16

CHAPTER- 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter the focus is on the scanned literature on Application of

Information Technology in the Deemed University Libraries in Maharashtra.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The desirable data was collected from different books as well as journal

articles, which was treated as a basis for the study.

Review of relevant literature is an important step for any research. After

formulating research problem, the process of reviewing the related literature was

started.

One of the basic information sources for finding out in the subject of library

and information science is a bibliography. Many bibliographies are available for this

purpose. AIU (1997) (Association of Indian Universities) published the bibliography

of PhDs dissertations in social sciences can be a basis material in this regard. All the

bibliographies published through AIU form 1980 to till this year. In support to this,

the bibliography of research in library and information science in India compiled by

Vijay Pathak, L.S. Ramaiah (1986) and P.S.G. Kumar (1987) were scanned as they

have covered research conducted at M.Lib.I.Sc. and Ph.D Level.

INFLIBNET website also searched for the relevant database for research, and

it was found that no any research has been done on application of information

technology in the deemed university libraries in Maharashtra.

In addition to this research, researcher reviewed few books and large number

of research articles. Starting from definitional analysis, users study, university

libraries, collection development, library services, library manpower, furniture, library

building, Budget, Library automation etc. which gave guidelines of the researcher for

developing questionnaire as well as for analyzing data.

17

2.2 DEFINITIONAL ANALYSIS

2.2.1 INFORMATION

The word “Information” was used for the first time in 1958 in place of

document. It was a wide term in comparison with document. The term became very

popular soon .Information is a collection of data that communicates some meaning.

Concise Oxford English Dictionary (2007) defines Information, “Facts or

knowledge provided or learned”.

Krishna K.N. & Singh Neena (2006) the author stated that , the output of

information has been increased much faster now, are compared to the last five

decades but their retrieval is comparatively less as compared to users’ needs. There is

need to bring out drastic change in their conventional print media in to digital form

irrespective of time, space and cost factors.

Borse T.R. (2001). The author stated about the close relationship between

information and information technology. It explains a basic mechanism of different

devices of information technology and cannotes how they are useful to store, process

and retrieve the information. He also states the present status of information

technology in Indian universities.

Cambridge International Dictionary of English (1996) defines Information as,

“Information is knowledge about something especially facts and news”.

Webster, Noah (1978) defines Information as, “an Informing or being,

informed; especially, a telling or being told of something”.

2.2.2 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Today, information is an essential part of every one’s daily life. In order to

ensure better standards of living, people use information more intensively in their

daily activities. Thus information is required in every phase and every walk of life. It

is the result of human urges. Thus the availability of right information for the right

users at right time and in right cost becomes all the more vital. It means that the use

of information should be done properly. But the proper use of information is only

possible when the information is processed in a professional way by implementation

18

of various new types of technologies, some can be reached easily to the needy users.

Technology which is used in information handling is called Information Technology.

In its strictest sense “Information Technology” is the new science of

collection, storing, processing and transmitting information.

Sharma Nishi (2011) state that the,’ information technology is a concomitant

for promoting the growth and development of economy’.

Pravin K.Kumar (2011) quoted that “Information Technology has changed the

mode of publication of traditional sources of information”.

Sivmumaran K.S., B Jayaprakash, S.Gopalkrishnan & V. Geetha (2011) point

of view that ‘Information technology as the application of computers and other

technologies to the acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval and dissemination of

information.

Niran Adetoro and Christopher N Kiko (2009) stated “Information

Technology utilization in academic institutions of learning can act as a catalyst for

staff productivity and a means of improving institutional services. IT use has gained

global prominence as one of the key tools for the actualization of organizational

objectives. Further he stated that , ‘IT refers to the acquisition, processing, storage and

dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by micro-

electronic based combination of computer and telecommunication.

Sahu (2008) Librarian Glossary defines IT as “A development of information

sources handled by computer and communication by electronic channels; database

can thus be accessed telephone and television links and computer output can be

transmitted in an electronic format directly to a remote receiver”

Sahu (2008) San Diego State University defines Information Technology as

“Information Technology includes matters concerned with the furtherance of

computer science and technology, design, development, installation and

implementation of information systems and applications”

Sahu (2008) Kathleen Guinee Wrote, described Information Technology as

“By Information Technology, I mean the tools we use to perform calculations, to store

19

and manipulate text, and to communicate. Some of these twentieth century tools

include; the adding machine, slide rule, and calculator for performing calculations, the

typewriter and word processor for processing text, and the telephone, radio and

television for communication”.

Kasirao V., Sheeladeri K. & Ramesh babu (2006). Information technology is

the effective tool for compact storage, easy retrieval and speedy access to information

in library and information centers. The developed country adopts quickly the new

methods of information technology. The paper presents one such a study which has

been carried out by surveying and IT among academic and corporate sector library

and information centers in and around Chennai.

According to Ebijuwa and To Anyakoha (2005), ICT as a tool used for

collection, process, storage, transmission and dissemination of Information.

Ali Amjad (2004). The term information technology is manipulated in many

ways, Macmillan Dictionary of Information technology defines it as ‘acquisitions,

processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, verbal, pictorial, textual and

numerical information by microelectronic-based combination of computer and

telecommunications’.

Jitendra Ahirrao (2003), defined the information technology as “The

Information Technology is a combination of information science, computer science,

communication and management science”.

Khode Subhash & Dhar Upinder (2003) in this paper author describes how

information technology tools such as internet, networking and electronic publishing

are helpful in successful implementation of the five lows of library science.

Kaur Amritpal & Nandan Naresh (2000) they discuss the impact of new and

emerging information technologies on Bhai Gurudas library Gurunanak Dev

University, Amritsar, provides current status of Computerization of library activities.

Again they mention about future plans of BGL regarding library automation.

R.Vohra and Davarpanah .M.R. (2000) discussed current status of IT

Application in Punjab Universityi Library and described the information technology

20

infrastructure and areas of IT application in library. Also the various problems the

library is facing in the IT application have been emphasized.

Nithyanandam K (2000) defined the work information technology, its

components, potentials, advantages and problems of IT. Further R.Vengan,

S.Ganesan, T. Anandan (2000) they have discussed the re-organization of these

automation of research documents, networking campus libraries, proposals to digitize

by using the available information technology and finally to create virtual reality

situation.

Mallikarjun Angadi & Mattaya Koganuramath (2001). Stated that the recent

great strides in technology present tremendous opportunities for human development,

but achieving that potential depends on now technology is being used. The fusion of

computing and communications, especially through Internet, has broken the bound of

cost, time and distances launching an era of global information networking that led to

exponential growth of literature in all fields and social work is no exception to it.

