

Source: eWASA

7.2.6 Tyres

Tyres are among the largest and most problematic sources of waste. Waste tyres pose an environmental

problem, both as pollutants and as breeding grounds for mosquitoes and vermin. Tyres are not desired at

landfill sites due to the large volumes and void space, which quickly consumes valuable landfill airspace.

The Waste Tyre Regulation (2009) sets out the duties of tyre producers and dealers.

The prohibition of unauthorised disposal of tyres according to the Tyre Regulation is:

“4. No person may-

(a) dispose of a waste tyre, or knowingly or negligently cause or permit a waste tyre to be disposed of, in or

on any land, waterbody or at any facility, unless the disposal of that waste tyre is authorised by law;

(b) dispose of a waste tyre in a manner that is likely to cause pollution of the environment or harm to health

and well-being; or

(c) dispose of a whole tyre at a waste disposal facility.” (Waste Tyre Regulation, 2009)

Following the Waste Tyre Regulation, an Integrated Industry Waste Tyre Management Plan (IIWTMP) was

developed by The Recycling and Economic Development Initiative of South Africa and approved by

Department of Environmental Affairs and published in the Government Gazette (No. 35927) in November

2012. The aim of the IIWTMP is to support and promote tyre recycling by providing the collection and

depot infrastructure to collect waste tyres from across the country and deliver the tyres to approved

recyclers (http://www.redisa.org.za ).

http://www.redisa.org.za/



32

Through the REDISA Waste Tyre Management Plan, tyres will now be recycled into useful products

instead of polluting the environment (http://www.redisa.org.za ).

In MMM there are a few tyre dealers who dispose of their tyres at the Southern landfill site in Bloemfontein.

The following tyre recycling activities are taking place at the landfill site:

Tyres are being recycled as drinking/feeding troughs for farms

Tyres are shredded and the recycled rubber is stored into bags and used in different areas of road

construction.

Shredded tyres (rubber) used in different areas of road construction

Tyres being recycled as drinking/feeding troughs for farms

Figure 7-2: Recycling of tyres at the Southern Landfill Site

During a site visit on 29 May 2014 it was noted that the tyre stockpiles attracts “unwanted” persons who

burn tyres after hours for their scrap metal content.

7.2.7 Abattoir

Bloemfontein has an abattoir. Waste from the abattoir (i.e. condemned waste food) is disposed of at the

Northern landfill site by pre-treating the waste with lime where it is further trenched and covered (G Twala,

2014).

7.2.8 Building rubble

It was noted during a site on visit to the Southern and Northern landfill site on 29 May 2014 that large

amounts of building rubble are generated and disposed of at the landfill sites. This is mainly due to recent

housing developments in Bloemfontein. Mr Sam Ntobela confirmed that building rubble and sand are used

as cover material.

http://www.redisa.org.za/



33

7.2.9 Farming

The surrounding rural area accommodates both commercial and communal mixed farming. There is

extensive commercial farming in the west, mainly mixed crop production and cattle farming. There is

intensive farming along the lower drainage area of the Modder River in the north-west and the west (IDP

2009/2010).

Extensive agricultural and horticultural practices exist in the MMM area. These industries are likely to

generate hazardous waste in the form of empty pesticide containers, and stock/residues of redundant

chemicals.

Waste generated at farms are not being collected by MMM.

7.2.10 Manufacture

Transnet (Railway) and Barlow Motors, both located in Bloemfontein, generate solid and hazardous waste.

Both companies contract commercial waste companies for waste services (MLM AISWMS 2010).

7.2.11 Military

The Tempe and De Brug military base, situated outside of Bloemfontein, generates a significant amount of

general waste (including food) which they deliver to the Northern and Southern landfill sites respectively.

7.2.12 Sewage sludge

The treatment of sewage sludge is regulated as a concurrent mandate between the Department of Water

Affairs (DWA) and Department of Environmental Affairs (DWA) (NWMS 2010)

As per Ms Glory Twala, daily screenings (sludge) from the WWTWs are being sold as compost to farmers.



34

Table 7-7 gives an overview of waste treatment works in the MLM area (WISA 2010).

Table 7-7: Treatment works in MMM area

Scheme Name

Bloemfontein WWTW (Airport) (Bloemspruit)

Bloemfontein WWTW (Kagisanong)

Bloemfontein WWTW Ooseinde Sewage Dams

Bloemfontein WWTW (Picton/Content)

Bloemfontein WWTW (Schoemanpark Golf) Ooseinde

Bloemfontein WWTW (Sekretarispan)

Bloemfontein WWTW (Woodlands)

Grootvlei Prison WWTW (Bloemfontein)

Seroalo WWTW

Thaba N’chu Refurbishment (Selosesha Sewerage Works)

Source: WISA 2010

7.2.13 Health care facilities

Waste from health care facilities can be categorised as health care general waste (HCGW) and health care

risk waste (HCRW). HCGW comprises the non-hazardous component of the health care waste stream.

This waste is generated during the administrative and housekeeping functions of the health care facilities,

patients and visitors.

HCGW includes the following:

Packaging material and office waste (cardboard, paper, plastic)

Clean packaging material (needles, syringes, etc.)

Kitchen waste (including organics)

Garden greens

Building rubble (construction/renovation).

HCRW comprises the hazardous component of the health care waste stream. HCRW has the potential of

a number of environmental, health and safety risks, depending on the waste type and the manner in which

it is handled.



35

HCRW includes the following:

Infectious waste

Pathological waste, including body fluids, secretions and surgical specimens

Sharps, especially contaminated sharps

Pharmaceutical waste

Chemical waste

Heavy metals

Radioactive waste

Genotoxic waste

Cytotoxic agents

Pressurised containers.

Health care services originating in the MMM area are given in Table 7-8.



36

Table 7-8: Health care services in MLM (www.fshealth.gov.za 2010 & 2014)

Health care services: Facility type

Botshabelo

Community Health Centre 1

Clinic 14

District Hospital 1

Mobile 5

General Practitioner 1

SAIMR 1

Total 23

Thaba N’chu

Clinic 16

District Hospital 1

Specialised TB Hospital 1

Mobile 4

Occupational Health Service 1


Total 24

Bloemfontein

Bloodbank(s) 1

Community Health Centre 7

Clinic 73

Private Clinic 9

Environmental Health Service 1

Head Office 2

Provincial Tertiary Hospital 2

District Hospital 4

Military Hospital 1

Private Hospital 8

Regional Hospital 1

Midwife Obstetrics Unit 3

Specialised Hospital 3

Specialised TB Hospital 1

Laboratory 5

Mobile 24

Occupational Health Service 7

Administration Office(s) 12

Old Age Home 8

Paediatric Service 1


http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=CHC&s_parent=1962&s_town=BOTSHABELO

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=CLINIC&s_parent=1962&s_town=BOTSHABELO

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=HOSPDIST&s_parent=1962&s_town=BOTSHABELO

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=MOBILE&s_parent=1962&s_town=BOTSHABELO

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=PRACTITIONER&s_parent=1962&s_town=BOTSHABELO

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=SAIMR&s_parent=1962&s_town=BOTSHABELO

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=CLINIC&s_parent=1962&s_town=THABA%20NCHU

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=HOSPDIST&s_parent=1962&s_town=THABA%20NCHU

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=HOSPTB&s_parent=1962&s_town=THABA%20NCHU

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=MOBILE&s_parent=1962&s_town=THABA%20NCHU

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=OCC&s_parent=1962&s_town=THABA%20NCHU

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=PRACTITIONER&s_parent=1962&s_town=THABA%20NCHU

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=BLOOD&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=CHC&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=CLINIC&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=CLINICPRIV&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=ENV&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=HO&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=HOSPACC&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=HOSPDIST&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=HOSPMIL&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=HOSPPRIV&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=HOSPREG&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=HOSPSPEC&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=LAB&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=MOBILE&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=OCC&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=OFFICE&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=OLDAGE&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=PAED&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=PRACTITIONER&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN



37

Health care services: Facility type

Place of Safety 2

SAIMR 1

School Health Service 1

Support Centre 1

Total 187

Source: www.fshealth.gov.za (2010)

All public clinics and hospitals are under the control of the Department of Health: Free State Province.

Environmental Health Practitioners, who are stationed at hospitals, are responsible for the control of waste

management at hospitals and clinics, being under the supervision of a Chief Environmental Health

Practitioner. Parallel infection control officers at hospitals are responsible for appropriate waste handling,

including staff training.

In the Free State, hazardous waste is collected from points of generation and transported to recycling

facilities, treatment facilities and disposal facilities. Some of the facilities are outside the borders of the

Free State Province. Table 7-9, extracted from the Free State Province Integrated Hazardous Waste

Management Plan (IHWMP) (2009), lists the names of hazardous waste transporters, destinations as well

as name and type of facility.

Table 7-9: Hazardous waste transporter, destinations and name & type of facility

Name of Transporter Destination Name & Type of Facility

Enviroserv (various hazardous waste materials, including Ash from Incinerator in Bloemfontein)

Springs Holfontein Hazardous Waste Disposal Site

Central Waste Services (sludge from maintenance workshops)

Bloemfontein Farm (Not indicated) – Sludge Dam

Phambili Wasteman (healthcare risk waste) Klerksdorp Incinerator (Dawkinsville - Municipal Waste Dump).

Compass Waste Services (healthcare risk waste)

Bloemfontein, Durban, Roodepoort, and East London

Enviroserv Incinerator; Westmead Autoclave and Marianhill disposal site; Enviroserv Incinerator; Berlin Autoclave and Roundhill disposal site.

