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Review of butterflies from Asia and Oceania subject to long-standing positive
opinions
(Version edited for public release)
Prepared for the
European Commission Directorate General E - Environment
ENV.E.2. – Development and Environment
by the
United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre
March, 2012
UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre
219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 1223 277314 Fax: +44 (0) 1223 277136 Email: [email protected] Website: www.unep-wcmc.org ABOUT UNEP-WORLD CONSERVATION
MONITORING CENTRE
The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre
(UNEP-WCMC), based in Cambridge, UK, is the
specialist biodiversity information and assessment
centre of the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), run cooperatively with
WCMC, a UK charity. The Centre's mission is to
evaluate and highlight the many values of
biodiversity and put authoritative biodiversity
knowledge at the centre of decision-making.
Through the analysis and synthesis of global
biodiversity knowledge the Centre provides
authoritative, strategic and timely information for
conventions, countries and organisations to use in
the development and implementation of their
policies and decisions.
The UNEP-WCMC provides objective and
scientifically rigorous procedures and services.
These include ecosystem assessments, support for
the implementation of environmental agreements,
global and regional biodiversity information,
research on threats and impacts, and the
development of future scenarios.
CITATION
UNEP-WCMC. 2012. Review of butterflies from Asia and Oceania subject to long-standing positive opinions. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.
PREPARED FOR
The European Commission, Brussels, Belgium
DISCLAIMER
The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect
the views or policies of UNEP or contributory
organisations. The designations employed and the
presentations do not imply the expressions of any
opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, the
European Commission or contributory
organisations concerning the legal status of any
country, territory, city or area or its authority, or
concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or
boundaries.
© Copyright: 2012, European Commission
Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1
Overview of the Status, Management and Trade of Birdwing butterflies (Ornithoptera, Trogonoptera and Troides spp.) in Asia and Oceania .................................. 2
SPECIES: Ornithoptera aesacus ................................................................................................................. 7 SPECIES: Ornithoptera chimaera ............................................................................................................ 10 SPECIES: Ornithoptera goliath ................................................................................................................ 15 SPECIES: Ornithoptera meridionalis ....................................................................................................... 22 SPECIES: Ornithoptera paradisea ............................................................................................................ 25 SPECIES: Ornithoptera priamus ............................................................................................................. 28 SPECIES: Ornithoptera rothschildi .......................................................................................................... 39 SPECIES: Ornithoptera urvillianus ......................................................................................................... 42 SPECIES: Ornithoptera victoriae ............................................................................................................. 46 SPECIES: Trogonoptera brookiana ........................................................................................................... 50 SPECIES: Troides amphrysus .................................................................................................................. 55 SPECIES: Troides criton .......................................................................................................................... 59 SPECIES: Troides cuneifera ..................................................................................................................... 61 SPECIES: Troides dohertyi ....................................................................................................................... 63 SPECIES: Troides haliphron .................................................................................................................... 65 SPECIES: Troides helena .......................................................................................................................... 68 SPECIES: Troides hypolitus ..................................................................................................................... 75 SPECIES: Troides miranda ...................................................................................................................... 78 SPECIES: Troides oblongomaculatus ....................................................................................................... 80 SPECIES: Troides plato ............................................................................................................................ 86 SPECIES: Troides prattorum ................................................................................................................... 88 SPECIES: Troides rhadamantus ............................................................................................................... 90 SPECIES: Troides riedeli .......................................................................................................................... 94 SPECIES: Troides vandepolli ................................................................................................................... 95
References .............................................................................................................................. 97
Introduction
1
Introduction
The Scientific Review Group may form ‘positive opinions’ for species/country combinations, indicating to Member States that, given current and anticipated levels of trade, introduction into the European Union would not be considered to have a harmful effect on the conservation status of the species or on the extent of the territory occupied by the relevant population of the species (Council Regulation EC No. 338/97).
Positive opinions for some species/country combinations have been in place for a relatively long time. For example, 300 positive opinions have been in place since 2001 or earlier (representing 1923 species/country combinations), and these have not been updated or replaced by any subsequent opinions or EU suspensions (SRG 58 document). At SRG 58, there was agreement to remove long-standing positive opinions for 1701 species/country combinations for which there was no or virtually no trade in wild or ranched individuals either globally or to the EU-27. Furthermore, for species-country combinations for which trade in wild or ranched specimens may be anticipated in future, there was agreement to produce in-depth species reviews, in order to determine whether the current longstanding positive opinions may still be warranted. This review of Asian and Oceanian butterfly species/country combinations with longstanding positive opinions is the second in a series of reports.
Trade data were extracted on 27th February 2012.
Overview
2
REVIEW OF BUTTERFLIES FROM ASIA AND OCEANIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING POSITIVE OPINIONS
Overview of the Status, Management and Trade of Birdwing butterflies (Ornithoptera, Trogonoptera and Troides spp.) in Asia and Oceania
TAXONOMIC NOTE
Birdwing butterflies belong to the Family Papilionidae (Swallowtail butterflies) and include three genera: Ornithoptera, Trogonoptera and Troides (D'Abrera, 1975; Collins and Morris, 1985; New and Collins, 1991; Ohya, 2001).
Ohya (2001) [the CITES standard nomenclature reference for birdwing butterflies] recognised 11 Ornithoptera species: O. alexandrae, O. victoriae, O. priamus, O. croesus, O. aesacus, O. chimaera, O. tithonus, O. rothschildi, O. goliath, O. paradisea and O. meridionalis, whereas Häuser et al. (2005) also considered O. richmondia as a valid species within the genus. In contrast, Nagypal (2008) listed only three recognized species within the genus: O. aesacus, O. priamus and O. croesus. The hybrids identified within the group include O. allottei (O. victoriae x O. priamus urvillianus) (McAlpine, 1970; Ohya, 2001), and O. akakeae (O. priamus poseidon x O. rothschildi) (Ohya, 2001).
Ohya (2001) recognised 19 Troides species: T. aeacus, T. amphrysus, T. andromache, T. criton, T. cuneifera, T. darsius, T. dohertyi, T. haliphron, T. helena, T. hypolitus, T. magellanus, T. minos, T. miranda, T. oblongomaculatus, T. plato, T. prattorum, T. rhadamantus, T. riedeli and T. vandepolli. Nagypal (2008) also recognised 19 species, but listing T. hypolitus instead of T. staudingeri. Häuser et al. (2005) did not consider T. hypolitus as a valid species, but included T. plateni and T. staudingeri in the genus.
Trogonoptera was reported to include two species, T. brookiana and T. trojana (Ohya, 2001; Häuser et al., 2005; Nagypal, 2008).
CONSERVATION STATUS
The distribution of birdwing butterflies was reported to extend from North India in the west to the Solomon Islands in the east (D'Abrera, 1975).
Birdwing butterflies include some of the world’s largest butterflies, with recorded wingspans up to 250 mm (Collins and Smith, 1995). Sexual dimorphism was considered to be characteristic of the group, with females being generally larger in size and males more colourful in appearance (D'Abrera, 1975; Collins and Morris, 1985). The development from egg to adult was reported to last several weeks (Collins and Morris, 1985). Collins and Morris (1985) reported that the eggs of birdwing butterflies may reach up to 4 mm in diameter, being the largest of all butterflies. Eggs were reported to be laid on the plants that the caterpillars use as a food source (Collins and Morris, 1985), typically Aristolochia spp. (Laithwaite et al., 1975). Some species were considered to be specialists, feeding only on one plant species (Collins and Morris, 1985).
Unresolved land-use conflicts were reported to be hindering efforts to establish effective protected areas in Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia (New and Collins, 1991).
Commercial collection was considered an additional threat (Collins and Morris, 1985), particularly for species occurring in geographically restricted areas (Parsons, 1995a). According to Parsons (1995a), butterflies were traded for three main purposes: 1) high value dead specimens for the specialist collector trade, 2) low value dead specimens for the decorative trade, and 3) live individuals, mainly aimed at live displays in greenhouses.
Due to their colourful appearance and large size, birdwing butterflies have long been in demand by collectors particularly in Europe and North America (Collins and Smith, 1995; Weissmann et al., 1995; Sands, 2008). Indeed, New and Collins (1991) regarded birdwing butterflies as the “most important component of insect trade, because of the high prices they command”. The highest prices were reportedly paid for rare species (New and Collins, 1991; Slone et al., 1997) and for females, because they were generally considered to be more difficult to collect (New and Collins, 1991). However, New (1997)
Overview
3
noted that “collecting in itself is only rarely a threat to butterfly species” and Slone et al. (1997) noted that little data were available on the impacts of over-collection on insect populations in general.
The trade in low value specimens traded in high quantities was considered to have a potentially drastic impact on local populations, as specimens were usually caught from the wild instead of reared in captivity (New and Collins, 1991). Large numbers of Papilionidae were reported to be used in the making of ornaments, or boxed for the tourist trade (New and Collins, 1991). According to Nijman (2010), a large part of the trade in low value species may be underreported.
Collins and Morris (1985) reported that some of the more common birdwing species were commonly kept in “butterfly houses”, i.e. greenhouses with tropical vegetation. Most individuals kept in these systems had reportedly been imported as either adult or pupae from native countries (Collins and Morris, 1985). However, the trade for live individuals was not considered as a significant threat to birdwing butterflies in general (Collins and Morris, 1985). Weissmann et al. (1995) noted that butterfly houses or gardens may have a positive overall impact on conservation, due to increased public awareness, and New and Collins (1991) regarded captive breeding in greenhouses as a potential tool to reduce the pressure on natural populations.
Ornithoptera spp.: The distribution of Ornithoptera spp. was considered to reach from the Indonesian Moluccas (Maluku Islands) in the west across New Guinea to the Solomon Islands in the east (D'Abrera, 1975). Nagypal (2008) considered the southern limit of the distribution to be in New South Wales in southeastern Australia, whereas Laithwaite et al. (1975) considered it to be in northern Australia.
Ornithoptera spp. were reported to show particularly strong sexual dimorphism, and use Pararistolochia or Aristolochia spp. as their primary food plant (Parsons, 1996). According to Collins and Morris (1985), Ornithoptera spp. generally laid less than 30 eggs per brood, which was considered to be fewer than other birdwings.
Ornithoptera spp. were reported to be in particularly high demand by collectors (Parsons, 1996), and amongst the most highly priced species in the market (Laithwaite et al., 1975; Parsons, 1995a; Parsons, 1995b; New, 1997). Due to their low reproductive rate and juvenile recruitment, they were considered particularly vulnerable to the impacts of heavy commercial exploitation (Collins and Morris, 1985).
Troides spp.: D'Abrera (1975) considered the distribution range of Troides spp. to be significantly wider than that of the other birdwing genera, reaching “over the entire Oriental (Indo-Sino-Malayan) Region and the northern part of the Australian Region with the easternmost representative occurring in New Guinea”. Nagypal (2008) considered the range of the genus to reach from India in the west to New Guinea in the east, and from China in the north to Indonesia in the south.
The genus was considered to display less strong sexual dimorphism than Ornithoptera (D'Abrera, 1975), and use Aristolochia spp. as their main food plant (Parsons, 1996).
The most colourful Troides spp. were reported to fetch high prices in the collector’s market (Laithwaite et al., 1975).
Trogonoptera spp.: The range of the genus was reported to include Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Palawan [the Philippines], Borneo/Kalimantan and Sumatra [Indonesia] (Nagypal, 2008).
Management
In the 1990s, Collins and Smith (1995) noted that national legislation to conserve individual species of swallowtail butterflies was mostly ineffective (particularly due to issues with species identification), and New and Collins (1991) noted issues with enforcement. In some range countries, trips were reportedly organized regularly for tourists to areas where protected butterfly species could be collected illegally (New and Collins, 1991).
New and Collins (1991) reported that the trade in dried butterfly specimens was very difficult to monitor as they could be sent through the post. They noted that the “control of illegal exploitation and trade poses severe problems unlikely to be alleviated solely by protective legislation” (New and Collins, 1991). TRAFFIC (2011) reported several seizures of birdwing butterflies (including various Ornithoptera spp., Trogonoptera brookiana and Troides spp. originating in Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia) and subsequent prosecutions between 1997 and 2011.
Overview
4
New and Collins (1991) estimated that a large part of the trade demand in Papilionidae could be met by ranching or farming. Slone et al. (1997) defined ranching as the “planting of butterfly larval food plants in or near natural habitat to attract butterflies from nearby forests”, whereas in butterfly farming, species were usually reared in greenhouse environments. Ranching was considered a favorable means of conservation, reducing the pressure on natural populations, producing undamaged specimens for trade, and preventing habitat destruction through creating alternative incomes to local inhabitants (Collins and Morris, 1985; Parsons, 1995a; Cranston, 2010). Nijman (2010) reported that the increased production of butterflies from breeding farms in Southeast Asia had significantly decreased wild harvesting in some countries.
However, Slone et al. (1997) noted that there was no information available on the benefits of ranching to the population size or extinction probability in the wild. Schütz (2000) raised concerns over the effects of increased availability of planted Aristolochia spp. in exposed areas on the populations of birdwings, as the plants were thought to possibly attract a high proportion of females, laying their eggs there rather than in their natural habitats, with the practice potentially resulting in overharvest of the population. However, well managed ranching was considered to support the conservation of birdwings (Schütz, 2000).
New (1997) noted that whereas the ranching operations usually targeted rare taxa for the collectors’ market, large volumes of butterfly trade involved common species captured mainly from the wild for artwork and tourist specimens.
Indonesia: The Act No. 5 of 1990 Concerning Conservation of Living Resources and their Ecosystems and Regulation No 8 regulate the management of wildlife, prohibiting the harvest and trade of protected species (Ministry of Forestry, 1990; President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). Trade in specimens of species included in CITES Appendix II was reportedly only permitted if of captive bred origin, with harvest of wild specimens restricted to research and educational (including scientific collections in museums) purposes (Peggie, 2011). Export quotas and quotas for breeding stocks were reportedly set annually by the Indonesian CITES MA, SA and other stakeholders (AC22 Doc. 13.1), although export quotas do not appear to have been communicated to the CITES Secretariat (CITES, 2012). In 2008, quotas to collect specimens from the wild for breeding and/or research purposes were published in Decree SK.06/IV-KKH/2008 for a number of birdwing species, with zero quotas published for exports of wild specimens (Director General PHKA, 2008).
Much of the Indonesian trade in butterfly specimens was considered to be “poorly controlled” (New, 1997). It was noted that partly due to the complicated regulations, butterflies may be illegally harvested from the wild (AC22 Doc. 13.1).
Butterflies were reportedly produced for trade in Indonesia through ranching and farming (AC22 Doc. 13.1). Ranching was considered a potential means of conserving birdwing butterflies, particularly in Irian Jaya (Provinces of Papua and West Papua, comprising Indonesian New Guinea), which was regarded as a stronghold for many species (Collins and Morris, 1985). Parsons (1995a) reported that in the 1980s, there had been attempts and plans to establish large-scale butterfly farming in the region, noting that due to the lack of funding, these activities were eventually developed at a much smaller scale. It was reported that habitat enrichment with Aristolochia spp. had been carried out in some villages inside the Arfak Mountains National Park with the aim to produce ranched Ornithoptera spp. (Parsons, 1995a), mainly O. tithonus (Parsons, 1995b). According to Wells et al. (1999), approximately 1400 people living close to the Arfak Nature Reserve were involved in the rapidly expanding ranching activities. They reported that in 1996, pupae worth USD 100 000 were exported with help of a local NGO (Yayasan Bina Lestari Bumi Cendrawasih) and WWF to organize marketing, sales and shipments (Wells et al., 1999). They also noted that the local populations of butterflies had “apparently” not been affected by the ranching, and that in some cases, butterfly ranching had helped to reduce the conversion of forests to agriculture (Wells et al., 1999). The collection of live butterflies within the reserve was said to be strongly discouraged (Wells et al., 1999).
In Bali, butterfly farming was reportedly organised through the distribution of larvae to local farmers, who kept them in captivity and sold the pupae back to the manager for export preparation (AC22 Doc. 13.1).
Overview
5
Parsons (1995a) identified several reasons for the limited success of butterfly ranching and farming in Indonesia, including i) government bureaucracy, ii) lack of skills, iii) funding problems, and iv) fluctuations in world market prices. New (1997) noted that the local political conditions prevented the progress of the establishment of an agency for butterfly ranching. Furthermore, delays in the granting of export permits were seen to have acted as a disincentive for the local farmers (New, 1997).
It was reported that the Indonesian CITES SA conducted monitoring visits to the Indonesian butterfly farms and ranches, and presented suggestions to improve the facilities (AC22 Doc. 13.1).
Malaysia: Ornithoptera spp., Trogonoptera spp. and Troides spp. were included in the first Schedule of protected wildlife in the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Act 716) of Peninsular Malaysia, making it illegal to take, keep or trade specimens without a licence (Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, 2012). Troides spp. and Trogonoptera brookiana were included as protected species in the Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 of Sabah, making it illegal to take, keep or trade specimens without a licence (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2012). All animal species listed in CITES Appendices I and II were included as protected in the Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998 (Chapter 26) in the laws of Sarawak, making it illegal to take, keep or trade specimens without a licence (Forest Department Sarawak, 2012).
Prior to enactment of the above legislation, New and Collins (1991) reported that Malaysia was a main exporter of butterflies, and Collins and Smith (1995) considered the “immense” trade of Papilionidae from Malaysia to be “cause for concern”. They also noted that “due to the low prices per specimen there is probably little scope for sustainable commercial enterprise and it is likely that this trade will never be reconciled with the principles of conservation, but will continue as a steady drain on natural populations of swallowtails [Papilionidae]” (Collins and Smith, 1995). Meanwhile, Parsons (1995a) reported that there were attempts to develop sustainable butterfly farming in Malaysia.
Papua New Guinea: The Papua New Guinea Fauna (Protection and Control) Act of 1966 and its amendment No. 42 of 1974 specified that the taking of protected fauna from the wild was only allowed with an authorized permit (Papua New Guinea Office of Legislative Counsel, 1966; Papua New Guinea, 1974). Seven Ornithoptera spp. were reported to be listed as protected species under the Protection and Control Act: O. alexandrae, O. allottei, O. chimaera, O. goliath, O. meridionalis, O. paradisea and O. victoriae (Papua New Guinea Department of Environment and Conservation, 1996, in Van Helden, 2001). However, collecting and commercial marketing was reportedly allowed for ranched specimens through the Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) (Jicki, 2007).
Prior to the development of IFTA in Papua New Guinea, it was reported that birdwing traders and expatriate collectors commonly bought large quantities of butterflies for low prices from local collectors (Collins and Morris, 1985). The primary aims of IFTA, established in 1974, were reported to include: producing butterflies in ranches and farms as a means to provide alternative income to rural households; ii) guaranteeing fair compensation for insect collectors and local producers, and iii) promoting the conservation of butterflies and their habitats (Parsons, 1995a; Slone et al., 1997). According to Small (2004), IFTA was authorized to produce all birdwing butterflies listed in CITES Appendix II for commercial exports since the 1990s. Hundreds of village farmers were reported to be associated with IFTA (Mercer, 1997; Cranston, 2010), ranching butterflies by planting host plants often on areas cleared for vegetable gardens, forest edges or secondary forests (Small, 2007; Cranston, 2010). Small (2007) reported that in this system, half of the pupae were collected for cages, leaving the other half to support wild populations, however noting that estimating the numbers of pupae was difficult in practice. The collected pupae were reported to be killed and dried as adults, stored in envelopes and sold to overseas collectors (New, 1997).
The IFTA system was considered very successful in improving the conservation status of Papua New Guinean birdwing butterflies (Collins and Morris, 1985; Collins and Smith, 1995; Parsons, 1995a), and generating income sources for poor rural communities (Capinera, 2008; Cranston, 2010). However, Small (2007) stated that although the continuous collection of the same species from the same localities over a 25-year period indicated sustainable use of butterflies, there was no conclusive evidence that the ranching was conducted on a sustainable basis and had not eroded the integrity of populations.
