Review of Progress in

QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION Volume4A

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Review of Progress in

QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION Volume4A

Edited by Donald O. Thompson Ames Laboratory (USDOE) Iowa State Universtty Ames, Iowa

and Dale E. Chimenti Materials Laboratory Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Dayton, Ohio

PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 84-646699 ISBN-13:978-1-4615-9423-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-9421-5 001: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9421-5 First half of the proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, held July 8-13, 1984, at the University of California, San Diego, California

©1985 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the reprint of the 1 st edition 1985 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

PREFACE

This volume (parts A and B) contains the edited papers presented at the annual Review of Progress in Quantitative NDE held at the University of California, San Diego, July 8-13, 1984. We have chosen to organize the papers by subject, an arrangement that we feel to be more useful for a reference volume than the order of paper presentation at the Review. To do this, topical subject headings have been selected under which the large majority of papers reasonably fall. These categories cover a broad spectrum of research in NDE and encompass activities from funda­mental work to early engineering applications. The scope and depth of the Review may be easily assessed by examination of the Table of Contents. The Review was sponsored by the Center for Advanced NDE at the Ames Lab­oratory of the U.S. Dept. of Energy in cooperation with the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, USDOE, the Materials Laboratory at Wright-Patterson AFB, and the Naval Sea Systems Command. Approximately 300 attendees re­presenting various government agencies, industry, and universities parti­cipated in the technical presentations, poster sessions, and discussions. This Review, possibly the most comprehensive annual symposium in NDE, provides a valuable forum for the timely exchange of technical informa­tion. A few highlights of the Review are summarized in the following paragraphs.

Dr. Gary H. Glover of General Electric, Medical Systems Business Group, presented the keynote address on magnetic resonance imaging and its use in characterizing the internal structure of living tissue. In his paper, Dr. Glover describes several facets of this powerful imaging technique including volume imaging with relaxation time and chemical shift methods and system performance considerations. He concludes his paper with a brief discussion of potential NDE applications of this technique.

Major consideration was given in this conference to ultrasonic NDE, and several interesting developments in this topic are reported in Chapter 1. A decision-theoretic approach to flaw detection is shown to result in significant experimental improvements in signal-to-noise ratios in real-time signal processing. The interaction of a spatially varying elastic field from a transducer with a flaw of comparable dimensions has been modeled, and several other papers deal with the practical treatment of signals from commercial ultrasonic transducers and systems. In an­other development, tomographic reconstruction from ultrasonic attenuation and velocity has been made to yield defect and material property informa­tion.

A number of advances were reported that deal with techniques for the detection and characterization of surface-connected flaws. In Chapter 2

v

VI PREFACE

on eddy current technology, an unusual application of a highly sensitive SQUID device to map the magnetic field of an eddy-current coil is repor­ted. A series of papers that relate to the display of low frequency eddy-current data using methods derived from holographic image recon­struction and which produced a lively exchange at the Review is also given. Impressive results are reported in Chapter 3 that deal with the inversion of eddy-current data. In measurements on narrow slots in flat plate specimens, it is shown that slot length, depth, and opening could be deduced by analyzing two-dimensional scan data according to a recent theory for non-uniform coil fields. Papers that report the use of less traditional techniques for surface flaw detection and characterization are consolidated in Chapter 4. In a departure from typical detection methods used in thermal imaging, it is shown that the phase perturbation of an acoustic wave propagating in air just above a heated zone can be used to infer the thermal properties of the solid. Another paper reports the application of sensitive magneto-optic film materials to flaw visual­ization in ferrous materials.

A number of advances in inverse theoretical techniques and addition­al applications of inverse procedures to ultrasonics and eddy current technology were reported. It is shown in Section A of Chapter 3 that the use of a sensitivity matrix to assess the effects of noise and band lim­iting upon the quality of flaw reconstruction may provide a useful "bridge" between inverse theory and practical application. Section B includes a description of a technique to detect and characterize small surface flaws in ceramics using leaky Rayleigh waves. It is shown that the size of the cracks can be obtained from the acoustic spectra and that the spectra are not strongly dependent on the crack orientation. An interesting application of-a probabilistic technique to size and classify flaws is also given in this section. In this case, the power spectrum of the reflected ultrasonic wave is utilized to obtain the in­formation.