Oilkol (used oil) Krugersdorp Used oil Recyclers

Steimed (PTY) Ltd (healthcare risk waste) Bloemfontein Enviroserv Incinerator

Psychem Waste Solutions (healthcare risk waste)

Bloemfontein Enviroserv Incinerator

Petroleum & General (spillage sludge from petroleum depots)

Bloemfontein Temporary Storage Tank and use petroleum at fire department

Drum Monster (used chemical containers) Senekal Plastic recycler

NGM Engineering (spillage sludge from petroleum depots)

Bloemfontein Temporary Storage Tank and Enviroserv disposes of at Holfontein

Source: Free State IHWMP

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=SAFE&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=SAIMR&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/pls/fac/facdb.facility2?s_type=SUPPORT&s_parent=1962&s_town=BLOEMFONTEIN

http://www.fshealth.gov.za/



38

7.3 Waste quantities and types

7.3.1 Methodology for general waste survey

Records of waste collected and disposed of are not kept at any of the landfill sites due to non-operational

weighbridges or lack of proper record keeping at weighbridge control rooms.

General waste includes the following waste types:

Paper

Metals

Glass

Plastic

Organic (including garden and food waste)

Inert and building rubble (DEA&DP 2004).

7.3.2 Population projections

According to the official Census Data, the total population of MMM was 645,440 in 2001 and 747,431 in

2011. For future population projections, various authors have used several different assumptions:

In the 2005/06 IWMP annual growth rates of 1.38% (high scenario) and decreasing growth rates between

1.38% and 0% over the period 2002 – 2010 and remaining at 0% thereafter (low scenario) were assumed.

A population growth rate of 2.6% between 2001 and 2007 was calculated in this report based on the

Census 2001 and Community Survey 2007.

A population growth rate of 1.38% between 1996 and 2001 (IWMP, 2005/06).

For the Feasibility Study (MLM AISMWS 2010) it was decided not to utilise the Community Survey 2007

results as this survey was based on a spot sample with all characteristic limitations of this methodology,

seasonal affects (construction measures for the FIFA World Cup 2010 attracted workers from outside) may

have affected the results.

An assessment was made of the available demographic data and other available information in terms of

planning and population models for MLM. From these data population projections for the different socio

income levels until 2032 was made.



39

Table 7-10 presents the population projections for MLM as calculated in the feasibility study report (MLM

AISMWS 2010).

Table 7-10: Population projections in relation to income groups (2010 – 2032)

Population 2001 2010 2015 2020 2025 2032

Growth rate - 1.38% 1.38% 0.84% 0.39% 0.1%

Low income 569,639 644,442 671,470 729,290 753,673 761,541

Middle income 57,506 65,055 67,786 73,623 76,085 76,879

High income 18,265 20,663 21,530 23,384 24,166 24,418

Total 645,410 730,140 760,787 826,297 853,924 862,838

In calculating population projections for MMM it was assumed that a constant gain of 1.38% will remain

until 2015 and decrease to 0.1% by 2032.

It should however be noted that the demographics have changed since the 2011 draft IWMP. Results from

the STATS SA 2001 census indicated that the lower income group presented 88% of the total population in

2001 followed by middle income (9%) and high income (3%). The STATS SA 2011 census presented

significant results and a positive trend in income groups where the low income population now presents

40% of the total population followed by middle income (34%) and the high income (26%). This resulted to a

population increase of 1.48% per annum.

In calculating the income groups for MMM it was assumed that the income levels will only change by 2025

where the low income will present 30% of the total population followed by the middle income (40%) and

high income (30%) and this will remain constant until 2030.

In calculating population projections for MMM it was assumed that the population will grow by 1.38%

between 2011 and 2015 and decrease to 1.11% by 2020, 0.66% by 2025 and a further decrease of 0.21%

by 2030.

Table 7-11 indicates the population projections for MMM.

Table 7-11: Population projection for MMM (2011 to 2030)

Demographics Population projections (2001 - 2030)

Income groups

% 2001 % 2011 % 2015 % 2020 % 2025 % 2030

Low income None - R19,200

88% 569,656 40% 298,972 40% 315,820 40% 333,741 30% 258,674 30% 261,375

Middle income R19,201 - R76,800

9% 57,537 34% 254,127 34% 268,447 34% 283,680 40% 344,899 40% 348,500

High income R76,801 or more

3% 18,247 26% 194,332 26% 205,283 26% 216,931 30% 258,674 30% 261,375

100% 645,440 1.48% 747,431 1.38% 789,551 1.11% 834,352 0.66% 862,248 0.21% 871,249



40

7.3.3 MLM waste characterisation study

(Most of the information in this section is copied directly from the Final Feasibility Study Report)

A waste characterisation study was carried out in the form of a weighing campaign to understand the

waste stream regarding quantities, waste types and origin in the MLM area. It was important to determine

the origin of the domestic waste associated with income levels which could give an indication of the waste

generation by households. This study took place over one week (23 – 29 March 2010) at the Northern and

Southern landfill sites in Bloemfontein simultaneously. The campaign did not cover the Botshabelo landfill

site as this site does not have a weighbridge. However, a count has been done on types and number of

delivery vehicles entering the site during the campaign.

The waste characterisation study yielded the following results:

Table 7-12: Waste characterisation results for MLM

Waste type

Middle to high income %

W5+, W5-, HEI, CBD

Low income %

M, TN, BOTS

Commercial/

trade

Average portions Typical portion

Paper 21,2% 11,0% 24,7%

Plastics 14,1% 8,1% 12,4%

Glass 8,7% 6,7% 22,5%

Metals 5,3% 2,5% 6,0%

Total recyclables 49,2% 28,4% 65,6%

Total Spoils 12,7% 13,8% 14,5%

Total Organic 38,1% 57,8% 19,9%

The results show that paper constitutes the highest fraction of recyclables followed by plastics. The total

recyclables fraction from commercial/trade (i.e. military) amounts to 65% which is higher than the

recyclables from the domestic waste streams.



41

7.3.4 Volumes of general waste generated

The MMM has weighbridge records for volumes of waste disposed of at the various landfill sites. The

volumes for the period July 2013 to May 2014 are shown below.

Figure 7-3: Actual waste volumes (July 2013 – May 2014)

It should be noted that due to regular breakdown of the weighbridges these volumes does not present a

true reflection of actual waste volumes disposed of at the landfill sites. Therefore it was decided to

calculate waste volumes by using the population figures with waste generation rates as depicted in Table

7-13.

Table 7-13: Waste generation rates

Income levels kg/c/day

Low income (None - R19,200) 0.5

Middle income (R19,201 - R76,800) 1

High income (R76,801 or more) 2

0.00

10,000.00

20,000.00

30,000.00

40,000.00

50,000.00

60,000.00

70,000.00

80,000.00

Waste volumes: July 2013 - May 2014

Southern landfill site

Northern landfill site

Botshabelo landfill site



42

From the population projections (2011 – 2030) the annual waste quantities for MMM are shown in Table

7-14

Table 7-14: Projected waste quantities

Demographics Waste generation model (2001 - 2030)

Income groups 2001 2011 2015 2020 2025 2030

Low income None - R19,200

103,962 54,562 57,637 60,908 47,208 47,701

Middle income R19,201 - R76,800

21,001 92,756 97,983 103,543 125,888 127,202

High income R76,801 or more

13,320 141,862 149,857 158,360 188,832 190,804

138,284 289,181 305,477 322,811 361,928 365,707

7.4 Waste avoidance and reduction

7.4.1 Description of waste avoidance and reduction

The Polokwane Declaration of intent was formulated in 2001 and its goals are to: ‘Reduce waste

generation and disposal by 50% and 25% respectively by 2012 and develop a plan for ZERO WASTE by

2022’. This declaration sets a clear mandate for the prioritisation of waste reduction in South Africa.

The foundation of the hierarchy, waste avoidance and reduction, seeks to prevent potential waste

(recyclables, organic waste) from even entering the waste stream, see Figure 5-1 (Waste Management

Hierarchy). “Waste avoidance refers to a pro-active approach by industrial as well as domestic waste

producers to minimise the volume of waste, by not creating the waste in the first place” (Naude 2010).

Recycling, which is often seen as the epitome of waste reduction options, in fact only sits in the middle of

the hierarchy.

At a governmental/legislative level an example of a waste avoidance and reduction intervention was the

introduction of a levy on plastic shopping bags. This initiative spurned the production of better quality bags

that people were more likely to reuse, therefore reducing the number of plastic bags entering the waste

stream and damaging the environment.

At a domestic level, waste reduction can be practiced by people making an effort to use items for purposes

over and above the original intent. Household composting is also considered waste reduction, as the

material that would normally have entered the waste stream is converted into a useful gardening resource.



43

At an industry/business level waste avoidance and reduction is practiced by endeavouring to reduce the

need for disposal while promoting reduction, reuse and recycling at the design stage of product

development. There is an opportunity for local municipalities to partner with industries / businesses to

encourage the implementation of these principles. Industries and businesses that participate can receive

positive advertising for ‘green’ initiatives while the municipality will receive the benefit of reduced waste to

landfill while playing a leading role in waste management in South Africa.

Waste avoidance and reduction is going to play an increasingly significant role in waste management in

the years to come. It is therefore critical that these issues be considered in any municipal waste strategy

and policy.

7.4.2 Existing waste avoidance and reduction

Very limited waste avoidance and reduction initiatives exist within MMM. However, all businesses are

provided with wheelie bins (for collection of general waste) and others do onsite sorting and recycling.

7.5 Collection systems

7.5.1 Levels of service

The National Domestic Waste Standards (Notice No 1475, 2009) describe the level of service (LOS) as

follows:

"It is recognised that service levels may differ between areas depending on the practicality and cost

efficiency of delivering the service. However, the standards for domestic waste collection as outlined below

will be equally relevant to all different levels of domestic waste collection services.

Service levels may vary between:

a. On-site appropriate and regularly supervised disposal (applicable mainly to remote rural areas

with low density settlements and farms supervised by the waste management officer)

b. Community transfer to central collection point (medium density settlements)

c. Organised transfer to central collection points and/or Kerbside collection (high density

settlements)

d. Mixture of ‘b’ and ‘c’ above for the medium to high density settlements."



