Review of Literature - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/55241/9/09... · 2018-07-03 · Review of Literature 2 El Hag et al. (1999) reported the toxic and growth-retarding

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Review of Literature

Literature on various aspects of the utilization of botanicals in the management of

selected culicine larvae pertaining to the present investigation is reviewed.

Use of larvicides, dates back to as early as 1899, when Sir Ronald Ross

applied kerosene on anopheline larval breeding sites in Sierra Leone, West Africa

was an approach with great potential for malaria control (Bockarie et al.,

1999;Kileen et al., 2002). Toxicity of phytochemicals to mosquitoes was first

reported by Campbell et al. (1933). They have also evaluated the relative toxicity of

nicotine, nabasine, methylanabasine and lupine for culicine mosquito larvae.

Watson (1941) reported the effect of antimalarial oil against mosquito larvae.

Toxicity of rotenone extracted from indigenous Derris roots to mosquito larvae was

investigated by Ameen et al. (1983).

Toxicity of natural essential oils to mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti L. and

Culex fatigans Wiedemann (syn. Culex quinquefasciatus Say) was investigated by

Sharma et al. (1994). Perich et al. (1994) demonstrated the toxicity of extracts of

three species of Tagetes against adults and larvae of yellow fever mosquito and

Anopheles stephensi Liston. (Diptera: Culicidae). Sharma and Saxena (1994)

studied the phytotoxicological potential of Tagetes erectes L. extract on aquatic

stages of An. stephensi. Das et al. (1996) studied the toxicity of some alkaloids on

the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Azmi et al. (1998) evaluated the toxicity

of neem leaf extract (NLX) and compared the same with that of malathion (57 E.C.)

against late third instar larvae of Cx. fatigans (wild strain) by the WHO method.


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El Hag et al. (1999) reported the toxic and growth-retarding effects of three

plant extracts (Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Rhazya stricta Decne and Syzygium

aromaticum L. Merrill and Perry) on Culex pipiens larvae (Diptera: Culicidae).

Differential toxicity of leaf litter to dipteran has been worked out by David et al.

(2000). Anyaele and Amusan (2003) highlighted the toxicity of hexanolic extract of

Dennettia tripetala G. Baxer to the larvae of Ae. aegypti. Toxicity of the latex of

Nerium indicum Mill and Euphorbia royleana Boiss to Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae

was assessed by Srivastava et al. (2003). The toxic effects of neem products

(A. indica) on Ae. aegypti larvae were investigated by Ndione et al. (2007).

Pridgeon et al. (2009) compared the toxicity of eight repellents against four

species of female mosquitoes. The toxicity of extracts of Tetrapleura tetraptera

(Aridan), Delonix regia Boj. ex Hook. (Flame of the Forest) and Raphia vinifera

P. Beauv (Raffi palm) on the larvae of Anopheles gambiae Giles.was extensively

studied by Aina et al. (2009). Ayuka et al. (2009) analysed the in vitro

antiplasmodial activity and toxicity of plant extracts used in traditional malaria

therapy in the Lake Victoria Region, Africa. The toxicity of different extracts of

Ocimum basilicum L. against An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus was assessed

by Maurya et al. (2009).

Toxicity and repellent activity of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud

extracts against the mosquito vector Culex pipens L. were assessed by Bream et al.

(2009). The toxicity of methanolic leaf extract of Artemesia parviflora Roxb. Ex D.

Don against the malarial vector An. stephensi was observed by Devi et al. (2010)

and the LC50 values for first instar and fourth instar larvae were 45.61 and 59.60

ppm. The biological activity of the plant extract might be due to the presence of


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active compounds â- Caryophyllene, germacrene D, Camphor, Artemisia ketone, 1-8

Cineole, D-Copaene and Sabinyl acetae.

Efficacy of bioactive compounds from Curcuma aromatica Salisb. against

mosquito larvae was described by Madhu et al. (2010). Phytochemicals of the leaf

extracts of Pedilanthus tithymaloides L. (Family: Euphorbiaceae) were found

to be toxic to the filariasis vector Cx. quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

(Kamalakannan et al., 2010).

Biological Studies

Botanicals that are tested against the life stages of the mosquitoes have a profound

effect on the developmental period, growth, adult emergence, fecundity, fertility and

egg hatchability. Several studies have been carried out by various researchers to

assess the impact of plant products in the life stages of mosquitoes.

Maradufu et al. (1978) reported the isolation of (5E)-ocimenone, a mosquito

larvicide, from Tagetes minuta L. Effects of certain essential oils on mortality and

metamorphosis of Ae. aegypti were reported by Osmani and Sighamony (1980).

Arnason et al. (1981) analysed the mosquito larvicidal activity of polyacetylenes

from certain species of the family Asteraceae. Some components and their properties

of the neem tree (A. indica) and their use in pest control in developing countries

were assessed by Schmutterer (1981). Kalyanasundaram and Babu (1982) described

the biologically active extract of the plant, Cleome viscose L. as a mosquito

larvicide. Saxena and Yadav (1983) evaluated the extract of Oligochaeta ramose

Roxb. Wagenitz (Family:Compositae) to suppress the population of the yellow fever

and dengue vector Ae. aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).