With the arrival of in-process inspection and control has come an awareness of the need for accurate measurement of material properties. The large number of papers in Chapter 5 reflect the justified interest in this growing area. Headed by a review article on material processing, this group includes work on thermal imaging to characterize thin coatings, acoustic resonance, and ultrasonic scattering to determine the porosity content of materials. Lamb-wave coupling between two plates through the nugget of a spot weld is proposed as a measurement of weld strength. Several papers treat the problem of wave propagation in the presence of crystal grains, and acoustic microscopy is demonstrated in application to surface characterization. Related research is contained in Chapter 6 on acoustoelasticity and stress. Since the stress state of a manufactured component can be a critical design parameter, reliable determination of residual stress in the presence of crystalline texture would be a highly useful capability. Work relating to stresses in plates, interfacial stresses, and temperature effects is reported here.

This Review included several new features. Papers from a session on product liability issues that arise from an increased reliance on NDE to assure conformance to product quality standards are included as Section A of Chapter 8, while nondestructive evaluation system reliability forms the subject of a group of papers collected in Section B. Topics covered range from statistical aspects of inspection to system performance mod­eling. A regular element of the Review over the past half-dozen years

PREFACE

has been an informal evening discussion session which focusses attention on current NDE problems. Because of the substantial interest generated among participants by this year's topic, Education for NDE Engineers, the editors have included papers and the edited transcript drawn from discussions at that session as Chapter 9.

The organizers of the Review wish to acknowledge the encouragement provided by the management of the Ames Laboratory and the cooperation of the various agencies recognized in the first paragraph of this Preface. They especially wish to thank Dr. Gary Glover of General Electric's Medical Systems Business Group for his excellent discussion of magnetic resonance imaging techniques. They are also grateful to Drs. H. Wadley, National Bureau of Standards, W. R. Scott, Naval Air Development Center, P. Gammel, Naval Surface Weapons Center, C. Annis, Pratt & Whitney, A. Berens, University of Dayton Research Institute, S. Marinov, Dresser Atlas, H. Sabbagh, Analytics, Inc., and O. Smith, Rockwell International Science Center, for their assistance in arranging selected sessions, and to the chairpersons and participants at the Review who initiated and contributed to the lively discussions. The organizers are particularly indebted to Mrs. Diane Harris who managed the logistics of the Review, to Ms. Linda Martin for her preparation of Review materials and assis­tance at the meeting, and to Ms. Margaret Pickett for her preparation of this manuscript and many details of the Review preparations.

Donald O. Thompson Ames Laboratory, USDOE Iowa State University

Dale E. Chimenti Materials Laboratory Air Force Wright Aeronautical

Laboratories Wright-Patterson AFB

CONTENTS

VOLUME 4A

KEYNOTE ADDRESS

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Medicine: Quantitative Tissue Characterization...................................... 1 Gary H. Glover

CHAPTER 1: ULTRASONICS

Section A: Probability of Detection

Improvements in Ultrasonic Measurement Modeling with Applications to Ultrasonic Reliability....................... 11 T. A. Gray, R. B. Thompson and B. P. Newberry

Statistical Approach to the Automation of Flaw Detection..... 19 R. K. E1s1ey, K. W. Fertig, J. M. Richardson and F. Cohen-Tenoudji

Statistical Flaw Detection in a Scanning Mode................ 27 K. W. Fertig, J. M. Richardson and R. K. E1s1ey

Section B: Scattering

A Finite Element Formulation for Ultrasonic NDT Modeling..... 37 R. Ludwig and W. Lord

Comparison of the T-Matrix and Helmholtz Integral Equation Methods for Wave Scattering Calculations..................... 45 W. Tobocman

Ultrasonic Scattering in Composites Using Spatial Fourier Transform Techniques................................. 53 L. W. Schmerr, Jr.