Ojha (1995). Basically ‘Information Technology’ is tools and applications

support through which or by means of which information is transferred, recorded,

edited, stored manipulated and disseminated.

Ishvari Corea (1993) Stated about the Information Technology as “Covering

all aspects of the art or science of processing data to produce of information”.

According to Gopinaath (1984). Information Technology connotes an

ensemble of technologies. They particularly cover the computer capability to store

and process information known as information processing and telecommunication

technology which are capable of transmitting information to distance.

Kulesh Kumar state in his article the meaning of Information Technology

“The Information Technology term is consisted of by two separate terms, i.e.

Information and Technology. These two terms used together have acquired special

meaning and interpretation during 1990’s. It is only recently that the term has been

used as a collective term for the whole spectrum of technologies providing the ways

and means to acquire, store, transmit, retrieve and process information in library and

information service field.

21

According to ALA Glossary, Information technology is the application of

computer and other technologies to the acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval

and dissemination in information. In fact fusion of information science and

technology has given birth to a new discipline called Information Technology.

In the Encyclopedia of Information and Library science, which is edited by

Ishvari Corea, the Information technology is stated as, ‘Covering all aspects of the art

or science of processing data to produce of information’.

San Diego State University defines Information technology as, ‘Information

technology includes matter concerned with the furtherance of computer science and

technology, design, development, installation and implementation of information

systems and applications’.

The Webster’s New Encyclopedia, describe IT, “The Information technology

is the collective term for the various technologies involved in the processing and

transmission of information. They include computing, telecommunication and

microelectronics.

According to Rowley Opines “Information technology means the collection,

storage, processing, dissemination and use of information. Thus we can define

information technology as those processes and technologies which are used in

acquisition and dissemination of information based on some electronic technology.

Somerwhile has stated “Information technology has resulted from a

convergence of computing technology and communication technology. Thus

information technology is the application of a wide variety of electronic technologies

to the information handling activities.

In the Domain of Library and Information services, Information technology is

meant for the use or application of various technologies such as computer,

telecommunications, word processing, micrographic, reprographics, video recording

and other electronic devices for the storage, retrieval, reproduction and dissemination

of information in a library environment.

According to UNESCO , IT is ‘ Scientific technology and engineering

disciplines and the management techniques used in information handling and

22

processing their application, computer and their interaction with men and machines

associated social, economic and cultural matters’.

Thus the term Information Technology is the collective term for the various

technologies involved in processing and transmission of information. They include

computing, telecommunication and microelectronics. Whereas Information

Technology is a development of information sources handled by computers and

communicated by electronic channels, databases can thus be accessed by telephone

and television channels and computer output can be transmitted in a electronic format

directly to a remote receiver.

2.2.3 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

The application of information technology in libraries has brought tremendous

changes in the library services. The library provides information access to its users

through its print and electronic resources; routine and computer aided services,

resources, sharing and document delivery.

Rupali S. Sharnangat, Shinde P. A., Ingale R.N. (2013) stated that “the present

era is predominantly called information age or era of knowledge explosion”.

Information technology has come to say as an indefensible tool for library operations

and services. In the present era, information arena is witness to an exciting,

overabundance of technological advances which have to a great extent been

responsible for immeasurable enhancement in human knowledge. Again they defined

the term of information technology as, “information technology is the use of

computers and software to manage information.

In the research Sinha Kamla (2005) state that, future challenges in the field of

library and information science. Again he wrote, the LIS education which is the child

of the modern library, now face the challenge of a new environment which is itself a

product of new roots appearing new information technologies, new information

professions and service, again the author state that reference librarians need to

examine these changes, trying to understand how they affect the relationship between

librarian and client, and the client’s interaction with sources of information.

23

Munshi (2006) she states that, a computerized library offers new challenges to

an emerging breed of digital librarians, as well as it is used for several purposes in

academic libraries.

Vyas, K.N. Grover and V.K.Kawatra P.S. (2005) explained, the information

technology will play a vital role in the 21st century. There is a sure indication that the

conventional paper based document. Again they state, new technology will

encourage the advent of research project wider in scope than at present, a trend

towards more collaborative research, and greater cumulation of research findings than

at present innovations such an electronic mail or computerized library catalogues

make information available at low cost and over great distance.

S.Seetharaman (2003) has stated the same reason of why libraries apply

technology? In coping with the present atmosphere.

R.Vora and M.R. Davarpanah (2000) discussed current status of IT application

in Punjab University Library and described the information technology infrastructure

and areas of IT application in library. Also the various problems the library is facing

in the IT application have been emphasized.

N. Suryanarayana (1999) , C.Pradep, P Ganesh and E Rama Reddy (1999)

raised the issues related to the role of academic libraries also offers few IT

applications in academic libraries also offers few things to manage the IT use in

academic libraries and noted the change in academic libraries.

In another research work K.Tata Rao and others (1997) and Nithyanandam

(2000) have noted the influence of emerging technology on academic libraries and

how technology can be adopted in academic libraries and its impact and some

suggestions have been made for future academic library services.

N.Suryanarayana (1999) and C.Pradeep, P Ganesh, E. Rama Reddy (1999)

raised the issues related to the role of academic libraries also offers few IT

applications in academic libraries also offers few things to manage the IT use in

academic libraries and noted the change in academic libraries.

Mukesh Saikia (1997) extended his study and noted the impact of information

technology in Tezpur University library and drawn some suggestions.

24

David Bundy (1996) explains the modern technology tool and its use as video

conferencing and its advantages. On the other hand T. Ashok Babu (1997) noted the

problems while using the applications of information technology and suggested its

scope in near future. Padma V.Upadhyaya (1997) defines the need of information

technology in libraries and its impact on libraries.

J. Arora and Sharanpal Kaur (1992) explore that intermideatories including

librarians and information and information scientists should channelize their resources

to promote the direct interaction between the users and information bank.

T.Viswanathan (1991) has suggested the technology to implement emerging

technologies in library. He has further suggested that libraries and IT to cope with the

rapidly multiplying literature and its demand all over the world.

Haravu and others (1991) was reported that computer application for library

and information work in a corporate R &D centre in India.

Shulze (1961), Ayres (1967), Chamis (1968), Whitehead (1980) cited some

examples of west some of the Indian cases in this area.

2.2.4 LIBRARIES AND COMPUTERS

The entries of computer in libraries were in the decade of 1950s. At that time

the cost of software is very high. After the decade of 1950s the prices of hardware and

software are reduced as a result computerized services started. In the year 1960 first

time ‘American Chemical Society’ published a journal of chemical citation with the

help of computer. In the 1980 computer communication network started, with the

help of micro computer.