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Studies on the larvicidal properties of Nerium indicum Mill. (Apocynaceae)

leaves were carried out by Chavan and Nikam (1983). More than 2,000 plant species

have been known to produce chemical factors and metabolites of value in pest

control programmes (Ahmed et al., 1983). Zebitz (1984) suggested that azadirachtin

acts as an antiecdysteroid and thus kills the larvae by inhibiting their growth. Effects

of Melia azadirachta L. extracts on many insects have been reported by various

investigators (Saxena et al., 1984; Schmidt et al., 1998; Juan et al., 2000; Carpinella

et al., 2003; Nathan and Saehoon, 2005). The effect of crude methanolic extracts of

Ajuga spp. on postembryonic development of different mosquito species was

observed by Marcard et al. (1986).

Laboratory studies of some plant extracts as mosquito larvicides were

reported by Qureshi et al. (1986). Indigenous plant oils were evaluated for their

larvicidal potential against An. stephensi (Kumar and Dutta, 1987). Evaluation of

Melia volkensii Gurke extract fractions as mosquito larvicides was done by Mwangi

and Mukiama (1988). Growth-inhibiting and larvicidal effects of M. volkensii

extracts on Ae. aegypti larvae were suggested by Mwangi and Rembold (1988).

Influence of several plant extracts on the oviposition behaviour of Aedes

fluviatilis (Lutz) (Diptera: Culicidae) in the laboratory was reported by Consoli et al.

(1989). Mosquito larvicidal and ovipositional activity of Descurania sophia (L.)

Webb ex Prantl extract was studied by Mohsen et al. (1990). Jackson et al. (1990)

evaluated the larvicidal effects of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) seedling

extracts upon Cx. pipiens larvae. Chockalingam et al. (1990) analysed the larvicidal

activity of different plant products against mosquito larvae.


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Evans and Raj (1991) studied the larvicidal efficacy of quassin (extract of

Quassia amara L.) against Cx. quinquefasciatus. Mosquito larval growth inhibitory

activity of crude seed extracts of two species of the family Meliaceae was studied by

Al-Sharook et al. (1991). Mwaiko (1992) highlighted the Citrus peel oil extracts as

mosquito larvicides. Baktharatchagan et al. (1993) reported the laboratory

evaluation of two insect growth regulators against some vector mosquitoes. Saxena

et al. (1993) investigated the larvicidal and chemosterilant activity of Annona

squamosa L. alkaloids against An. stephensi.

A laboratory study of the biological effects of some medicinal plants on

Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, was reported by Satoto (1993). Jalees et al. (1993)

evaluated the insecticidal properties of an indigenous plant, Cannabis sativa Linn.

against mosquito larvae under laboratory conditions. Chahad and Boof (1994)

studied the effect of black-pepper extracts on the larvae of Culex (Culex)

quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera:Culicidae).

Monzon et al. (1994) observed the larvicidal potential of five Philippine

plants against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Effect of neem oil on mosquito

larvae was observed by Sinniah et al. (1994). Control of mosquito breeding has also

been demonstrated in the field in some confined habitats using indigenous methods

of application of neem oil in water and neem oil coated wooden scraps (Nagpal

et al., 1995; Batra et al., 1998). Sharma (1996) assessed the ovicidal and growth-

disrupting activity of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn extract against the filariasis vector,

Cx. quinquefasciatus. Dhar et al. (1996) demonstrated the effect of neem oil

volatiles on the gonotropic cycle and inhibition of oviposition in An. stephensi and

Anopheles culicifacies Giles. Ee and Lee (1997) studied the larvicidal activity of


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some plants belonging to the Sarawak province. Limonoids from Citrus reticulata

Blanco and their moult-inhibiting activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae were

described by Jeyaprakasha et al. (1997). Indigenous plant extracts as larvicidal

agents against Cx. quinquifasciatus was investigated by Karmegam et al. (1997).

Fruit extracts of Melia azadirachta Linn. exhibit a variety of effects in

insects such as antifeedant, growth retardation, reduced fecundity, moulting

disorders, morphogenetic defects and changes in behaviour (Schmidt et al., 1998;

Gajmer et al., 2002; Banchio et al., 2003; Wandscheer et al., 2004). Moawed (1998)

compared the combined action of some plant extracts against Cx. pipiens larvae and

their physiological impact.

Various investigators have reported that the members of the family

Meliaceae are known to contain a variety of compounds, which show insecticidal,

antifeedant, growth-regulating and development-modifying properties (Nugroho

et al., 1999; Greger et al., 2001; D’Ambrosio and Guerriero, 2002; Nakatani et al.,

2004). Mulla and Su (1999) found out that neem contains atleast 35 biologically

active principles, of which azadirachtin (AZA), a triterpenoid, is the predominant

insecticidal active ingredient in the seeds, leaves and other parts of the neem plants.

Azadirachtin and other ingredients were shown antifeedant, sterility-inducing and

larvicidal action against insects.

Nicharat et al. (1999) analysed the larvicidal effects of cashew nut

(Anacardium occidentale L.) shell extracts on mosquito larvae. Palakulk et al.

(1999) studied the larvicidal activity of Thai Ka-lum-pak sa-lad dai Euphorbia

antiquorum Linn. against Aedes, Culex, Anopheles and Mansonia larvae in


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laboratory conditions. Larvicidal, adulticidal and repellent effects of Kaempferia

galanga Linn (Family:Zingiberaceae) was found out by Choochote et al. (1999).