Interaction of Ultrasonic Waves with Simulated and Real Fatigue Cracks............................................... 61 D. K. Rehbein, R. B. Thompson and o. Buck

Modeling of Real UT Transducer Field/Flaw Interactions....... 73 B. A. Barna

Reflection of Ultrasonic Waves by an Array of Microcracks.... 83 Y. C. Angel and J. D. Achenbach

x CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: (CONTINUED)

A Model for the Ultrasonic Scattering From Multi-Branched Cracks....................................................... 91 J. D. Achenbach, K.-Y. Hu, A. N. Norris, T. A. Gray and R. B. Thompson

The Use of Surface Acoustic Waves to Study Small Fatigue Cracks in 7075-T65l Aluminum and 4340 Steel.................. 103 H. H. Yuce, D. V. Nelson and M. T. Resch

Elastic Wave Scattering by a Surface-Breaking Planar Crack in 3d........................................................ 115 William M. Visscher

Elastodynamic Stress Intensity Factors for an Interface Crack in a Layered Half Space................................ 125 Huey-Ju Pearl Yang and David B. Bogy

The Elastic Compliance of Imperfect Interfaces: Review and Relationship to Ultrasonic Scattering.................... 133 Jai-Man Baik and R. Bruce Thompson

Characterization of a Periodic Surface Profile by Pole-Zero Parameterization of Elastodynamic Pulse Reflections.......... 145 R. A. Roberts and J. D. Achenbach

Response of an Elastic Plate to Surface Loads and Buried Dislocat ion Sources.......................................... 153 N. Vasudevan and A. K. Mal

Surface Wave Modes on Spherical Cavities Excited by Incident Ultrasound.......................................... 161 Anton Nag!, Y. J. Stoyanov, J. V. Subrahmanyam, H. Uberall, P. P. Delsanto, J. D. Alemar and E. Rosario

Section C. Transducers and Signal Processing

Relationship of Gaussian Beam Theory to Scanned Ultrasonic Measurements with Commercial Transducers..................... 167 R. B. Thompson and E. F. Lopes

Deconvolution by Design - An Approach to the Inverse Problem of Ultrasonic Testing................................ 179 D. Eitzen, N. Hsu, A. Carasso and T. Proctor

System Analysis for Wide Band Ultrasonic Test Set-Ups........ 189 Ulrich Opara

Double Amplitude Evaluation in Ultrasonic Testing............ 197 Ulrich Opara

Error Sensitivity of Long and Intermediate Wavelength Flaw Reconstruction.......................................... 203 S. J. Wormley and D. O. Thompson

CONTENTS XI

CHAPTER 1: (CONTINUED)

Ultrasonic Welding Defect Sizing by Advanced Pattern Recognition Techniques....................................... 213 Roger W. Y. Chan, Douglas Sharp, Jean-Pierre Monchalin, Jean Bussiere and D. Robert Hay

EMAT/Synthetic Aperture Approach to Thick-Weld Inspection. • . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • 225 Raymond E. Schramm and John C. Moulder

Characterization of Noise in Austenitic Stainless Steel...... 233 Marvin F. Fleming

Analysis of Many-Defect Systems.............................. 241 John M. Richardson and Kenneth W. Fertig, Jr.

Section D: Imaging and Reconstruction

Transmission Scanning Acoustic Microscopy for Tilted Plate Specimens. . . • • • • . • • . • • . . • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . 253 J. K. Wang and C. S. Tsai

Low-Frequency Acoustic Microscopy............................ 263 P. Reinholdtsen, W. W. Hipkiss and B. T. Khuri-Yakub

The Focused-Beam Reflection-Mode Acoustic Microscope at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory - Development and Present Capability........................................... 271 R. D. Weglein, R. F. Wilson and S. E. Benson

Holographic Inspection for Debonds in Sonar Transducer Head Mass/Shroud Subassemblies............................... 279 Cecil M. Teller

Long and Intermediate Wavelength Flaw Reconstruction......... 287 D. O. Thompson and S. J. Wormley

Reconstruction of Defects by Ultrasonic Testing Using Synthetic Aperture Procedures............................... 297 Volker Schmitz and Paul Holler

Tomographic Reconstruction of Internal Temperature........... 309 S. J. Norton and H. N. G. Wadley