The different studies which have been carried out, very few studies can be

termed as critical analysis of computerized libraries in India. Sharma Prahlad (2005)

state that, the role of computer in library automation and needs of computer use in

library. Mrs. Dalve Daya (2003) examined the nature and pattern of e- resources on

digital libraries and its related aspects.

According to EFY report (2003) by the electronic media we can one set to

replace paper book in near future. Suzie Allard (2002) stated in the research work the

25

digital library as the new way of carrying out the functions of libraries encompassing

new types of information resources.

Mrs. Kamble Veena (2003) in her research work defines the process of

digitization and digital library. Kamaiah and Anuradha (2000) have explained the

significance of the concept and birth of virtual library. It has proved to be a great help

in the virtual library of 21st century academic library. R.P.S. Dhaka and Kamlesh

Aroara (1995) they both have mentioned that the importance of computers in library

field and they describe the picture of a modern library. Dr.Seva Singh (1990) describe

that, in India the library and information field and some libraries and research

organizations have introduced computer system to automate their functions.

In the other research work J.N. Sharma (1989) pointed out the importance of

electronic computers and also the other items of the new information technology. It

has revolutionized library operations and services. S. Dutt (1987) has mentioned that

the advent of computers have changed the librarians attitude towards libraries day to

day routine. He explained the basic of computers for librarians and the need of

computers.

2.2.5 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

A University library is the heart of a University. Dr.Shankar Dayal Sharma,

late President of India, while inaugurating the Eight World Book Fair on 5th February

1988 in New Delhi, said, “ A library is more important than a University, because a

library can function without a university whereas a university cannot function without

a library”.

The University Library serves as a vital link in the chain between research and

practice. It remains the centre of all academic activities of the university. It remains

more than a library, a laboratory or a workshop. The well organized and properly

administered university library serves as an invaluable aid in the conservation of

knowledge and ideas by acquiring and processing reading material. It serves as an

active force in the teaching and research programmes through direct assistance to the

faculty members, research scholars and students. A quality education is impossible

without a good library. So the university libraries have a varied role in higher

education.

26

The value of libraries in higher education has been emphasized in various

commission reports.

Calcutta University Commission (1917-19) told that “It is right and proper that

the university should provide great libraries and great laboratories for research with

great scholars to direct them”.

The University Grant Committee (United Kingdom) report (1921) stressed

about the university library as, “The character and efficiency of a university may be

gauged by its treatment of its central organ the library. We regard the fullest

provision for library maintenance as the primary and most vital need in the equipment

of a university is mainly a question of learning how to use the tools and if the library

tools are not there how can the students learn to use them”.

Thomas Parry (1967) the University Grants Committee Report of United

Kingdom (1921) by adding a statement that, ‘this is as true today after forty five years

as it was when it was written”.

University Education Commission (1948-49) Realizing the efficiency of

libraries in higher education programmes, the education commission of India, under

the Chairmanship of Dr.S.R.Ranganathan report aptly describes the place of library in

higher education. The library is the heart of all the university’s work, directly so as

regards its research work and indirectly as regards its educational work which derives

its life from research work. Scientific research needs a library as well as its

laboratories while for humanities research, the library is both library and laboratory.

Both for humanistic and scientific studies, a first class library is essential in a

university.

Truman’s Commission (1948-49) says about the University libraries as, “the

library is second only to the instructional staff in its importance for higher quality

instructions and research.

Kothari Commission Report (1964-66) suggested that , “No new university,

college or department should be set up without taking into account its library needs in

terms of staff, books, journals, space etc. Nothing could be more damaging to a

growing department than to neglect its library or to give it a low priority. On the

27

contrary, the library should be an important centre of attraction on the college or

university campus”.

Paul Buck’s (1964) famous observations about the university library referred

to as his ‘credo’ are worth mentioning here-

a. The library is the heart of education.

b. Methods and fashion in education change from generation to generation, but

each generation uses the library as a means of realizing its terms, hence the

library remains the great conservator of learning.

c. A quality education is impossible without a quality library.

d. You can’t have quality faculty without a quality library.

e. A library is vital to proper exploitation of our intellectual resources.

f. The library is essential to maintenance of free access to ideas, and to the

functioning of the untrammeled mind.

According the Gelfand (1968) “the fundamental role of the library is

educational. It should not be operated as a mere sore house of books attached to a

reading room, but as a dynamic instrument of education. It should feed the intellect

of the student, encourage the researches of the faculty, and invite all who enter its

house to partake fully of its intellectual and cultural fare”.

To quote Line (1968) “the foundation of the university library is to bring

together information or knowledge on the one hand and human beings on the other”.

It is understood that no system of higher education can produce better result

without a strong library at its centre. Educational requirements and methods have

greatly changed and broadened and both faculty and students are becoming more and

more dependent on libraries.

2.2.6 DEEMED UNIVERSITIES

The UGC Act 1956 doesn’t seems to provide any clear definition of a deemed

university, then also this university is differ from regular universities.

The status allows full autonomy in courses, syllabus, admission and fees.

28

According to websites (deemeduniversitiesinindia) (2013) Deemed University

is as follows.

-It is autonomous in the sense of setting its own educational agenda. (Courses,

Syllabus, Teaching methodologies etc.).

-It is administratively autonomous in the sense that is does not need to abide

by the rules and regulations of any other university on administrative matter.

-It can award degrees under its own name, instead of that of a university to

which it is affiliated.

-It cannot be an affiliating university of the sense of allowing other

instructions to affiliate themselves to it.

- It cannot be a purely teaching institution. Research has to be an integral part

of its activities.

a) Difference between Deemed and Autonomous University

Every University will be autonomous under its constitutions subject to certain

rules and regulations to be followed internally. Deemed status is granted by external

legal body to each university subject to compliance of certain rule and regulations

imposed by such body. Autonomous is internal and deemed is external factor.

b) Difference between Deemed and Regular University

The Deemed University status enables not just fully autonomy in setting

course work and syllabus of those institutions and research centre, but also allows it to

set its own guidelines for the admissions, fees, and instructions of the students.

The parents universities of these deemed university cannot control its

administration, though the degree of deemed universities are awarded by the parent

university. However may deemed universities are allowed to award degrees under

their own name.

The Radhakrishnan Commission (1948) devoted a chapter on deemed

university it say’s ‘During the earlier years of the nationalist movement a number of

institutions of higher education’s were established independent of the government and

29

its support, determine to work out their own destinies in the spirit of free India.