44

MMM renders refuse collection services to residential areas, commercial/trade, businesses, schools,

churches, hospitals and government institutions. In addition to the collection services rendered by MMM

(as stated in Section 7.1.3), three SMMEs are involved in cleansing services and a pool of forty SMMEs

(Thaba N’chu (5), Botshabelo (10) , Bloemfontein (25)) are involved in “emergency door to door collection

services” as and when necessary.

The weekly door to door collection service is also outsourced to SMMEs, both in Bloemfontein (2) and

Thaba N’chu (2) where access by normal truck to settlements is not possible as the streets are too narrow.

The SMMEs collect the black bags to a temporary holding/storage facility in which the waste is stored, from

where it is transport by bakkie (or light truck) to the Botshabelo landfill site. There is no overnight storage of

waste.

Figure 7-4 depicts waste removal services by MMM.

Figure 7-4: Percentage distribution of households by type of waste disposal 1996 – 2011 (STATS SA 2011)

From Figure 7-4 it can be seen that 81.8% of households receive a weekly collection service, 14.7% of

households makes use of communal/own dumpsites and 3.5% of households (mainly informal areas) does

not receive a weekly collection service. These trends show an overall improvement in waste collection

services, though there is still room for improvement in the following areas:

Waste collection services are not optimised to ensure the most efficient service;

There is no apparent logic to the routing arrangements and often different collection vehicles are

dispatched from different locations to serve adjacent areas;

The IDP (2014-15) notes irregular waste removal in wards: 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32,

36, 39 and 40. Please refer to Appendix B for location of wards.



45

7.5.2 Public cleansing

Public cleansing is a function of the municipality. However, the municipality has outsourced public

cleansing to three service providers in 5 demarcated areas in Bloemfontein CBD.

7.5.3 Waste collection and transport technologies

The transport of waste has a major impact on the efficiency of a collection operation and is very dependent

on the distance the waste need to be hauled for offloading (MIIU 2006). Tractor-trailer systems are suitable

for distance of less than 5km due to slow travel time and thus slow turn-around time. Rear end loaders

(RELs) are very effective in the collection of waste but are expensive and susceptible to breakdown (MIIU

2006).

The waste collection service is affected by fleet shortages due to regular vehicle breakdown and downtime.

The collection service is therefore often late or delayed until another day.

A decision was made by MMM to purchase 16 new compaction vehicles through a lease programme, of

which 8 were delivered in 2013. The vehicles were purchased to increase the efficiency in the collection of

waste. However, 13 vehicles have been received and the balance will be delivered as soon as the vehicles

are ready. A total number of 6 tipper trucks and 3 TLBs have been received for public cleansing.



46

Error! Reference source not found. depicts the waste collection performance report for 21 May 2014 on

waste collection vehicles for the collection of domestic waste, trade waste as well as public cleansing.

Table 7-15: Status of collection vehicles on 21 May 2014

Date Fleet No Driver Time: Fleet Availability

Section: Domestic waste

Collection Status %

Reasons for Non Completion

Remedial Action

21/05/14 1308 Tsubane 08H00 Universitas, Gardenia Park, Wilgehof (Renahanneng)

21/05/14 1519 No

Truck

Makhera 08H00 Brandwag, Westdene (Tsogane), Dan Pienaar (Sovuka)

21/05/14 No Truck

Langenhoven Park North (Ngcangiso)

21/05/14 1308 1519

Universitas, Brandwag

21/05/14 No Truck

Langenhoven Park South (Chap)


Section: Trade waste Collection Status %

Reasons for Non Completion

Remedial Action

21/05/14 1020 Motlengoa 08H00 CBD/Westdene/Dan Pienaar/Bayswater

21/05/14 1013 Mokhobo 08H00 Bloemspruit/Hamilton/ Pelonomi/Heidedal/ Grootvlei/Group4

21/05/14 1015 Kunene 08H00 Bainsvlei/Groenvlei/ Langenhovenpark/Rayton

21/05/14 1510 Mpeqeka 08H00 CBD/Mimosa/Waterfront/ Universitas

21/05/14 1016 Ncheka 08H00 CBD/Showground/ Fichardtpark/Hospitalpark

21/05/14 No truck Hilton/Roodewal/Airforce

21/05/14 No truck Brandwag/Tempe/ Lourierpark/Fleurdal


Section: Public cleansing Percentage Status at 16h00

Reasons for Non completion

21/05/14 1307 Mangoloti 08H00 CBD, FP Market, N8, Dr Belcher, LDT Rank, K Edward, Park Rd

21/05/14 9812 Ramarothole 08H00 CBD

Domestic Waste: There are two trucks available: The following are not available 1309 (Thaba N’chu); 1536 (hopper); 1311 (noise-diff), 1520 (no power); 1412 (cylinders)

Trade Waste: There are five trucks available: The following are not available 1552 (tailgate); 1001 (overheating); 1535 (airlock, overheating); 1457 (sprico bin lifter); 1014 (sprico bin mechanism); 1459 (hopper, cylinder); 1443 (gearbox, fan belt); 1017 (Chassis)

Public Cleansing: There are two trucks available: The following are not available: 1503 (panel beating); 1435 (Botshabelo); 1453 (water pump, COF); 1538 (clutch plate); 1537 (no power); 1533 (side shaft)

Source: (Ms Glory Twala)



47

There is no current arrangement for a responsible person to undertake regular condition assessment on

vehicles and equipment. However, mechanical services do assess the vehicles on a random basis.

7.5.4 Waste containment

In the past the municipality leased sprico bins to businesses but this has changed as the municipality no

more purchase these bins. Businesses are required to purchase their own bins. Schools are provided with

bins which they use for separating waste into various fractions for recycling purposes.



48

7.6 Waste reduction

The development objective of the National Waste Management Strategy (2011) is to reduce the generation

and environmental impact of all forms of waste, so that socio-economic development in South Africa, the

health of its people, and the quality of its environmental resources is no longer adversely affected by

uncontrolled and uncoordinated waste management (NWMS 2011).

The NWMS is structured around a framework of eight goals. Goal 1 addresses the first four stages of the

Waste Management Hierarchy and is structured around 2 objectives:

Objective 1: promote waste minimisation in the design, composition and manufacturing of products.

Objective 2: promote re-use, recycling and recovery of goods and waste materials and with the ultimate

aim of diverting waste from landfill.

Objective 1 has targets and measures for waste minimisation in the paper and packaging industry,

pesticide industry, lighting industry and waste tyre industry IndIWMPs. Objective 2 has targets where 25%

of recyclables are diverted from landfill sites for re-use, recycling and recovery by 2015. Metropolitan

municipalities, secondary cities and large towns should initiate separation at source programmes by 2015.



49

7.6.1 Recovery for recycling

This section will describe the various recycling initiatives exist within MMM.

7.6.1.1 Separation at Source: Fichardt Park

Separation at source has become a requirement with the promulgation of the Waste Act and the 25%

diversion targets set in the NWMS (2011). It provides a beneficial potential alternative to the current landfill

only option. It should be considered strongly in the face of limited landfill airspace in MMM for a fully

integrated system.

The Fichardt Park source separation pilot project has been initiated by DETEA with support received from

MMM and Tuffy. Households are provided with a clear bag to put in dry recyclables (Hugo 2014).

The objective of this project was to get residents to separate their dry and clean recyclables from the wet

waste, by placing the recyclables in clear bags provided. At the start of the project residents were informed

by the distribution of information starter packs. The agreed method of collection was that Rat Race Waste,

a buy-backcollector, would follow the council refuse truck and collect all the dry recyclable plastic bags left

behind. The clear bags were taken to the buy-back centre where the recyclables are sorted into their

various fractions and sold off to recycling companies in Gauteng.

The campaign consisted of different task teams namely education and public awareness. However during the first phase the project faced many challenges and valuable lessons were learnt which lead to a partnership being established between the waste collector and the street pickers (Hugo 2014).

Clear bag with dry recyclables & black bags with general

waste (Hugo 2014) Rat Race Waste collecting clear bags (Hugo 2014)

Figure 7-5: Fichardt Park clear bags and collection system



50

Recyclables separated at source ensures a cleaner environment for workers in the recycling industry and

higher quality recyclables with a higher resale value. In order to reach the 25% diversion target, informal

pickers could be formalised in source separation schemes, transfer stations (for separating waste) and

public drop offs.

7.6.1.2 Buy-back facilities (collectors)

Buy-back facilities operate on premises that are licenced for the sorting, processing and storage of various

recyclables.

There are various buy-back centres that collect recyclables from businesses and retailers in Bloemfontein

CBD. Buy-back centres also buy recyclables from informal landfill pickers at landfill sites and street

pickers. The incoming recyclables are weighed and then paid for in cash to the informal landfill pickers and

street pickers.

A list of buy-back centres/scrap metal companies in Bloemfontein, as provided by ILO, is as follows:

Rat Race Waste

OFS Waste Paper

Collected Waste and Scrap Metal

Paper and Plastic Recyclers

Avery Scrap Metal and Glass Recyclers

The amount of recyclables that is accepted and processed at the buy-back facilities is not known.

7.6.1.3 E-waste collectors

In MMM there is an active e-waste industry. There are a few metal scrap dealers who collect white goods

(i.e. fridges). The Refurbish Warehouse in Bloemfontein is a recycler who offers collection, processing and

recycling services to individuals, IT industry, Telecommunications and Corporations

(www.refurbwarehouse.co.za). Recyclables from The Refurbish Warehouse is transported to Desco Electronic

Recyclers, an eWASA accredited recycler, in the Gauteng province.

It is noted that a company “PartServe Channel Support” refurbishes e-waste in Bloemfontein.

Table 7-16 list retailers collecting various e-waste products.