Acoustic Tomographic Reconstruction of Anomalies in Three-Dimensional Bodies..................................... 319 R. M. Bevensee

Use of the Analytic Signal in Ultrasonic Imaging............. 327 Zane W. Bell

xii CONTENTS

CHAPTER 2: EDDY CURRENTS

Section A. Probability of Detection

Probability of Detection of Flaws in a Gas Turbine Engine Component Using Electric Current Perturbation................ 333 Gary L. Burkhardt and R. E. Beissner

Assessment of the Effects of Scanning Variations and Eddy Current Probe Type on Crack Detection................... 343 Ward D. Rummel, Brent K. Christner and Steven J. Mullen

Section B. Modeling

Developments in Surface Crack Detection by the A. C. Field Technique. . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 D. Mirshekar-Syahkal, R. Collins and D. H. Michael

Experimental Verification of Eddy-Current Flaw Theory........ 359 C. V. Dodd, C. D. Cox and W. E. Deeds

Analysis of Eddy Current Response due to Flaws in Imperfectly Conducting Materials .............................. 365 Stuart A. Long and Afroz J. M. Zaman

Application of a Computer Model to Electric Current Perturbation Probe Design.................................... 371 R. E. Beissner and Gary L. Burkhardt

Numerical Electromagnetic Modeling for Three-Dimensional Inspection of Ferrous Metals................................. 379 Harold A. Sabbagh and L. David Sabbagh

Section C: Probes and Instruments

Recent Developments in Eddy Current Testing.................. 387 Gerd Dobmann, Kurt Betzold and Paul Holler

Magnetic Field Mapping with a SQUID Device................... 401 F. R. Fickett and T. E. Capobianco

Calibration Methods for Eddy Current Measurement Systems..... 411 J. C. Moulder, J. C. Gerlitz, B. A. Auld, M. Riaziat, S. Jeffries and G. McFetridge

Frequency Dependence of Electric Current Perturbation Probe Response............................................... 421 R. E. Beissner

Development of a Rotating Ferromagnetic Resonance Eddy Current Probe for Inspecting Small Radius Curved Surfaces on Gas Turbine Engine Components............................. 429 J. M. Prince

Evaluation of an Eddy-Current Tape-Head Probe................ 437 J. P. Watjen and A. J. Bahr

CONTENTS xffi

CHAPTER 2: (CONTINUED)

Analysis of Flat Coils' System with Displaced Sensors for Eddy Current NDE of Ferromagnetic Metals................. 443 Sam G. Marinov

An Eddy Current Analysis System for Nuclear Fan Cooler Inspection Data Analysis and Interpretation.................. 453 Guy T. Germana and Barbara B. Skiffington

Automatic Eddy Current Inspection of Antirotation Windows in FIOO Engine Compressor Air Seals.......................... 463 Wally Hoppe and Dave Stubbs

Automatic Eddy Current Hole Centering for Aircraft Engine Components............................................ 475 Dave Stubbs, Wally Hoppe and Bob Olding

Flaw Detection in Aluminum Welds by the Electric Current Perturbation Method...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 Gary L. Burkhardt and B. N. Ranganathan

Precision Measurement of Eddy Current Coil Parameters........ 491 T. E. Capobianco and F. R. Fickett

Section D: Display Methods

Diffusion, Waves, Phase and Eddy Current Imaging............. 499 L. Udpa and W. Lord

Inversion of Eddy Current Data Using Holographic Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 B. P. Hildebrand and G. L. Fitzpatrick

Eddy Current Curvilinear Scanned Linear Array Near Rea l-Time Imaging Technique.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 H. Dale Collins and R. Parks Gribble

CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL AND APPLIED INVERSE METHODS

Section A: Theory

Exact Solution of Probabilistic Inverse Problem Pertaining to the Scattering of Elastic Waves From General Inhomogeneities...................................... 525 J. M. Richardson

Connection Between Time- and Frequency-Domain Three Dimensional Inverse Problems for the Schrodinger Equation........ . ........................... ........... .... .. 535 James H. Rose, Margaret Cheney and Brian DeFacio

An Efficient Numerical Method for Determination of Shapes, Sizes, and Orientation of Flaws for Nondestructive Evaluation................................................... 543 Y. M. Chen and S. L. Wang