Though their difficulties and discouragement were great and the morality among them

high, a few of them survived and have justified the heroic struggle they made.

The commission suggested that in order to give these institutions university

status the government may consider adapting the method of creating universities by

charter.

2.2.7 MAHARASHTRA STATE

Maharashtra is a part of western India. It is India’s third largest state by area

and second largest by population. The state covers an area of 307, 731 sq. kilometers.

(118,816 sq m.) or 9.84 % of the total geographical area of India. It is bordered by the

state of Madhya Pradesh to the north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Andhra Pradesh to the

southeast, Karnataka to the south, and Goa to the southwest. The state of Gujarat lies

to the northwest, with the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli sandwiched in

between. The Arabian Sea makes up Maharashtra’s west coast.

Ambala Yellosa .Ed. (2009) Mumbai, the capital city of the state, is India’s

largest city and the financial capital of the nation. Marathi is the official and most

widely spoken language. Maharashtra is the richest state in India, contributing to 15

% of the country’s industrial output.

2.2.7.1 History

In the 17 th Century, the Marathas rose under the leadership of Chhatrapati

Shivaji against the Mughals who were ruling a large part of India. After the third

Anglo-Maratha war, the empire ended and most of Maharashtra became part of

Bombay state under a British Raj. After Indian independence, Maharashtra Samyukta

Maharashtra samiti demanded unification of all Marathi speaking regions under one

state. The first state reorganization committee created the current Maharashtra state

on May 1, 1960. The Marathi speaking areas of Bombay state, Deccan states and

Vidarbha united to form the current state.

The Nasik Gazetteer state that in 246 B.C. Maharashtra is mentioned as one of

the places to which Asoka sent as embassy, and Maharashtra is recorded in a

Chalukyan inscription of A.D. 580 as including three provinces and 99, 000 villages.

30

The name Maharashtra also appeared in a 7th century inscription and in the account of

a Chinese traveler, Hiuen-Tsang. In 90 A.D. Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king

Satakarni, the “Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of

Sovereignty”, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. In

the early fourteenth century the Devgiri Yadavs were overthrown by the northern

Muslim powers. Then on, the region was administered by various kingdoms called

Deccan Sultanates.

2.3 USERS’ SURVEY

Bare (1966) views “Periodically it is necessary to canvas the user’s population

of a library to determine whether the objectives of library are being met”.

Coover, Robert (1969) States “A determination of the needs of users is

absolutely essential to the management of an information center.”

Kawatra (1985) describes in his article attitude of users, reasons for

conducting user studies and findings of user studies, he gave major findings as,

-The study carried out by Kennedy, to explore the attitudes of academic

librarians towards older adult users of the library. It was found that age is not

necessarily a debilitative to learn in older adults.

-Chruchlands & Nedlands carried out surveys of student attitudes to their

respective libraries.

UGC describes ways for promotion of reading habits and Library Association

emphasizes on user education. D.N.Dutta has given practical hints for using libraries,

S.R. Ranganathan has given annotation on user’s survey in his article he has further

given stress on book selection, organization, function, inter-library loan, catalogue,

circulation, reference service, library administration, documentation etc. It can be

concluded that users are prime factor of library. Therefore, for full satisfaction of

users, their requirements of needs should always be considered.

2.4 COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT Osborn (1980) State about collection

development as, “The concept of collection development, which is relatively recent

terminology in library science, makes explicit that there has to be planning behind the

31

growth or maintenance of collections, and the collections at any given time in the

future should be the result of development rather than evolution. The concept

implies that collection response to changing conditions is to be a part of a

predetermined, definable system of relating the collection to the community, managed

by the librarian”.

Osborn further states about collection management that, it has been used

synonymously with “collection development” as a comprehensive term including

selection, maintenance, and the planning and policy-making functions.

Hannaford’s (1980) assertion is that “Collection development is one of the

most discussed and still least well-known areas within librarianship”.

Veer (2010), State as about collection development as “Care should to taken at

the time of planning of collection development policy with regards to requirements of

users” Further he can be concluded that the “collection development comprises

various activities such as selection, acquisition, collection management etc.”

2.4.1 BOOK SELECTION

Katz William A. (1980). Identifies importance of book selection policy and

also indicates role of book selection in collection development. Maccolvins, Demand

theory, Dewey. Best book to the largest number of the readers at the least cost and

Drury. Right book to the right reader at the right time. These principles for book

selection which are always useful for book selection procedures.

Ranganathan (1966). Had given golden rules for book selection, which covers,

“the idea is to select a book only after inspection and perusal, high character and

integrity on the part of the library profession, it should be the joint responsibility of

the library staff and teaching staff, save the time of the staff by eliminating time lag in

book selection, judge not hastily or light-heartedly, reject not easily err on the side of

selection rather than rejection”.

Dr.Ranganathan and Gopinath (1966) stated about the book selection

procedure as, “In some libraries, book selection work is done at the end of financial

year”. While as per UGC standards, it should be scattered throughout the year.

32

On the view of book selection, another most important article of Pankake

(1994). It is very informative and useful. He describes the function & responsibilities

of collection development, management of collection development and new issues

and old ideals of collection development. It us concluded that, considering the

importance and increasing cost o books, selection of proper books in existing situation

is essential.

2.4.2 LIBRARY COLLECTION

Library collection contains books as well as non-book materials.

Kaula (1983) indicates about the collection development i.e. “uniform policy for

building the collection including subject, scope, depth of coverage and types of

materials should be enforced”.

However, R.G. Prasher (1993) describe in detailed about developing library

collection form selection and acquisition of books and non-book materials to

problems created in collection development in India.

2.5 LIBRARY SERVICES

In the electronic age the emergence of the Internet, particularly the WWW as a

new medium of information storage and delivery, represents revolution, which would

have a lasting impact on the information delivery system in the 21 century.

Increasing number of publishers are using the Internet as a global way to offer their

publications to the international community of scientists and technologies.

According to Singh Rupinder. (2011). providing borderless and boundless

information services is called Globalization of library services. Further he states that

in the context of library and information science and services, globalization signifies

the application of information and communication technologies in reaching the

general masses even in the remotest area of the world.

Kawatra (2005) stated that the role of a library is to provide access to its

carefully planned collection. If electronic resources on the Web and Internet are

treated as new media of information access and its delivery, the libraries have to play

their role for selecting, evaluating, describing, annotating and providing intelligent

access to electronic information available on the Web.

33

Chandran D. and Patil S.K.(2000). Both have discussed the use of internet

resources and infrastructural requirement for networking and network based services

in S.V. University and Pune University respectively.