Table 7-16: Retailers collecting e-waste

Collector Type of e-waste

Makro Batteries only

Pick ‘n Pay (all stores) Batteries, CFLs & cartridges

PartServe Channel Support Refurbishment of e-waste

Source: eWASA

http://www.refurbwarehouse.co.za/



51

7.6.1.4 Other recycling initiatives

It was noted that many people in Thaba N’chu, Botshabelo and Bloemfontein collect recyclables and store

these at their homes. Transport costs are too high to take the recyclables to the buy-back centres hence

the large stockpiles.

Stockpiles of glass and cans

Crushed glass placed in bags

Figure 7-6: Various recycling activities



52

There are recycling initiatives established by various church communities (Hugo 2014).

Ladybrand Anglican Church (Hugo 2014)

Fichardtkruin NG Church (Hugo 2014)

Figure 7-7: Recycling initiatives at various churches

From the photos it can be seen that recyclables are marked and placed in different containers. Recyclables

are also placed in bags and dropped off at a collection point.

7.6.2 Waste pickers

According to the Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act 85 of 1993), an employer is responsible for the safety

and well-being of salvagers on site. Where the permit holder or operator formally accommodates salvagers

in a workforce arrangement, he or she is the employer (Naude 2010; NWMS 2011).

Waste pickers has been formalised by establishing co-operatives at all operating landfill sites in MMM.

Waste pickers have also received formal training by MMM and RAG Recycling in separating recyclables

and health and safety issues.

Landfill waste pickers play an important role in the waste management hierarchy by contributing towards

reducing and minimising waste. Recycling companies and buy-back centres rely on recyclables collected

by waste pickers. This is evident on the landfill sites.



53

During site visits on 29 May 2014, it was noted that recyclers sort recyclables away from disposal areas on

the landfill sites. At Botshabelo landfill site it was noted that there is no method to control salvaging on the

landfill site especially at the working face. Uncontrolled salvaging at the working face of the landfill is

unacceptable, for both health and safety reasons. It was noted that informal pickers stormed a collection

vehicle depositing waste at the working face. There was no landfill site operator present to control this

activity. Waste pickers were seen eating expired food coming from the collection vehicle.

Recyclables being sorted

Recyclables placed in bags

Waste pickers stormed this collection vehicle for recyclables

Waste pickers pulling bags out of the compactor

Figure 7-8: Selection of photos showing recycling activities at the Botshabelo landfill site



54

7.6.3 ILO Free State SME Development Initiative

The ILO has conducted a study “Free State SME Development Initiative” to review the challenges and

opportunities for small business development and decent job creation in the waste sector in three

municipalities in the Free State Province, including MMM. The study highlights the vulnerable situation of

waste pickers, the important role of buy-back facilities in creating formal jobs and informal income-

generating opportunities for the informal pickers and the unemployed. It concludes by making

recommendations for sustainable waste management and encourages separation at source (Schenk et al.,

2012).

The report highlights the following actions to be taken (Schenk et al., 2012):

Regular medical check-ups;

Training in health and safety issues in waste management;

Protective clothing;

Access to ablution facilities;

Safe, demarcated and covered areas for recycling activities;

Self-reliance by registering and providing waste pickers with identity cards in order to prevent

unwanted people on the landfill sites;

Establish Materials Recovery Facilities that provides a better environment where recyclables are

cleaner than what it would have been after compaction together with general waste;

Encourage separation at source through awareness raising of households.

The PET Plastic Recycling South Africa (PETCO) and partners hosted an information sharing workshop on 19 June 2014 around recycling and current waste management initiatives in MMM and the Free State Province. The aim of the workshop was to share information around recycling and current waste management initiatives in the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality and in the Free State Province. The workshop provided insight into the ILO Free State SME Development Initiative and their other initiatives. Various stakeholders (buy-back facilities, representatives from MMM, ILO, PETCO, entrepreneurs, informal waste pickers co-operatives) attended the workshop. PETCO provide support to local various government initiatives in the provision of infrastructure and equipment (i.e. balers) and training and enterprise development for officials and waste pickers.

7.6.4 Composting

There seems to be very little treatment of waste. Some gardens greens are chipped but are then disposed

at the Northern landfill site. No composting initiatives are currently underway in MMM. The Technical

Services division would like to introduce and encourage home-based composting, but lacks the capacity to

roll out this initiative.



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7.7 Waste disposal

7.7.1 Landfill Site Auditing

The waste disposal operation is monitored by means of a landfill site audit. All landfill sites are required to

be audited and inspected to ensure the maintenance of acceptable standards as set out in the Minimum

Requirements for Waste Disposal by Landfill (1998). The audit is a management tool used to evaluate

various parameters/ conditions in a pre-stipulated permit in terms of an Act and/or in-house standards,

which should be followed daily by the personnel concerned to produce the required standard. Audits also

function as a control measure to ensure that the operation conforms to the required standard.

7.7.2 Operating landfill sites

There are currently three landfill sites which are owned and operated by the MMM

The three operating landfill sites are as follows:

Northern landfill site (Bloemfontein)

Southern landfill site (Bloemfontein)

Botshabelo landfill site (Botshabelo)

The locations of the three landfill sites are indicated in Figure 7-9.

Figure 7-9: Locality Plan: Operating landfill sites

Northern LS

Southern LS

Botshabelo LS



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7.7.2.1 Northern landfill site

The site is approximately 39,73ha in extent and is located approximately 10km north of the centre of

Bloemfontein. Access to the site is acquired from Eeufees Road. The site accepts waste from the

surrounding areas.

Table 7-17 gives a brief description of the facility’s permit conditions.

Table 7-17: Permit conditions for Northern landfill site

Name Noordstort

Class G:M:B-

Permit status Yes

Permit no 16/2/7/C522/D1/Z2/P478

Date issued 14 March 2003

Location Remaining extent of the farm Hillside 2830, District Bloemfontein

Permit holder Mangaung Local Municipality

Condition Operational

Site life 8 years (as per Ms Glory Twala)

Permissible waste General waste suitable for disposal at a general disposal facility.

Buffer zone 600m between the site and the nearest residential and/or light industrial areas

Maximum height Not exceeding 15m above MSL

Daily cover Minimum of 150mm of soil or other approved material by DWAF: Regional Director: Free State

Reclamation Waste disposed of on the site may be reclaimed but not to interfere with daily operational activities.

Monitoring Groundwater, surface water and air pollution (tests in accordance with SABS, Standards Act, 1982 (Act 30 of 1982)

Auditing Internal audits (quarterly by permit holder)

External audits (annually by independent external auditor)

Departmental audits and inspections (DWAF: Free State)

Rehabilitation & closure

At least 180 days prior to intended closure of the site

A copy of the current permit is included as Appendix C.

Land use

The permit authorises the further development and operation of a waste disposal site on the remaining

extent of the farm Hillside 2830, District of Bloemfontein. The land use is zoned to be for general purposes

(MLM S78 2003). The buffer zone around the site has decreased to about 500m due to the encroachment

of residences and the nearby housing development. However, the permit allows for a buffer zone of 600m.

In terms of the Minimum Requirements for waste disposal by landfill, buffer zones may vary between 500m

and 1 000m in width. For small landfill sites this distance is set at 400m. For landfills classified as medium

or large, this buffer zone is determined based on investigations undertaken, motivations presented and

public acceptance. The site needs to be rezoned to suit the current landfill operation.



57

The establishment and maintenance of buffer zones is enforceable in terms of the Health Act, 1977 (Act 63

of 1977), which makes provision for measures to prevent any nuisance, unhygienic or offensive condition

that may be harmful to health (Naude 2010).

Landfill design

The site receives domestic and trade waste, building rubble, garden greens and tyres. The site is intended

to accept general non-hazardous waste only.

Controls

According to the permit conditions the Permit Holder is to ensure effective access control. Waste entering

the site is electronically recorded.

Security

There is 24 hour security on site. Recycling initiatives are formalised and waste pickers are registered as

co-operatives, received training and education. The site is properly fenced.

Operations

MMM has no operational plan to guide operations at the landfill site. The draft 2011 IWMP stated that eight

monitoring boreholes are located around the eastern and south-eastern sides of the site. Two further

private boreholes are located downstream (east) of the others. According to MLM AISWMS (2010)

groundwater monitoring was carried out in 2005 by GHT Consulting and GEO Pollution Technologies and

again in 2007 and 2008 by NSVT Consultants. The results showed some groundwater pollution,

particularly by chlorides and high COD (chemical oxygen demand). A programme to monitor surface water

in the vicinity of the site needs to be implemented. Regular audits needs to be conducted to provide

management with the necessary information for the management of the entire disposal activities.

Furthermore, a Landfill Operational Plan for the Northern landfill site was conducted in June 2010 by Eco-

Eye Waste Management (Pty) Ltd. This report provides technical information such as a topographical

survey data, available airspace, and other operational requirements (Annexure D).



58

Plant and equipment

The DWAF Minimum Requirements require the provision of sufficient suitable equipment, drivers and

back-up to ensure environmentally acceptable waste disposal at all times.

Table 7-18 shows the plant and equipment provided on site.

Table 7-18: Plant and equipment: Northern landfill site

Number Description

1 Bell compactor

2 Bulldozer

1 Front-end loader

2 Tipper truck

2 Dumper

1 LDV

1 Chipper

2 Tractor

1 Water tanker (hired)

According to the MLM AISWMS (2010) the equipment appears to be in a poor state. The availability,

downtime and standing time needs to be assessed and managed on a continuous basis to ensure effective

and efficient utilisation of these resources. This should be included as a key performance indicator (KPI) in

a management system and management information system.

Staff and Personnel

It is a Minimum Requirement that the operation of all landfill sites be carried out under the direction of a

Responsible Person. In the case of the Northern landfill site, it must have a site superintendent and, in all

cases, be supported by suitably qualified and competent staff.



59

The approved establishment for the site provides for 17 staff members. The current staff employed is as

follows:

Table 7-19: Site staff members

Staff Number

Weighbridge operator (full time) 2

General worker 5

Operator 3

Heavy vehicle drivers 2

Landfill spotters 1

Source: Ms Glory Twala

It is evident that the facility is well staffed to operate the facility in line with the permit requirements.