Olagbemiro et al. (1999) investigated the production of (5R, 6S)-6-acetoxy-5-

hexadecanolide, the mosquito oviposition pheromone, from the seed oil of the

summer Cyprus plant, Kochia scorparia L. Roth (Chenopodiaceae). Murugan and

Jeyabalan (1999) observed that Lecus aspera (Wild) Link, Ocimum sanctum Linn,

A. indica, Allium sativum L. and Curcuma longa Linnaeus had a strong larvicidal,

antiemergence, adult repellency and antireproductive activity against An. stephensi.

Mosquito larvicidal activity of pipermonaline, a piperidine alkaloid derived

from long pepper, Piper longum L. was described by Lee (2000). Evaluation of

some Moroccan medicinal plant extracts for larvicidal activity was reported by

Markouk et al. (2000). Ee et al. (2000) analysed potential larvicides from

Malaysian plants. Insecticidal activity of some South American medicinal plants

against Aedes larvae was evaluated by Ciccia et al. (2000).

Larvicidal and mosquito repellent action of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)

oil was described by Ansari et al. (2000a). Larvicidal and repellent action of

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (Leguminosae) oil against mosquitoes was identified by

Ansari et al. (2000b).

Khatune et al. (2001) reported the laboratory evaluation of Nyctanthes

arbor-tristis L. flower extract and the compounds isolated against

Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. El Hag et al. (2001) reported the effects of methanolic

extracts of neem seeds on egg hatchability and larval development of Cx. pipiens

mosquitoes. Ramanitrahasimbola et al. (2001) described the biological activities of


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the plant-derived bisindole vocamine with reference to malaria. Singh et al. (2001)

studied the larvicidal properties of the leaf extract of Solanum nigrum Linn.

(Solanaceae).

Comparative sensitivity of larval mosquito to vegetable polyphenols versus

conventional insecticides was described by Rey et al. (2001). Effects of plant extract

on fecundity and fertility of mosquitoes has been reported by Muthukrishnan and

Pushpalatha (2001). The use of commercial saponin extracted from Quillaja

saponaria Molina bark as a natural larvicidal agent against Ae. aegypti and

Cx. pipiens was reported by Pelah et al. (2002). Yang et al. (2002) implied that a

piperidine amide extracted from Piper longum L. fruit shows activity against

Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae. The larvicidal activity of leguminous seeds and grains

against Ae. aegypti and Culex pipiens pallens (Coquillett) was confirmed by Jang et

al. (2002). Goniothalamin, extracted from Bryonopsis laciniosa L. was found to be a

potent mosquito larvicide by Kabir et al. (2003).

Larvicidal activity of Copaifera reticulata Ducke oil-resin against

Cx. quinquifasciatus was observed by Silva et al. (2003). Park et al. (2002) studied

the larvicidal activity of isobutylamides identified in Piper nigrum L. fruits against

three mosquito species. Larvicidal effects of aqueous extracts of A. indica (neem) on

the larvae of Anopheles mosquito was studied by Aliero (2003). The effects of

Pelargonium citrosa leaf extracts on the malaria vector, An. stephensi, was reported

by Jeyabalan et al. (2003). Evaluation of methonal extracts of some Malaysian

plants for larvicidal activities was carried out by Hidayatulfathi et al. (2003). Singh

and Bansal (2003) and Mohan et al. (2005) assessed the larvicidal properties of a

perennial herb Solanum xanthocarpum Var. Jacquinis, Schrad against vectors of


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malaria and dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever. Yang et al. (2003) suggested that

Emodin, isolated from Cassia obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin and Barneby

(Leguminosae), seed shows larvicidal activity against three mosquito species.

Larvicidal activity of a neem tree extract (Neemarin) against mosquito larvae

in the Islamic Republic of Iran was evaluated by Vatandoost and Vaziri (2004). The

laboratory evaluation of the methanolic extract of Atlantia monophylla (L.) Correa

(Rutaceae) against immature stages of mosquitoes and non-target organisms had

been carried out by Sivagnaname and Kalyanasundaram (2004). Larvicidal efficacy

of some cucurbitacious plant leaf extracts against Cx. quinquefasciatus was analysed

by Prabakar and Jebanesan (2004). The larvicidal activity of essential oils from

Brazilian plants against Ae. aegypti was tested by Cavalcanti et al. (2004). The

ovicidal activity of Moschosma polystachyum Linn. (Lamiaceae) leaf extract against

Cx. quinquefasciatus was tested by Rajkumar and Jebanesan (2004). Larvicidal and

adult emergence inhibition effect of Centella asiatica Brahmi (Umbilliferae) against

Cx. quinquefasciatus was studied by Rajkumar and Jebanesan (2005a).

Phytochemicals with mosquitocidal potential were reviewed by Shaalan et al.

(2005).

Chapagain and Wiesman (2005a and 2005b) elucidated the larvicidal activity

of the fruit mesocarp extract of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile and its saponin

fractions against Ae. aegypti. They have also analysed the larvicidal effects of

aqueous extract of B. aegyptiaca (desert date) against the larvae of Cx. pipiens

mosquitoes.


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Larvicidal activity of Tagetes patula L. essential oil against three mosquito

species was reported by Dharmagadda et al. (2005). Nathan et al. (2006a) reported

the efficacy of Melia azedirach L. extract on the malarial vector An. stephensi.