Gaddagimath and Jange Suresh (2000). Both have concluded the future plans

of the Gulbarga University Library for extending its services in a networked

environment for resource sharing.

Jajoo B.H. and Ashok Jambhekar (2000).have mentioned the library services

of Vikram Sarabhai Library at IIM, Ahmedabad on IAN. Further B. Ramesh Babu

(2000) highlighted the recent development in OPACs namely OPAC in the west,

described the features of web OPAC, its advantages, disadvantages and the system

requirements for the design and development of web OPAC. In another research

Satish K. Mariyappagondar and S. Jayashree (2000) both have discussed a model for

implementation by way of creating profile based SDI services by e-mail also the

possibilities and mechanisms for archiving the information.

Maheshwarappa B.S., N. Vijayalaxmi and P.G. Tadsad (2000). Examined the

issue to be addressed and strategies to be followed for exploiting networks

information resources for providing information services in Indian Libraries.

Chopra Y.L. and Bhaskar Mukherjee (2000) both have analyzed the use of IT

application in the library services at the university library of RDVLL, Jabalpur

analysis was based on the user profiles maintained by the university library.

In another research Shanmugam (2000) briefly discussed the idea of internet

rather than the technology part of it and its advantages application to information

services environments.

Shridhan S. (2000) provided an overview of the reference sources and services

available in the internet. It critically examines the merits and demerits of internet

based reference services. Anuradha K.T. (2000) discussed the different types of CAS

available on the net and tried to provide a holistic view on offering CAS via internet

by making users aware of such kind of services.

34

2.6 LIBRARY MANPOWER

In the AIU published bibliography, it was observed that 146 Ph.D theses

accepted by different universities in India, 15 (10.24 %) were related to manpower

problems in libraries. However these theses deal with the areas of the subject about

job satisfaction, placement, work environment or professional manpower needs etc.

further these theses consider different types of libraries.

In the state of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Himachal Pradesh Government and

AICTE and NCTE the staff pattern is based on strength of students while Kerala

Government and UGC guidelines are based on workload.

Further, Sewa Sing and A. Amudhavalli stated that “Academic libraries ought

to be staffed with user –oriented professionals who not only understand their user

community and its need, but also know learning resources. Again he stated that,

manpower development is professional development i.e. the development of new

competencies and skills and appropriate knowledge among the working librarians to

cope up with the new situations. On this front, general and advanced level continuing

education programmes should be launched on a large scale.

According to Geisler (2002) & Pandey Ravidra (2002) “HR planning is the

process-including forecasting, developing and controlling by which a firm insures that

it has the right number of people and the right kind of people at the right places at the

right time doing work for which they are economically most useful”.

Wendell Frech (2002) & Pandey Ravindra (2002) Human Resource Planning

may be defined, “as the process of assessing the organizations human resources needs

in the light of organizational goals and making plans to ensure that a competent,

stable work force is employed”.

According to E.M.Vetter,& Pandey Ravindra (2002) Human Resource

Planning (2002) is “a process by which an organization should move from its current

manpower position to its desired manpower position. Through planning, management

strives to have the right number and right kind of people at the right places at the right

time, doing things which result in both the organization and the individual receiving

maximum long run benefit”.

35

Leon C Megginson (2002) is the opinion that, human resource planning is “an

integrated approach to performing the planning aspects of the personnel function in

order to have a sufficient supply of adequately developed and motivated people to

perform the duties and tasks required to meet organizational objectives and satisfy the

individual needs and goals of organizational members”.

Jaya Kumar Jammalamdaka (1995) has conducted a research on Professional

attitudes towards library computerization; a study of university and special libraries in

Andhra Pradesh. He suggested that the staff attitude towards library computerization

is not encourasing.

It can be concluded that, Human resources plan must incorporate the human

resources needs in the light of organizational goals. That means, there should be

uniform staffing pattern for university libraries in general and deemed university

libraries in particular.

2.7 LIBRARY FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT

Seetharama (1990) given guidelines for planning of furniture and equipments

which covers factors of planning, items of furniture and its selection, library and

office furniture, office equipments, reprography equipment, Audio-Visual aids,

computer / data processing equipments etc.

AICTE (1990) has given essential and desirable norms for reader’s tables and

chairs, book racks, reference shelves, periodical stands, furniture for librarian etc.

It can be summarized that, attractive and well furnished library be helpful to attract

the readers towards the library.

2.8 LIBRARY BUILDING

Seetharama (1990) given planning and guidelines about the construction of

library Building. These guidelines are about space planning, internal planning,

planning of library building, criteria and designing and has also given Indian

standards etc. This is supposed to be significant contribution of S.Seetharama.

AICTE, NCTE and UGC also had given guidelines about University Library

Buildings.

36

Devarajan (1999) described “the library building, furniture and equipment are

very important, so far as preservation of reading material and providing effective

services are concerned”.

It can be summarized that, comfortable and adequate space is necessary for University

Library Building.

2.9 FINANCE

Banki (1974) “Budget is a comprehensive document, containing the detailed

estimates and the plans for the financial transaction to carry out its programme

effectively during a fiscal period”

Wilson and Tauber suggested three ways in which librarian can prepare

budgetary estimates. They are i). by comparison with past expenditure; ii) by

budgeting in accordance with the work programme; and iii) by using arbitrary

standards and rules.

Bavakutty (1985) states “Finance is another serious hindrance to the growth

and proper functioning of libraries. The funds are quite often inadequate but

unfortunately the available funds are also not always spent.

University Education commission (1948-49) The Education commission as

early as 1948-49 had suggested that “there is no doubt that in most of our universities

the annual grants for libraries are very inadequate.

Devarajan (1999) Emphasized in his article that “it is often found that college

and University libraries continued to suffer from lack of proper financial support.

Increased financial support is needed not only to meet the varied demands of their

increasing users but also to meet the increase in the cost of documents.

2.9.1 BUDGETARY NORMS AND STANDARDS

Kothari commission (1964-66) Report on Education has recommended that

“There is no formula for estimating with precision how much money a University

should invest in its libraries.

It has been found that the expenditure on library in relation to total

educational expenditure of the university has gone up from 1.88 % in 1951-52 to 4.04

37

% in 1960-61, by which time the grants provided by the UGC had begun to make an

impact.

The University Education Commission has suggested about 6.5 % of

educational budget as reasonable expenditure on libraries. But this could vary say

from 6.5 % to 10 % depending on the state of development of each university library.

It may also be suggested that, as a norm, a University should spend each year

about Rs. 25 for each student registered and Rs. 300 per teacher.