Infrastructure

Based on the site classification, certain minimum standards are required. The site consists of chemical

toilets, showers and a changing room for staff. Storage facilities for plant and equipment are provided.

The site has 2 weighbridges and has been fitted with new computers and CCTV cameras. A workshop

and storage sheds for plant and equipment are currently under construction.

Nuisance Control

The DWAF Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal by Landfill (1998) set out the control of nuisances

resulting from landfill operations.

The municipality indicated that it hires water tankers for dust suppression.

It is a Minimum Requirement that all litter be contained within the site and removed from fences and

vegetation on a daily basis. Ungrassed areas and unsurfaced access roads need to be regularly watered

to restrict the occurrence of dust on site. Waste is fully covered at the end of each working day.



60

Site visit

A site visit was undertaken by Mott MacDonald PDNA and Mr Sam Ntobela (MMM) on 29 May 2014. The

photographs in Figure 7-10 show current activities at the landfill site.

Weighbridge and control room. Note incoming &

outgoing weighbridge not operational.

Uncovered waste at the site. Compactor moving

garden greens.

Recyclables being collected

Cover material stockpiles

Building rubble

Recyclables sorting area

Figure 7-10: Selection of photographs showing current activities at Northern landfill site



61

7.7.2.2 Southern landfill site

The site is approximately 117,25ha in extent and is located approximately 5km south of the centre of

Bloemfontein, adjacent to the N1 to Cape Town. Access to the site is from Ferreira Road en route to the

Suid Park Cemetery. The site accepts waste from the surrounding areas, from predominantly residential

and commercial sources.

Table 7-20 gives a brief description of the facility’s permit conditions.

Table 7-20: Permit conditions of Southern landfill site

Name Suidstort

Class G:M:B-

Permit status Yes

Permit no B33/2/2010/2/P162

Date issued 03 March 1995

Location Farm Sydenham 445, District Bloemfontein

Permit holder Mangaung Local Municipality




Buffer zone Not mentioned in permit

Maximum height Not exceeding 35m above natural ground level



Monitoring Groundwater, surface water and air pollution (tests in accordance with SABS, Standards Act, 1982 (Act 30 of 1982)

Auditing Not mentioned

Rehabilitation & closure At least 60 days prior to intended closure of the site

From Table 7-20 it can be seen that there are a few gaps and permit conditions not stated. A copy of the

current permit is attached as Annexure E.

Land use

The permit authorises the further development and operation of a waste disposal site on the farm

Sydenham 445, District of Bloemfontein. The land use is zoned for general purposes. With the issuing of

the upgrade to a G:L:B- permit, the site needs to be rezoned to suit the current landfill operation in order

for the current activities to be compatible with the revised land use classification (MLM S78 2003).



62

Landfill design

The site is intended for general non-hazardous waste only. The permit allows for a final landfill height of

35m above natural ground level. However, the original plan shows a final contour height of 45m above

ground level. The landfill footprint is about 450 x 760m (42,6ha). The remaining landfill volume is

estimated at 5 to 6 million m3. The site receives general waste, building rubble, garden greens and tyres.

Controls

According to the permit conditions the permit holder is to ensure effective access control. Waste entering


Security

There is a 24 security on site that controls access to the site. The site is properly fenced.

Operations

The IWMP (2005/2006) states that eight monitoring boreholes are located around the site. Samples are

taken and analysed periodically. According to MLM AISWMS 2010, groundwater monitoring was carried

out in 2005 by GHT Consulting and GEO Pollution Technologies and again in 2007 and 2008 by NSVT

Consultants. The results showed some groundwater pollution, particularly by chlorides and high COD

(chemical oxygen demand). A programme to monitor surface water in the vicinity of the site needs to be

implemented. Regular audits should be conducted to provide management with the necessary information

for the management of the entire disposal operation.

Furthermore, a Landfill Operational Plan for the Southern landfill site was conducted in June 2010 by Eco-


survey data, available airspace, and other operational requirements (Annexure F).



63

Plant and equipment

The DWAF Minimum Requirement is to provide sufficient suitable equipment, drivers and back-up to

ensure environmentally acceptable waste disposal at all times.

The following plant and equipment are provided on site.

Table 7-21: Plant and equipment: Southern landfill site

Number Description

1 Bell compactor

2 Bulldozer

1 Front-end loader

2 Tipper truck

2 Dumper

1 LDV

According to the MLM AISWMS (2010) the equipment appears to be in a poor state. The availability,

downtime and standing time should be assessed and managed on a continual basis to ensure effective

and efficient utilisation of these resources. This should be included as a KPI in a fleet management

system and management information system (IWMP 2005/2006).

Staff and Personnel


Responsible Person. In the case of the Southern landfill site, with permit G:M:B- status, the site must have

a site superintendent and, in all cases, be supported by suitably qualified and competent staff. With the

upgrade of the site to a G:L:B- , a landfill manager with a post-matric or tertiary qualification is required.

The landfill manager must also be supported by suitably qualified and competent staff.



64

The approved establishment for the site provides for 16 staff members. The current staff employed is as

follows:


Staff Number

Weighbridge operator (full time)

Weighbridge operator (part time)

2

4

General worker 10

Operator 6


Landfill spotters 6



Infrastructure

Based on the site classification, certain minimum standards are required. The site consists of chemical

toilets, showers and a changing room for staff.

The site has two weighbridges (one old and one new) and has been fitted with new computers and CCTV

cameras. The functioning of the weighbridge is affected by poor design and improper siting (MLM AISWMS

2010).

A workshop and storage sheds for plant and equipment are currently under construction.

Nuisance Control





to restrict the occurrence of dust on site. Waste is be fully covered at the end of each working day.




65

Site Visit

A site visit was undertaken by Mott MacDonald PDNA and Mr Sam Ntobela on 29 May 2014. The

photographs in Figure 7-11 show the current activities at the landfill site.

Statutory signage at the landfill site. Food and fruit are sold at the gate.

Weighbridge office and weighbridges (in & out)

Many plastic including much PET

By far the largest reclaiming landfill site in MMM

Building rubble is kept separate

A stockpile of tyres



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Shredded tyres (rubber) used in different areas of

road construction Tyres being recycled as drinking/feeding troughs for

farms

Storage shed for plant & equipment being built

Low point – stormwater drainage problem area

Ponding of water in area leading to the supervisor

office

Drainage problem causing water ponding

Figure 7-11: Selection of photos showing current activities at the Southern landfill site



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7.7.2.3 Botshabelo landfill site

The site is approximately 24,07ha in extent and is located approximately 10km south of Botshabelo (MLM

AISWMS 2010). (However, the IWMP (2005/2006) states that the site is located approximately 5km east

of Botshabelo.) Access to the site is from the N8. The site accepts waste from the surrounding areas,

from are predominantly residential and commercial sources.

Table 7-23 gives a brief description of the facility’s permit conditions:

Table 7-23: Permit conditions for Botshabelo landfill site

Name Botshabelo Eastern

Class G:M:B-

Permit status Yes

Permit no 16/2/7/C521/D1/1/P255

Date issued 15 January 1992

Location Botshabelo Nr 826

Permit holder Botshabelo Municipality




Buffer zone 800m

Maximum height Not mentioned in permit



Monitoring Groundwater and surface water (tests in accordance with SABS, Standards Act, 1982 (Act 30 of 1982)

Auditing Not mentioned in permit

Rehabilitation & closure At least 60 days prior to intended closure of the site

A copy of the current permit is attached as Annexure G.

Land use

The land use is zoned for agricultural purposes and needs to be re-zoned to suit the current landfill

operation, in order for the current activities to be compatible with the revised land use classification (MLM

S78 2003).



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Landfill design

The site is intended for general non-hazardous waste only. The permit does not limit the height of the final

landfill surface and no operational plan indicating the final contours is available (MLM AISWMS 2010).

Controls

According to the permit conditions the permit holder is to ensure effective access control. Waste entering


Security

There is 24 hour security on the site. The site is properly fenced.

Operations

The IWMP (2005/2006) states that two monitoring boreholes are located near the site. Samples are taken

and analysed periodically. According to MLM AISWMS (2010) groundwater monitoring was carried out in

2005 by GHT Consulting and GEO Pollution Technologies and again in 2007 and 2008 by NSVT

Consultants. The results showed some groundwater pollution, particularly by chlorides and high COD. A

programme to monitor surface water in the vicinity of the site needs to be implemented. Regular audits

should be conducted to provide management with the necessary information for the management of the

entire disposal operation.

Furthermore, a Landfill Operational Plan for Botshabelo landfill site was conducted in June 2010 by Eco-


survey data, available airspace, and other operational requirements (Annexure H).

Plant and equipment

The DWAF Minimum Requirement is to provide sufficient suitable equipment, drivers and back-up to

ensure environmentally acceptable waste disposal at all times.



69

The following plant and equipment are provided on site.

Table 7-24: Plant & Equipment: Botshabelo landfill site

Number Description

1 Compactor (broken down - 1 month)

1 Front-end loader (broken down – 2 months)

1 FEL

1 Tractor-trailer unit

1 Bulldozer

According to the MLM AISWMS (2010) the equipment appears to be in a poor state and regular

breakdowns occur. The availability, downtime and standing time should be assessed and managed on a

continual basis to ensure effective and efficient utilisation of these resources. This should be included as a

KPI in a fleet management system and management information system.

Staff and Personnel


responsible person. In the case of the Botshabelo landfill site, it must have a site superintendent and, in all

cases, be supported by suitably qualified and competent staff.

The approved establishment for the site provides for 10 staff members. The current staff on site is shown

below.


Staff Number

Weighbridge operator (full time)

Weighbridge operator (part time)

1

1

General worker 10

Operator 3


Landfill spotters 2



Infrastructure

Based on the site classification, certain minimum standards are required. The site consists of one portable

toilet only. Storage facilities for plant and equipment are provided (IWMP, 2005/2006:66).