Chaithong et al. (2006) investigated the larvicidal effect of pepper plants on

Ae. aegypti. From the seed extract of Sterculia guttata Roxb an effective mosquito

larvicide was isolated by Katade et al. (2006). Promsiri et al. (2006) investigated the

effects of the extracts of hundred and twelve medicinal plant species of which eight

out of fourteen plant species showed 100 percent mosquito larvae mortality and the

LC50 values were less than 100 µg/mL.

Larvicidal, ovicidal and repellent activities of the essential oil from

Cymbopogan citrates Stapf (Graminae) against Cx. quinquifasciatus were studied by

Pushpanathan et al. (2006). Singh et al. (2006) found out the mosquito larvicidal

properties of Momordica charantia Linn. (Cucurbitaceae). Elbanna (2006)

investigated the larvicidal effects of Eucalyptus extract on the larvae of Cx. pipiens

mosquito. Sharma et al. (2006) reported the growth inhibitory nature of Artemisia

annua L. extract against Cx. quinquefasciatus. Obomanu et al. (2006) analysed the

larvicidal properties of Lepidagathis alopecuroides (Vahl) R. Brown Ex Griseb and

A. indica on An. gambiae and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Bioactivity of Citrus seed for

larval control of vector mosquitoes was found out by Sumroiphon et al. (2006).

Chowdhury et al. (2007) evaluated the efficacy of Solanum villosum Mill.

(Solanaceae: Sonales) as a biocontrol agent against fourth instar larvae of

Cx. quinquifasciatus. Comparative efficacy of S. xanthocarpum extracts alone and in

combination with a synthetic pyrethroid, cypermathrin, against malaria vector,

An. stephensi was analysed by Mohan et al. (2007). Madhumathy et al. (2007)


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assessed the larvicidal efficacy of Capsicum annum L. against An. stephensi and

Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Evaluation of larvicidal activity of the leaf extract of a weed plant,

Agerantina adenophora (Spreng.) King and H. Rob against two important species of

mosquitoes, Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquifasciatus, was reported by Mohan and

Ramaswamy (2007). Okumu et al. (2007) observed the larvicidal effects of neem

(A. indica) oil formulation on the malaria vector An. gambiae. Larvicidal activity of

the grapefruit Citrus paradise (Macfad) (Rutaceae) on two vectors of dengue was

observed by Morales-Saldana et al. (2007).

Tiwary et al. (2007) analysed the chemical composition and larvicidal

activities of the essential oil of Zanthoxylum armatum DC (Rutaceae) against

Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus and An. stephensi. Among the three mosquito

species tested Cx. quinquefasciatus was the most sensitive followed by Ae. aegypti

and An. stephensi with LC50 values of 49 ppm, 54 ppm and 58 ppm. The use of

Eucalyptus tereticornis sm. (Myrtaceae) oil (leaf extract) as a natural larvicidal

agent the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi was described by Nathan (2007).

Larvicidal effect of Hemidesmus indicus L. R. Br. Gymnema sylvestre R. Br and

Eclipta prostrate L. against Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae was described by

Khanna and Kannabiran (2007).

Larvicidal activity of the crude powder of Piper guineense Thonn and

Schum and Spilanthes mauritiana (Rich. Ex Pers) DC against An. gambiae and

Cx. quinquefasciatus in Kilifi District, Kenya was carried out by Ohaga et al.

(2007). Larvicidal activities of some Brazilian medicinal plants against Ae. aegypti


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was assessed by Omena et al. (2007). Larvicidal and growth inhibition of the

malaria vector An. stephensi by triterpenes from Dysoxylum malabaricum Akil and

Dysoxylum beddomei Hiern was assessed by Nathan et al. (2008).

The potential of essential oils of Trigonella foenum-grecum L., Cyperus

esculentus L., Brassica compestris L., Boswellia serrata Triana and Planch., Eruca

sativa Mill. and Carum ptroselium Benth. and Hook. f. Parsley was tested against

Cx. pipiens fourth instar. The tested oils altered the developmental periods, pupation

rates and adult emergences. Remarkable decrease in pupation rate was achieved by

mustard oil (Brassica compestris) at 1000 ppm (Khater and Shalaby, 2008).

Kaushik and Saini (2008) highlighted the larvicidal activity of the leaf

extract of Millingtonia hortensis L.f. (Begnoniaceae) against An. stephensi,

Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti. Kempraj and Bhat (2008) investigated the

ovicidal and larvicidal activities of the essential oils extracted from Cyperus

giganteus Vahl and Cyperus rotundus Linn. against Aedes albopictus (Skuse).

Larvicidal effect of Lantana camara Linn. against Ae. aegypti and

Cx. quinquefasciatus was reported by Kumar and Maneemegalai (2008). Larvicidal

activity of Leucus aspera (Wild.) against the larvae of Cx. quinquefascistus and

Ae. aegypti was recorded by Maheswaran et al. (2008). Rahuman et al. (2008)

identified the mosquito larvicidal activity of oleic and linoleic acids isolated from

Citrullus colocynthis (Linn). Larvicidal activity of neem and karanja oil cakes

against mosquito vectors, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi was

observed by Shanmugasundaram et al. (2008). Anees (2008) found out the larvicidal

activity of Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Labiatae) against Ae. aegypti and

Cx. quinquefasciatus.


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Vincent et al. (2009) assessed that methanol extract of Citrus limon (L.)