Khurshid Anis (1972) the recommendations of the Hunter Commission (1972)

about special grants to libraries were actually the first official statement stressing the

need for assistance to libraries attached to institutions of higher learning.

Indian University Commission (1902) under the chairmanship of Sir Thomas

Raleigh was appointed by Lord Curzon in 1902. The commission paid special

attention to the University libraries and found that, “of the present University libraries

there is not much to be said. The library at Madras appears to be entirely neglected.

Bombay has good collection of oriental and other books, but the library is little used

by graduates and hardly at all by students. Calcutta has a library and money has been

granted for the purpose of making it supplementary to other libraries in Calcutta. It is

open to fellows and to persons permitted by the syndicate to use it for the purpose of

library research. The Allahabad University has no library; Lahore has not a very large

University Library.

Calcutta University Commission (1917-19) the commission pointed out that

the majority of academic libraries did not provide open access to their collection and

books could not be borrowed for home use. The general observation of the

commission about the university and college libraries is that in general the libraries

are quite inadequate for the needs of the students and still more for those of the

teachers.

The commission was of the view that “one of the greatest weaknesses of the

existing systems is the extraordinarily unimportant part which is played by the library.

Raj Committee (1982) Karnataka University suggested 20 % of university

budget for libraries.

38

AIU Report (1986) on National policy on University libraries 10 % of total

budget of university libraries.

ICAR and Agricultural University Libraries Commission (1967) headed by

Dr. Dorothy Parker, suggested that “it is recommended that at least 6 % of the total

annual budget of each institute or university be allowed to the library for its annual

operation”.

Ranganathan (4th plan) advocated for 10 % of total university budget as library

expenditure. He further stated that “per capita expenditure on university and college

libraries should be Rs. 20 per student and Rs. 300 per teacher or Rs. 50 per student.

The University Education Commission (1948-49) offers strongly emphasizing

the important role of libraries in education.

The commission suggested Rs 40 per student as the normal expenditure to be

incurred on libraries. It this recommendation is adopted by all the Universities and

the affiliated colleges the expenditure will be, in addition to what is being incurred at

present, 4 % of the total budget.

The UGC (1957) appointed a library Committee in 1957, under the

chairmanship of Dr. S.R.Ranganathan to look in to the conditions of the University

and college libraries in India.

It is seen from the reviewed literature that, library expenditure should be in the

range of 4 % to 10 % of the total institutions budget. However, with regards to library

budget it should be allocated on the basis and in the range of Rs. 20 per student and

300 per teacher of Rs 50 per student.

2.10 LIBRARY AUTOMATION

Extensive use of computers in University Libraries of India is now a well

known fact. Computerizing university library is a changing phenomenon to

revolutionize the traditional libraries. Different studies has been carried out to

analyses the status of computerization in India.

Olaniyi O.M., A.Omotosho, E.V. Oluwatosin, etc. (2012) “Automation of the

library is a key elements for industry”. Sashi Prabha singh and R.S.R.Verulakshmi

39

(2012) with the introduction of technology, the scenario has totally changed as today

they can provide information 24 *7, crossing all the geographical boundaries. This

was possible because of the use of computers and accessing the networking and

consortia. Again they stated that with the fast technological developments, user’s

information requirements are becoming more and more personalized so libraries are

entering into a new era of using newer technology.

Reddy Y. Nagi, Ali Yakub (2006) Indira Gandhi Memorial Library,

University of Hyderabad, has computerized all its in house operations and provides

information technology based services over the networks to the users. In this paper

author attempts to evaluate the services provided by the library in the IT environment

and also find out the user satisfaction based on a questionnaire survey.

Tripathi, C.Lal and Kumar (2002) describe library automation,”Principally the

use of computers, associated with magnetic tapes, disks optical disks, etc, computer

based products and services I library work. Further he stated that, library automation

is the- Computerization of all the housekeeping operations of the library, Operate a

computerized library management system, Ingrate needs information technologies,

Offer new services based on the technologies and also integrate the traditional library

operation in the era, and Improve control over increased volume of work load of the

library.

Shibu Ray S. and Shynu Ray S.(1999) , Devarajan (1999), Udofiation Udofia

(2001) describe library automation in cataloguing and serial control along with

present scenario and the applications of information technology in the college and

University libraries along with merits of application of computer to library.

Library automation can influence in various manners. Some of the areas are

as fallows.

-To improve the level of information service and quality of information

products.

-To fulfill such needs that cannot be achieved by manual system.

Saha Anant Lal (2002) has conducted a study on ‘Information and library

network (INFLIBNET) a case study of university libraries and information centres in

40

Gujrat’ in Sambalpur University. He mentioned the importance of INFLIBNET center

and the role of this center in automation of university libraries of India.

Amjad Ali (1995) observed that the computer has provided to be the most

powerful tool for management of information. But in the Indian universities its

potential has not been realized properly. Further they stated that the universities

libraries have to face the challenge of computer the gap in library profession will

adversely affect the overall processes of education.

In this context Haravu L.J (1993) felt that there was very little activity in the

libraries of the country and that library automation in fact was conspicuous by its

absence. He described library automation efforts in the country and on software

development in the country for library automation and the library and information

networking scene in the country.

In the same way TAV Murthy, V.S.Cholin, J.Chandraiah, Yogendra Singh,

K.C. Dabas, Sew Singh, Nasib Gilli and Sheela Dabas (2003) all have discussed the

library automation scene in university libraries of India discussed the problems and

prospectus.

REFERENCES

1. AICTE (1990). All India Council for Technical Education. Norms and

Standards for Engineering College: Degree Programme. Pune: Vidyarthi Griha

Prakashan, p.13.

2. Ali Amjad (2004). Information Technology and Libraries. Delhi: Ess Ess

publication,p. 5.

3. Ambala Yellosa Ed. (2009). District Profile: States & UTs, Vol.-V.New Delhi:

Arise PublisUniversisty Grants Commission (1965). University & College

Libraries, New Delhi: UGC.p.41-45.

4. Anyakoha M. W. (2005). Information and communication technology in

library services. Loal city libraries, Vol.2. No.1 & 2. p. 2-12.

5. Arora J. Sharanpal Kaur (1992). Recent Information Technology and their

impact on dissemination of information. Annals of library sciences and

documentation. 39(1).p.12.

41

6. Ashok T.Babu.(1997). Information Technology; Problems and prospective. IT

applications in academic libraries in India. (Caliber, 97), Thapar Institute of

Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Ahmadabad: INFLIBNET center .p.49.