Overview
6
IFTA was reported to have lost its support from the government and its monopoly status in butterfly exports due to a governance crisis in the 1990s (Small, 2004; 2007). Small (2007) considered IFTA to have been stagnant since the 1990s, showing a lack of capacity to conduct regular training and handle the payments to local ranchers and collectors. He found evidence of illegal trade of Ornithoptera spp. directly from IFTA farmers to tourists, with specimens exported from the country carrying fraudulent CITES export permits, and suggested that the illegal trade was harmful to the work of IFTA (Small, 2004).
Philippines: The management of wildlife resources was laid down in Republic Act No 9147 of 2001 (Philippines, 2001) and Administrative Order No. 01, Series of 2004 (DENR-DA-PCSD, 2004). All species listed in Appendix II of CITES were included in DENR Administrative Order No. 24 of 2007 (DENR, 2007) as endangered species. The collection of wildlife was reported to be subject to quotas (DENR-DA-PCSD, 2004). Information on these quotas, however, was not found to be available. Wildlife collector’s permits are issued with a validity of one to three years, with wildlife farming or culturing permits valid for three to five years (DENR-DA-PCSD, 2004).
The knowledge of distribution, status and biogeography of butterflies in the Philippines was generally considered to be limited (Danielsen and Treadaway, 2004).
Ornithoptera aesacus
7
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Ornithoptera aesacus
SYNONYMS: Ornithoptera arruana obiana, Ornithoptera obiana, Ornithoptera
obiensis
COMMON NAMES: Obi Birdwing (English), Ornithoptère Obi (French)
RANGE STATES: Indonesia
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia
IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for ranched specimens from
Indonesia formed on 11/02/1998.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Imports of Ornithoptera aesacus to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 570 and 899 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 also consisted primarily of ranched bodies, mainly re-exported via Malaysia (Table 2).
Direct exports of O. aesacus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 consisted almost entirely of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 3920 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 50 per cent were exported to Japan, 25 per cent to Malaysia and 12 per cent to the United States.
Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera aesacus from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria S R Importer
20
10
30
Exporter
T R Importer
30
40 6 76
Exporter
20
30 18
6 74
Belgium T R Importer
10
4 4
6 24
Exporter
10 6
8
16 40
Czech Republic T R Importer
4 2
6
Exporter
8
10 18
U Importer 2
2
Exporter
France P R Importer
22 4 26
Exporter
T C Importer
6
16
22
Exporter
R Importer
6 24 24
10 64
Exporter
6
28 56 44 30 22 72 258
Ornithoptera aesacus
8
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Germany T C Importer 3
3
Exporter 3
3
R Importer
20 36 63 30 10 80 52 291
Exporter
2 56 30 90 32 46 80 112 448
Italy T R Importer
2
2
Exporter
2
4 12
18
Lithuania T R Importer
Exporter
4
4
Poland P R Importer
2 2
Exporter
T R Importer
4
6
10
Exporter
4 8
10
2 24
Spain T R Importer
10
10
Exporter
10
10
United Kingdom T R Importer
2
2
Exporter
2
2
Subtotals
C Importer 3 6
16
25
Exporter 3
3
R Importer
2 30 64 101 88 34 144 80 543
Exporter
8 2 86 80 154 118 116 114 218 896
U Importer 2
2
Exporter
Table 2. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera aesacus to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial or personal purposes. (No trade was reported in 2002, 2009 or 2010).
Importer Source Reported by 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total
Czech Republic R Importer
16
16
Exporter
16
16
France R Importer
9
9
Exporter
9
2 2 13
Germany R Importer
4
6 2
12
Exporter
4
6 2
12
Portugal R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Spain R Importer
2 2
Exporter
2 2
United Kingdom F Importer
Exporter
2
2
R Importer
Exporter 1
2 2
2 7
Subtotals
Importer
13
22 2 2 39
(ranched only)
Exporter 1 13 2 2 24 4 6 52
Table 3. Direct exports of Ornithoptera aesacus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2001).
Source Reported by 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
F Importer
30
4
34
Exporter
I Importer 2
2
Exporter
Ornithoptera aesacus
9
Source Reported by 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
R Importer 200 2 865 544 319 160 54 12 23 2179
Exporter 240 327 712 784 416 203 256 254 728 3920
W Importer
2
2
Exporter
CONSERVATION STATUS in range states
Indonesia: Ornithoptera aesacus, an Indonesian endemic (Peggie, 2011), was reported to be restricted to the Obi island in the Moluccas west of Indonesian New Guinea (Laithwaite et al., 1975; Kondo et al., 2003), where it was considered “very rare and with restricted distribution” (Collins and Morris, 1985).
The habitat and ecology of O. aesacus were considered to be poorly known (D'Abrera, 1975; Collins and Morris, 1985; Nagypal, 2008), and Nagypal (2008) reported that it was rare in collections, including museum collections.
O. aesacus was classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List (Gimenez Dixon, 1996a). Collins and Morris (1985) and Nagypal (2008) considered its conservation status to be unclear.
The extent of habitat loss was reported to threaten the species particularly in its northern range (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011) and it was suggested that the logging of most of the lowland forests on Obi Island may be the main reason for the “extreme rarity” of the species (Collins and Morris, 1985). Collins and Morris (1985) reported that although there was some “clandestine trade” of the species, this was not likely to pose a significant threat.
O. aesacus was not included in the list of protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).
In the 1993 CITES Review of Significant Trade, the reported trade of O. aesacus from Indonesia was considered virtually nonexistent; however, it was noted that “the extent of unreported trade should be assessed” (WCMC et al., 1993).
Ornithoptera chimaera SRG60/
10
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Ornithoptera chimaera
SYNONYMS: Schoenbergia chimaera
COMMON NAMES: Chimaera Birdwing (English), Chimère (French), Ornithoptère
chimère (French)
RANGE STATES: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
IUCN RED LIST: Lower Risk/near threatened
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for ranched specimens from all
countries formed on 11/02/1998.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Indonesia: Imports of Ornithoptera chimaera to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 186 and 339 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, almost all of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. A small quantity of ranched bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Malaysia and Australia (Table 2).
Direct exports of O. chimaera from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 consisted almost entirely of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 1554 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 82 per cent were exported to Japan and 8 per cent to the United States.
Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera chimaera from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies. (No trade was reported 2001-2004).
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria S R Importer
6
6
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter
6
6
Belgium T C Importer
Exporter 8
8
R Importer
4 4
2 10
Exporter
8
6 14
Czech Republic T R Importer
Exporter
4 4
France P R Importer
4 4 9 17
Exporter
T R Importer
20 20
4 2 46
Exporter
53 24 18 4 50 149
Germany T R Importer
3 73 6 20 5 107
Exporter
15 76 28 24 15 158
Ornithoptera chimaera SRG60/
11
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Subtotals
C Importer
Exporter 8
8
R Importer
23 97 20 28 18 186
Exporter
68 108 52 28 75 331
Table 2. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera chimaera to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in ranched bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2005 or 2009-2010).
Importer Reported by 2006 2007 2008 Total
Belgium Importer
Exporter
2
2
France Importer
Exporter
1
1
Germany Importer 4
4
Exporter 4
4
Greece Importer
Exporter
2 2
Subtotals Importer 4
4
Exporter 4 3 2 9
Table 3. Direct exports of Ornithoptera chimaera from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2002).
Source Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
C Importer
Exporter
50
50
I Importer
4
4
Exporter
R Importer
73 248 136 180 81
718
Exporter 3 80 316 172 176 205 46 556 1554
Papua New Guinea: Imports of Ornithoptera chimaera to the EU-27 directly from Papua New Guinea over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 408 and 1204 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 4). The export of 322 wild-sourced bodies in 2007 was also reported by Papua New Guinea, but not by EU importers. In addition, the import of two ranched live O. chimaera for personal purposes was reported by Italy in 2001.
Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Australia and Canada (Table 5).
Direct exports of O. chimaera from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 6). Of the 2090 ranched bodies reported as exports by Papua New Guinea, 53 per cent were exported to the United States, 19 per cent to Japan and 11 per cent to Australia.
Table 4. Direct exports of Ornithoptera chimaera from Papua New Guinea to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies. (No trade was reported in 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Austria bodies P R Importer
8
8
Exporter
Belgium bodies T R Importer
Exporter
80
80
Ornithoptera chimaera SRG60/
12
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Czech Republic bodies T R Importer
2
2
Exporter
2 4 24 20
50
France bodies T R Importer
2 15
50
20
87
Exporter 12 52 28 117 86 20
315
W Importer
Exporter
220
220
Germany bodies S R Importer 6
6
Exporter
T R Importer 20 12
19 4 24 16 66 6 167
Exporter 7 48 14 56 44 24
193
W Importer
Exporter
26
26
Ireland bodies T R Importer
Exporter
2
12
14
Italy bodies T R Importer
Exporter 3
29
32
W Importer
Exporter
4
4
live P R Importer 2
2
Exporter
Malta bodies T R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Poland bodies P R Importer
8 4
12
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter 2
2
4
W Importer
Exporter
12
12
Spain bodies T R Importer
4
4
Exporter 12 2 48 4 10
76
Sweden bodies P C Importer
2
2
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter
2
2
United Kingdom bodies P R Importer
30
30
Exporter
T R Importer
10 20 20 40
90
Exporter
64 50
114
W Importer
Exporter
60
60
Subtotals
C Importer
2
2
(bodies only)
Exporter
R Importer 26 14 25 23 14 124 44 130 6 406
Exporter 36 106 129 293 224 94
882
W Importer
Exporter
322
322
Ornithoptera chimaera SRG60/
13
Table 5. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera chimaera to the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies. (No trade was reported in 2003 or 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Belgium T R Importer
Exporter
6
6
Czech Republic T R Importer
10 10
Exporter
France T C Importer
Exporter
2
2
R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Germany P R Importer
12 4
4 20
Exporter
T R Importer
4 2
6
Exporter
6 14 8
28
Ireland T R Importer
Exporter 2
2
Portugal P R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Spain T R Importer
Exporter
2
2
United Kingdom E C Importer
Exporter
2
2
P R Importer
Exporter
4 2
6
- O Importer
Exporter
4
4
Subtotals C Importer
Exporter
2
2
4
O Importer
Exporter
4
4
R Importer
16 6
14 36
Exporter 2
2 6 24 12 2
48
Table 6. Direct exports of Ornithoptera chimaera from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. Trade was predominantly for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
bodies C Importer
63 4
20
87
Exporter
F Importer 44
30
74
Exporter
R Importer 15 36 24 40 164 116 62 24 38 519
Exporter 245 696 146 330 440 233
2090
W Importer
26 4
1
20 51
Exporter
1
290
291
derivatives R Importer
10
10
Exporter
live F Importer 4
4
Ornithoptera chimaera SRG60/
14
Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Exporter
TAXONOMIC NOTE
Three subspecies were reported by Ohya (2001): Ornithoptera chimaera charybdis, O. c. chimaera, and O. c. flavidior.
CONSERVATION STATUS in range states
Ornithoptera chimaera was reported to occur in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia (Laithwaite et al., 1975; Collins and Morris, 1985; Lewis, 1985), at altitudes of 1000 m to 2000 m asl (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011). Straatman and Schmid (1975) reported that it was found across the whole of mainland New Guinea, however D'Abrera (1975) noted that the species was absent from the extreme western and eastern parts. Its preferred habitats were reported to include tall but open primary forests and steep valleys along water courses (Collins and Morris, 1985).
Collins and Morris (1985) reported that the species was specialized in one food plant, and Parsons (1983, in Collins and Morris, 1985) noted that females were found to carry 6-10 eggs, which was considered relatively low.
O. chimaera was classified as Lower Risk/near threatened in the IUCN Red List (Gimenez Dixon, 1996b). Haugum and Low (1978, in Collins and Morris, 1985) described it as scarce but widely distributed. D’Abrera (1975) noted that the species was not present in large numbers in its traditional localities.
Collins and Morris (1985) reported that threats to the species were poorly known, however it was considered to tolerate controlled utilization potentially well.
Indonesia: Collins and Morris (1985) reported occurrence on some of the mountain ranges of Irian Jaya (Papua and West Papua Provinces). Haugum and Low (1978, in Collins and Morris, 1985) considered its range to cover central Irian Jaya (western Papua Province), the Wandaman Mountains of the Vogelkop (northwestern West Papua Province), Weyland Mountains and Pegunungan Maoke (western part of the central highlands of Papua Province). D'Abrera (1975) considered the subspecies O. c. charybdis to occur in central to western Irian Barat (Papua and West Papua Provinces) as far as the Weyland Mountains in the east.
O. chimaera was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).
Papua New Guinea: Collins and Morris (1985) reported occurrence throughout the mountain areas of mainland Papua New Guinea. D'Abrera (1975) considered the subspecies O. c. flavidior to occur in the mountains of Huon Peninsula (eastern Papua New Guinea). Parsons (1983, in Collins and Morris, 1985) considered O. c. chimaera to be widely distributed, occurring in the central cordillera, Finisterre Mountains (northeastern Papua New Guinea) and mountains of the Huon Peninsula (eastern Papua New Guinea). D'Abrera (1975) reported that the species occurred in the north-western Bismarck range (central Papua New Guinea).
D'Abrera (1975) considered the species rare in the north-western Bismarck range, although it had previously been common in the area. The cause of the decline was suggested to be over-collection (D'Abrera, 1975).
O. chimaera was classified as a protected species in Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea Department of Environment and Conservation, 1996, in Van Helden, 2001) under the Papua New Guinea Fauna (Protection and Control) Act of 1966, prohibiting its taking from the wild without an authorized permit (Papua New Guinea Office of Legislative Counsel, 1966).
IFTA (2012) reported that a pair of O. chimaera was sold to buyers for USD 175.
Ornithoptera goliath SRG60/
15
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Ornithoptera goliath
SYNONYMS: Schoenbergia goliath
COMMON NAMES: Goliath Birdwing (English), Ornithoptère goliath (French)
RANGE STATES: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
IUCN RED LIST: Not evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for ranched specimens from all
countries formed on 11/02/1998.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Indonesia: Imports of Ornithoptera goliath to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 3007 and 4335 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, almost all of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 consisted almost entirely of ranched bodies, re-exported via Malaysia, Australia, Canada and the United States (Table 2).
Direct exports of O. goliath from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 consisted almost entirely of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 10 336 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 52 per cent were exported to Japan, 18 per cent to the United States and 14 per cent to Canada.
Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera goliath (including Ornithoptera g. samson) from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria S R Importer
20
30
50
Exporter
T R Importer
38
12 50
Exporter
30
38 62 20 12 162
Belgium T R Importer
20
12
10 42
Exporter 66
20 22
12
40 160
Czech Republic T R Importer
12
32 12
56
Exporter
24
52
14 90
Denmark P R Importer 6
6
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter 6
6
France P R Importer
16 50 32 23 121
Exporter
T C Importer 30
30
Exporter
R Importer 96 149 90 22 22 134 90 2 186 152 943
Ornithoptera goliath SRG60/
16
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Exporter 96 149 179 22 64 322 192 168 238 269 1699
Germany T C Importer 10
10
Exporter
R Importer
380 250 267 214 70 234 198 1613
Exporter 10
16 400 170 417 312 132 266 236 1959
Italy T R Importer
6
6
Exporter
6 16
10 10
42
Lithuania T R Importer
2
2
Exporter
2
2
Poland P R Importer
20
20
Exporter
T R Importer
4 6
10
Exporter 34
38 20 4 36
132
Slovakia T R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Spain T R Importer 20
10
30
Exporter 8
10
18
United Kingdom P R Importer 10
10
Exporter
T R Importer
8
8
Exporter 33 8
22
63
Subtotals
C Importer 40
40
Exporter
R Importer 132 149 110 422 298 431 376 190 464 395 2967
Exporter 253 157 219 472 310 775 582 460 536 571 4335
Table 2. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera goliath (including Ornithoptera g. samson) to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies, mainly for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2010).
Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Belgium R Importer
4
4
Exporter
1 2 6 2 4 8
23
Finland R Importer
2
2
Exporter
2
2
4
France R Importer
25
100
125
Exporter
26 1 100 6 4 1 2 140
Germany R Importer
8 10
6
24
Exporter
4 9 12 2 20 2
49
Greece R Importer
Exporter
6
6
Hungary R Importer
Exporter 2
2
Ireland R Importer
Exporter 2
2
Italy R Importer
2
2
Exporter
4
2 4
10
Netherlands R Importer
Exporter
2 2 4
Romania R Importer
Exporter
1
1
Ornithoptera goliath SRG60/
17
Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Spain C Importer
2
2
Exporter
2
2
R Importer
2
2
Exporter
1
2
3
Sweden R Importer
Exporter
2
2
United Kingdom R Importer
Exporter
7 2 4 2 7
22
Subtotals C Importer 2 2
Exporter 2 2
R Importer 33 10 104 10 2 159
Exporter 4 5 38 26 112 36 20 23 4 268
Table 3. Direct exports of Ornithoptera goliath (including Ornithoptera g. samson) from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies, primarily for commercial purposes.
Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
C Importer
12
20
32
Exporter
F Importer
46
8
54
Exporter
R Importer 26 240 968 653 853 580 683 449 92 78 4622
Exporter 254 330 1334 926 1364 925 802 1119 1080 2202 10336
W Importer
4 100
104
Exporter
Papua New Guinea: Imports of O. goliath to the EU-27 directly from Papua New Guinea over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 1025 and 2874 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 4). The export of 496 wild-sourced bodies was also reported by Papua New Guinea, but not by EU importers. In addition, the import of four ranched live O. goliath for personal purposes was reported by Italy in 2001.
Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Australia and Canada (Table 5).
Direct exports of O. goliath from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 6). Of the 9082 ranched bodies reported as exports by Papua New Guinea, 51 per cent were exported to the United States, 22 per cent to Japan and 8 per cent to Australia. Papua New Guinea also reported the export of 1315 wild-sourced bodies 2001-2010, the majority of which were exported to the United States, Malaysia, Australia and the Russian Federation.