Burm. F. elicited hundred percent ovicidal activity at 3 % concentration against

Ae. aegypti eggs. Eleni et al. (2009) reported the larvicidal activity and chemical

analysis of the essential oils in the rind of the fruit and the leaves of Bergamot from

Greece (Citrus aurantium sub sp.bergamia) against the anthropophilic mosquito

biotype, Cx.pipiens. The cold pressed essential oil showed LC50 value of 58 mg/L

whereas the corresponding essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation was 106 mg/L.

Efficiency of Allium cepa L. and Commiphora molmol (Nees) Engl. as

larvicidal agents against fourth stage larvae of Cx. pipiens was evaluated by

Habeeeb et al. (2009). Mosquito larvicidal efficacy of aqueous and hexane extracts

of dried fruit of Solanum nigrum Linn. was evaluated in the laboratory by

Raghavendra et al. (2009). Larvicidal, ovicidal and repellent activities of Pemphis

acidula Forst. (Lythraceae) against filarial and dengue vector mosquitoes were

analysed by Samidurai et al. (2009) .

Sulaiman et al. (2009) evaluated the efficacy of bifenthrin and hexane

extract of Acorus calamus Linn. against the fourth instar of Ae. aegypti L. with LC50

and LC90 values of 0.4418 and 11.3935 ppm and Ae. albopictus (Skuse) with a

higher LC50 and LC90 values of 21.2555 ppm and 36.1061 ppm, respectively. There

was a significant difference on the effect of A. calamus extract on both the species

of Aedes larvae (P< 0.05).

Row and Ho (2009) investigated the antimicrobial activity, mosquito

larvicidal activity, and antioxidant property and tyrosinase inhibition of Piper betle

L. Larvicidal activity of a neem tree extract (Azadirachtin) against mosquito larvae


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in the Republic of Algeria was observed by Alouani et al. (2009). Kihampa et al.

(2009) reported the larvicidal and insect growth regulator (IGR) activity of extract of

Tanzanian plants against malarial vector mosquitoes. Larvicidal and emergence

inhibitory activities of NeemAzal T/S 1.2 percent EC against vectors of malaria,

filariasis and dengue were studied by Gunasekaran et al. (2009).

Ramos et al. (2009) observed the potential of laticifer fluids in inhibiting

Ae. aegypti larval development. Larvicidal effects of stem and fruits of Duranta

repens L. against mosquito Cx. quinquifasciatus was reported by Nikkon et al.

(2009). Two indigenous aquatic weeds Lemna minor L. and Spirodella spp., gave

promising biological control of mosquito larvae with rainbow fish on field level in

Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. (Tariq et al., 2009).

Magadula et al. (2009) investigated the mosquito larvicidal and cytotoxic

activities of three species of Annona and isolated the active principles. The leaf

extracts of 3 Annonaceous plants, Annona muricata L., A. senegalensis Pers and

A. squamosa were tested against brine shrimp larva and the late 3rd instar of

Cx. quinquefascintus. The LC50 values for crude extracts of A. muricata,

A. senegalensis and A. squamosa were observed to be 20.87, 0.67 and 0.64 µg/mL

respectively for shrimp larvae and 56.47, 23.42 and 11.01 µg/mL respectively for

C. quinquefasciatus.

Feitosa et al. (2009) analysed the chemical composition and larvicidal

activity of essential oils from the leaves and stem of Rollinia leptopetala R. E. Fries

(Annonaceae). Evergetis et al. (2009) observed the chemical composition and

larvicidal activity of essential oils from six members of family Apiaceae against the


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West Nile Virus vector Cx. pipiens. Larvicidal effects of crude extracts of dried

ripened fruits of Piper nigrum against Cx. quinquefasciatus larval instars was

investigated by Vasudevan et al. (2009). Influence of Allium sativum L. and Citrus

limon oil extracts and Bacillus thrungiensis israelensis on some biological aspects of

Cx. pipiens larvae (Diptera:Culicidae) was reported by Zayed et al. (2009).

Larvicidal efficacy of seed oils of Pterocorpus santalinoides DC and tropical

Manihot species against Ae. aegypti and effects on aquatic fauna was observed by

Adeleke et al. (2009). Egg hatchability and larvicidal activity of Swertia chirata

Buch.-Hams.ex.Wall. against Ae. aegypti L. and Cx. quinquefasciatus was

investigated by Balaraju et al. (2009). Rahuman et al. (2009) evaluated the efficacy

of larvicidal botanical extracts against Cx. quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera:Culicidae).

Evaluation of larvicidal effects of essential oils of some local plants against

Anopheles arabiensis Patton and Ae.aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera:Culicidae) in

Ethiopia was observed by Massebo et al. (2009). Screening of Indian coastal plant

extracts for larvicidal activity of Cx. quinquefasciatus was reported by Nazar et al.

(2009).

Maniafu et al. (2009) analysed the larvicidal activity of extracts from three

species of Plumbago against An. gambiae. The LC50 values of Plumbago zeylanica

Linn, hexane extract, Plumbago stenophylla Bull chloroform extract and

Plumbago dawei Rolfe ethyl acetate extract were 6.4 µg/mL, 6.7 µg/mL and

4.1 µg/mL.