70

The site has no weighbridge (MLM AISWMS 2010). Additional site infrastructure is required. This includes

security facilities, weighbridges, offices, showers, changing room, workshops and storage sheds for plant

and equipment. MLM advised that additional facilities would be provided by the end of June 2005 (IWMP

2005/2006).

Nuisance Control






to restrict the occurrence of dust on site. Waste should be fully covered and capped at the end of each

working day.

Site Visit

A site visit was undertaken by Mott MacDonald PDNA and Ms Jemina Noe on 29 May 2014. The

photographs in Figure 7-8 show the current activities at the landfill site.

Incoming weighbridge Excavation underway for a storage shed for plant & equipment



71

Landfill working face

Reclaimers storming a collection vehicle

Much recyclables

Recyclables sorted in bags

Water tanker for dust suppression

Oil containers in a small room not bunded. Oil

spillage is evident.

Figure 7-12: Selection of photos showing current activities at the Botshabelo landfill site



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7.7.2.4 Medical Incineration Plant

This plant is situated next to the Southern landfill site in Bloemfontein. This plant has been closed down.

Figure 7-13: Medical waste incineration at Southern landfill (MLM AISWMS 2010)

In conclusion, the sites are permitted for existing use but are not engineered landfills in terms of the

Minimum Requirements. The sites lack proper controls with regards to the health and safety of the

reclaimers.

Furthermore, the IHWMP recommends that a feasibility study be conducted to determine whether a waste

cell for hazardous waste disposal can be constructed at one of the landfill sites in the Free State province.

The MLM AISWMS (2010) has identified a regional landfill site (including a hazardous cell) for MMM.

However, Ms Glory Twala stated that the site is on private land and is too expensive to purchase. The

MMM is looking at sites owned by the municipality. To date only 1 site has been identified.

The development of such a facility must be seen hand-in-hand with the change in institutional status of

Mangaung from a Local Municipality to a Metro Municipality in 2011.



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7.7.3 Waste Information System

The NWMS requires local municipalities to implement a Waste Information System (WIS). The purpose of

the WIS, developed by DEAT in 2005, is a web-based system used by government and industry to capture

routine data on the tonnages of waste generated, recycled and disposed of at landfill sites both on a

monthly and an annual basis. Municipalities are required to provide waste collection services in

unserviced or poorly-serviced areas, promote separation at source, develop recycling centres following

separation at source, minimise environmental impacts of waste disposal facilities and litter, ensure that

sufficient waste disposal sites will be planned, permitted and developed (at regional level), develop and

implement a WIS and capacitate communities and create jobs (MLM AISWMS 2010).

MMM participate in the WIS where information is sent to DEA on a monthly basis

The following information is crucial to the understanding of waste generation patterns, which may assist in

making informed decisions and implementing integrated approaches to waste management:

Capturing and recording of data

Collection of waste

Management and analysis of the quantity of waste generated

Storage of waste

Transporting of waste

Treatment

Transformation

Reducing, re-using, recycling

Disposal.

7.7.4 Waste Transfer Stations

MMM are in the process of establishing a new transfer in Thaba N’chu. This project has been funded by

DEA and is currently in its inception phase. The transfer stations will provide the potential for separating

waste and creating job opportunities for those already active in recycling.

Provision for staff at the future transfer station has been made as follows:


Staff Number

Site controller 1

Landfill spotter 2

Clerk 1

General workers 4


As per Ms Glory Twala, DEA is in the process of funding 3 drop off facilities in MMM.



74

7.7.5 Public drop-off facilities

There is no specified public drop off facilities in MMM. The public has access to disposal of general waste

at the landfill sites at no cost.

7.7.6 Illegal dumping

Dumping is a problem in problem in MMM. Illegal dumping was noted during site visits.

Figure 7-14: Illegal dumping

Thaba N’chu

Bloemfontein

The IDP notes illegal dumping hotspots in wards: 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 23, 27, 31, 32, 34, 39, 46,

47, and 49. Please refer to Appendix B for location of wards.

7.7.7 Disposal facilities used outside of municipalities

All waste is disposed of at sites within MMM except for HCRW, which is transported to licenced hazardous

waste landfill sites in Gauteng or eThekweni Municipality.



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7.7.8 Education and awareness

Public education and awareness is an important factor in sustainable waste management. In South Africa

however, waste awareness initiatives traditionally have not been accepted by municipalities and this has

resulted in large sectors of the public not participating in sustainable waste practices. In order for

government to achieve sustainable waste management, it is imperative that the public become aware of

and educated about waste issues.

The S78 Report (2003) has proposed the raising awareness of waste management and building the

capacity of the MMM staff and public including:

The establishment of a waste management forum

Interaction with ward committees and councillors

Addressing litter hotspots

Environmental education in schools

Establishing informal salvaging committees.

The municipality has active awareness raising programmes. A fully equipped “Mobile Environment

Learning Unit” funded by Ghent, is in full operation. Litter hotspots have been identified in the IDP (2014-

15) and informal waste pickers has been formalised by establishing co-operatives.

The City of Cape Town has developed a ‘Smart Living Handbook’ in an effort to make sustainable

development a reality in Cape Town homes (City of Cape Town 2009). Another effort has been made by

eThekwini Municipality with their ‘Sustainable Waste Management Guideline’. These guidelines have been

produced to provide people with advice on how you can contribute to a more sustainable waste

management in future

7.7.9 Resident’s monitoring committee

According to the Minimum Requirements for Landfill Operation Monitoring (DWAF 1998) a landfill

monitoring committee needs to be established. There are currently no resident committees in the MMM

area. The only established committees with regard to solid waste are those which were established on the

landfill sites for the control of informal recycling.

A Monitoring Committee (Standard Permit 19: May 2000) (Annexure I) needs to be established and should

be representative of relevant interested and affected persons and may consist of at least the following

persons:

Permit holder and/or his appointed consultant(s) or advisor(s);

representative(s) of the Health, Environment and/or Waste Departments of the relevant local authority;

representative(s) of DWAF;

representative(s) of the Provincial Government responsible for waste management and environmental

functions; and

at least three persons/parties, or their representatives elected by the local residents.



76

The Monitoring Committee should meet at least once every four months. The Permit Holder must keep

minutes of all meetings of the Monitoring Committee and distribute these minutes to all members of the

Monitoring Committee within 14 days after the meeting.

7.8 Financial aspects

7.8.1 Financial summary of waste management services

The main functions with regard to the size of the solid waste budget of the municipality are all performed by

the municipality itself.

Tariffs

Municipal tariffs must be set according to the process defined in Section 74 of the Municipal Systems Act

(2000).

Tariffs for refuse removal are as follows:

Table 7-27: Monthly tariffs for residential purposes

Size of stand (m2) Tariff per month (max. of one removal per week

0 - 300 R34.02

301 - 600 R45.36

601 - 900 R79.39

901 - 1500 R113.42

>1500 R136.52

Source: Tariffs & Free Basic Services www.mangaung.co.za

In MMM tariffs are based on the erf size and different rates are determined accordingly. Furthermore, the

following applies:

Flats and Townhouses per unit (max of one removal per week) R79.39 per month

Duet houses and private towns (max of one removal per week) R79.39 per month

Businesses, commercial and industrial (bulk): a minimum of R169.65 per business, commercial and

industrial per month for landfill costs plus costs associated with the type of service required

Rebates on refuse removal charges: residential properties with a value of R70,000.00 or less are

exempted from paying refuse removal charges

It is noted that refuse removal are increased by 6% annually.

http://www.mangaung.co.za/



77

Capital budget

The current operating revenues (2013/14) for refuse removal are R154 million (a 2% of the total municipal

revenue).

MMM has allocated R33.4 million over the Medium Term Revenue and Expenditure Framework (MTREF)

to upgrade and rehabilitate landfill sites in Botshabelo and Bloemfontein. An additional R20,2 million has

been allocated in developing a transfer station in Thaba N’chu. The planning for the transfer station is still

in its inception phase.

Table 7-28 indicates the allocation of these budgets from the Urban Settlement Development Grant

(USDG) as stated in the IDP (2014-15).

Table 7-28: IDP Interventions and projects

Description 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17

Upgrading & construction of Northern landfill site R3.35m R1.5m R1.5

Upgrading & construction of Southern landfill site R1.5m R2m R1m

Upgrading & rehabilitation of Botshabelo landfill site R4.7m R3.5 R1m

Closure of Thaba N’chu landfill site R3.55m R1.5 -

Development of Transfer Station in Thaba N’chu R6.75m R7m R6.5m

Development of a new landfill site R1m R1m R2m

Total R21 R17m R12m

Source: IDP 4014-15

Landfill site gate fees

It should be noted that no gate fees are charged at any of the operating landfill sites. The MMM should

implement a gate fee system in order to receive revenue that could assist with landfill operations.

Landfill rehabilitation costs

The MMM does not have an established landfill rehabilitation fund to ensure rehabilitation of the landfill

sites upon closure. However, provision for rehabilitation costs is budgeted for every financial year under

the operational costs.

Provision for a rehabilitation fund will be a huge saving to the municipality when landfill sites have reached

capacity or the end of their legal life.



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The draft 2011 IWMP formed part of the “Feasibility Study for Advanced Integrated Solid Waste

Management System” for Mangaung Local Municipality (now MMM). This project was funded by KfW

Entwicklungsbank who appointed PD Naidoo & Associates (Pty) Ltd (now Mott MacDonald PDNA) in

association with Infrastruktur & Umwelt and ERM Gmbh to undertake the study. Part of the study was to

update the draft 2005/2006 IWMP. The study had two overall strategic goals:

1. To develop a modern and innovative concept for waste management to reduce the total quantity as

well as the organic content of the waste to be landfilled

2. To define a disposal concept for municipal solid waste that reduces environmental impacts derived

from landfilling. (Annexure J)

The Terms of Reference requested the identification of a regional landfill site which is to include a cell for

hazardous waste disposal.