~v CONTENTS

CHAPTER 3: (CONTINUED)

The Effects of Noise and Bandlimiting on a One Dimensional Time Dependent Inverse Scattering Technique.................. 551 J. P. Corones, R. J. Krueger and C. R. Vogel

Section B: Ultrasonic Applications

Detection and Characterization of Surface Cracks Using Leaky Rayleigh Waves......................................... 559 A. Fahr and W. R. Sturrock

Surface Flaw Characterization Using Ultrasonic Backscattered Satellite Pulse Technique.................................... 569 Engmin J. Chern

Signal Processing for Underclad Crack Sizing................. 579 R. Shankar, S. S. Lane, T. J. Paradiso and J. R. Quinn

Identifying Spherical Voids and Inclusions by Matching the Power Spectra............................................ 589 K. C. Tam, R. S. Gilmore, R. A. Hewes and J. R. Juron

Resonant Scattering and Crack Sizing......................... 603 T. A. Gray and James H. Rose

Status of Implementation of the Inverse Born Sizing Algorithm. . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . • • . • . . • • • • . . . • . • • • . • • . . . 611 R. B. Thompson

Section C: Eddy-Current Applications

Improved Probe-Flaw Interaction Modeling, Inversion Processing, and Surface Roughness Clutter.................... 623 B. A. Auld, G. McFetridge, M. Riaziat and S. Jefferies

An Eddy-Current Model and Inversion A10grithms for Three Dimensional Flaw Reconstruction........................ 635 L. David Sabbagh and Harold A. Sabbagh

VOLUME 4B

CHAPTER 4: ACOUSTIC EMISSION, THERMAL AND OPTICAL METHODS

Section A: Acoustic Emission

Defect Characterization and Monitoring by Acoustic Emission... 643 C. B. Scruby

Acoustic Emission Characterization of the Martensitic Phase Transformation in NiTi................................. 651 M. Gvishi, M. Rosen and H. N. G. Wadley

Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Dislocation Motion and Microfracture During Electron Beam Melting and Rapid Solidification of Aluminum Alloys...................... 661 Roger B. Clough and Haydn N. G. Wadley

CONTENTS xv

CHAPTER 4: (CONTINUED)

Amplification of Acoustic Emission from a Microcrack due to the Presence of a Macrocrack.............................. 671 J. D. Achenbach

Acoustic Emissions During Stress Reduction................... 681 G. F. Hawkins, M. Buechler and R. A. Meyer

Acoustic Emission Monitoring Crack Propagation in Single Crystal Silicon.............................................. 689 C. P. Chen and S-Y. S. Hsu

Acoustic Emission for On-Line Reactor Monitoring: Results of Intermediate Vessel Test Monitoring and Reactor Hot Functional................................................... 701 P. H. Hutton and R. J. Kurtz

An Analysis of Acoustic Emission Detected During Fatigue Testing of an Aircraft....................................... 709 C. M. Scala, R. A. Coyle and S. J. Bowles

Interferometric Technique for the Calibration of the Helium Gas Jet Spectrum...................................... 719 R. R. Sands, W. R. Scott and P. A. Ehrenfeuchter

Acoustic Emission - Open Discussion.......................... 727 H. N. G. Wadley, Chairman

Section B: Thermal Methods

Thermal Wave Detection of Vertical Cracks in Opaque Solids....................................................... 739 M. J. Lin, L. J. Inglehart, L. D. Favro, P. K. Kuo and R. L. Thomas

Theory of Mirage Effect Detection of Thermal Waves in Solids.................................................... 745 P. K. Kuo, L. J. Inglehart, E. D. Sendler, M. J. Lin, L. D. Favro and R. L. Thomas

Resolution Studies for Thermal Wave Imaging.................. 753 L. J. Inglehart, D. J. Thomas, M. J. Lin, L. D. Favro, P. K. Kuo and R. L. Thomas

Phase-Modulated Photoacoustics............................... 761 R. G. Stearns, B. T. Khuri-Yakub and G. S. Kino

Materials Characterization by Thermographic Imaging.......... 771 W. Jeffrey Rowe