Larvicidal properties of aqueous extracts of seeds of A. indica, leaves of

Gymnema sylvestre R.Br., bark and leaves of Nerium indicum Mill and leaves of


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Datura metal L. against fourth instar of Cx. quinquifasciatus larvae was assessed by

Tandon and Sirohi (2010). A. indica elicited 70-99 percent mortality, followed by

G. sylvestre 44-89 percent, N. indicum 41-74 percent and D. metel 19-54 percent.

Studies on oviposition deterrence induced by Ocimum kilimandscharicum

and Ocimum suave Wild. extracts to gravid An. gambiae s.s. (Diptera:Culicidae) was

conducted by Kweka et al. (2010). Efficacy of bioactive compounds from Curcuma

aromatica against mosquito larvae was analysed by Madhu et al. (2010).

Borah et al. (2010) investigated the hexane, acetone and methanol extracts of

mature fruits and leaves from Toddalia asiatica (Linn). Lam to establish its

bio-control potentiality under laboratory condition against fourth instar of dengue

vector, Ae. aegypti and filarial vector, Cx. quinquefasciatus. Hexane extract of fruits

of T. asiatica showed highest larvicidal activity against both mosquito vectors. LC50

value of hexane, acetone and methanol extracts of fruits against Ae. aegypti were

37.23, 50.69 and 125.55 ppm and against Cx. quinquefasciatus were 33.23, 82.20

and 215.19 ppm, respectively.

Larvicidal efficacy of leaf extracts of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don and

Lantana camara Linn. against the life stages of mosquito vector Ae. aegypti

(Diptera:Culicidae) was carried out by Remia and Logaswamy (2010). The leaf

extracts of C. roseus was more potent than L. camara. The LC50 of C. roseus was

75.31 ppm for the second instar larvae, whereas it was 156.85 ppm for fourth instar

and 207.83 ppm for the pupae.

Kalu et al. (2010) reported the larvicidal activities of ethanol extract of

Allium sativum L. (garlic bulb) against the filarial vector, Cx. quinquefasciatus. The


17

biological activity of alpha – Mangostin, a larvicidal botanic mosquito sterol carrier

protein -2 inhibitor was assessed by Larson et al. (2010). Larvicidal activity of

Trigonella foenum L. and Nerium oleander L. leaves against mosquito larvae found

in Vellore city, India was observed by Lokesh et al. (2010).Chemical composition

and larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti larvae of essential oils from four Guarea

species was analysed by Magalhaes et al. (2010). Screening of the weed plant

species Croton bonplandianum Baill. for larvicidal activity of Ae. aegypti was done

by Jeeshna et al. (2010).

Mosquito larvicidal and phytochemical properties of Ervatamia coronaria

Stapf. (Family:Apocynaceae) were observed by Mathivanan et al. (2010). The LC50

and LC90 values of crude methanol extract of leaves of E.coronaria on

Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi larvae in 24 h were 72.41,

65.67, 62.08 and 136.55, 127.24 and 120.86 mg/l, respectively. Changbunjong et al.

(2010) assessed the effect of crude extract of S. xanthocarpum against snails and

mosquito larvae.

Larvicidal efficacy of latex and extract of Calotropis procera Aiton.

(Gentianales:Asclepiadaceae) against Cx.quinquefasciatus and An.stephensi

(Diptera:Culicidae) was analysed by Shahi et al. (2010). Mwine et al. (2010)

reported the evaluation of larvicidal properties of the latex of Euphorbia tirucalli L.

(Euphorbiaceae) against the larvae of Anopheles mosquitoes.

Effect of few marine sponges and its biological activity against the larval

forms of Ae. aegypti and Musca domestica (Linnaeus) was reported by Sujatha and


18

Joseph (2011). The sponge extracts of Clathria gorgonoids and Callyspongia diffusa

(Ridley) was found to be effective against Ae. aegypti larvae with LC50 at < 50 ppm.

Larvicidal, histopathological and ultra structure studies of Matricharia

chamomella extracts against the rift valley fever mosquito, Cx. quinquefasciatus was

studied by Almehmadi (2011).

Management Strategies

Studies on the effect of botanical derivatives on mosquito vectors of disease

indicated that biopesticides are good alternatives for synthetic chemical pesticides.

Different methods have been designed in the management of mosquitoes.

Mosquito control with active principle of garlic A. sativum was reported by

Amonkar and Reeves (1970). White (1973) investigated the insect repellent value of

Ocimum spp (Labiatae), traditional anti-mosquito plants. Preliminary observations

on the mosquito repellent efficacy of the leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum (Linn) was

described by Rathore (1978).

Laboratory evaluation of leaf extract of a new plant to suppress the

population of malaria vector An. stephensi Liston (Diptera:Culicidae) was

suggessted by Saxena and Sumitra (1985). Control of pests with Annonaceous

acetogenins was analysed by Mikolajczak et al. (1988). Potential of azadirachtin-

containing pesticides for integrated pest control in developing and industrialized

countries was evaluated by Schmutterer (1988). Natural insecticide cream and lotion

was reported by Ombaka (1989). Insecticidal effects of Halophyllum tuberculatum

(Forssk.) A. Juss. against Cx. quinquifasciatus was evaluated by Mohsen et al.


19

(1989). Insecticidal substance from Annonaceae seeds was suggested by Ohawa

et al. (1990). Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the neem tree,

A. indica was analysed by Schmutterer (1990).

Sukumar et al. (1991) observed that a large number of plant extracts have

been reported to have mosquitocidal or repellent activity against vector mosquitoes.

Leaves of Vitex negundo I. have been shown antiparasitic (Parveen, 1991), mosquito

repellent effects (Hebbalkar et al., 1992), as well as hepatoprotective (De et al.