Based on the evaluation, assessment and conclusions of the feasibility study, it was recommended that

MLM (now MMM) proceed with the implementation of the AISWMS scenario. This included a Materials

Recovery Facility, Green Waste Treatment Plant, and Mechanical-Biological Treatment. The AISWMS

included improvements in collection and transfer and required a Business Unit as an appropriate

institutional set-up.

The recommendation made in the draft 2011 IWMP was that the municipality implement the AISWMS.

However, at the inception meeting held with Ms Glory Twala on 28 May, it was noted that the

recommendation from the feasibility study had not materialised as the municipality does not have the

capacity and funding to implement such technology. Ms Twala however noted that it would be useful to

look at individual projects which formed part of the feasibility study. This will be discussed in the Section:

Desired State.

8 Progress made towards objectives of 2011 draft IWMP

9 Progress: Draft 2011 IWMP



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10.1 Stakeholder consultation and participation

It is a requirement of the Waste Act (2008) to identify and consult stakeholders throughout the

development of the IWMP.

To ensure the success of the project, a list of key stakeholders (internal and external) was identified by the

municipality. A stakeholder workshop took place on 18 June 2014 and the aim of the workshop was to

introduce the project (objectives of the IWMP) to the stakeholders and to create a platform for stakeholders

to raise their involvement, concerns and issues where possible. A survey questionnaire was provided and

stakeholders were encouraged to write down any concerns and issues on the survey questionnaire. The

questionnaires were deemed important in order to fill the various information gaps that were identified

during the situational analysis phase of the project, as was presented at the workshop.

A summary of all the comments received are shown in the Table 10-1. The survey questionnaire, as

completed by the stakeholders, is attached as Appendix K.

Stakeholder workshops were held on 18 June 2014 in order to establish their involvement in waste

management activities in the municipality.

The following key stakeholders have been identified and invited to the workshops:

Internal departments/directorates include:

Environmental Management

Environmental Health

GIS

Water and Sanitation

Parks and Cemeteries

Planning

External government departments include:

Department of Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs

Department: Environmental Affairs

External stakeholders include:

Buy-back centres in Bloemfontein

Informal waste pickers at Botshabelo, Bloemfontein Northern and Southern Landfill Sites

10 Stakeholder Participation



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Feedback received from the various stakeholders is discussed in the following section.

10.2 Feedback

Table 10-1: Stakeholder workshop feedback

Organisation Function/issues/concerns

MMM GIS Core function include pre-planning & planning Does not include operation & monitoring Address issues from a socio-economic and environmental impacts perspective

MMM

Environmental

Management Status quo including past and current initiatives as well services offered are as follows: GIS link could possibly be part of illegal dumping by utilising this department by setting up a GIS

database which identifies dumping hotspots. This will assist the Solid Waste Management Department in managing the waste.

No route optimization done for collections. A similar study had previously been done some time ago. Route optimization planning for collections in the future. GIS and Planning Department to possibly assist.

Planning on Regional Landfill Site in early stages. Will accommodate hazardous waste. Climate Change Policy and Strategy. Cleansing of solid waste is an integrated process and inter-departmental function. Relies on joint

collaboration. The solid waste awareness campaigns sits with the Mangaung Metro Solid Waste Management

Department (Contact: Daniel Mosea) Waste Management in informal settlements. Hazardous waste Medical waste

MMM

Environmental

Management Request to include the following in IWMP: Institutional role of waste management. Implementation strategy Staff efficiency Possible advanced solid waste management technologies (e.g. feasibility of methane harvesting

vs. composting).

DETEA Competent authority in the Province. Responsibilities include audits of landfill sites and reviewing IWMPs.

DEA Provide financial assistance for the roll-out of solid waste management and environmental projects within MMM.

R32 million committed to MMM. Three current initiatives underway:

– Youth jobs in waste and EPWP type project with a 12 month duration. This includes training on landfill sites, solid waste awareness and solid waste collection.

– Assist MMM with the establishment of 5 buy-back centres (planning stage) – Assist with refuse transfer station in Thaba N’chu (planning stage).

Buy-back centres

Representatives from 3 buy-back centres (Rat Race Waste, Master Recyclers, Paper & Plastic Recyclers) were present.

In certain instances, collaboration with DEA does occur. Figard Park Separation at source project

– Andre van Zyl (Rat Race Waste) discussed the community recycling project with the suburb of Fichardt Park (approx. 2600 houses).

– It is carried out in conjunction with the neighbourhood association. – As a result, a recycling group was formed. – The plastic bag manufacturer Tuffy came on board and sponsored clear bags. A clear bag is

given to each household and every Thursday the recyclables are collected in addition to the domestic waste which the municipality collects.

– If the recyclers arrive first, they will collect the clear bags. However if the municipality arrives first, they will collect the clear bags as well as the domestic waste.



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– Separation at source on-going. – Done at recyclers own cost. – Bags purchased by Figard Park Neighbourhood Association. – 3 vehicles operating on a Thursday – Currently operational staff = 9 people. – Direct costs include petrol, wages and other expenses. – There is a breakdown in communication between the municipality’s collections depot and

themselves in that the municipality must be notified that the recycling contractor is collecting the waste. Therefore they must not collect the clear bags on their collection beat.

– As a result of the project’s success in Figard Park, three other suburbs are now interested in the clear bag system of recycling.

Business plan was submitted to the municipality but to date has not received any feedback. The municipality had purchased 11 new trucks during the previous year; however the trucks are

now non-operational due to mechanical breakdowns. The municipality has subsequently employed sub-contractors to collect waste with their bakkies.

A proposal to give recyclers a sticker for their vehicles which will act as a notification tool. Query arose regarding accreditation of recyclers as many of the recyclers were not accredited.

Question posed is how the municipality would handle this. Proposal for the municipality to consider is to grant the recyclers licensed vehicles indicating that

they are allowed to recycle recycled material.

Informal waste pickers (co-operatives

Representatives from eight co-operatives (Thaba N’chu, Bloemfontein) 1 Recycler from Thaba N’chu recycles paper, cardboard, cans and metal He utilises his yard as a recycling plant. There are currently approximately 22 people in the co-operative. They require assistance from the municipality in terms of storage space and better working

conditions required.



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The legislation most pertinent to the management of waste in South Africa is the National Environmental

Management Waste Act, (Act 59 of 2008). The Act was promulgated in order to provide for institutional

arrangement and planning matters, to provide for national norms and standards for regulating

management of waste by all spheres of government, and to provide for the licensing and control of waste

management activities and all matters connected therewith. In essence, it provides the much needed

legislative framework for the management of waste in South Africa.

1.1 National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008

Chapter 1, Section 2 of the Act describes the objectives of the Act as follows:

3. "to protect health, well-being and the environment by providing reasonable measures for

i. minimising the consumption of natural resources

ii. avoiding and minimising the generation of waste

iii. reducing, re-using, recycling and recovering waste

iv. treating and safely disposing of waste as a last resort

v. preventing pollution and ecological degradation

vi. securing ecologically sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and social

development

vii. promoting and ensuring the effective delivery of waste services

viii. remediating land where contamination presents, or may present, a significant risk of harm to

health or the environment

ix. achieving integrated waste management reporting and planning.

4. to ensure that people are aware of the impact of waste on their health, well-being and the environment

5. to provide for compliance with the measures set out in paragraph (a)

6. generally, to give effect to section 24 of the Constitution in order to secure an environment that is not

harmful to health and well-being."

The Act requires the drafting of a national waste management strategy for achieving the objectives of the

Act. The Act sets waste service standards, covering areas such as tariffs, quality of service and financial

reporting. The Act requires that each municipality designate a waste management officer.

The Act requires each municipality to produce an Integrated Waste Management Plan (IWMP) and to

submit this plan to the MEC for approval. The approved IWMP must be included in the municipal

Integrated Development Plan (IDP). Before finalising the IWMP the municipality is required to follow the

consultative process as defined in section 29 of the Municipal Systems Act. This can be done either as a

separate process or as part of the consultative process relating to its IDP.

11 Legislation



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1.2 Environment Conservation Act No. 73 of 1989

The main purpose of this Act is to provide for the protection of the natural environment (Section 16) to

control environmental pollution by prohibiting littering and controlling the removal of littering, and controlling

waste management (Section 20) where the owner of a disposal site is required to apply for a permit from

the minister of Water Affairs to operate such a facility. The Act further provides for the control of activities

which may have a detrimental effect on the environment (Section 21).

The Act defines a disposal site as:

“A site used for the accumulation of waste with the purpose of disposing or treatment of such waste.”

Sections 24 to 28 of the Act contain regulations regarding waste management, littering, noise, vibration

and shock, environmental impact reports, limited development areas and general regulatory powers.

1.3 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa

The South African Constitution (Act 108 of 1996) is the supreme law of the land. Section 24 of the

Constitution states that it is the right of every person living in South Africa to experience an environment

that is not harmful to their health or well-being. This imposes a duty on all organs of state to promulgate

legislation and to implement policies that ensure that this right is upheld.

Chapter 7 of the Constitution specifically describes the role and responsibility of local government as:

to promote social and economic development

to promote a safe and healthy environment.

The municipality is responsible for refuse removal, managing waste disposal facilities and cleansing, as it

sees it as part of the basic service and as per Schedules 4 and 5 of the Constitution.

1.4 National Environmental Management Act

The National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) was promulgated in November 1998 and is the key

legislation for environmental management in South Africa. NEMA promotes social, economic and

environmental sustainability, with a focus on the conservation of the environment. The Act requires

environmental process to be transparent and to provide capacity for disadvantaged stakeholders to

participate. NEMA promotes the need for cooperative governance where more than one government

department may be involved in the decision-making for a development.

NEMA was amended in April 2006, providing a new list of activities that require environmental

authorisation through different processes. The list describes those activities that require a basic

assessment (BA) and those that require a full environmental impact assessment (EIA). Both the BA and

EIA involve public participation, however the latter is a more detailed and involved process.