Table 4. Direct exports of Ornithoptera goliath (including Ornithoptera g. supremus) from Papua New Guinea to the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Austria bodies T R Importer
Exporter
24
24
Belgium bodies T R Importer
Exporter
2 200 14
216
Czech Republic bodies T R Importer
2
2
Exporter
2 6 40 28
76
Ornithoptera goliath SRG60/
18
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
France bodies T R Importer 30 68 18
140
40
296
Exporter 104 240 43 246 188 80
901
W Importer
Exporter
140
140
Germany bodies S R Importer 6
6
Exporter
T R Importer 45 80
122 10 22 10 146 12 447
Exporter 66 226
167 171 57
687
W Importer
Exporter
86
86
Greece bodies T R Importer
Exporter
8
8
Hungary bodies T R Importer
Exporter
32
32
Ireland bodies T R Importer
Exporter 2 20
14
36
Italy bodies P C Importer
2
2
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter 6
175 2
183
live P R Importer 4
4
Exporter
Lithuania bodies P C Importer
2
2
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Malta bodies T R Importer
Exporter
6
6
Poland bodies P R Importer
16 12
28
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter 2
2
4
W Importer
Exporter
28
28
Spain bodies T R Importer
Exporter 22 3 10
35
Sweden bodies P C Importer
2
2
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter
2
2
United Kingdom bodies P R Importer 20
30
50
Exporter
W Importer
Exporter 2
2
T R Importer
10 20 80 80
190
Exporter 20 4
2 64 76
166
W Importer
Exporter
240
240
Ornithoptera goliath SRG60/
19
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Subtotal
C Importer
4
2
6
(bodies only)
Exporter
R Importer 101 150 18 122 20 212 106 278 12 1019
Exporter 222 503 246 705 489 213
2378
W Importer
Exporter 2
494
496
Table 5. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera goliath (including Ornithoptera g. supremus) to the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea, 2001-2010. Trade was mainly for commercial and personal purposes. (Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Importer Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Belgium bodies C Importer
Exporter
1
1
R Importer
Exporter
4
2
6
live R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Estonia bodies C Importer
2 2
Exporter
Finland bodies C Importer
Exporter
3
3
R Importer
Exporter
2
2
France bodies R Importer
Exporter
2
2 4
8
live R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Germany bodies R Importer
2 2 2
25 24 12
67
Exporter
2
2 3 8 40
55
Italy bodies R Importer
4
4
Exporter
10
10
Netherlands trophies C Importer
Exporter
1
1
Portugal bodies R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Spain bodies R Importer
2
2
Exporter 2
2 2
6
United Kingdom bodies R Importer
Exporter 4
6
4 6
20
live R Importer
Exporter
2
2
trophies C Importer
Exporter
2
2
Subtotals
C Importer
2 2
(bodies only)
Exporter
1
3
4
R Importer
2 2 2 4 25 24 14
73
Exporter 6 2
12 17 14 50 6 2
109
Ornithoptera goliath SRG60/
20
Table 6. Direct exports of Ornithoptera goliath (including Ornithoptera g. supremus) from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
bodies P C Importer
20
4
24
Exporter
R Importer
2 3
24 29
Exporter
W Importer 2
2
Exporter
S R Importer
10
10
Exporter
T C Importer 26
1313 9
10 150
1508
Exporter
F Importer 72 49
72 40
233
Exporter
I Importer
40
40
Exporter
R Importer 125 166
120 638 490 130 40 200 1909
Exporter 876 1221 2069 1182 1914 1820
9082
W Importer
47 8 40 2 40
212 100 449
Exporter
1
1314
1315
- C Importer
6
6
Exporter
R Importer
90 224
314
Exporter
derivatives T R Importer
10
10
Exporter
live P F Importer 4
4
Exporter
Subtotals
C&F Importer 98 69 1319 81 44
10 150
1771
(bodies only)
Exporter
I Importer
40
40
Exporter
R Importer 125 266 224 122 641 490 130 40 224 2262
Exporter 876 1221 2069 1182 1914 1820
9082
W Importer 2 47 8 40 2 40
212 100 451
Exporter
1
1314
1315
TAXONOMIC NOTE
Ohya (2001) reported seven subspecies: Ornithoptera goliath procus, O. g. goliath, O. g. samson, O. g. ukihidei, O. g. atlas, O. g. supremus and O. g. titan.
CONSERVATION STATUS in range states
Ornithoptera goliath was reported to occur in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea (Collins and Morris, 1985; Lewis, 1985), with a wide range reaching from Seram (part of the Moluccas, west of New Guinea) to Goodenough Island (east of New Guinea) (D'Abrera, 1975). Parsons (1996) noted that although its main range was on mainland New Guinea, the species was also present in many adjacent islands. It was found at altitudes up to 2300m (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011) and Laithwaite et al. (1975) considered its preferred habitat to be dense rainforests.
Ornithoptera goliath SRG60/
21
D'Abrera (1975) reported that there was little biological information available for the species.
Straatman and Schmid (1975) considered O. goliath as one of the rarest Ornithoptera spp., noting that it was “always rare and very local”. Collins and Morris (1985) described it as scarce. However, according to Parsons (in litt. to Collins and Morris, 1985), the species may be common in some areas and was suggested not to require protected species status.
Indonesia: Within Indonesia, the species was reported to occur in Irian Jaya (Provinces of Papua and West Papua) and the Moluccas (west of New Guinea) (Collins and Morris, 1985); Parsons (1996) also reported occurrence on the island of Waigeo close to the northwestern coast of New Guinea.
O. goliath was classified as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).
Papua New Guinea: The species was reported to occur in mainland Papua New Guinea and on the Goodenough Island (D'Abrera, 1975; Collins and Morris, 1985).
O. goliath was classified as a protected species in Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea Department of Environment and Conservation, 1996, in Van Helden, 2001) under the Papua New Guinea Fauna (Protection and Control) Act of 1966, prohibiting its taking from the wild without an authorized permit (Papua New Guinea Office of Legislative Counsel, 1966).
According to Small (2004), ranching of O. goliath on IFTA farms was highly profitable prior to 1995, when the world market prices declined sharply, and since then, many farmers had stopped harvesting the species. Market prices for a pair of O. goliath through IFTA were reported to vary between USD 55 and USD 125 (IFTA, 2012).
Small (2004) reported that specimens of O. goliath were sold by local butterfly farmers and collectors to foreign tourists in Bulolo, and exported using permits obtained through corruption.
Ornithoptera meridionalis SRG60/
22
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Ornithoptera meridionalis
SYNONYMS: Schoenbergia meridionalis
COMMON NAMES: Ornithoptère méridional (French)
RANGE STATES: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Papua New Guinea
IUCN RED LIST: Endangered
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild specimens from
Indonesia first applied on 19/09/1999 and last confirmed on 29/10/2001. Previous negative opinion for wild specimens from Indonesia formed on 11/02/1998.
Current positive opinion for ranched specimens from Papua New Guinea formed on 11/02/1998.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Imports of Ornithoptera meridionalis to the EU-27 directly from Papua New Guinea over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 73 and 240 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The import of four ranched derivatives in 2007 was also reported by the United Kingdom, but not by Papua New Guinea.
The only indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea 2001-2010 consisted of two ranched bodies re-exported to Ireland via Canada in 2002 and one trophy re-exported to the United Kingdom via Malaysia in 2009 (neither of which were reported by the importers).
Direct exports of O. meridionalis from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 2). Of the 407 ranched bodies reported as exports by Papua New Guinea, 37 per cent were exported to the United States, 29 per cent to Japan and 13 per cent to Australia.
Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera meridionalis from Papua New Guinea to the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported 2009-2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total
Austria bodies T R Importer
4
4
Exporter
4
4
Czech Republic bodies T R Importer
Exporter
2 4 10 6
22
France bodies T R Importer
8 2
2
12
Exporter 12 16 7 18 2
55
Germany bodies S R Importer 6
6
Exporter
T R Importer 12 18
2
4
36
Exporter 36 44
10 4 4
98
Greece bodies T R Importer
Ornithoptera meridionalis SRG60/
23
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total
Exporter
2
2
Ireland bodies T R Importer
Exporter
8
8
Italy bodies P C Importer
2
2
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter 1
2
3
Poland bodies P R Importer
4 4
Exporter
T W Importer
Exporter
4
4
Spain bodies T R Importer
Exporter 2 2 8 6 6
24
United Kingdom bodies P R Importer
8
8
Exporter
T R Importer
1
1
Exporter
2
2 12
16
W Importer
Exporter
4
4
derivatives T R Importer
4
4
Exporter
Subtotals
C Importer
2
2
(bodies only)
Exporter
R Importer 18 26 6 2 1 14
4 71
Exporter 51 72 25 44 24 16
232
W Importer
Exporter
8
8
Table 2. Direct exports of Ornithoptera meridionalis from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2009; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Term Source Purpose Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 Total
bodies C P Importer
2 2
4
Exporter
T Importer
17 2
2
21
Exporter
F T Importer
4
4
Exporter
R P Importer 2
2
Exporter
T Importer 5 6
2
4 4
21
Exporter 110 115 80 75 17 10
407
- Importer
24
24
Exporter
W T Importer
2
2
Exporter
12
12
derivatives C T Importer
7 7
Exporter
Ornithoptera meridionalis SRG60/
24
Term Source Purpose Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 Total
live F P Importer 2
2
Exporter
TAXONOMIC NOTE
According to D'Abrera (1975), Ornithoptera meridionalis was previously considered to be a subspecies of O. paradisea, which it resembles (Laithwaite et al., 1975). Ohya (2001) listed two subspecies: O. m. meridionalis and O. m. tarunggarensis.
CONSERVATION STATUS in range states
Ornithoptera meridionalis was reported to occur in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, in mainland New Guinea (Laithwaite et al., 1975; Collins and Morris, 1985). Collins and Morris (1985) considered typical habitats to include primary and secondary lowland rainforests, usually at altitudes of 20-200 m. It was reported to be specialized in one foodplant, Aristolochia schlechteri (Parsons, 1984), and to carry five to seven large eggs, which was considered to be a relatively low number compared to other birdwings (D'Abrera, 1975; Collins and Morris, 1985).
O. meridionalis was classified as Endangered in the IUCN Red List (Gimenez Dixon, 1996c). Haugum and Low (1978, in Collins and Morris, 1985) described it as “very rare and localized but not uncommon where it occurs”.
Main threat was considered to include habitat destruction, combined with low reproduction rate (Haugum, 1984 in litt. to Collins and Morris, in Collins and Morris, 1985). Although noting that the species was in high demand by butterfly collectors and belonged to the most highly priced collection specimens in the world, Collins and Morris (1985) stated that “no threats are known to be posed by illegal collecting and trade, nor by legitimate dealing”.
Papua New Guinea: O. meridionalis was reported to be mainly found on the southern part of the southeastern peninsula of Papua New Guinea, with single localities also reported in the Southern Highlands Province (central mainland Papua New Guinea) and East Sepik Province (northern mainland Papua New Guinea) (Collins and Morris, 1985). D'Abrera (1975) reported that small populations were found in the south-east coast in relatively inaccessible areas.
The populations in Papua New Guinea were considered to be “seriously threatened by habitat destruction and change”, mainly due to forest destruction and timber extraction (Collins and Morris, 1985). D'Abrera (1975) reported that a population in the Brown River area in the Central Province had been “practically obliterated” due to over-collecting.
O. meridionalis was classified as a protected species in Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea Department of Environment and Conservation, 1996, in Van Helden, 2001) under the Papua New Guinea Fauna (Protection and Control) Act of 1966, prohibiting its taking from the wild without an authorized permit (Papua New Guinea Office of Legislative Counsel, 1966).
Small (2004) reported that specimens of O. meridionalis were sold by local butterfly farmers and collectors to foreign tourists in Bulolo, and exported using permits obtained through corruption. According to IFTA (2012), the price for a pair of O. meridionalis, USD 500, was the highest of all Ornithoptera spp. ranched by IFTA.
Ornithoptera paradisea SRG60/
25
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Ornithoptera paradisea
SYNONYMS: Ornithoptera schoenbergi, Schoenbergia paradisea
COMMON NAMES: Butterfly of Paradise (English), Paradise Birdwing (English),
Tailed Birdwing (English), Ornithoptère de paradis (French)
RANGE STATES: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia
IUCN RED LIST: Lower Risk/least concern
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for ranched specimens from all
countries formed on 11/02/1998; this was removed on 02/12/2011 for Papua New Guinea.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Indonesia: Imports of Ornithoptera paradisea to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 1631 and 1204 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, almost all of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Malaysia and Australia (Table 2).
Direct exports of O. paradisea from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 consisted almost entirely of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 6350 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 49 per cent were exported to Japan and 20 per cent to Malaysia.
Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera paradisea from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria S R Importer
10
10
Exporter
T R Importer
6 6
Exporter
16
20 12 10 6 64
Belgium T R Importer
10
4
6 20
Exporter 8
10 4
4
14 40
Czech Republic T R Importer 2
6
8 4
20
Exporter 2
12
18
12 44
Denmark P R Importer 2
2
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter 2
2
France P R Importer
10 12 32 13 67
Exporter
S R Importer 5
5
Ornithoptera paradisea SRG60/
26
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Exporter
T C Importer 6
6
Exporter
R Importer 56 12 24 18 2 40 34
24 18 228
Exporter 51 12 48 18 14 100 72 52 50 110 527
Germany T C Importer 4
4
Exporter
R Importer
172 140 130 78 48 150 48 766
Exporter 4
14 250
164 122 70 162 52 838
Italy T R Importer
2
2
Exporter
2
4 10 3 19
Lithuania T R Importer
4
4
Exporter
4
4
Poland P R Importer
14
4 18
Exporter
T R Importer
8 6 6
20
Exporter 2
4 26 6 14
52
Spain T R Importer 4
8
12
Exporter 4
8
12
United Kingdom P R Importer 6
6
Exporter
T R Importer
8
8
Exporter 17 8
4
29
Subtotals
C Importer 10
10
Exporter
R Importer 75 12 38 200 144 200 136 84 210 95 1194
Exporter 90 20 74 294 32 290 232 170 232 197 1631
Table 2. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera paradisea to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in ranched O. paradisea, primarily for commercial purposes.
Importer Term Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Belgium bodies Importer
Exporter
2
2
Czech Republic bodies Importer
Exporter
10
10
Estonia bodies Importer
1 1
Exporter
France bodies Importer
31 6 2
39
Exporter
31 18 2
4
55
Germany bodies Importer
6 6
2
14
Exporter
1 12 8
2
23
Portugal bodies Importer
Exporter
2
2
Spain bodies Importer
4
4
Exporter 2
2 4
8
United Kingdom bodies Importer
Exporter
2
2
4
8
trophies Importer
Exporter
1
1
Ornithoptera paradisea SRG60/
27
Importer Term Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Subtotals
Importer
37 12 2 2
4
1 58
(bodies only)
Exporter 2 3 43 40 4 2 2 8 4
108
Table 3. Direct exports of Ornithoptera paradisea from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies, primarily for commercial purposes.
Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
C Importer
4
4
Exporter
F Importer
6
6
Exporter
R Importer 22 84 1240 419 698 438 349 144 122 20 3536
Exporter 80 88 1280 688 976 569 410 582 572 1105 6350
W Importer
4
4
Exporter
TAXONOMIC NOTE
Ohya (2001) listed eight subspecies: O. paradisea arfakensis, O. p. borchi, O. p. chrysanthemum, O. p. demeter, O. p. flavescens, O. p. galatea, O. p. occidentalis and O. p. paradisea.
CONSERVATION STATUS in range states
Ornithoptera paradisea was reported to occur in northwestern Papua New Guinea and in Irian Jaya (Provinces of Papua and West Papua), and according to unconfirmed records, it was also found in some adjacent islands (Haugum and Low, 1978 in Collins and Morris, 1985). Haugum and Low (1978, in Collins and Morris, 1985) described it as a widespread species, occurring in seven main areas, however Collins and Morris (1985) noted that distribution records were incomplete. Preferred habitats were considered to include mature primary and secondary forests in hilly areas (Collins and Morris, 1985), and forested valleys (Laithwaite et al., 1975) at altitudes between 500-1000 m (Borch and Schmid, 1975) to 2000 m asl (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011).
The species was reported to be specialised in one food plant and to produce eight to ten eggs (Collins and Morris, 1985).
O. paradisea was classified as Lower Risk/least concern in the IUCN Red List (Gimenez Dixon, 1996d). Collins and Morris (1985) considered its conservation status to be poorly known. Borch and Schmid (1975) stated that despite its relatively wide distribution, its population size was “rather limited”.
D'Abrera (1975) described O. p. paradisea as “well known and much sought after by collectors”, and stated that “consequently its numbers are being depleted”. Collins and Morris (1985) described O. paradisea as a “particularly attractive” species belonging to the most highly priced collection specimens in the world; however, they noted that although the species had high demand in trade, no clear threats had been identified.
Mercer (1997) reported that a Wildlife Area had been established in Papua New Guinea near Madang town on the northern coast to protect populations that had been rediscovered in 1991 after having been thought extinct.
Indonesia: Collins and Morris (1985) reported that the species was found particularly in the west and northeastern parts of Irian Jaya (Papua and West Papua Provinces) where they described it as “very local”, however “well distributed”.
O. paradisea was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).
The species was reported to occur in several Reserves and proposed Reserves within Irian Jaya (Papua and West Papua Provinces) (Collins and Morris, 1985).
Ornithoptera priamus
28
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Ornithoptera priamus
SYNONYMS: Ornithoptera caelestis, Ornithoptera priamus caelestis, Ornithoptera
richmondia
COMMON NAMES: Common Birdwing (English), Common Green Birdwing
(English), New Guinea Birdwing (English), Priam's Birdwing (English)
RANGE STATES: Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
IUCN RED LIST: Not evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for all countries formed on
11/02/1998 and removed for wild and ranched specimens from Australia and Solomon Islands on 02/12/2011.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Indonesia: Imports of Ornithoptera priamus to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 8161 and 13 253 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, almost all of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). Quantities of ranched bodies imported into the EU-27 have increased 2001-2010 (Figure 1). In addition, the import of 100 ranched live O. priamus was reported by Germany in 2004, but not by Indonesia.
Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Malaysia, Australia, Canada and the United States (Table 2).
Direct exports of O. priamus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 included 47 748 ranched bodies and 14 040 ranched live O. priamus, according to data reported by Indonesia (Table 3). These were primarily exported to the United States, Singapore, Japan and Canada.
Ornithoptera priamus
29
Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera priamus (including Ornithoptera priamus poseidon) from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010.
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria bodies S R Importer
200
100
300
Exporter
T R Importer
100
390 490
Exporter
200
100 405 40 390 1135
Belgium bodies T R Importer
50
100 100
20 270
Exporter
175 50
50
200
140 615
Czech Republic bodies T R Importer 150
20
359 34
563
Exporter 150
40
20
429
430 1069
U Importer 4
4
Exporter
Denmark bodies P R Importer 6
6
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter 6
6
France bodies P R Importer
30 50 40 35 155
Exporter
S R Importer 10
10
Exporter
T C Importer 80
80
Exporter
R Importer 10 56 155 60 164 619 450 32 364 162 2072
Exporter 126 56 155 60 304 760 1100 570 492 1404 5027
Germany bodies T C Importer 2
2
Exporter
R Importer
630 1015 394 252 124 824 440 3679
Exporter
70 730 660 634 430 384 884 640 4432
live T R Importer
100
100
Exporter
Italy bodies T R Importer
4
4
Exporter
4 36
30 56
126
Ornithoptera priamus
30
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Lithuania bodies T R Importer
Exporter
26
26
Poland bodies P R Importer
110
30 140
Exporter
T R Importer
116 60 60
236
Exporter 4
190 162 60 130
12 558
Slovakia bodies T R Importer
Exporter
20
20
Spain bodies T R Importer
100
100
Exporter 4
100
104
United Kingdom bodies T R Importer
50
50
Exporter 11 50
74
135
Subtotals
C Importer 82
82
(bodies only)
Exporter
R Importer 176 56 275 690 1383 1339 992 825 1262 1077 8075
Exporter 301 281 315 990 1328 1592 1990 1948 1492 3016 13253
U Importer 4
4
Exporter
Ornithoptera priamus
31
Table 2. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera priamus (including Ornithoptera priamus poseidon) to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies, for either commercial or personal purposes.
Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Belgium C Importer
Exporter
2
2
4
R Importer
Exporter
18 2 6
26
Denmark R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Finland R Importer
4
4
Exporter
6
6
France C Importer
2
2
Exporter
R Importer
53
100
58 15 226
Exporter
56
100
2 2 8
168
Germany C Importer
Exporter
6
6
R Importer
10
2 2
14
Exporter
5 15
2
22
Greece R Importer
1
1
Exporter
12 2
14
Ireland F Importer
Exporter 2
2
R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Italy C Importer
4
4
Exporter
8
8
R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Netherlands F Importer
Exporter
6
6
R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Portugal C Importer
Exporter
2
2
R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Slovakia R Importer
2 4
6
Exporter
2 4
6
Spain C Importer
2
2
Exporter
6 2
8
R Importer
6
6
Exporter
6 2
8
Sweden R Importer
Exporter
2 1
3
United Kingdom C Importer
Exporter
16
16
F Importer
Exporter 18
18
R Importer
Ornithoptera priamus
32
Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Exporter
12
24
146 32
214
Subtotals C Importer
2
4
2
8
Exporter
12 18 2 10
2
44
F Importer
Exporter 20
6
26
R Importer
63
104
11 64 15 257
Exporter
7 72 30 110 34 4 168 52
477
Table 3. Direct exports of Ornithoptera priamus (including Ornithoptera priamus poseidon) from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010.
Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
bodies P R Importer
195
195
Exporter
T C Importer 200
520 400 114 1234
Exporter
F Importer
200 402 200
204
1006
Exporter
I Importer
9 9
Exporter
R Importer 650 906 1250 2790 4090 2810 2534 2092 1323 1064 19509
Exporter 1710 1316 3438 4764 6761 6652 4589 5430 4919 8169 47748
W Importer
200
200
1
401
Exporter
live T R Importer
Exporter
1840 2800 2100 2300 2700 2300 14040
W Importer
100
100
Exporter
Z C Importer
540
540
Exporter
R Importer
200
200
Exporter
W Importer
660
660
Exporter
Subtotals
C&F Importer 200
200 402 200 520 604 114 2240
(bodies only)
Exporter
I Importer
9 9
Exporter
R Importer 650 906 1250 2790 4090 2810 2729 2092 1323 1064 19704
Exporter 1710 1316 3438 4764 6761 6652 4589 5430 4919 8169 47748
W Importer
200
200
1
401
Exporter
Ornithoptera priamus
33
Figure 1. Direct exports of ranched bodies of Ornithoptera priamus (including Ornithoptera priamus poseidon) from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010.
Papua New Guinea: Imports of O. priamus to the EU-27 directly from Papua New Guinea over the period 2001-2010 included 3378 and 13 701 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 4). Quantities reported by Papua New Guinea were substantially higher than those reported by EU Member States 2002-2005; Papua New Guinea has not specified whether its annual reports are based on permits issued or actual trade.
Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea 2001-2010 consisted primarily of captive-bred and ranched bodies re-exported via Australia Singapore and the United States (Table 5).
Direct exports of O. priamus from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 included 49 221 ranched bodies and 3988 wild-sourced bodies, according to data reported by Papua New Guinea (Table 6). These were primarily exported to the United States, Canada, Australia, the Russian Federation and Japan.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
No
. of
bo
die
s
Importer
Exporter
Ornithoptera priamus
34
Table 4. Direct exports of Ornithoptera priamus (including Ornithoptera p. admiralitatus, O. p. bornemanni, O. p. demophanes and O. p. poseidon) from Papua New Guinea to the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Austria bodies P C Importer
2
2
Exporter
R Importer
20
20
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter
239
239
Belgium bodies T R Importer
Exporter
100 75 80 165
420
Czech Republic bodies T R Importer 294 38
332
Exporter 10 130 54 254 200
648
Denmark bodies T R Importer 50
50
Exporter 50
50
France bodies T R Importer 145 166 2
220
100
633
Exporter 423 1450 66 1443 843 162
4387
W Importer
Exporter
500
500
French Guiana bodies T R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Germany bodies S R Importer 30
30
Exporter
T R Importer 692 315
495 10 74 124
8 1718
Exporter 838 1405 232 249 714 119
3557
W Importer
Exporter
444
444
Greece bodies T R Importer
Exporter
130 463
593
Hungary bodies T R Importer
90
90
Exporter
63
63
Ireland bodies T R Importer
Exporter 6 60
24
90
Italy bodies P C Importer
2
2
Exporter
T R Importer
50
50
Exporter 6 401 512 50
2
971
live P R Importer 5
5
Exporter
T R Importer
43
43
Exporter
Lithuania bodies P C Importer
6
6
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter
6 58
64
Malta bodies T R Importer
Exporter
4
4
Netherlands bodies T R Importer
Exporter
45
84
129
Ornithoptera priamus
35
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Poland bodies P R Importer
40 18
58
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter 88
126 18
232
W Importer
Exporter
58
58
Slovenia bodies T R Importer
Exporter
40
40
Spain bodies P R Importer
8
8
Exporter
T R Importer
20
20
Exporter 72 14 50 188 80
404
Sweden bodies P C Importer
3
3
Exporter
T C Importer
20
20
Exporter
R Importer
Exporter
23
23
United Kingdom bodies P R Importer 10
10
20
Exporter
T R Importer
36
240 40
316
Exporter 1 53 2
450 37
543
W Importer
Exporter
240
240
derivatives T R Importer
10
10
Exporter
Subtotals
C Importer
27
6
33
(bodies only)
Exporter
R Importer 1221 519 72 523 46 394 404 158 8 3345
Exporter 1494 3743 1692 2375 2749 406
12459
W Importer
Exporter
1242
1242
Table 5. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera priamus (including Ornithoptera p. bornemanni and O. p. poseidon) to the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea, 2001-2010. Trade was primarily for commercial or personal purposes. (Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Importer Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Belgium bodies C Importer
Exporter 100
10
110
R Importer
Exporter
2 8 18
12
40
live R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Czech Republic bodies C Importer
Exporter
58
58
R Importer
12
12
Exporter
Estonia bodies C Importer
2 2
Exporter
R Importer
1 1
Ornithoptera priamus
36
Importer Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Exporter
Finland bodies C Importer
Exporter
4 10
14
R Importer
Exporter 2
5
7
France bodies C Importer
20
2
22
Exporter 84 4
6
94
F Importer
Exporter
15 15
R Importer
4
4
Exporter
14 10 15
39
W Importer
Exporter
116
116
live R Importer
Exporter
4
4
Germany bodies R Importer
8 10 2
57 6 2
85
Exporter
9
19 45 6
79
Hungary bodies R Importer
Exporter 4
4
Italy bodies C Importer
16
16
Exporter
4
4
R Importer
Exporter
2
4
6
Malta trophies C Importer
Exporter
1
1
Netherlands bodies R Importer
Exporter
2
2
6
10
Portugal bodies R Importer
Exporter
1
2
3
Spain bodies R Importer
6
6
Exporter
4
4
Sweden bodies C Importer
Exporter
8
8
United Kingdom bodies C Importer
4
4
Exporter
2
62
64
O Importer
Exporter
61
61
R Importer
4
4
Exporter 26
9 2 2 1 10 6
56
U Importer
1
1
Exporter
1
1
trophies C Importer
Exporter
4
4
Subtotals
C&F Importer
20
16 2
4 2 44
(bodies only)
Exporter 184 4 14
60 4 80 6
15 367
O Importer
Exporter
61
61
R Importer
8 10 2 4 57 6 8 16 1 112
Ornithoptera priamus
37
Importer Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Exporter 32 9
14 43 77 35 26 12
248
U Importer
1
1
Exporter
1
1
W Importer
Exporter
116
116
Table 6. Direct exports of Ornithoptera priamus (including Ornithoptera p. admiralitatus, O. p. bornemanni, O. p. demophanes, O. p. euphorion, O. p. miokensis and O. p. poseidon) from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. Trade was predominantly for commercial purposes. (Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
bodies C Importer 220 556 2005 97 1208
170 320 260
4836
Exporter
F Importer
320 935 364 100
342
2061
Exporter
I Importer
20
20
Exporter
R Importer 2104 436 86 899 2411 2070 1046 362 272
9686
Exporter 7018 11506 9203 10036 7011 4447
49221
W Importer 373 850 116 1060 81 82
983 366
3911
Exporter 1 5 1 26 4
3951
3988
derivatives C Importer
937 937
Exporter
R Importer
10
10
Exporter
live F Importer 15
15
Exporter
TAXONOMIC NOTE
Ornithoptera priamus was considered to resemble O. richmondia, the latter however being smaller in size (Braby, 2000). Female specimens were reported to be very similar to those of O. alexandrae and O. allottei (D'Abrera, 1975).
Ohya (2001) distinguished four groups of subspecies: Priamus (O. p. priamus, O. p. macalpinei, O. p. euphorion, O. p. richmondia), Poseidon (O. p. hecuba, O. p. arruana, O. p. gebeensis, O. p. teucrus, O. p. kasandra, O. p. poseidon, O. p. pronomus, O. p. demophanes, O. p. boisduvalii), Admiralitatis (O. p. admiralitatis) and Eastern (O. p. bornemanni, O. p. miokensis, O. p. urvillianus, O. p. caelestis).
CONSERVATION STATUS in range states
Ornithoptera priamus was regarded as a widespread species (Nagypal, 2008). According to Parsons (1996), its range extended from the Indonesian island of Sulawesi in the west through New Guinea to the Solomons in the east, and the southern limit of its range was in northeastern Australia. Laithwaite et al. (1975) considered the Moluccas (west of New Guinea) to form the western limit of the range.
The species was considered to be highly dimorphic (D'Abrera, 1975) and morphologically variable (Nagypal, 2008). O. priamus was reported to be adapted to a wide range of habitats (Nagypal, 2008), and able to feed on various different Aristolochia spp. food plants (Braby, 2000), although some subspecies were found to be specialized in one food plant (D'Abrera, 1975). It was described as a “prolific breeder” (D'Abrera, 1975), able to lay up to fifty eggs, which was considered high compared to the rarer Ornithoptera spp. (Straatman, 1969).
Ornithoptera priamus
38
O. priamus was considered to be the most common (WCMC et al., 1993) and best known birdwing butterfly (Laithwaite et al., 1975; Nagypal, 2008). It was found to be typically the most numerous species in areas where its range overlapped with other birdwing species (D'Abrera, 1975). New (1997) considered it abundant and not needing protection, and Collins and Morris (1985) regarded it to be generally common, however noting that some subspecies may “merit special consideration”. Within Australia, the species was considered to be “often common locally”, and it was noted that it was established in some residential areas due to high abundance of food plants (Braby, 2000). O. priamus was also considered easier to breed compared to other Ornithoptera spp. (AC22 Doc. 13.1).
In the 1993 CITES Review of Significant Trade (WCMC et al., 1993), O. priamus was not considered to be threatened at the species level. Some subspecies, particularly O. p. euphorion, O. p. miokensis, O. p. arruana and O. p. hecuba were considered to be of conservation concern and appear in trade; however, it was noted that there was no evidence to suggest that trade would form a significant threat to these subspecies, particularly if it mainly involved ranched specimens (WCMC et al., 1993).
Indonesia: O. priamus was reported to occur in Irian Jaya (Provinces of Papua and West Papua), the Moluccas (west of New Guinea) and Lesser Sunda Islands (southern Indonesia) (Collins and Morris, 1985).
The species was reported to be ranched within its distributional range in Indonesia, and farmed outside its range (AC22 Doc. 13.1). Ranching operations had been established in the Arfak Mountains area, where local people were reported to benefit from trade (AC22 Doc. 13.1). Syaputra (2011) reported that the company PT Ikas Amboina produced farmed birdwing butterflies for national and international markets in several Provinces, including Papua, South Sulawesi and Bali. O. priamus were reportedly caught from the wild for captive breeding purposes, however the catch was limited by a quota of 300 individuals per year in the West Papua Province and the Moluccas (Syaputra, 2011). The breeding method was considered considerably more successful compared to other farming operations in the country: eggs were harvested and protected from predators in containers, hatched larvae were placed in host plants covered with protective netting, and live pupae were sold to buyers (Syaputra, 2011).
It was reported that O. priamus was present in several butterfly gardens in Indonesia (AC22 Doc. 13.1). Syaputra (2011) reported that approximately 1000 specimens produced by PT Ikas Amboina were sold to the Bali Butterfly Park per week to maintain tourist activities in the park. The Bali Butterfly Park was reported to sell captive-bred specimens to the collector trade (Syaputra, 2011).
Syaputra (2011) reported that according to the regulations established by the Ministry of Forestry, ten per cent of individuals produced by captive breeding were used to restock wild populations. However, he recommended reduced collection from nature to maintain viable wild populations of butterflies (Syaputra, 2011).
O. priamus was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999)
Papua New Guinea: In addition to mainland Papua New Guinea, Haugum and Low (1978, in Collins and Morris, 1985) reported O. priamus occurrence in many offshore islands, including the Bismarck Archipelago, Trobriand (Kiriwina) Island, D’Entrecasteaux Island, Woodlark Island, Louisiade Archipelago and Bougainville.
Parsons (1984) considered the species common in Papua New Guinea. However, based on observations in the East Sepik Province during 1989, Hawkeswood (2003) considered the subspecies O. p. poseidon to be “not common” in the area.
Some subspecies occurring in Papua New Guinea were considered to be threatened by habitat loss, restricted range and overcollecting (Collins and Morris, 1985).
O. priamus was not classified as a protected species in Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea Department of Environment and Conservation, 1996, in Van Helden, 2001).
Small (2004) reported that O. priamus had been ranched for trade in Papua New Guinea since 1978. The prices reported by the Insect Farming and Trading Agency were the lowest of Ornithoptera spp., varying between USD 5 and USD 50 for different subspecies and colour forms (IFTA, 2012).
Ornithoptera rothschildi SRG60/
39
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Ornithoptera rothschildi
SYNONYMS: Schoenbergia rothschildi
COMMON NAMES: Rothschild's Birdwing (English)
RANGE STATES: Indonesia
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia
IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for ranched specimens from
Indonesia formed on 11/02/1998.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Indonesia: Imports of Ornithoptera rothschildi to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 2184 and 3122 ranched bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France.
Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Malaysia, Canada and Australia (Table 2).
Direct exports of O. rothschildi from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 consisted almost entirely of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 10 051 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 47 per cent were exported to Japan and 28 per cent to the United States.
Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera rothschildi from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in ranched bodies.
Importer Purpose Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria S Importer
50
50
100
Exporter
T Importer
Exporter
56
80 40
176
Belgium T Importer
10
12 22
Exporter
10
42 52
Czech Republic T Importer 24
24 20
68
Exporter 24
24
52 100
France P Importer
10 26 26 23 85
Exporter
S Importer 10
10
Exporter
T Importer 64 33
32 50 130 150 10 100 62 631
Exporter 14 33
32 90 200 166 206 204 150 1095
Germany T Importer
190 360 122 122 50 106 196 1146
Exporter
20 240 340 182 182 120 186 216 1486
Italy T Importer
2
2
Ornithoptera rothschildi SRG60/
40
Importer Purpose Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Exporter
2
10 10
22
Poland P Importer
10
10
Exporter
T Importer
10 20
30
Exporter 7
30 10 20
67
Slovakia T Importer
Exporter
10
10
Spain T Importer 50
10
60
Exporter 9
10
19
United Kingdom P Importer 20
20
Exporter
T Importer
Exporter 65
30
95
Subtotals
Importer 168 33
222 462 282 312 160 252 293 2184
Exporter 119 33 20 328 472 392 408 440 450 460 3122
Table 2. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera rothschildi to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. Trade was predominantly for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2007).
Importer Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria bodies R Importer
Exporter
6
6
Belgium bodies R Importer
Exporter
6 2 4
12
Estonia bodies R Importer
2 2
Exporter
France bodies R Importer
100
100
Exporter
1
100
2
103
Germany bodies R Importer
10
10
Exporter
1 2 11 5
19
Greece bodies R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Hungary bodies R Importer
Exporter 2
2
Ireland bodies F Importer
Exporter
1
1
R Importer
Exporter 2
2
4
Netherlands bodies R Importer
Exporter
2
2
trophies R Importer
Exporter
1
1
Portugal bodies R Importer
Exporter 2
2
Slovakia bodies R Importer
2
2
Exporter
2
2
Spain bodies R Importer
6
6
Exporter 2
6 1
9
United Kingdom bodies R Importer
Exporter
5 4 2 8 6
25
Ornithoptera rothschildi SRG60/
41
Importer Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 Total
Subtotals
F Importer
(bodies only)
Exporter
1
1
R Importer
10 100
6 2 2 120
Exporter 8 1 3 28 111 8 18 11
188
Table 3. Direct exports of Ornithoptera rothschildi from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes.
Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
C Importer
40 40
80
Exporter
F Importer
28
28
Exporter
R Importer 10
660 235 878 524 986 395 62 4 3754
Exporter 54 51 960 672 1078 1070 1494 1051 816 2805 10051
CONSERVATION STATUS in range states
Indonesia: The range of Ornithoptera rothschildi was reported to be restricted to Indonesia (Parsons, 1995b; 1996), where it was considered endemic to the Arfak Mountains in the northwestern part of the West Papua Province (Collins and Morris, 1985; Kondo et al., 2003). It was described as a montane species, generally found at altitudes between 1800 m and 2450 m asl (Collins and Morris, 1985).
O. rothschildi was classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List (Gimenez Dixon, 1996e). In spite of its restricted distribution, it was not considered rare and was reported to be abundant in some areas (Haugum and Low, 1978, in Collins and Morris, 1985). Collins and Morris (1985) noted that its conservation status was poorly known.
Collins and Morris (1985) considered habitat disturbance as a potential threat to the species. Haugum (1983, in litt. to Collins and Morris, 1985) reported that the species was under heavy pressure of commercial exploitation in Indonesia. Collins and Morris (1985) regarded commercial collection as a possible threat, but noted that its impacts were unknown. They recommended an assessment of the conservation status of the species and the impacts of commercial trade (Collins and Morris, 1985).
The status and restricted distribution of this species were considered to require the close monitoring of trade in this species (Peggie, 2011).
Ornithoptera urvillianus SRG60/
42
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Ornithoptera urvillianus
SYNONYMS: Ornithoptera priamus burkei
COMMON NAMES: D'Urville's Birdwing (English)
RANGE STATES: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Papua New Guinea
IUCN RED LIST: Not evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for wild and ranched specimens from
Papua New Guinea formed on 11/02/1998.
Current Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild and ranched specimens from Solomon Islands first applied on 03/09/2008 and last confirmed on 07/09/2011. Previous Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Solomon Islands first applied on 19/09/1999 and last confirmed on 01/10/2007. Previous negative opinions for ranched specimens from Solomon Islands formed on 14/09/2007 and for wild specimens on 11/02/1998.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Imports of Ornithoptera urvillianus to the EU-27 directly from Papua New Guinea over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 899 and 1673 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, and 202 ranched live O. urvillianus, reported by the importer only (Table 1). Papua New Guinea reported the export of 738 wild-sourced bodies to the EU-27 in 2007 but not of this trade was reported by the importers.
Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Canada and Australia (Table 2).
Direct exports of O. urvillianus from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched and wild-sourced bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 4145 ranched bodies reported as exports by Papua New Guinea, 56 per cent were exported to the United States and 24 per cent to Malaysia.
No trade has been reported as O. priamus urvillianus.
Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera urvillianus from Papua New Guinea to the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported 2004-2005 or 2009-2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2006 2007 2008 Total
Austria bodies P R Importer
20
20
Exporter
Czech Republic bodies T R Importer 60
60
Exporter
France bodies T R Importer
26
140
200 366
Ornithoptera urvillianus SRG60/
43
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2006 2007 2008 Total
Exporter 154
2 50
206
W Importer
Exporter
560
560
Germany bodies S R Importer 6
6
Exporter
T R Importer 19 90
10
189 308
Exporter 118
30
148
W Importer
Exporter
110
110
Italy bodies T R Importer
20
20
Exporter 3
432
435
live P R Importer 2
2
Exporter
T R Importer
200
200
Exporter
Poland bodies P R Importer
10 8 18
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter
3
3
W Importer
Exporter
18
18
Spain bodies T R Importer
Exporter 22
20
42
Sweden bodies T C Importer
100
100
Exporter
R Importer
Exporter
100
100
United Kingdom bodies P R Importer
1
1
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter
1
1
W Importer
Exporter
50
50
Subtotals
C Importer
100
100
(bodies only)
Exporter
R Importer 85 116 40 151 10 397 799
Exporter 297
557 81
935
W Importer
Exporter
738
738
Table 2. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera urvillianus to the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2002or 2006; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Belgium bodies P R Importer
Exporter
2
12
14
Estonia bodies T R Importer
2 2
Exporter
France bodies P R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Ornithoptera urvillianus SRG60/
44
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Ireland bodies P R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Italy bodies P R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Netherlands bodies P R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Portugal bodies P R Importer
Exporter
4
4
Spain bodies P R Importer
Exporter
2
2
T R Importer
Exporter
6
6
Sweden bodies T C Importer
Exporter
4
4
United Kingdom bodies P R Importer
Exporter
2
2 12
16
S R Importer
Exporter 20
20
T R Importer
Exporter
4
20
24
trophies T R Importer
Exporter
4
4
Subtotals
C Importer
(bodies only)
Exporter
4
4
R Importer
2 2
Exporter 20 2 10 2
24 36
94
Table 3. Direct exports of Ornithoptera urvillianus from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies, predominantly for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2008 or 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 Total
C Importer
8 207
215
Exporter
F Importer 160
160
Exporter
R Importer 313 22
50 50 530 140 50 1155
Exporter 739
146
3260
4145
W Importer
120 100
220
Exporter
2803
2803
TAXONOMIC NOTE
D'Abrera (1975) considered O. urvillianus as “a distinct species on the grounds of its total isolation and marked differentiation, in both sexes, from other Priamus species”. Kondo et al. (2003) and McAlpine (1970) also regarded the taxon as a distinct species.
However, Collins and Morris (1985) and Capinera (2008) treated Ornithoptera urvillianus as a subspecies of O. priamus, and Nagypal (2008) found that fertile offspring could be produced when crossing O. p. urvillianus with O. p. poseidon, concluding that this indicated that O. urvillianus was not an independent species.
Ornithoptera urvillianus SRG60/
45
The CITES Standard Reference (Ohya, 2001) also considers the taxon to be a subspecies of O. priamus (O. p. urvillianus). However, to date, O. urvillianus has been treated as an accepted taxon by the CITES community. UNEP-WCMC has highlighted this discrepancy to the CITES Secretariat and to the nomenclature expert for fauna.
CONSERVATION STATUS in range states
Ornithoptera urvillianus was reported to occur in eastern Papua New Guinea and in the Solomon Islands, excluding San Cristobal (D'Abrera, 1975) and Rennell (Collins and Morris, 1985).
It was described as a common (D'Abrera, 1975) or relatively common species, which could be easily ranched (WCMC et al., 1993). It was reported to have high market demand (WCMC et al., 1993), and population declines were reported in some areas in the Solomon Islands due to overcollection and the loss of habitat (Straatman, 1969; D'Abrera, 1975).
Papua New Guinea: O. urvillianus was reported to occur in eastern Papua New Guinea, in the New Ireland Province and the autonomous region of Bougainville, where it was considered common (D'Abrera, 1975).
The species was reported to be ranched in Papua New Guinea, as part of the activities of the Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) (WCMC et al., 1993). In the 1993 CITES Review of Significant Trade, the trade of ranched specimens from IFTA was recommended “to be encouraged”, and was not considered a cause of concern. However, it was noted that more information was needed on the population ecology of the species and the sustainability of ranching (WCMC et al., 1993).
O. urvillianus was not classified as a protected species in Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea Department of Environment and Conservation, 1996, in Van Helden, 2001). It was traded through IFTA under the name O. p. urvillianus, for the relatively low price of USD 10 per pair (IFTA, 2012).
Ornithoptera victoriae SRG60/
46
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Ornithoptera victoriae
SYNONYMS: Aetheoptera victoriae
COMMON NAMES: Queen Victoria's Birdwing (English), Ornithoptère de la reine
Victoria (French)
RANGE STATES: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Papua New Guinea
IUCN RED LIST: Not evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for wild and ranched specimens from
Papua New Guinea formed on 11/02/1998.
Current Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild and ranched specimens from Solomon Islands first applied on 03/09/2008 and last confirmed on 07/09/2011. Previous Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Solomon Islands first applied on 19/09/1999 and last confirmed on 01/10/2007. Previous negative opinion for ranched specimens from Solomon Islands formed on 14/09/2007 and for wild specimens from Solomon Islands on 11/02/1998.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Imports of Ornithoptera victoriae to the EU-27 directly from Papua New Guinea over the period 2001-2010 included 507 and 1028 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The export of 203 wild-sourced bodies in 2007 was also reported by Papua New Guinea, but not by EU importers. In addition, the import of two ranched live O. victoriae was reported by Italy in 2001 and the import of five ranched derivatives was reported by the United Kingdom in 2007; neither transaction was reported by Papua New Guinea.
Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Australia (Table 2).
Direct exports of O. victoriae from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched and wild-sourced bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 2093 ranched bodies and 733 wild-sourced bodies reported as exports by Papua New Guinea, 44 per cent were exported to the United States, 16 per cent to Malaysia and 14 per cent to Japan.
Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera victoriae (including Ornithoptera v. reginae and O. v. regis) from Papua New Guinea to the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Austria bodies T R Importer
Exporter
8
8
Czech Republic bodies T R Importer 12
2
14
Exporter
4
4
Ornithoptera victoriae SRG60/
47
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
France bodies T R Importer
8 4
50
4
66
Exporter 32 30 15 80 72 30
259
W Importer
Exporter
118
118
Germany bodies T R Importer 66 62
20 50 100
40 29 367
Exporter 116 154 4 61 60 100
495
W Importer
Exporter
40
40
Ireland bodies T R Importer
Exporter
4
4
Italy bodies T R Importer
Exporter 3
2
5
W Importer
Exporter
4
4
live P R Importer 2
2
Exporter
Malta bodies T R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Netherlands bodies T R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Poland bodies P R Importer
8 8
16
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter 2
4
6
W Importer
Exporter
16
16
Slovenia bodies T R Importer
Exporter
4
4
Spain bodies P R Importer
2
2
Exporter
T R Importer
4
4
Exporter
2 4 6 10
22
Sweden bodies P C Importer
2
2
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter
2
2
United Kingdom bodies P R Importer 6
6
Exporter
T R Importer
10
20
30
Exporter 6
2
4
12
W Importer
Exporter
25
25
derivatives T R Importer
5
5
Exporter
Subtotals
bodies C Importer
2
2
(bodies only)
Exporter
R Importer 84 70 6 26 60 150 28 52 29 505
Exporter 159 194 41 147 154 130
825
Ornithoptera victoriae SRG60/
48
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
W Importer
Exporter
203
203
Table 2. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera victoriae (including Ornithoptera v. reginae and O. v. regis) to the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2003 or 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Austria bodies T R Importer
Exporter
6
6
Belgium bodies T R Importer
Exporter
2 4 4 10
France bodies T R Importer
Exporter
3 6
1 10
live T R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Germany bodies P R Importer
2 4 6 14 26
Exporter
T R Importer
6
6
Exporter
6 10 4 6
26
Italy bodies T C Importer
Exporter 2
2
Netherlands bodies T R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Poland bodies P R Importer
2
2
Exporter
Spain bodies P R Importer
Exporter
2
2
T R Importer
2
2
Exporter
2 2
4
United Kingdom bodies S R Importer
Exporter 2
2
- O Importer
Exporter
7
7
Subtotals
C Importer
(bodies only)
Exporter 2
2
O Importer
Exporter
7
7
R Importer
8 4 10 14 36
Exporter 2
6 6 13 16 14 5 62
Table 3. Direct exports of Ornithoptera victoriae (including Ornithoptera v. reginae and O. v. regis) from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. Trade was predominantly for commercial purposes. (Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
bodies C Importer 2 44 34
20 60
160
Exporter
F Importer 24
2 2
28
Exporter
I Importer
4
4
Exporter
Ornithoptera victoriae SRG60/
49
Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
R Importer 44 82 33 24 6 280 129 100 8
706
Exporter 228 418 119 186 463 679
2093
U Importer 168
168
Exporter
W Importer
46 4
1 46
173 65
335
Exporter
5 1
727
733
derivatives C Importer
60 60
Exporter
live F Importer 2
2
Exporter
TAXONOMIC NOTE
Ohya (2001) listed seven subspecies: Ornithoptera victoriae regis, O. v. archeri, O. v. rubianus, O. v. isabellae, O. v. victoriae, O. v. reginae and O. v. epiphanes.
CONSERVATION STATUS in range states
Ornithoptera victoriae was considered widespread in Solomon Islands and Bougainville in Papua New Guinea (Collins and Morris, 1985). Lewis (1985) considered its range to be restricted to the Solomon Islands. It was described as a strongly dimorphic species (D'Abrera, 1975) with a wingspan of up to 175 mm (Laithwaite et al., 1975).
Macfarlane (1983, in litt. to Collins and Morris, in Collins and Morris, 1985) regarded it as “not rare”, and D'Abrera (1975) considered it to be “common wherever it occurs”.
O. victoriae was considered to be in demand by collectors (Collins and Morris, 1985). Macfarlane (1983, in litt. to Collins and Morris, in Collins and Morris, 1985) considered commercial collection, as well as habitat destruction, as potential threats to the species. In the 1993 CITES Review of Significant Trade (WCMC et al., 1993), unregulated trade from the Solomon Islands was regarded to be of potential concern. Straatman (1969) reported that the species had almost completely disappeared from the Honiara region in the Solomon Islands due to habitat destruction and overcollection.
Papua New Guinea: Within Papua New Guinea, the species was reported to be restricted to the island of Bougainville, where it was considered to be common (Collins and Morris, 1985).
O. victoriae was classified as a protected species in Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea Department of Environment and Conservation, 1996, in Van Helden, 2001) under the Papua New Guinea Fauna (Protection and Control) Act of 1966, prohibiting its taking from the wild without a permit (Papua New Guinea Office of Legislative Counsel, 1966). According to WCMC et al. (1993), only the marketing of ranched specimens was allowed, and the Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) was responsible for monitoring ranching activities to secure the release of a sufficient proportion of adults to the wild.
In 1975, D'Abrera expressed concern over illegal trade in O. victoriae for international markets (despite its protected status), reporting that three commercial collectors had “set up quite a profitable industry for themselves among the indigenous people of Buin” (D'Abrera (1975).
In the 1993 CITES Review of Significant Trade, trade was regarded not to present a significant threat to O. victoriae, and trade in ranched specimens from Papua New Guinea was “to be encouraged”. However, it was noted that ecological studies should be undertaken to guarantee long-term sustainability (WCMC et al., 1993). Concern was expressed that wild-caught individuals collected from the Solomon Islands would be sold under the IFTA scheme as sourced in Papua New Guinea (WCMC et al., 1993).
Trogonoptera brookiana SRG60/
50
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Trogonoptera brookiana
SYNONYMS: Ornithoptera brookiana, Troides brookiana
COMMON NAMES: Rajah Brooke's Birdwing (English), Ornithoptère de Brooke
(French), Rajah Brooks fågelfjäril (Swedish)
RANGE STATES: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar (?),
Philippines, South China Sea (disputed territory), Thailand
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia, Malaysia
IUCN RED LIST: Not evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for ranched species from all countries
formed on 11/02/1998, and removed for Brunei Darussalam, Myanmar, Philippines, South China Sea and Thailand on 02/12/2011.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Indonesia: Imports of Trogonoptera brookiana to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 686 and 961 ranched bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, all of which were traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. A small quantity of bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Canada and Australia (Table 2).
Direct exports of T. brookiana from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 4602 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 81 per cent were exported to Japan.
Table 1. Direct exports of Trogonoptera brookiana from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in ranched bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2003).
Importer Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria Importer
80
36 12 128
Exporter
80 36
12 128
Belgium Importer
4
4 8
Exporter
4
24 28
Czech Republic Importer
27
27
Exporter
27
27
France Importer
20 100 32 10 6 111 279
Exporter
20 140 32 56 2 142 392
Germany Importer 30 80 24 20 20 20
194
Exporter 20 80 44 40 54 20 40 298
Italy Importer
Exporter
30
30
Poland Importer
10 40
50
Trogonoptera brookiana SRG60/
51
Importer Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Exporter
10 40
50
United Kingdom Importer
Exporter
8
8
Subtotals Importer 30 100 124 146 97 62 127 686
Exporter 20 100 184 174 213 52 218 961
Table 2. Indirect exports of Trogonoptera brookiana (including Trogonoptera brookiana albescens) to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in ranched bodies for personal, commercial or educational purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2003, 2007 or 2010).
Importer Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 Total
Belgium Importer
Exporter
3
3
Finland Importer
3
3
Exporter
3
3
Greece Importer
1
1
Exporter
1
1
Slovakia Importer
1 1
Exporter
1 1
Spain Importer
3
3
Exporter
3
3
United Kingdom Importer
Exporter 1
3
4
Subtotals Importer
3
4 1 8
Exporter 1 3 3 7 1 15
Table 3. Direct exports of Trogonoptera brookiana from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2003).
Source Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
C Importer
Exporter
100
100
R Importer 20 561 600 690 230 30 43 2174
Exporter 20 1035 908 863 482 395 899 4602
Malaysia: Imports of Trogonoptera brookiana to the EU-27 directly from Malaysia over the period 2001-2010 included 957 and 905 wild-sourced bodies and 67 and 87 captive-bred bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively (Table 4). Export of a small number of wild and captive-bred trophies was also reported by Malaysia but not by EU importers.
A small quantity of bodies originating in Malaysia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Canada and the United States (Table 5).
Direct exports of T. brookiana from Malaysia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of wild-sourced and captive-bred bodies (Table 6). Smaller quantities of live individuals, trophies and specimens were also exported. Bodies were mainly exported to the United States, with trade levels decreasing in recent years.
Table 4. Direct exports of Trogonoptera brookiana from Malaysia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2004).
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Czech Republic bodies T W Importer
100
100
Exporter
Denmark bodies P C Importer
Exporter 2
2
Estonia bodies T C Importer
1 1
Trogonoptera brookiana SRG60/
52
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Exporter
trophies T C Importer
Exporter
1 1
France bodies T C Importer
55
55
Exporter
55
55
W Importer
280 100 30 350
760
Exporter
280 100 30 350 6 20
786
trophies T C Importer
Exporter
2 2
Germany bodies T C Importer
11
11
Exporter 7
11
18
W Importer
20
37
57
Exporter
40
57 20
117
Ireland bodies T W Importer
Exporter
2
2
Malta trophies T C Importer
Exporter
2
2
Poland bodies T W Importer
40
40
Exporter
trophies T W Importer
Exporter
40
40
Sweden bodies T C Importer
Exporter
10
10
United Kingdom bodies T C Importer
Exporter
2
2
- I Importer 6
6
Exporter
trophies T C Importer
Exporter
1
1
Subtotals
bodies C Importer
55
11
1 67
Exporter 9
55 10 13
87
I Importer 6
6
Exporter
W Importer
280 120 170 350
37
957
Exporter
280 142 30 350 63 40
905
trophies C Importer
Exporter
3 3 6
W Importer
Exporter
40
40
Table 5. Indirect exports of Trogonoptera brookiana to the EU-27 originating in Malaysia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for personal or commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2003, 2007 or 2010).
Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 Total
Denmark W Importer
Exporter
1
1
Finland W Importer
3
3
Exporter
3
3
Germany W Importer
Exporter
1
1
Italy W Importer
Exporter
1
1
Netherlands W Importer
Trogonoptera brookiana SRG60/
53
Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 Total
Exporter
4 4
Spain W Importer
4
4
Exporter
4
4
Sweden W Importer
Exporter
1
1
United Kingdom F Importer
Exporter 4
1
5
W Importer
Exporter
1
3 4
Subtotals F Importer
Exporter 4
1
5
W Importer
3
4
7
Exporter
2 1 3 1 5 7 19
Table 6. Direct exports of Trogonoptera brookiana (including Trogonoptera brookiana albescens) from Malaysia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. Trade was predominantly for commercial purposes.
Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
bodies C Importer 1110
500 600 70 15 74 20
2389
Exporter 1280
140 970 115 130 195 57
2887
F Importer
140
140
Exporter
I Importer
126
126
Exporter
R Importer 6
6
Exporter
W Importer 110 616 1233 156 986 117 135 37 51 10 3451
Exporter
1145 1686
400
190 67 20 15 3523
live C Importer 10
10
38
58
Exporter 50
5 10
40
105
I Importer
1 1
Exporter
W Importer 14
1 9
24
Exporter
220
220
specimens C Importer
1
1
Exporter
I Importer
21
21
Exporter
trophies C Importer
Exporter
27 117 144
W Importer
Exporter
341 10 351
TAXONOMIC NOTE
Ohya (2001) listed ten subspecies: Trogonoptera brookiana albescens, T. b. mollumar, T. b. trogon, T. b. jikoi, T. b. toshikii, T. b. mariae, T. b. cardinaali, T. b. natunensis, T. b. brookiana and T. b. haugumei.
Trogonoptera brookiana SRG60/
54
CONSERVATION STATUS in range states
Trogonoptera brookiana was reported to occur in Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam (Collins and Morris, 1985), Myanmar and Philippines (Matsuka, 2001) and Thailand (Hoskins, 2012). Its preferred habitats were considered to include tropical rainforests (Laithwaite et al., 1975; Hoskins, 2012), lowland and low montane forests and streams (Garbutt et al., 2006). Based on an experimental study, Dahelmi et al. (2008) reported that the development from egg to adult lasted in average 56 days.
Collins and Morris (1985) considered T. brookiana to be locally common and not threatened, but noted that large numbers of specimens were harvested for decorative trade. It was considered to be one of the most common birdwing species for sale globally, with trade in decorative specimens largely unreported (WCMC et al., 1993). Parsons (1995a) stated that the collection of T. brookiana for trade had “few, if any adverse effects” on populations. Reportedly, the prices of T. brookiana had declined rapidly with increased supply since the 1960s (Parsons, 1995a).
According to WCMC et al. (1993), the species was easily caught in the wild, and hence widespread ranching had not been developed.
T. brookiana was reported to be abundant in logged forest habitats and roadsides (Cleary et al., 2005), however its abundance was negatively affected by fire and the isolation of forest fragments (Cleary and Genner, 2006; Hirowatari et al., 2007).
The species was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade based on an initial review conducted in 1991 (WCMC et al., 1993). Trade was not considered a significant threat, with the most common subspecies most widely traded (WCMC et al., 1993). However, some concern was expressed towards the large numbers of specimens in trade, and the large proportion of unreported trade (WCMC et al., 1993). Furthermore, four lesser-known subspecies with restricted geographical distribution were considered to be vulnerable to habitat loss and potentially of high interest to collectors (WCMC et al., 1993).
Indonesia: T. brookiana was reported to occur in Sumatra, Mentawai Islands and Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) (Collins and Morris, 1985). D'Abrera (1975) reported that the subspecies found in Borneo was T. b. brookiana, whereas T. b. trogon occurred in Sumatra, and T. b. natunensis in Bunguran (Natuna Islands, northwestern coast of Borneo).
T. brookiana was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).
Syaputra et al. (2009) recorded the species in the Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park in Kalimantan.
Malaysia: T. brookiana was considered to be widely distributed in Malaysia (Hoskins, 2012). D'Abrera (1975) reported that the subspecies T. b. albescens was found in the Central States of Malay Peninsula, whereas T. b. brookiana occurred in Borneo and T. b. trogon occurred in Trengganu (Terengganu) (north-eastern Peninsular Malaysia) and probably Johore (southern Peninsular Malaysia).
The species was reported to be common in Borneo (Garbutt et al., 2006), where it was found in Danum Valley and Mount Kinabalu (Garbutt et al., 2006).