7. Association of Indian Universities (1997). Bibliography of Doctoral

Dissertations in Social Sciences in 13 vols., 1980-81 to 1993, New Delhi:

AIU.

8. Association of Indian Universities (1997). Op. cit. (1).

9. Atkinson R. (1967). University Grants Committee (UK). Capital Provision for

University Libraries: Report of a working party. London: UGC.p.9.

10. Ayres (1967). Some Application of mechanization in a large special library.

Journal of documentation, 23.p.34-43.

11. Bare, CaroleE. (1966). Conducting user requirement studies in special

libraries. Special Libraries 57 (2), p.103-116.

12. Bhatt R.K. (1995). History and Development of Libraries in India. New Delhi:

Mittal Publication, p.11.

13. Borse T.R. (2001).Information and Information Technology ASLIC Bulletin,

46 (2), p.79-92.

14. Buck Paul (1964). Libraries and Universities. Harvard: Harvard University

Press .p.9.

15. Calcutta University Commission (1917-19) Report Vol. 1. Calcutta:

Govt.press.1919. p. 407.

16. Cambridge University Press (1996). Cambridge International Dictionary of

English, Ist Ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University press, p. 728.

17. Chaims A, .Y. (1967). The Application of Computers at the BF Goodrich

Research Centre Library, Special Libraries, 58 (9),p.634-638.

18. Concise Oxford English Dictionary (2007). 11th Rev.Ed., New York: Oxford

University press, p.730.

19. David Bundy (1996). Videoconferencing: into the future Telecommunications.

20. Dewey Melvil quoted by N. Laxman Rao & Ratna Rao, ibid.

21. Dutt S. (1987). The basic of computers for librarians, Luckonw: Librarian; 19

(3-4).p.129.

22. Dutta D.N (1975). Libraries and their uses. Calcutta: World Press.p.86-92.

42

23. Ebijuwa.A.A. (2005). Information and communication technology in

university libraries: the Nigeria experience. Journal of library and information

science.Vol.7.No 1 72.p.23-30.

24. Geisler & Pandey Ravindra (2002). Library and Information science. New

Delhi: Ramesh Publishing House, p. 530.

25. Gopinath M.A. (1984). Current Trends in Information Sources and

communication media, Bangalore: PRTC Refresher seminar. ChaMcColvins

quoted by; N. Laxman Rao & Ratna Rao, ibid.

26. Hannaford’s (1980). Toward a theory of collection development in collection

Development in Libraries: A Treatise. (Foundations in Library and

Information Science, Vol.10, Part B; Edited by R.D. Stueart and G.B. Miller),

Greenwich: Jai Press. P. 573-585.

27. Harvau L.J. (1985). Computer Application to library and information work at

the technical information centre, BHEL corporate R & D Division, Annals of

library science and Documentation. Vol. 32(1-2). p.41-49.

28. India Education Commission (1964-66). India Education Commission,

Chairman- D.S. Kothaari.p.288.

29. Indian Universities Commission (1902). Report. Simla, Government central

printing office. 13.

30. Ishvari Corea (1993). Encyclopaedia of Information and library science. New

Delhi: Akashdeep publishing house, p.1544.

31. Jitendra Ahirrao (2003). Information Technology. Aurangabad: Chinmaya

prakashan, p.12.

32. Kamaiah.P. and Anuradha .P. (2000). Virtual Libraries a vision of the

academic library of the 21st century certain basic assumptions. Information

services in a networked environment in India. (Caliber 2000), University of

Madras, Chennai: INFLIBNET Center Ahmedabad.p.100.

33. Kamble Veena. (2003). Digital Libraries: Impact of digitization on

development of information professionals (National Seminar), Aurangabad:

Dr. B. A. M. University, PhD.

34. Kasirao V., Sheeladevi K. & Ramesh Babu (2006). Application of Information

Technology in academic and corporate sector library and information centres

(LICS) in Chennai, Madras: An analytical study, Library and information

technology. 2 (1) .p25-33.

43

35. Katz William A. (1980). Quoted by N. Laxman Rao & Ratna Rao. Collection

Development in University Libraries. Academic Libraries Role in the

National Development; Festschrift volume in the honour of N.B. Inamdar. Ed.

By Esaac, Dorothy, A.A. N. Raju & L.S. Ramaiah, Madras; T.R. Publication,

1993.p.83-105.

36. Kaur Amritpal and Nandan Naresh (2000). Impact of Information technology

on University Libraries: A case study of Bhai Gurudas Library, GNDU,

Amritsar: Library Herald. Vol. 38 (1).p.43-47.

37. Kawatra, P.S. (2005). Internet for Information Technology services in

libraries: Information Technology for e-Libraries. Jaipur: Raj publishing

house, p.107.

38. Khode Subhash and Dhar Upinder (2003). Information technology and five

laws of library sciences. Library Herald.Vol. 41 (1).p.58-61.

39. Kothari D.S (1964-66).The Kothari Commission Report, India, Education

Commission. New Delhi: Opcit.p.287.

40. Krishna K.N. and Singh Neena (2006). Impact of Information Technology in

Information Management: Library vision 2020. SRELS: Journals of

Information Management. Vol.43 (1), paper D.p.51-56.

41. Kshurshid Anis (1972). Growth of Libraries in India. International Library

Review 4. P.31.

42. Kumar, P.S.G. (1987). Research in Library & Information Science in India.

New Delhi: Concept publishing company, p. xiii.

43. Lal.C. (2008). Information Literacy in the Digital Age. New Delhi: Ess Ess

publication, p.159.

44. Line M.B. (1968).The function of the University library in University and

research library studies. Ed.by. W.L. Saunders. Oxford press. p.148.

45. Mallikarjun Angadi & Koganuramath (2001). Harnessing Information

Technology for social scientists. IASLIC Bulletin 46 (3).p.121-131.

46. Munshi Amita. (2006). Unique Card Solutin for Hi-Tech. Libraries. Road Map

to new generation of libraries. Jamia- milia- Islamia, 2006. Ahmedabad:

INFLIBNET center, p.407.

47. Niran Adetoro and Christopher N Kiko (2009). Information Technology

Availability and its Utilization by Academic Staff of Covenant University,

44

Nigeria: Indian Journals of Library and Information Science, Sept-Dec. 2009,

Vol.3.No.3.p.129.

48. Nishi Sharma (2011). Application of Information Technology in Banking

Sector. International Journals of Information Dissemination and Technology.

Vol.1.No.2 (April-June).p.92.

49. Nithyanandam K. (2000). Application of Information Technology in academic

libraries. Information services in networked environment in India (Caliber

2000), University of Madras, Chennai. Ahmadabad: INFLIBNET center.p.