(1993), antimicrobial (Rusia and Srivasta, 1998) and antiulcerogenic potentials

(Sahni et al., 2001).

Ansari and Razdan (1994) analysed the repellent action of Cymbopogon

martini martini Stapf var. Sofia against mosquitoes. Lee and Chiang (1994)

evaluated the insecticidal activity of the herbal plant, Stemona tuberosa Lour to

mosquito larvae. Bowers et al. (1995) identified the activity of Turkish medicinal

plants against mosquitoes Ae. aegypti and An. gambiae. Isolation of the insecticidal

components of Tagetes minuta L. (Compositae) against mosquito larvae and adults

was reported by Perich et al. (1995).

Rao et al. (1995) found out the development of combined use of neem and

water management for the control of culicine mosquitoes in rice fields. Field studies

on the mosquito repellent action of neem oil were reported by Sharma et al. (1995).

Insecticidal fatty acids and triglycerides from Dirca palustris L. was assessed by

Ranaweera (1996). Evaluation of some wild herb extracts for the control of

mosquitoes was carried out by El Hag et al. (1996). Larvicidal properties of the


20

essential oils of some Malaysian plants on three vector mosquitoes were studied by

Jantan et al. (1996).

The potential of botanical essential oils for insect pest control was reported

by Roger (1997). Rohani et al. (1997) evaluated the adulticidal properties of some

Malaysian plants on vector mosquitoes. Chemical methods for the control of vectors

and pests of public importance were evaluated by Chavasse and Yap (1997).

Thorsell et al. (1998) suggested the efficacy of plant extracts and oils as mosquito

repellents). Casida and Quistad (1998) have dealt briefly with the natural pesticides

in their review of insecticide research. Rongsriyam and Baskoro (1998) assessed

medicinal plants for replacement of insecticides in vector control. Novel

bioactivities of Curcuma longa L. constituents were investigated by Roth et al.

(1998). New insecticidal rocaglamide derivatives from flowers of Aglaia

duperreana (Meliaceae) were assessed by Chaidir et al. (1999).

Ramsewak et al. (1999) reported that three biologically active compounds

from Murraya koenigii L. Sprengel possess mosquitocidal and antimicrobial

properties, exhibiting topoisomerase 1 and 11 inhibition activities. Fragoso-Serrano

et al. (1999) reported novel labdane diterpenes with insecticidal properties were

isolated from the aeriel parts of Hyptis spicigera Lam. Rey et al. (1999) analysed

the differential sensitivity of mosquito taxa to vegetable tannins. Palsson and Jenson

(1999) studied the plant products that are used as mosquito repellents in Guinea-

Bissau.

Govere et al. (2000) suggested the efficacy of three insect repellents against

the malaria vector, An. arabiensis Patton. Bindra et al. (2000) reported the use of


21

essential oils containing preparation for human protection against mosquitoes.

Bioactivity of some medicinal plants against chosen insect pests/vectors has been

highlighted by Tare (2000). Effect of Feronia limonia L. on mosquito larvae was

assessed by Rahuman et al. (2000).

Bandara et al. (2000) found out the insecticidal peperidine alkaloid from

Microcos paniculata L. stem bark. Mosquitocidal activity of certain Thymus

capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. and Link constituents was observed by Mansour et al.

(2000). New botanical derivatives, used in medicinal preparations, showing

bioactive action on insect pests such as Cx. pipiens and Musca domestica L. larvae

were studied by Shonouda and Mehanney (2000).

Tawastsin et al. (2001) suggested the repellency of volatile oils from plants

against three mosquito vectors. Field evaluation of the control efficacy of plant

extracts applied by ultra low volume spraying in high-rise flats to control dengue

vectors was tested by Sulaiman et al. (2001). Kabaru and Gichia (2001) evaluated

the insesticidal activity of extracts derived from different parts of the mangrove tree

Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae).

Insecticidal properties of essential oils from plants against the mosquito

Cx. pipiens molestus were assessed by Trabousli et al. (2002). Repellent activity of

constituents identified in Foeniculum vulgare Mill. fruit against Ae. aegypti was

described by Ahn et al. (2002). Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against

mosquito bites was observed by Fradin and Day (2002). The pest-managing efficacy

of trans-asarone isolated from Daucus carota L. seeds was evaluated by Momin and

Nair (2002).


22

Repellency of certain live potted plants against An. gambiae in semi-field

experimental huts was evaluated by Seyoum et al. (2002). Repellent effect of

extracts and essential oils of C. limon (Rutaceae) and Mellissa officinalis Linnaeus

(Labiatae) against one of the main malaria vectors, An. stephensi, was studied by

Oshaghi et al. (2003). Bioactivity of selected plant essential oils against the yellow

fever mosquito Ae. aegypti larvae was studied by Cheng et al. (2003).

Seyoum et al. (2003) examined the effectiveness of live potted plants and

thermal expulsion of plant materials in repelling African malaria vectors in

traditional houses in western Kenya. Antifeedant and insecticidal properties of a

limonoid from Melia azadirach (Meliaceae) with potential use for pest management

were demonstrated by Carpinella et al. (2003).

Comparative performance under laboratory conditions of seven pyrethroid

insecticides used for impregnation of mosquito nets was studied by Hougard et al.