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NEMA promotes some of the following key principles:

Environmental management must place people and their needs at the forefront of its concern, and

serve their physical, psychological, developmental, cultural and social interests equitably.

Development must be socially, environmentally and economically sustainable. The Act further defines

in considerable detail the approach to sustainable development.

Environmental management must be integrated, acknowledging that all elements of the environment

are linked and interrelated.

Environmental justice must be pursued so that adverse environmental impacts are not in any way

discriminatory to any part of the population.

There must be equitable access to environmental resources, benefits and services to meet basic

human needs and ensure human well-being.

The participation of all interested and affected parties in environmental governance must be promoted

throughout the life cycle of any project or programme and any decision-making process.

Community well-being and empowerment must be promoted through environmental education, the

raising of environmental awareness, the sharing of knowledge and the recognition of all forms of

knowledge, including traditional and ordinary knowledge.

The social, economic and environmental impacts must be considered, assessed and evaluated.

The process must be transparent.

The rights of workers must be protected and the vital role of women and youth in environmental

management and development must be recognised and their full participation promoted.

There must be harmonisation between policies, legislation and actions relating to the environment and

global and international responsibilities relating to the environment must be discharged in the national

interest.

1.5 National Environment: Air Quality Act 39 of 2004

The objective of this Act is:

7. “To protect the environment by providing reasonable measures for -

i. The protection and enhancement of the quality of air in the Republic;

ii. The prevention of air pollution and ecological degradation, and

iii. Securing ecologically sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and social

development; and

8. Generally to give effect to the section 24(b) of the Constitution in order to enhance the quality of

ambient air for the sake of securing and environment that is not harmful to the health and well-being of

people.”

The Act emphasises that the key to ensuring that air quality is improved is by the minimisation of pollution

through vigorous control, cleaner technologies and cleaner production practices.



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1.6 National Waste Management Strategy, November 2011

The NWMS is a legislative requirement of the Waste Act, 2008 (Act No. 59 of 2008). The purpose of the

NWMS is to achieve the objects of the Waste Act. Organs of state and affected persons are obliged to give

effect to the NWMS.

The overall purpose of the strategy is to give effect to the objects of the Waste Act, which are to protect

health, well-being and the environment through sound waste management and application of the waste

management hierarchy. The strategy provides a plan to give practical effect to the Waste Act, and as such

it seeks to ensure that responsibility for waste management is properly apportioned.

The legacy of inadequate waste services, poorly planned and maintained waste management

infrastructure, and limited regulation of waste management persistently threaten the health and wellbeing

of everyone in the country. Addressing this legacy and its negative environmental and social

consequences, advances people’s constitutional right to a healthy environment. The NWMS aims to

redress the past imbalances in waste management. For example, waste licensing will not permit landfill

sites within a particular radius of a human settlement.

The eight strategic goals around which the NWMS is structured are as follows:

Goal 1: Promote waste minimisation, re-use, recycling and recovery of waste

Focuses on implementing the waste management hierarchy, and with the ultimate aim of diverting waste

from landfill

Goal 2: Ensure the effective and efficient delivery of waste services

Promotes access to at least a basic level of waste services for all and integrates the waste management

hierarchy into waste services, including separation at source

Goal 3: Grow the contribution of the waste sector to the green economy

Emphasises the social and economic impact of waste management, and situates the waste strategy within

the green economy approach

Goal 4: Ensure that people are aware of the impact of waste on their health, wellbeing and the

environment

Seeks to involve communities and people as active participants in implementing a new approach to waste

management



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Goal 5: Achieve integrated waste management planning

Creates a mechanism for integrated, transparent and systematic planning of waste management activities

at each level of government

Goal 6: Ensure sound budgeting and financial management for waste services

Provides mechanisms to establish a sustainable financial basis for providing waste services

Goal 7: Provide measures to remediate contaminated land

Addresses the massive backlog of public and privately owned contaminated land in South Africa

Goal 8: Establish effective compliance with and enforcement of the Waste Act

Ensures that everyone adheres to the regulatory requirements for waste management and builds a culture

of compliance.

1.7 International Conventions

South Africa is a signatory to the Basel and Stockholm Conventions.

The key objectives of the Basel Convention are:

to minimise the generation of hazardous wastes in terms of quantity and hazardousness;

to dispose of them as close to the source of generation as possible;

to reduce the movement of hazardous wastes.

A central goal of the Basel Convention is “environmentally sound management” (ESM), the aim of which is

to protect human health and the environment by minimising hazardous waste production whenever

possible. ESM means addressing the issue through an “integrated life-cycle approach”, which involves

strong controls from the generation of a hazardous waste to its storage, transport, treatment, reuse,

recycling, recovery and final disposal (World Health Organisation, 2009).

The Stockholm Convention is “…a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)” (Magulov, 2009). POPs are particularly carcinogenic and are toxic

to both humans and wildlife. The burning of waste, whether open burning, on landfill sites or incineration,

has the potential to produce high volumes of POPs into the atmosphere.

The rehabilitation, licensing and proper management of the landfill sites, the closure and rehabilitation of

unlicensed dumpsites and the extension of waste services to unserviced areas are the key initiatives to be

undertaken by CM to reduce the burning of waste in the district. Education regarding the severe health

risks associated with burning of waste is also critical.



87



88

City of Cape Town 2009. Smart Living Handbook, Author, Cape Town.

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Government Gazette, Pretoria, South Africa

CSIR, Municipal waste management – Good Practices, Edition 1, March 2011

Department of Environmental Affairs Nov 2011, National Waste Management Strategy, South Africa

Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act

(Act No 39 of 2004), Government Gazette, Pretoria, South Africa

Department of Environment and Tourism 2009, A Framework for the National Waste Management

Strategy, Author, South Africa.

Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism 2010 National Waste Management Strategy (First draft

for public comment), Author, South Africa.

Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, National Environmental Management Act (Act No 107

of 1998), Government Gazette, Pretoria, South Africa.

Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism 1999, National Waste Management Strategy, Author,

South Africa.

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry 1998, Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal by Landfill

Second Edition

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Environment Conservation Act (Act No 73 of 1989), Government Gazette, Pretoria, South Africa

Education and Training Unit n.d. The Policy and Law Making Process, available

http://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/govern/policy.html.

Elaboration of a Feasibility Study for an Advanced Integrated Solid Waste Management System for

Mangaung Local Municipality. Prepared by PD Naidoo & Associates Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd

(PDNA) in association with Infrastruktur & Umwelt and ERM GmbH. April 2010.

Gauteng Provincial Government 2003, Study on health care waste for Gauteng Province, Author, South

Africa.

Integrated Development Plan (2014-15). Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality.

Integrated Hazardous Waste Management Plan for the Free State Province, November 2009.

12 References

http://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/govern/policy.html.



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Integrated Waste Management Plan (draft), Mangaung Local Municipality.Prepared by PD Naidoo &

Associates Consulting Engineers, August 2011

Integrated Waste Management Plan (Final Draft), Mangaung Local Municipality. Prepared by Palace

Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd and Munitech (Pty) Ltd.

Investigation into an appropriate mechanism to provide solid waste management services: Status Quo

and Assessment Report. Mangaung Local Municipality. 3 July 2003.

Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Budget Speech delivered by Executive Mayor of Mangaung, Cllr.

Thabo Manyoni on the occasion of the tabling of the IDP and budget for 2014/15 to 2016/17

Municipal Infrastructure Investment Unit 2006, A Practical Guide to Solid Waste Management: Some

Lessons Learnt from Feasibility Studies for Public Private Partnerships

Naude, A 2010, Conceptualising Waste Management, Source Corporation, Cape Town.

Schenk, C. Blaauw, D. Viljoen K. 2012. Unrecognised Waste Management Experts: Challenges &

Opportunities for Small Business Development and Decent Job Creation in the Waste Sector in the Free

State. South Africa.

South African Government 2009. National Environmental Management Waste Act: 2008. Act No. 59, 2008

South African National Standard 10248 2004, Management of Health Care Waste, Standards South Africa,

South Africa.

United Nation Environment Programme 2009, Developing Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan

Training Manual Vol.4, Author, Japan.

Western Cape Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning 2004, Principles of

Integrated Waste Management Planning Participants Manual, Author, South Africa.

World Health Organisation 2004, Safe Health-Care Waste Management Policy Paper, WHO, Geneva

World Health Organisation. n.d. Basel Convention, available on http://www.who.int/en/

http://www.who.int/en/



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Appendices

Appendix A. SWMSd detailed organigram _________________________________________________________ 91 Appendix B. Irregular waste removal & illegal dumping per ward ________________________________________ 92 Appendix C. Northern landfill site permit ___________________________________________________________ 93 Appendix D. Northern landfill site operational plan ___________________________________________________ 94 Appendix E. Southern landfill site permit ___________________________________________________________ 95 Appendix F. Southern landfill site operational plan ___________________________________________________ 96 Appendix G. Botshabelo landfill site permit _________________________________________________________ 97 Appendix H. Botshabelo landfill site operational plan _________________________________________________ 98 Appendix I. Monitoring Committee standard permit __________________________________________________ 99 Appendix J. MLM AISWMS ___________________________________________________________________ 100 Appendix K. Key stakeholder workshop response sheets _____________________________________________ 101



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Appendix A. SWMSd detailed organogram



92

Appendix B. Irregular waste removal & illegal dumping per ward



93

Appendix C. Northern landfill site permit



94

Appendix D. Northern landfill site operational plan



95

Appendix E. Southern landfill site permit



96

Appendix F. Southern landfill site operational plan



97

Appendix G. Botshabelo landfill site permit



98

Appendix H. Botshabelo landfill site operational plan



99

Appendix I. Monitoring Committee standard permit



100

Appendix J. MLM AISWMS



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Appendix K. Key stakeholder workshop response sheets

Documents

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