203.

50. O.M. Olaniyi, A. Omotosho, E.A Oluwatosin (2012). Application of

Information Communication Technology to the management of library

reader’s desk. DESIDOC journals of library and information

technology.Vol.32. No.6. (Nov.), p.517.

51. Ojha D.C (1995). Computer Application in Library and Information Science.

Jodhpur: Science scientific publisher, p. 6-7.

52. Osborn, C.B. (1980). Education for collection development in collection

Development in Libraries: A Treatise.(Foundations in Library and Information

Science, Vol. 10, Part B; Edited by R.D. Stueart and G.B. Miller), Greenwich:

Jai Press, p.559-572.

53. Pathak, Vijay and Ramaiah, L.S.(1986). Bibliography of Research in Library

and Information Science in India. Gurgaon: Indian Documentation Service,

p.1-123.

54 Prasher, R.C. (1993). Developing Library Collection. New Delhi: Medallion

Press, p. 15-211.

55 Praveen K.Kumar (2011). Effective Utilization of e-Resources and services in

Academic Libraries of Mumbai: A case study. Journals of Indian Library

Association, April-Sept.2011. Vol.XLVII.No.2-3.p.29.

56 President Truman’s Commission (1948-49). India, University Education

Commission Report. New Delhi. Vol.1.p.111-112.

57 Ranganathan, S.R. & Gopinath, M. A. (1966). Library book selection 2nd ed.

Bombay: Asia Publishing House, p. 436.

58 Ranganathan, S.R. (1966). Library book selection, Bombay: Asia Publishing

House.

45

59 Ranganathan, S.R. (1971). Annotations on Users Survey. Annals of Library

Science and Documentation, 17 (1-2) p.1-22.

60 Ranganathan, S.R. (4th Plan) fourth Plan Period Library Science with slant

Documentation 2 (4), p. 327.

61 Reddy Y.Nagi & Ali Yakub. (2006). Information technology based services in a

university library : users satisfaction survey. Annals of library and information

studies.Vol.53, p. 15-17.

62 Rupali S. Sharnangat, Shinde P.A., Ingale R.N. (2013).Application of IT and

current status of Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth Library, Rahuri: Indian

Journals of library and information science.Vol.7. No.2.(May-August).p.165.

63 Sahu Ashok Kumar (2008). Information Management in New Millennium. New

Delhi: Ess Ess publication, p.33.

64 Saikia Mukesh. Application of Information Technology in Tezpru University

Library. IT applications in academic libraries in India (Caliber 97), Thapar

Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala

65 Seetharama S. (2003). Information Science & Information Technology chaos,

conflict and contradictions. Impact of digitization on development of

information professionals (National seminal); 28 Feb-Mar 2003; Dr.B.A.M.U.,

Aurangabad, paper EE.

66 Seetharama, S. (1990). Guidelines for Planning of Library and Information

Centers. Calcutta: IASALIC, p. 167.

67 Sharma J.N. (1989) Computer Applications in Libraries, Lucknow Librarians;

21 (1).p.34.

68 Sharma Prahlad. (2005). Role of Computers in Library Automation, Jaipur: Raj

publishing house, 2005. p.128.

69 Shibu Ray S. & Shynu Ray.S. (1999). Library Computerization in India: An

overview. Fifty Years of Indian Librarianship ed. By G. Devarajan. P. 214-219.

70 Shulze E.L. (1961). Application of Informatin in the library: Indexing Internal

report special libraries, Vol.52 (2), p.5-10.

71 Singh Rupinder (2011). Globalization of Information sources and services.

International journals of information dissemination and technology. Vol.1. No. 2

(April-june).p.101.

46

72 Singh Sashi Prabha and R.S.R. Veralakshmi (2012). Cloud Computing: A

Promising Economic model for library and information centers. DESIDOC

Journals of library and information technology Vol. 32.No.6.p.525.

73 Sinha Kamla (2005). Access to Information Technology in Modern Libraries,

Delhi: Vista International publishing house, p. 59.

74 Sivkumaren, B.Jeyaprakash, S. Gopalakrishnan and V.Geetha (2011). Attitudes

towards information and communication technology among library

professionals in and around Chennai: international journals of information

dissemination and technology. Vol.1 No.2 (April-June).p.61.

75 Suryanarayana .N. (1999). Role of Academic Libraries in changing information

scenario. Academic Libraries in internet era (Caliber 99). Nagpur University

Library, Nagpur. Ahmedabad: INFLIBNET center.p. 15.

76 T. Vishwanathan (1991).Applicaation of Information Technology in libraries.

Annals of library science and Documentations; 38(1), p.1.

77 Thomas Parry (1967). University Grants Committee (UK). Thomas Parry

Report. London: HMSO.p.9.

78 Tripathi S.M, C. Lal, K.Kumar (2002). Descriptive questions in library and

information science. New Delhi: Ess Ess Publication.p . 464.

79 Udofia Udofiation (2001). Computer and the Library .ILM 23 (2). P. 99-112.

80 University Education Commission (1948-49). India, University Education

Commission 1948-49. Chairman S. Radhakrishanan. P.111.

81 University Grant Commission (1957), Chairman-S.R.Ranganathan. College and

University Libraries. New Delhi: UGC 1965p. 21-22.

82 Uppadhya Padma (1997). Information Technology and Academic Libraries. IT

applications in academic libraries in India (Caliber 97), Thapar Institute of

Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Ahmadabad. p. 47.

83 Veer Dharmaraj (2002). College of Education Libraries in Maharashtra: A

Survey, Aurangabad. Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University,

Aurnagabad, 2002,p.28

84 Vora R. and Davarpanab M.R. (2000). Application of Information Technology

(IT) in A.C. Joshi Library. Information services in networked environment in

India (Caliber 2000).University of Madras, Chennai. 16-18 Feb. Ahmadabad:

INFLIBNET center. p.160.

47

85 Vyas K.N., Grover V.K. and Kawatra P.S.(2005). Information Technology for

e- libraries. Jaipur: Raj publishing house, p.91.

86 Webster, Noah (1978). Webster’s New 20th Century Dictionary of English

Language, USA: Unabridged 2nd Ed., Collins World. P 940.

87 Wendell French & Pandey Ravindra (2002). Library and Information science.

New Delhi: Ramesh Publishing House. p.530.

88 Whitehead (1980). Development in word processing system and their

application to information needs. Aslib proceeding, 32(3) p. 118-133.

89 WWW.deemeduniversitiesinindia.ac.com, accessed on 18.3.2013.