(2003). Mosquitocidal activity of citrus peel oils with respect to their limonene

content was assessed by Monsour et al. (2004). Yang et al. (2005) observed the

adulticidal activity of five essential oils against Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say,

1823.

Choochote et al. (2004) found out the potential of crude seed extract of

celery, Apium graveolens L., against the mosquito Ae. aegypti. The adulticidal

potency with LD50 and LD95 values of 6.6 and 66.4 mg/cm2 and repellency against

Ae.aegypti females with ED50 and ED95 values of 2.03 and 28.12 mg/cm2

respectively.


23

Insecticidal and fungicidal potential of Allium substances as biofumigants

was described by Auger et al. (2004). Repellency of essential oils of some Kenyan

plants against An. gambiae was assessed by Omolo et al. (2004).The use of three

indigenous Thai medicinal plants for control of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus

was reported by Lapcharoen et al. (2005). Trabousli et al. (2005) assessed the

repellency and toxicity of aromatic plant extracts against the mosquito Cx. pipiens

molestus. Repellency of volatile oils from Moschosma polystachyum and

S. xanthocarpum against filarial vector Cx. quinquefasciatus was analysed by

Rajkumar and Jebanesan (2005c). George and Vincent (2005) tested the

comparative efficacy of A. squamosa Linn. and Pongamia glabra Vent. to A. indica

against mosquitoes.

Rongsriyam et al. (2006) carried out a preliminary study to verify the

efficacy of tablets prepared from the crude extract of Rhinacanthus nasutus L. (local

Thai plant) against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. Efficacy of natural

product from Clerodendron inerme L. against dengue vector Ae. aegypti was

reported by Patil et al. (2006). Efficacy of botanical extracts from Callitris

glaucophylla (Joys Thomps. and L. A. S. Johnson) against Ae. aegypti and Culex

annulirostris (Skuse) mosquitoes was observed by Shaalan et al. (2006). The effect

of Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. (Meliaceae) extract on the malaria vector

An. stephensi was reported by Nathan et al. (2006b).

Michaelakis et al. (2007) evaluated the insecticidal effects of the essential

oils of Satureja species on Cx. pipiens larvae. Repellent activity of selected plant

essential oils against An. stephensi was indicated by Rajkumar and Jebanesan

(2007).Efficacy of local neem extracts for sustainable malaria vector control in an


24

African village was highlighted by Gianotti et al. (2008). Laboratory evaluation of

traditionally used plant-based insect repellents against the malaria vector Anopheles

arabiensis Patton was carried out by Karunamoorthy et al. (2008).

The repellent activity of Piper aduncum Linn (Piperaceae) essential oil

against Ae. aegypti using human volunteers was analysed by Misni et al. (2008).

Hardin and Jackson (2009) described the applications of natural products in the

control of mosquito-transmitted diseases.

Insecticidal activities of leaf and twig essential oils from Clausena excavata

Burm.f. against Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae were documented by Cheng

et al. (2009). The LC50 values of leaf and twig essential oils against fourth instar

larvae of Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus were 37.1-40 µg mL-1

and 41.1-41.2 µg mL-1

.

Adulticidal activity of essential oil of L. camara leaves against mosquitoes

was suggested by Dua et al. (2010). The LD50 values of the oil were 0.06, 0.05, 0.05,

0.05 and 0.06 mg/cm2 while LD90 values were 0.10, 0.10, 0.09, 0.09 and 0.10

mg/cm2 against Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, An. culicifacies, Anopheles

fluvialitis James. and An. stephensi respectively. KDT50 of the oil were 20, 18, 15,

12, and 14 minutes and KDT90 values were 35, 28 25, 18, 23 minutes against

Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis and An. stephensi,

respectively on 0.208 mg/cm2 impregnated paper.

Constituents of the essential oil of Suregada zanzibariensis Baill. leaves and

their repellency to the mosquito, An. gambiae s.s., were described by Innocent et al.

(2010). Preliminary study on mosquito repellent and mosquitocidal activities of

Ocimum gratissimum L. grown in eastern Nigeria was carried out by Oparaocha


25

et al. (2010). Antimosquito phenyl propenoids from the stem and root barks of

Uvariodendron pycnophyllum (Diels) was reported by Kihampa et al. (2010).

A mosquito repellent Karanj kunapa from Pongamia pinnata L. Pierre was

found out by Lale and Kulkarni (2010). Evaluation of selected South African

ethnomedicinal plants as mosquito repellents against An. arabiensis in a rodent

model was carried out by Maharaj et al. (2010).

Potential of Citrus seed extracts from C. aurantium L., C. grandis,

C. pseudolimon, C. paradise Macfad., C. reticulata, C. limon, C. sinensis (L.)

Osbeck., (musambi) C. mitis, C. sinensis (Red blood orange) and C. jambhiri

Lush. against dengue fever mosquito, Ae. albopictus (Skuse) was studied by Akram

et al., (2010). The results indicate that the extracts from C. jambhiri and

C. reticulata Blanco. were more effective as larvicides with lowest LC50 values of

119.993 and 137.258 ppm after 24 h of exposure and 108.85 and 119.853 ppm after

48 h of exposure and LT50 values of 2.51 and 4.91 h, respectively. Seed extracts

from remaining Citrus varieties were less active at lower doses, however at higher

doses these were biologically active against Ae. albopictus.

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Review of Literature - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/55241/9/09... · 2018-07-03 · Review of Literature 2 El Hag et al. (1999) reported the toxic and growth-retarding