Hoskins (2012) considered the Malaysian populations to be localized, however noting that the species was very abundant in some areas. Nagypal (2008) reported that the species was more common in West Malaysia than in other range areas. Hoskins (2012) reported that T. brookiana was killed “in vast numbers”, mainly by children in Malaysia, and sold as low value specimens to dealers who sold them to gift shops. He described the harvesting process as follows: “The majority are badly damaged because the children are unskilled with butterfly nets, and often use crude methods of killing – sometimes the butterflies are attracted to a sticky ‘bait’ which glues their wings to the ground, or sometimes they are killed by throwing small stones at them” (Hoskins, 2012).
T. brookiana was reported to have protected status in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak, making it illegal to take, keep or trade specimens without a licence (Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, 2012; Forest Department Sarawak, 2012; Sabah Wildlife Department, 2012). In the 1990s, WCMC et al. (1993) considered the legal restrictions to have “little impact on trade”.
Troides amphrysus SRG60/
55
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Troides amphrysus
COMMON NAMES: Golden Birdwing (English), Malay Birdwing (English)
RANGE STATES: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore,
South China Sea, Thailand
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia, Malaysia
IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Positive opinion for wild and ranched specimens from all
countries formed on 11/02/1998 and positive opinion removed for wild and ranched specimens from Brunei Darussalam, Myanmar, Singapore, South China Sea and Thailand on 02/12/2011.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Indonesia: Imports of Troides amphrysus to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 2098 and 2069 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany, Austria and France. A small quantity of bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Canada, Australia and the United States (Table 2).
Direct exports of T. amphrysus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 5189 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 54 per cent were exported to Japan and 25 per cent to the United States.
Table 1. Direct exports of Troides amphrysus from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria S R Importer
40
40
Exporter
T R Importer
76
584
660
Exporter
40
76 100
216
Belgium T R Importer
Exporter
10 10
Czech Republic T R Importer
14
66
80
Exporter
14
86
100
France T C Importer 104 14
45
163
Exporter 104
104
R Importer
60 12 40 65 80
10 267
Exporter
14 60 12 105 110 80 60
60 501
Germany T R Importer
320 150 143 6
64 49 732
Exporter
330 20 299 6 96 64 49 864
Italy T R Importer
2
2
Exporter
2 6
6
14
Poland P R Importer
20
20
Troides amphrysus SRG60/
56
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Exporter
T R Importer
40 24 24
88
Exporter
50 40 24 44
158
Spain T R Importer
30
30
Exporter
30
30
United Kingdom T R Importer
16
16
Exporter
16
50
6
72
Subtotals
C Importer 104 14
45
163
Exporter 104
104
R Importer
90 332 232 298 186 90 648 59 1935
Exporter
30 74 432 207 455 192 392 64 119 1965
Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides amphrysus to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for personal or commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2000, 2005 or 2009-2010).
Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2008 Total
Belgium C Importer
Exporter
2
2
Finland F Importer
Exporter 2
2
France R Importer
Exporter
2 1 3
Greece R Importer
Exporter
1 1
Ireland C Importer
Exporter
2
2
R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Slovakia R Importer
1 1
Exporter
1 1
United Kingdom C Importer
Exporter
2
2
F Importer
Exporter 2
2
R Importer
Exporter
3 1 4
Subtotals C Importer
Exporter
2 2 2
6
F Importer
Exporter 4
4
R Importer
1 1
Exporter
7 4 11
Table 3. Direct exports of Troides amphrysus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2003).
Source Reported by 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
C Importer 60
30
90
Exporter 300
300
R Importer
105 574 362 614 152 17
1824
Exporter
50 878 970 1218 835 537 107 594 5189
Troides amphrysus SRG60/
57
Malaysia: Imports of Troides amphrysus to the EU-27 directly from Malaysia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 473 and 557 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, 75 per cent of which were wild-sourced (Table 4). The main importers were Germany and France.
The only indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Malaysia 2001-2010 consisted of four wild-sourced bodies exported via Canada to the United Kingdom in 2007 (reported by Canada only) and two wild-sourced bodies exported via Canada to Finland in 2008 (reported by Finland only).
Direct exports of T. amphrysus from Malaysia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of wild-sourced and captive-bred bodies exported to Japan, the United States and Canada (Table 5).
Table 4. Direct exports of Troides amphrysus from Malaysia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was for commercial purposes.
Importer Term Source Reported by 2001 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
France bodies C Importer
80
80
Exporter
80
80
W Importer 38
20
58
Exporter 76
20 20 10
126
Germany bodies C Importer
40
40
Exporter
50
50
W Importer
4 50 80 159
2 295
Exporter
138 159
4 301
Malta trophies C Importer
Exporter
1
1
Subtotals
C Importer
80
40
120
(bodies only)
Exporter
130
130
W Importer 38 4 70 80 159
2 353
Exporter 76
20 158 169
4 427
Table 5. Direct exports of Troides amphrysus (including Troides amphrysus ruficollis) from Malaysia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. Trade was predominantly for commercial purposes.
Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
bodies C Importer
10 4 93
107
Exporter 21
40
26 167 96 2
352
F Importer
40
40
Exporter
I Importer
10
10
Exporter
R Importer
2 2
Exporter
W Importer 8 16
82
6 71 30
213
Exporter
16 84 4
156 286 80 187 813
specimens C Importer
2
2
Exporter
I Importer
10
10
Exporter
trophies C Importer
Exporter
1 28 29
Troides amphrysus SRG60/
58
TAXONOMIC NOTE
Ohya (2001) recognized 16 subspecies: Troides amphrysus ruficollis, T. a. naokoae, T. a. arkumene, T. a. euthydemus, T. a. simeuluensis, T. a. astrea, T. a. niasicus, T. a. vistara, T. a. amphrysus, T. a. perintis, T. a. kuris, T. a. chrysomelas, T. a. flavicollis, T. a. actinotia, T. a. hilbert and T. a. kecilensis.
CONSERVATION STATUS in range states
Troides amphrysus was reported to occur in Brunei Darussalam (Nagypal, 2008), Malaysia, Indonesia (Peggie, 2011), Myanmar, Singapore and Thailand (Lekagul et al., 1977; in Barzdo, 1985).
T. amphrysus was generally found to be a lowland species, although it was reported to occur also at higher elevations in Borneo (D'Abrera, 1975).
The species was considered to be fairly common (Nagypal, 2008) and was not considered to be rare nor threatened across most of its range, with the exception of Malaysia (Collins and Morris, 1985).
Indonesia: T. amphrysus was reported to occur in Sumatra, Java (Nagypal, 2008) and Kalimantan (Cleary and Genner, 2006).
T. amphrysus was found to be a dominant species in continuous habitats in Kalimantan, while the species was rare in isolated forest fragments and absent in areas of burned forest (Cleary and Genner, 2006). However, the species, considered a liana specialist, was also found to be more abundant along forest edges in Borneo (typically showing higher densities and variety of lianas), than within unlogged forest (Cleary et al., 2005).
Malaysia: T. amphrysus was considered locally vulnerable and at risk in Peninsular Malaysia (Barlow, 1983; in Collins and Morris, 1985).
The species is protected in Malaysia, making it illegal to take, keep or trade specimens without a licence (Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, 2012; Forest Department Sarawak, 2012; Sabah Wildlife Department, 2012).
T. amphrysus was reported to occur in the Imbak Valley forest reserve [Sabah], where it was considered to be one of the most common Troides species found (Jalil et al., 2008).
Troides criton SRG60/
59
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Troides criton
RANGE STATES: Indonesia
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia
IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for wild and ranched specimens from
Indonesia formed on 11/02/1998.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Imports of Troides criton to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 1596 and 1407 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. A small quantity of bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Australia and Canada (Table 2).
Direct exports of T. criton from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 5457 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 65 per cent were exported to Japan and 15 per cent to the United States.
Table 1. Direct exports of Troides criton from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies. (No trade was reported in 2001-2004).
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria T R Importer
84
84
Exporter
84 1
85
Belgium T R Importer
24
10 34
Exporter
24
40 64
Czech Republic T R Importer
36 20
56
Exporter 10
56
10 76
France T C Importer 100
100
Exporter
R Importer 60 164 24
20
268
Exporter 180 190 24 20 20 52 486
Germany T R Importer 720 70 82
30 80 982
Exporter 150 126 66 86 30 80 538
Italy T R Importer 2
2
Exporter 2 6
8
Poland P R Importer
10
10
Exporter
T R Importer
20 20 20
60
Exporter 30 10 20 50
110
United Kingdom T R Importer
Exporter
40
40
Subtotals
C Importer 100
100
Exporter
R Importer 782 264 234 56 70 90 1496
Troides criton SRG60/
60
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Exporter 372 332 258 213 50 182 1407
Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides criton to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies predominantly for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2004 or 2009-2010).
Importer Source Reported by 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total
Finland R Importer
Exporter
2
2
France R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Greece R Importer
Exporter
2 2
Poland I Importer 1
1
Exporter
Spain R Importer
Exporter
2
2
United Kingdom R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Subtotals I Importer 1
1
Exporter
R Importer
Exporter
4 4 2 10
Table 3. Direct exports of Troides criton from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2003).
Source Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
C Importer
20 20
Exporter
F Importer
40
40
Exporter
R Importer 120 560 618 615 221 40
2174
Exporter 460 880 1002 653 581 657 1224 5457
TAXONOMIC NOTE
Ohya (2001) recognized two subspecies: Troides criton criton and T. c. critonides.
CONSERVATION STATUS in range state
Indonesia: Troides criton was reported to occur in Sulawesi and the northern Moluccas, including Obi (Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003) and was noted to be mainly found in the interior of islands (Nagypal, 2008).
Little was reported to be known about the species’ habitat and life history (Nagypal, 2008). However, D'Abrera (1971; in Collins and Morris, 1985) considered it to be “reasonably common” and Nagypal
(2008) presumed the species to be common through at least part of its range. T. criton was not known to
be threatened (Collins and Morris, 1985; Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003).
T. criton was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).
Troides cuneifera SRG60/
61
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Troides cuneifera
COMMON NAMES: Golden Birdwing (English)
RANGE STATES: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia
IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Positive opinion for wild and ranched specimen from all range
countries formed on 11/02/1998 and removed for Malaysia and Thailand on 02/12/2011.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Indonesia published an export quota for 540 live individuals in 2001. However, there has been no reported trade in live Troides cuneifera to the EU-27 or elsewhere 2001-2010.
Imports of T. cuneifera to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 1029 and 1584 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. A small quantity of bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Canada, Australia and the United States (Table 2).
Direct exports of T. cuneifera from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 2748 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 43 per cent were exported to Japan and 19 per cent to Canada and 15 per cent to the United States.
Table 1. Direct exports of Troides cuneifera from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria S R Importer
70
20
90
Exporter
T R Importer
120
120
Exporter
40 70
120 20
250
Belgium T R Importer
10
20
30
Exporter
10
20
10 40
Czech Republic T R Importer
36
36
Exporter
10
38
10 58
France T C Importer 10 20
30
Exporter 10
10
R Importer
40
40 100 34
14 32 260
Exporter
20 100
80 80 64 60 10 44 458
Germany T R Importer
106 150 20 41
41 41 399
Exporter
270 60 76 20 86 2 60 574
Italy T R Importer
Exporter
6
6
12
Poland T R Importer
20 8 8
36
Exporter
10 40 8 8
66
Troides cuneifera SRG60/
62
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Spain T R Importer
16
16
Exporter
16
16
United Kingdom T R Importer
12
12
Exporter
12
50
38
100
Subtotals
C Importer 10 20
30
Exporter 10
10
R Importer
52 116 260 156 223 64 55 73 999
Exporter
32 140 400 176 202 270 218 12 124 1574
Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides cuneifera to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial or personal purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2002, 2004-2005, 2007 or 2009-2010).
Importer Source Reported by 2003 2006 2008 Total
Denmark R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Greece R Importer
Exporter
2 2
Ireland R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Spain C Importer 4
4
Exporter 4
4
R Importer
2 2
Exporter
2 2
United Kingdom R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Subtotals C Importer 4
4
Exporter 4
4
R Importer
2 2
Exporter
6 4 10
Table 3. Direct exports of Troides cuneifera from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes.
Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
C Importer 60 40
100
Exporter 90
90
R Importer
100 41 414 176 300 20 32 20 1103
Exporter
130 243 297 404 418 504 208 144 400 2748
TAXONOMIC NOTE
Ohya (2001) recognized three subspecies: Troides cuneifera paeninsulae, T. c. sumatrana and T. c. cuneifera.
CONSERVATION STATUS in range state
Troides cuneifera was reported to occur in Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and Indonesia (Sumatra and Java) (Barzdo, 1985) and the species was noted to occur at altitudes between 1000 and 1500m (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011).
T. cuneifera was not considered to be rare, nor was it known to be threatened across most of its range (Collins and Morris, 1985). The species was reported to occur in both primary and secondary forests (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011).
Indonesia: The species was reported to be declining in Sumatra, due to human activities, including increased cultivation (Nagypal, 2008).
T. cuneifera was not listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).
Troides dohertyi SRG60/
63
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Troides dohertyi
SYNONYMS: Troides rhadamantus dohertyi, Troides vordermani
COMMON NAMES: Talaud Black Birdwing (English)
RANGE STATES: Indonesia
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia
IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for ranched specimen from Indonesia
formed on 11/02/1998.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Imports of Troides dohertyi to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 244 and 304 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. The only indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 was one captive-bred body imported to Spain via Canada for personal purposes (reported by both the importer and the re-exporter).
Direct exports of T. dohertyi from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 2). Of the 1200 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 75 per cent were exported to Japan and 14 per cent to the United States.
Table 1. Direct exports of Troides dohertyi from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2004).
Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Belgium R Importer
Exporter
6 6
Czech Republic R Importer
4 2
6
Exporter
6
4 10
France C Importer 20 4
24
Exporter 20
20
R Importer
20 24 44
88
Exporter
4
4 46 44
98
Germany C Importer 6
6
Exporter 6
6
R Importer
10 20 20
50
100
Exporter
20 40 20 60
140
Italy R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Poland R Importer
6 2 4
12
Exporter
6
2 6
14
Spain R Importer
6
6
Troides dohertyi SRG60/
64
Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Exporter
6
6
United Kingdom R Importer
2
2
Exporter
2
2
Subtotals C Importer 26 4
30
Exporter 26
26
R Importer
2 30 56 66 8 52
214
Exporter
6
16 66 86 34 60 10 278
Table 2. Direct exports of Troides dohertyi from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2003-2004).
Source Reported by 2001 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
C Importer
6
6
Exporter 80
80
F Importer
4
4
Exporter
R Importer
50 218 330 40 18 6 662
Exporter
6 120 332 302 200 140 100 1200
W Importer
10
10
Exporter
CONSERVATION STATUS in range state
Indonesia: Troides dohertyi, an Indonesian endemic (Peggie, 2011), was reported to occur on Sangihe and the Talaud islands (Peggie, 2011). The species was reported to inhabit lowland and particularly coastal areas (Collins and Morris, 1985).
The species was reported to take nectar from Mussaenda flowers, with Aristolochia tagala thought to likely be its larval food plant (Collins and Morris, 1985). However, the ecology of the species was considered to be poorly known (Collins and Morris, 1985).
The coastal areas of particularly the Talaud Islands and Sangihe were reported to be most affected by development and habitat conversion (Nagypal, 2008) and this species was considered to be threatened by habitat loss, particularly considering its restricted distribution, and it was unclear whether the species would be able to adapt to secondary vegetation composition (Collins and Morris, 1985). The prospects for the population were considered “far from bright” (Nagypal, 2008).
T. dohertyi was categorised as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List, but it was noted that the assessment needed updating (Gimenez Dixon, 1996f).
The species was not included in the list of protected species within Government Regulation No. 7 of 1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999), however Collins and Morris (1985) noted that omission of this species in previous Regulations may be due to T. dohertyi being considered a subspecies of the protected T. rhadamantus (Haugum, 1984; in Collins and Morris, 1985).
The species was thought to possibly benefit from some protection within the Karakelang Hunting Reserve, located on the largest of the Talaud Islands (Collins and Morris, 1985).
Troides haliphron SRG60/
65
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Troides haliphron
RANGE STATES: Indonesia
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia
IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for wild and ranched specimens from
Indonesia formed on 11/02/1998.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Imports of Troides haliphron to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 3058 and 3736 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. A small quantity of bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Canada, Australia and the United States (Table 2).
Direct exports of T. haliphron from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 6986 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 67 per cent were exported to Japan, 13 per cent to the United States and 12 per cent to Canada.
Table 1. Direct exports of Troides haliphron from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria S R Importer
80
50
130
Exporter
T R Importer
30
30
Exporter
40 80
30 170 20
340
Belgium T R Importer
40
40
Exporter
40
40 80
Czech Republic T R Importer
154 20
174
Exporter
10
214
10 234
France T C Importer 80 66
146
Exporter 80
80
R Importer
20 40 60 314 50
72 30 586
Exporter
66 60 40 100 396 50 76 60 80 928
Germany T R Importer
715 560 97 78
296 50 1796
Exporter
12 765 320 113 70 216 276 50 1822
Italy T R Importer
Exporter
26
26
Poland P R Importer
10
10
Exporter
T R Importer
20 28 28
76
Exporter
44
28 58
130
Spain T R Importer
30
30
Exporter
30
30
United Kingdom T R Importer
40
40
Exporter
40
26
66
Troides haliphron SRG60/
66
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Subtotals
C Importer 80 66
146
Exporter 80
80
R Importer
60 755 700 471 226 232 388 80 2912
Exporter
106 112 885 504 509 244 760 356 180 3656
Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides haliphron to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for personal or commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2004, 2006 or 2010).
Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009 Total
Czech Republic C Importer
Exporter
4
4
F Importer
Exporter
4
4
Finland F Importer
Exporter 2
2 4
Greece R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Ireland F Importer
Exporter
2
2
Netherlands C Importer
Exporter
4
4
Slovakia R Importer
2
2
Exporter
2
2
Spain C Importer
2
2
Exporter
2
2
F Importer
Exporter
4
4
R Importer
2
2
Exporter
8 4
12
United Kingdom R Importer
Exporter
6
2
8
Subtotals C&F Importer
2
2
Exporter 2 2 14 4
2 24
R Importer
4
4
Exporter
6
8 10
24
Table 3. Direct exports of Troides haliphron from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2001).
Source Reported by 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
C Importer 40
40
Exporter
R Importer
120 216 589 624 704 250 80
2583
Exporter 110 123 600 976 1068 962 1080 849 1218 6986
TAXONOMIC NOTE
Ohya (2001) recognized 12 subspecies: Troides haliphron haliphron, T. h. pallens, T. h. pistor, T. h. purahu, T. h. naias, T. h. bellwoni, T. h. ariadne, T. h. heptanonius, T. h. rikyu, T. h. iris, T. h. staudingeri, and T. h. ikarus.
CONSERVATION STATUS in range state
Indonesia: The range of Troides haliphron was reported to include Sulawesi, Sumbawa and the Tanimbar Islands as the outermost points of its distribution (D'Abrera, 1975).
Troides haliphron SRG60/
67
In the 1980s, the species was not considered to be rare, nor was it known to be threatened (Collins and Morris, 1985). It was later considered to be common throughout most of its range, locally outnumbering other butterfly species (Nagypal, 2008). On Sumbawa, the species was considered to be very common, while it was noted that it was unknown on Lombok, despite only being 16 km away (D'Abrera, 1975).
T. haliphron was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).
Troides helena
68
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Troides helena
COMMON NAMES: Black-and-gold Birdwing (English), Common Birdwing
(English)
RANGE STATES: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia (?), China,
Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia, Malaysia
IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Positive opinion for wild and ranched specimens from all
range countries formed on 11/02/1998 and removed for Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam on 02/12/2011.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Indonesia: Imports of Troides helena to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 included 4120 and 5298 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). In addition, the import of smaller quantities of ranched live individuals was reported in 2002 and 2004.
Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 consisted of bodies (various sources) re-exported via Canada and Australia (Table 2).
Direct exports of T. helena from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched live individuals and bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Almost all live individuals were exported to Singapore whereas bodies were mainly exported to Japan, Canada and the United States.
Troides helena
69
Table 1. Direct exports of Troides helena from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010.
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria bodies S R Importer
100
20
120
Exporter
T R Importer
228
244 472
Exporter
100 100
228 193 20 244 885
Belgium bodies T R Importer
100 20
20
12 152
Exporter
100 20
20
42 182
Czech Republic bodies T R Importer
20
398
418
Exporter
20
20
418
10 468
U Importer 1
1
Exporter
France bodies T C Importer 20 20
40
Exporter 20
20
R Importer
100 20 20 350 70
93 46 699
Exporter
20 100 20 150 380 90 190 46 94 1090
Germany bodies T C Importer 300
300
Exporter 300
300
R Importer
500
290 320 152 101
307 80 1750
Exporter
500 40 360 270 208 100 260 286 80 2104
live T R Importer
100
100
200
Exporter
100
100
200
Italy bodies T R Importer
2
2
Exporter
2
6 30 1 39
Poland bodies P R Importer
26
26
Exporter
T R Importer
20 20 20
60
Exporter
40 6 20 46
112
Spain bodies T R Importer
10
10
Exporter
10
10
United Kingdom bodies T R Importer
70
70
Exporter
70
18
88
live T R Importer
Exporter
700
700
Troides helena
70
Subtotals
C Importer 320 20
340
(bodies only)
Exporter 320
320
R Importer
500 290 330 442 558 439 438 400 382 3779
Exporter
590 360 500 492 594 476 1113 382 471 4978
U Importer 1
1
Exporter
Troides helena SRG60/
71
Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides helena to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for personal or commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2006 or 2010).
Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 Total
Belgium C Importer
Exporter
2
20
22
Finland F Importer
Exporter 2
2
Greece R Importer
Exporter
4
4
Ireland C Importer
Exporter
4
4
Italy C Importer
2
2
Exporter
2
4
6
F Importer
Exporter 2 7
9
R Importer
Exporter
4
4
Netherlands R Importer
Exporter
1
2 3
Poland I Importer
1
1
Exporter
Slovakia R Importer
2
2
Exporter
2
2
Spain C Importer
Exporter
5
5
R Importer
4
4
Exporter
4
18 2 24
United Kingdom C Importer
Exporter
2
2
R Importer
Exporter
1
4
8 13
Subtotals C&F Importer
2
2
Exporter
4 13 7 4 2 20 50
I Importer
1
1
Exporter
R Importer
6
6
Exporter
4 5 1 4 24 12 50
Table 3. Direct exports of Troides helena from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2002).
Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
bodies P R Importer
2
2
Exporter
T C Importer 1120
20 1140
Exporter 2980
2980
R Importer
100 282 350 494 542 370 164 2 2304
Exporter
1312 600 1040 860 780 949 927 1438 7906
live T R Importer
1780 600
2380
Exporter
1700 3500 2960 3100 2100 2100 2700 2600 20760
W Importer
600
600
Exporter
Z R Importer
2200 1100 1400 2000 6700
Exporter
Troides helena SRG60/
72
Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
specimens P W Importer
3
3
Exporter
Subtotals bodies C Importer 1120
20 1140
(main terms only)
Exporter 2980
2980
R Importer
100 282 350 496 542 370 164 2 2306
Exporter
1312 600 1040 860 780 949 927 1438 7906
live R Importer
1780 600 2200 1100 1400 2000 9080
Exporter
1700 3500 2960 3100 2100 2100 2700 2600 20760
W Importer
600
600
Exporter
Malaysia: Imports of Troides helena to the EU-27 directly from Malaysia over the period 2001-2010 included 90 and 1005 live, captive-bred individuals and 83 and 78 bodies (wild-sourced and captive-bred), according to importers and the exporter respectively (Table 4). The main importers were the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.
The only indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Malaysia 2001-2010 consisted of two captive-bred bodies exported via Canada to Finland in 2006 and two wild-sourced bodies exported via Canada to Spain in 2008 (neither of which were reported by the importers).
Direct exports of T. helena from Malaysia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of live, captive-bred individuals exported to the United States and Singapore (Table 5).
Table 4. Direct exports of Troides helena from Malaysia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was for commercial purposes.
Importer Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Estonia bodies C Importer
2 2
Exporter
trophies C Importer
Exporter
2 2
France bodies W Importer
40
40
Exporter
40
40
Germany bodies C Importer
22
22
Exporter 5
22
27
W Importer
4
5
6 15
Exporter
5
6 11
live C Importer
20
20
Exporter 50
50
Hungary live C Importer
10
10
Exporter
10
10
Netherlands live C Importer 20
20
Exporter 150
45
195
trophies C Importer
Exporter
1
1
Poland trophies W Importer
Exporter
40
40
United Kingdom bodies C Importer
4
4
Exporter
live C Importer
40
40
Exporter 250 100 300
100
750
trophies C Importer
Exporter
4
4
Subtotals bodies C Importer
22 4 2 28
Exporter 5
22
27
Troides helena SRG60/
73
Importer Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
W Importer
4
40 5
6 55
Exporter
40 5
6 51
live C Importer 20 20 40
10
90
Exporter 450 100 300
100 55
1005
trophies C Importer
Exporter
5 2 7
W Importer
Exporter
40
40
Table 5. Direct exports of Troides helena from Malaysia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. Trade was predominantly for commercial purposes.
Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
bodies C Importer 50
50
Exporter 52
40
27 9
128
I Importer
110
110
Exporter
W Importer
59
10
69
Exporter
111 4 100
215
live C Importer 1219 1152 1585 1742 1141 735 1035 810 295 290 10004
Exporter 1685 1140 1737 2045 1535 905 1313 855 535 360 12110
W Importer
235 10 30 120 395
Exporter
specimens C Importer
1
1
Exporter
I Importer
10
10
Exporter
trophies C Importer
Exporter
8 26 34
W Importer
Exporter
10
10
TAXONOMIC NOTE
Ohya (2001) recognized 22 subspecies: Troides helena cerberus, T. h. euthycrates, T. h. spilotia, T. h. heliconoides, T. h. ferrari, T. h. typhoon, T. h. dempoensis, T. h. rayae, T. h. hermes, T. h. isara, T. h. nereis, T. h. helena, T. h. nereides, T. h. antileuca, T. h. sagittatus, T. h. propinquus, T. h. bunguranensis, T. h. venus, T. h. mosychlus, T. h. orientis, T. h. sugimotoi, and T. h. hephaestus.
CONSERVATION STATUS in range states
Troides helena was reported to have the widest distribution of the genus (Nagypal, 2008), including India, Indo-China, Hainan, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, western Lesser Sunda Islands, Borneo, and the Sulawesi Region (Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003). It was reported to range from sea level up to 1000 m asl (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011).
The species, laying up to 200 eggs, was found to have a survival rate to adulthood of 62.5% in captivity (Syaputra, 2011). Development from egg to adult stage was recorded at 64-70 days (Nurjannah, 2010). Aristolochia and Thottea were noted to be food plants of the species (Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003), with its larvae reported to have been observed feeding on Aristolochia tagala throughout the majority of the species’ range (Nagypal, 2008).
Troides helena SRG60/
74
T. helena was considered to be common in most of its distribution range (Nagypal, 2008). The species was found to colonize new areas and was considered an “exotic intruder” on the Adaman Islands (Khatri, 1993).
The ranching of T. helena was not considered to be difficult (Nurjannah, 2010).
Indonesia: Reported to occur in Sumatra, Java, Bali, western part of Lesser Sunda Islands, Kalimantan, Sulawesi (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011). The species was found to have colonized Krakatoa [Sunda Strait], a volcanic island which emerged permanently in 1930, where T. helena was considered to be moderately common and well established in coastal forests and along forest edges of the eastern coast (New and Thornton, 1992).
Although T. helena was found in rice paddy fields at Salak Mountain [Java], it was noted that the species should be considered a visitor in such habitats, as it relied on forests for survival (PEKA-Indonesia, 2009).
The species was reported to be bred by PT Ikas Amboina and the Bali Butterfly Park in Indonesia (Syaputra, 2011).
T. helena was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).
In the 1990s, the species had been found to occur in Bantimurung Nature Reserve in South Sulawesi (Noerdjito and Amir, 1992).
Malaysia: While the species was considered to be often common throughout its range, it was noted to
be Vulnerable in Peninsular Malaysia (Collins and Morris, 1985; Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003).
The species is protected in Malaysia (Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, 2012; Forest Department Sarawak, 2012; Sabah Wildlife Department, 2012).
T. helena was reported to occur in Imbak Valley forest reserve (Jalil et al., 2008) and in Endau Rompin National Park in Johor (Zaidi et al., 2009).
Troides hypolitus SRG60/
75
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Troides hypolitus
SYNONYMS: Ripponia hypolitus
RANGE STATES: Indonesia
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia
IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for wild and ranched specimens from
Indonesia formed on 11/02/1998.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Imports of Troides hypolitus to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 2198 and 2880 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importer was Germany. A small quantity of bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Australia, Canada, the United States and Malaysia (Table 2).
Direct exports of T. hypolitus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 5658 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 57 per cent were exported to Japan and 20 per cent to the United States.
Table 1. Direct exports of Troides hypolitus from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria S R Importer
80
20
100
Exporter
T R Importer
70
200 270
Exporter
60 80
70 114
200 524
Belgium T R Importer
20
40 20
10 90
Exporter
20 4
60
26 110
Czech Republic T R Importer
10
104 6
120
Exporter
10
10
130
10 160
France P R Importer
10
10
Exporter
T C Importer 100 68
20
188
Exporter 100
100
R Importer
48 4 100 78
6 62 298
Exporter
68
48 28 176 108 82 20 44 574
Germany T R Importer
120
190 40 366 116 40 75 100 1047
Exporter
120
190 80 418 150 100 95 80 1233
Italy T R Importer
4
4
Exporter
4 6
26
36
Poland P R Importer
10
10
Exporter
T R Importer
20
20
Troides hypolitus SRG60/
76
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Exporter
30 10
16
56
United Kingdom T R Importer
41
41
Exporter
41
46
87
Subtotals
C Importer 100 68
20
188
Exporter 100
100
R Importer
120 51 258 128 496 314 184 87 372 2010
Exporter
229 70 338 156 610 434 468 115 360 2780
Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides hypolitus to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies. (No trade was reported in 2001 or 2004-2006).
Importer Source Reported by 2002 2003 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Belgium C Importer
Exporter
2
2
Estonia R Importer
2 2
Exporter
France R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Greece R Importer
Exporter
8
8
Netherlands R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Slovakia R Importer
2
2
Exporter
2
2
Spain R Importer
6
6
Exporter
8
8
United Kingdom C Importer
Exporter 2
2
F Importer
Exporter
2
2
R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Subtotals C&F Importer
Exporter 2 2 2
6
R Importer
6 2 2 10
Exporter
2 18 4
24
Table 3. Direct exports of Troides hypolitus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial or personal purposes.
Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
C Importer 120
8
128
Exporter 590
590
I Importer
20
20
Exporter
R Importer
200
85 396 447 322 270 110 40 1870
Exporter
250 100 282 936 863 680 846 425 1276 5658
W Importer
10
10
Exporter
Troides hypolitus SRG60/
77
TAXONOMIC NOTE Ohya (2001) recognized four subspecies: Troides hypolitus cellularis, T. h. sulaensis, T. h. antiopa, and T. h. hypolitus. Morisode (2005) reported the description of a new subspecies, Troides hypolitus sangirensis ssp. nov., from Sangir Islands in Indonesia.
CONSERVATION STATUS in range state
Indonesia: Troides hypolitus was reported to occur in northern and southern Sulawesi, Talaud Island, Sula and Banggai Islands and the Moluccas; its presence on Obi was unclear (D'Abrera, 1975). The species was reported to occur in altitudes up to 600m (Peggie, 2011).
It was noted that large parts of Sulawesi had been subject to forest clearing, with the species not observed in cleared areas or areas of secondary growth (D'Abrera, 1975). However, the species was not considered to be rare nor threatened (Collins and Morris, 1985; Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003).
T. hypolitus was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).
Troides miranda SRG60/
78
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Troides miranda
RANGE STATES: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia
IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Positive opinion for wild and ranched specimens from all
countries formed on 11/02/1998 and removed for Brunei Darussalam and Malaysia on 02/12/2011.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Imports of Troides miranda to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 92 and 102 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1).
The only indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 consisted of two ranched bodies exported via Canada to Spain in 2001 and two captive-born bodies exported via Canada to Spain in 2002 (neither of which were reported by Spain).
Direct exports of T. miranda from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 2). Of the 541 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 90 per cent were exported to Japan.
Table 1. Direct exports of Troides miranda from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2001, 2003, 2007-2008 or 2010).
Importer Source Reported by 2002 2004 2005 2006 2009 Total
Belgium R Importer
20
20
Exporter
20
20
France F Importer 4
4
Exporter 4
4
R Importer
4 20
24
Exporter
4 30
34
Germany R Importer
20
4 20 44
Exporter
20
4 20 44
Subtotals F Importer 4
4
Exporter 4
4
R Importer
40 4 24 20 88
Exporter
40 4 34 20 98
Table 2. Direct exports of Troides miranda from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies predominantly for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2003).
Source Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
C Importer
Exporter
190
190
R Importer
54 3 240 40
337
Exporter 2 54 53
160 170 102 541
Troides miranda SRG60/
79
TAXONOMIC NOTE
Ohya (2001) recognized three subspecies: Troides miranda neomiranda, T. m. miranda and T. m. hayamii.
CONSERVATION STATUS in range state
Troides miranda was reported to occur in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra) and Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) (Robinson, 1976; in Barzdo, 1985). The species’ range was reported to include mainly the mountains in northern and southern Sumatra, while it was known from the lowlands in Borneo (Nagypal, 2008).
Very little was considered to be known about the population status of the species (Nagypal, 2008), but it was not considered to be rare, nor was it know to be threatened (Collins and Morris, 1985).
Indonesia: The species was sampled more often in logged forests than in primary forests in Borneo – however it was noted that this may be due to the species being found higher in the canopy in primary forests, where it would not have been picked up by the sampling method used and the authors called for cautious viewing of such comparative studies (Willott et al., 2000).
T. miranda was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).
Troides oblongomaculaus
80
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Troides oblongomaculatus
SYNONYMS: Troides helena oblongomaculatus
RANGE STATES: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for wild and ranched specimens from
all range countries formed on 11/02/1998.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Indonesia: Indonesia published an export quota for 675 live individuals in 2001. However, there has been no reported trade in live Troides oblongomaculatus to the EU-27 or elsewhere 2001-2010.
Imports of T. oblongomaculatus to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 2048 and 2729 ranched bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). Germany was the main importer.
Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Australia, Canada and the United States (Table 2).
Direct exports of T. oblongomaculatus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 consisted entirely of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 3094 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 49 per cent were exported to Japan and 24 per cent to the United States.
Table 1. Direct exports of Troides oblongomaculatus from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in ranched bodies. (No trade was reported 2002-2003).
Importer Purpose Reported by 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria S Importer
40
40
Exporter
T Importer
60
60
Exporter
60 122 20
202
Belgium T Importer
40
40
Exporter
40
10 50
Czech Republic T Importer
104
104
Exporter 102
10
104
10 226
Denmark P Importer 30
30
Exporter
T Importer
Exporter 30
30
France P Importer
10
10
Exporter
T Importer
16 320 28
10 10 384
Troides oblongomaculaus
81
Importer Purpose Reported by 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Exporter 40
56 330 78 50 10 12 576
Germany T Importer
350 460 242 112
120 40 1324
Exporter
450 170 331 90 126 100 40 1307
Italy T Importer
Exporter
6
6
Poland T Importer
20 20 16
56
Exporter 57
34
20 16
127
Spain T Importer
Exporter 113
113
United Kingdom T Importer
Exporter
50
42
92
Subtotals Importer 30 350 476 582 270 160 130 50 2048
Exporter 342 500 270 667 330 418 130 72 2729
Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides oblongomaculatus to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial or personal purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2002, 2004 or 2010).
Importer Source Reported by 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Belgium F Importer
Exporter 2
2
Finland R Importer
Exporter
2
2
France R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Greece R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Ireland R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Italy F Importer
Exporter 6
6
R Importer
2
2
Exporter
4
8
12
Slovakia R Importer
2
2
Exporter
2
2
Spain R Importer
2
2
Exporter
6 4
10
United Kingdom R Importer
Exporter
2
2 4
U Importer
1 1
Exporter
1 1
Subtotals F Importer
Exporter 8
8
R Importer
2
4
6
Exporter
4 6 14 10 2 36
U Importer
1 1
Exporter
1 1
Troides oblongomaculaus
82
Table 3. Direct exports of Troides oblongomaculatus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in ranched bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2002-2003).
Reported by 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Importer 24 40 270 80 341 160 50
965
Exporter 367 140 626 300 483 461 236 481 3094
Papua New Guinea: Imports of Troides oblongomaculatus to the EU-27 directly from Papua New Guinea over the period 2001-2010 included 2225 and 6178 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 4). In addition the import of 100 live individuals in 2003 was reported by Italy but not the exporter.
Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Australia, Singapore and Canada (Table 5).
Direct exports of T. oblongomaculatus from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 6). Of the 13 299 ranched bodies reported as exports by Papua New Guinea, 46 per cent were exported to the United States, 20 per cent to the Russian Federation, 14 per cent to Australia and 13 per cent to Canada.
Table 4. Direct exports of Troides oblongomaculatus (including Troides o. papuensis) from Papua New Guinea to the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Austria bodies P C Importer
1
1
Exporter
R Importer
20
20
Exporter
T R Importer
20 20
Exporter
Belgium bodies T R Importer
Exporter
45 80
125
Czech Republic bodies T C Importer
2
2
Exporter
R Importer 22 29
51
Exporter 7 7 80 360 300
754
Denmark bodies T R Importer 100
100
Exporter 100
100
France bodies T R Importer 6 50
200
256
Exporter 156 902 6 504 304 2
1874
W Importer
Exporter
400
400
French Guiana bodies T R Importer
Exporter
4
4
Germany bodies S R Importer 6
6
Exporter
T R Importer
390
900
102 2 20 1414
Exporter 110 612
901 60
1683
W Importer
Exporter
200
200
Hungary bodies T R Importer
Exporter
30
30
Ireland bodies T R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Italy bodies T R Importer
Troides oblongomaculaus
83
Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Exporter
100 200
2
302
live T R Importer
100
100
Exporter
Lithuania bodies P C Importer
3
3
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter
3
3
Malta bodies T R Importer
Exporter
4
4
Poland bodies P R Importer
20
20
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter 8
134
142
W Importer
Exporter
20
20
Spain bodies P R Importer
2
2
Exporter
T R Importer
20
20
Exporter 20 2 60 22
104
Sweden bodies T C Importer
100
100
Exporter
R Importer
Exporter
100
100
United Kingdom bodies P R Importer
10
10
Exporter
T R Importer
200
200
Exporter
20 40
60 10
130
W Importer
Exporter
201
201
Subtotals (bodies only)
C Importer
2 101
3
106
Exporter
R Importer 134 469 20 922
10 322 202 40 2119
Exporter 401 1645 669 1900 724 18
5357
W Importer
Exporter
821
821
Table 5. Indirect exports of Troides oblongomaculatus (including Troides o. papuensis) to the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies primarily for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2008-2010).
Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total
Belgium R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Czech Republic C Importer
Exporter
3
3
Finland R Importer
Exporter
10
10
France C Importer
Exporter 2
2
R Importer
Exporter
1 2 3
Germany R Importer
4 10
12
26
Exporter
2 10
12
Troides oblongomaculaus
84
Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total
Italy C Importer
3
3
Exporter
R Importer
2
2
Exporter
4
4
Netherlands R Importer
Exporter
2
2
Spain C Importer
Exporter
4
4
United Kingdom R Importer
Exporter 20
36 10
66
Subtotals C Importer
3
3
Exporter 2 4
3
9
R Importer
4 10
2 12
28
Exporter 20
2 36 18 21 2 99
Table 6. Direct exports of Troides oblongomaculatus (including Troides o. papuensis) from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies predominantly for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).
Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
bodies C Importer 18 500 588
5
1111
Exporter
F Importer
200
410
610
Exporter
R Importer 541
2 631 56 500
100 200 2030
Exporter 1416 4667 1875 2211 2098 1032
13299
W Importer 4 9 40
2
55
Exporter
5 1
677
683
TAXONOMIC NOTE
Ohya (2001) recognized six subspecies: Troides oblongomaculatus thestius, T. o. bouruensis, T. o. oblongomaculatus, T. o. bandensis, T. o. hanno and T. o. papuensis.
CONSERVATION STATUS in range states
The distribution of Troides oblongomaculatus was reported to include Sulawesi, central Moluccas and New Guinea (Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003), making it the easternmost Troides species (D'Abrera, 1975). The altitudinal limit of this species was considered to be 1000 m asl, with a few records from higher altitudes on Buru (Nagypal, 2008).
The species was considered to be quite common (Peggie, 2011), particularly in areas where Aristolochia tagala, its larval food plant, grows, with the species also being found in villages and even towns (Nagypal, 2008). In the 1980s, the species was considered “certainly not threatened” (Collins and Morris, 1985).
Ranching of T. oblongomaculatus was reported to be very effective (Parsons, 1995a).
Indonesia: T. oblongomaculatus was reported to occur in Sulawesi and the central Moluccas (Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003). However, disagreements on the distribution of the species on Sula Islands (Moluccas) were reported (Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003).
The species was not listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).
Papua New Guinea: T. oblongomaculatus was considered a relatively recent arrival on Papua New Guinea, where it was reported to only occur on the main Island but “not yet” on any of the other islands
Troides oblongomaculaus
85
(D'Abrera, 1975). The species was noted to still be extending its range within Papua New Guinea (M. Parsons, 1991, pers. comm. in Nagypal, 2008). T. oblongomaculatus was reported to be the only Papuan Troides species (de Jong, 2007).
The species was reported to occur from sea level to moderate altitudes and was found across the whole island, where it was considered to be well settled (D'Abrera, 1975). T. oblongomaculatus was considered to be “at least common” in Papua New Guinea (Slone et al., 1997).
T. oblongomaculatus was reported to be one of the main species being ranched by the Papua New Guinea Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) (Collins and Morris, 1985). In the 1980s, T. oblongomaculatus was reported to be commonly sold on the butterfly market in Papua New Guinea (Collins and Morris, 1985) and the effectiveness of ranching of the species was reported have led to overproduction, with consequent introduction of supply moratoria in the mid 1980s (Parsons, 1995a).
In the 1980s the species was reported not to be protected in Papua New Guinea (Collins and Morris, 1985).
Troides plato
86
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Troides plato
SYNONYMS: Troides haliphron plato
RANGE STATES: Indonesia
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia
IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for wild specimens from Indonesia
formed on 11/02/1998.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Indonesia: Imports of Troides plato to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 516 and 563 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. A small quantity of bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Canada and Australia (Table 2).
Direct exports of T. plato from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 1852 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 92 per cent were exported to Japan.
Table 1. Direct exports of Troides plato from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria S R Importer
10
10
Exporter
T R Importer
40
40
Exporter
40 10
40
90
Belgium T R Importer
30
30
Exporter
30
30
Czech Republic T R Importer
14
14
Exporter
14
14
France T C Importer 40
40
Exporter 40
40
R Importer
20
10 40 24
3 97
Exporter
20
10 60 24
3 117
Germany T R Importer
60
40 116
39 24 279
Exporter
60 7 90 10
20 30 25 24 266
United Kingdom T R Importer
6
6
Exporter
6
6
Subtotals
C Importer 40
40
Exporter 40
40
R Importer
60 26 70 136 40 64 14 39 27 476
Exporter
66 67 130 20 60 84 44 25 27 523
Troides plato
87
Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides plato to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for personal or commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2002, 2005-2007 or 2009-2010).
Importer Source Reported by 2001 2003 2004 2008 Total
Greece R Importer
Exporter
4 4
Spain C Importer
2
2
Exporter 2 2
4
R Importer
Exporter
2 2
United Kingdom C Importer
Exporter
2
2
Table 3. Direct exports of Troides plato from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2002-2003).
Source Reported by 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
C Importer 30
30
Exporter 120
120
R Importer
168 240 270 200 180 8
1066
Exporter
190 220 334 270 280 328 230 1852
CONSERVATION STATUS in range state
Indonesia: Troides plato was reported to be endemic to Timor Island (Collins and Morris, 1985). Specimens were reported to be mainly collected from the western, Indonesian, part of Timor, but the species was noted to be also known from East Timor (Nagypal, 2008).
In the 1980s, the species was reported to have been considered to be “rather abundant” (Tsukada and Nishiyama, 1982; in Nagypal, 2008). However, other authors considered it to be very rare overall (D'Abrera, 1971; Collins and Morris, 1985) and only locally common (D. L. Hancock, 1984, in litt. to Collins and Morris, 1985). In the 1980s, the species was considered to require monitoring and research (Collins and Morris, 1985). Furthermore, D’Abrera (1975) had previously raised concerns over the rates of deforestation on Timor and considered the survival of this species to be uncertain.
T. plato was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).
The species was reported to be successfully reared outside its distribution range (Weissmann et al., 1995).
Troides prattorum
88
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Troides prattorum
COMMON NAMES: Buru Opalescent Birdwing (English)
RANGE STATES: Indonesia
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia
IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for ranched specimens from
Indonesia formed on 11/02/1998.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Indonesia: Indonesia published an export quota for 360 live individuals in 2001. However, there has been no reported trade in live Troides prattorum to the EU-27 or elsewhere 2001-2010.
Imports of T. prattorum to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 284 and 371 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. The only indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 was two captive-bred bodies re-exported via Canada to the United Kingdom for personal purposes in 2009 (this trade was not reported by the United Kingdom).
Direct exports of T. prattorum from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 consisted of ranched and captive-bred bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 2). Bodies were mainly exported to Japan, Canada and Malaysia
Table 1. Direct exports of Troides prattorum from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total
Austria S R Importer
30
30
Exporter
T R Importer
Exporter
30 30
8 68
Belgium T R Importer
20
20
Exporter
20
20
Czech Republic T R Importer
10
4 14
Exporter
10
4 14
France T C Importer 21
21
Exporter 21
21
R Importer
15
40
55
Exporter
60
60
120
Germany T C Importer 4
4
Exporter 4
40
44
R Importer
35 20 41 40
136
Exporter
4 35
41
80
United Kingdom T R Importer
4
4
Exporter
4
4
Subtotals
C Importer 25
25
Troides prattorum
89
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total
Exporter 25
40
65
R Importer
29 55 50 81 40 4 259
Exporter
4 104 85
101
12 306
Table 2. Direct exports of Troides prattorum from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2006).
Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
C Importer
80
2
82
Exporter 25
150
175
R Importer
100 9 21 150
8
288
Exporter
90 100 108 54
6 14 66 438
CONSERVATION STATUS in range state
Indonesia: Troides prattorum, an endemic to Buru Island in Indonesia (Peggie, 2011), was reported to be restricted to the islands’ mountainous interior (Nagypal, 2008).
The interior of Buru Island was considered to be little disturbed, at least until the 1970s (D'Abrera, 1975), which was thought to indicate a more positive outlook for the population, compared to T. dohertyi, a species inhabiting the coastal areas of Buru (Nagypal, 2008).
Very little was considered to be known about the life history of the species (Nagypal, 2008).
T. prattorum was categorized as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List, although it was noted that the assessment needed updating (Gimenez Dixon, 1996g).
The restricted range of the species was considered to put it at risk from habitat loss, while the effects of commercial harvest were unknown in the early 1980s (Collins and Morris, 1985). T. prattorum was reported to be the most colorful of the species in the genus (Laithwaite et al., 1975) and was noted to sell at higher prices than most other Troides species (Collins and Morris, 1985).
T. prattorum was not listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).
Troides rhadamantus
90
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Troides rhadamantus
SYNONYMS: Troides bazilanicus, Troides belzanor
RANGE STATES: Philippines
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Philippines
IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for wild specimens from the
Philippines formed on 11/02/1998.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Philippines: Imports of Troides rhadamantus to the EU-27 directly from the Philippines over the period 2001-2010 included 1350 and 5001 live individuals and 931 and 2088 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were traded for commercial purposes (Table 1).
Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in the Philippines 2001-2010 mainly consisted of captive-bred bodies re-exported via Australia and Canada (Table 2).
Direct exports of T. rhadamantus from the Philippines to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of captive-bred live individuals and bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). The majority of bodies were exported to the United States whereas live individuals were exported to many countries including the Russian Federation, Canada, the United States, the Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova.
Table 1. Direct exports of Troides rhadamantus from the Philippines to the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2001; the Philippines annual reports for 2008 and 2010 have not yet been received).
Importer Term (unit) Purpose Source Reported by 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria bodies P C Importer
50 50
Exporter
T C Importer
Exporter
20
20
Czech Republic bodies T C Importer
500
500
Exporter
40
40
Finland bodies T C Importer
Exporter
40
40
France bodies T C Importer
240
240
Exporter
244
20
264
live T C Importer
Exporter
195 180 260
340
975
Germany bodies T C Importer
Exporter
120 40
160
F Importer
1
1
Exporter
live P R Importer
100
100
Exporter
T C Importer
Troides rhadamantus
91
Importer Term (unit) Purpose Source Reported by 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Exporter 10
46 40 30
1970
2096
R Importer
128 572 700
Exporter
Italy bodies T C Importer
Exporter
97
97
Luxembourg live T C Importer
Exporter
80
80
Netherlands bodies T C Importer
100
100
Exporter
200
840
1040
live T C Importer
Exporter 97
100
197
Poland bodies T C Importer
Exporter
100
100
Romania live T C Importer
70
70
Exporter
Spain bodies T C Importer
40
40
Exporter
12 80 10
25
127
live T C Importer
50
50
Exporter
113
113
Sweden live T C Importer
Exporter
140
140
United Kingdom bodies T C Importer
Exporter
200
200
derivatives T C Importer
200 200
Exporter
derivatives (l) T C Importer
100 100
Exporter
live T C Importer
374 374
Exporter
100 1030 240
30
1400
- I Importer
56
56
Exporter
Subtotals
bodies C & F Importer
100
741 40
50 931
(main terms only)
Exporter
400
1356 160 50
122
2088
live C Importer
50
70
374 494
Exporter 107
341 1250 530
2773
5001
I Importer
56
56
Exporter
R Importer
100 128 572 800
Exporter
Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides rhadamantus to the EU-27 originating in the Philippines, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for personal or commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2002, 2004 or 2010).
Importer Source Reported by 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Belgium C Importer
Exporter 2
6
8
Greece C Importer
Exporter
2
2
Italy C Importer
2
2
Exporter
4
4
Slovakia C Importer
2
2
Exporter
2
2
Spain C Importer
Troides rhadamantus
92
Importer Source Reported by 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Exporter
12 4
16
United Kingdom C Importer
Exporter
8 6 14
R Importer
Exporter
4
4
Subtotals C Importer
2
2
4
Exporter 2 4 6 12 16 6 46
R Importer
Exporter
4
4
Table 3. Direct exports of Troides rhadamantus from the Philippines to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. (The Philippines annual reports for 2008 and 2010 have not yet been received).
Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
bodies P C Importer
8
8
Exporter
I Importer 1
1
Exporter
T C Importer
224 379 499 322 80
4110 5614
Exporter
2475 620 981 513 543
50
5182
F Importer
100 150 100
350
Exporter
I Importer
240
33
273
Exporter
R Importer
50
75
125
Exporter
W Importer
100
100
Exporter
egg (live) B C Importer
50
50
Exporter
P C Importer
60
30
90
Exporter
S C Importer
30
30
Exporter
T C Importer
160
530
690
Exporter
live E C Importer
2345 2080 1304 2259 7988
Exporter
R Importer
125
125
Exporter
W Importer
110 40 75 80 305
Exporter
P C Importer
14
30
44
Exporter
W Importer
30
30
Exporter
S C Importer
50
50
Exporter
T C Importer
298 1290 1864 3185 2635 935 1335 6020 993 18555
Exporter
964
1250 15755 11160 31275
40945
101349
I Importer
30
30
Exporter
R Importer
69
50
119
Troides rhadamantus
93
Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Exporter
U Importer
12
12
Exporter
W Importer
50 170 60 76 356
Exporter
Z C Importer
240 490
80 810
Exporter
I Importer
100 50
150
Exporter
W Importer
80 80
Exporter
Subtotals bodies C & F Importer
324 529 607 322 80
4110 5972
(main terms only)
Exporter
2475 620 981 513 543
50
5182
I Importer 1 240
33
274
Exporter
R Importer
50
75
125
Exporter
W Importer
100
100
Exporter
live C Importer
312 1340 1864 3185 2635 3550 3905 7324 3332 27447
Exporter
964
1250 15755 11160 31275
40945
101349
I Importer
100 80
180
Exporter
R Importer
69
175
244
Exporter
W & U Importer
12
160 240 135 236 783
Exporter
TAXONOMIC NOTE
Ohya (2001) recognized two subspecies: Troides rhadamantus rhadamantus and T. r. plateni.
CONSERVATION STATUS in range state
Philippines: Troides rhadamantus was reported to occur in the entire Philippine archipelago, although further research was noted to be required to establish the actual distribution of the species (D'Abrera, 1975). Nagypal (2008) reported the species to range across the Philippines (excluding the Cuyo group, Palawan, Balabac and Domoran), with an uncertain distribution in Babuyan, Batan and several of the smallest islands and Palawan.
It was reported to occur in forest habitats at altitudes between 1000 and 2000 m asl (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011). On Camiguin Island, T. rhadamantus was sampled from montane areas, as well as in agroecosystem areas and dipterocarp forests (Toledo and Mohagan, 2011). Pupae were reported to be often found on Aristolochia tagala plants in gardens (Nagypal, 2008).
Although T. rhadamantus was considered the most common species of birdwing butterfly in the Philippines (Nagypal, 2008), it was found to be very rare locally at Mount Hamiguitan [Province of Davao Oriental, Mindanao Island] (Mohagan and Treadaway, 2010).
T. rhadamantus, due to its CITES listing, was listed as endangered in Administrative Order No. 24 of 2007 (DENR, 2007). Administrative Order No. 01 of 2004 requires species- and location-specific quotas to be approved by the Secretary (DENR, 2004). No further information on quotas could be located, but Administrative Order No. 19 (DENR, 2002) provides “Guidelines on Trade of Captive Bred butterflies”.
T. r. plateni was reported to be easier to ranch or breed than Trogonoptera trojana (J. Peterson, pers. comm., undated, in Nagypal, 2008).
Troides riedeli
94
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Troides riedeli
RANGE STATES: Indonesia
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia
IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for ranched specimen from Indonesia
formed on 11/02/1998.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Imports of Troides riedeli to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 20 ranched bodies imported by France in 2006 and 50 ranched bodies imported by Germany in 2006 (reported by both the importers and the exporter). All trade was for commercial purposes. There were no reported indirect imports in the EU-27 of T. riedeli originating in Indonesia 2001-2010.
Direct exports of T. riedeli from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 consisted of ranched and captive-bred bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The majority of ranched bodies and all the captive-bred bodies were exported to Japan.
Table 1. Direct exports of Troides riedeli from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2005).
Source Reported by 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
C Importer
Exporter
100
100
R Importer 50 100 80 16
246
Exporter 50
120 68 410 648
CONSERVATION STATUS in range state
Troides riedeli was reported to be endemic to the Tanimbar Islands [to the east of Timor] (Collins and Morris, 1985), where it was thought to have been collected from the largest island of the group, Pulau Yamdena (Nagypal, 2008).
In the 1980s, the species was considered to require monitoring and research and while it was not considered to be rare, the limited distribution was noted to require an immediate classification as Vulnerable, should any disturbance occur (Collins and Morris, 1985).
T. riedeli was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).
Troides vandepolli
95
INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE
SPECIES: Troides vandepolli
RANGE STATES: Indonesia
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia
IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for ranched specimens from all range
countries formed on 11/02/1998.
Current positive opinion for wild specimens from Indonesia formed on 11/02/1998.
TRADE PATTERNS:
Imports of Troides vandepolli to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 223 and 341 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importer was Germany. A small quantity of bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Canada and Australia (Table 2).
Direct exports of T. vandepolli from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 1719 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 81 per cent were exported to Japan.
Table 1. Direct exports of Troides vandepolli from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Austria T C Importer
Exporter
60
60
R Importer
22
8 30
Exporter
6
8 14
Belgium T R Importer
Exporter
10 10
Czech Republic T R Importer
9 5
14
Exporter
17
10 27
France T C Importer
20
20
Exporter
12
12
R Importer
4 6 12
4 4 30
Exporter
32 6
18 4 6 66
Germany T R Importer
20 8 4 10 61
103
Exporter
18
10 61
89
Italy T R Importer
Exporter
6 1
7
Poland P R Importer
6
6
Exporter
T C Importer
Exporter
4
4
R Importer
6 4 4
14
Exporter
12
14
26
Troides vandepolli
96
Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Spain T R Importer
6
6
Exporter
6
6
United Kingdom T R Importer
Exporter 20
20
Subtotals
C Importer
20
20
Exporter
76
76
R Importer
24 32 42 23 70 12 203
Exporter 20 50 24
71 66 34 265
Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides vandepolli to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for personal, commercial or educational purposes. (No trade was reported in 2001, 2003-2005, 2007 or 2010).
Importer Source Reported by 2002 2006 2008 2009 Total
Czech Republic R Importer
Exporter
1
1
Finland R Importer
Exporter
2 2
Greece R Importer
1
1
Exporter
2
2
Spain F Importer
Exporter 2
2
United Kingdom R Importer
Exporter
1
1
Subtotals F Importer
Exporter 2
2
R Importer
1
1
Exporter
2 2 2 6
Table 3. Direct exports of Troides vandepolli from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies predominantly for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2003).
Source Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
C Importer
20
20
Exporter
652
652
R Importer 10 222 148 554 126 12 7 1079
Exporter 30 248 286
326 323 506 1719
W Importer
4
4
Exporter
TAXONOMIC NOTE
Ohya (2001) recognized three subspecies: Troides vandepolli honrathiana, T. v. parrottei and T. v. vandepolli.
CONSERVATION STATUS in range state
Indonesia: Troides vandepolli was reported to occur in Java and Sumatra (Barzdo, 1985), with its range being restricted to mountainous areas (Nagypal, 2008).
The species’ range was reported to have been severely reduced in Sumatra, due to the expansion of agricultural areas at the expense of forestland and it was thought to only survive in slopes not yet of interest for development (Nagypal, 2008). Despite the species being noted to have a wider distribution in the northern parts of Sumatra, little was considered to be known about the species status (Nagypal, 2008).
The species was considered to be uncommon (Collins and Morris, 1985) and Endangered (PEKA-Indonesia, 2009).
References
97
T. vandepolli was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).
T. vandepolli was reported to occur in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, but only very low numbers were found in a survey of butterflies in the park [Sumatra] (PEKA-Indonesia, 2009).
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