Section C: Optical Methods

Surface Texture Characterization by Angular Distributions of Scattered Light........................................... 779 Davie E. Gilsinn, Theodore V. Vorburger, Frederic E. Scire, E. Clayton Teague and Michael J. McLay

xvi CONTENTS

CHAPTER 4: (CONTINUED)

Optical Nondestructive Evaluation of Pipe Inner Wall Condition.................................... 789 D. L. Cunningham, J. L. Doyle and D. Hoffman

Section D: Other Techniques

Locating Surface-Connected Flaws in Ceramics with a Bubble Tester....................................................... 799 William D. Friedman

Imaging Near Surface Flaws in Ferromagnetic Materials Using Magneto-Optic Detectors...................................... 807 Gerald L. Fitzpatrick

Imaging Fatigue with the Gel Electrode....................... 819 William J. Baxter

A Fibre Optic Damage Monitor................................. 831 C. K. Jen, G. W. Farnell, M. Parker and P. Cielo

CHAPTER 5: MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Needs for Process Control in Advanced Processing of Materials. • • . . . • . • • • . • • . . • . . • • . . . • . . . • . . . • . • . • . • • • . • . . . . . • . . • 839 Robert Mehrabian and Haydn N. G. Wadley

Thermal Diffusivity in Pure and Coated Materials............. 859 R. L. Thomas, L. J. Inglehart, M. J. Lin, L. D. Favro and P. K. Kuo

Nondestructive Determination of Mechanical Properties........ 867 Eckhardt Schneider, Shyr-Liang Chu and Kamel Salama

Determination of Inhomogeneities of Elastic Modulus and Density Using Acoustic Dimensional Resonance................. 877 L. R. Testardi, S. J. Norton and T. Hsieh

High Precision Ultrasonic Velocity and Attenuation Measurements of Lamb Waves in Anisotropic Plates............. 881 Robert W. Reed

Elastic Constants Evaluation Using the Dispersive Property of Acoustic Waves................................... 889 C. K. Jen, J. Bussiere, G. W. Farnell, E. L. Adler and M. Esonu

Elastic Wave Propagation Through Polycrystals................ 901 J. E. Gubernatis and A. A. Maradudin

Ultrasonic Characterization of Porosity: Theory............. 909 James H. Rose

Ultrasonic Determination of Porosity in Cast Aluminum. . • . . • • • • • . . . • . • • • • . • • . . • . . . • . . . . . . • • . . . • . . . • . . • • . . . • 919 Shaio-Wen Wang, Antal Csakany, Laszlo Adler and Carroll Mobley

CONTENTS xvi,

CHAPTER 5: (CONTINUED)

Effect of Microstructure and Prior Austenite Grain Size on Acoustic Velocity and Attenuation in Steel................ 927 N. Gryeli and J. C. Shyne

Ultrasonic Grain Size Evaluation of Heat-Treated Stainless Steel Samples................................................ 939 Jafar Saniie and Nihat M. Bilgutay

Non-Destructive Magnetic Method for Detection of the Fatigue and the Dynamic Straining Processes of Ferromagnetic Metals......................................... 947 Pekka Ruuskanen and Pentti Kettunen

A Nondestructive Method for Detecting Machining Damage in Beryllium................................................. 957 R. D. Weglein, J. E. Hanafee and S. E. Benson

Infrared Detection of Ultrasonic Absorption and Application to the Determination of Absorption in Steel.................. 965 Jean-Pierre Monchalin and Jean F. Bussiere

The Role of the Reflection Coefficient in Precision Measurement of Ultrasonic Attenuation........................ 975 Edward R. Generazio

Reversed Acoustic Attenuation Pattern at the Neck of Tensile Specimen............................................. 991 G. H. Thomas, S. H. Goods and A. F. Emery

Characterization Methodology for Film Materials Using Wideband Reflection Acoustic Microscopy...................... 997 X. Cheng, C. C. Lee and C. S. Tsai

A Lamb Wave Prediction of Shear Strength of Spot Welds: On Line and Postservice Evaluation........................... 1005 S. I. Rokhlin and L. Adler

New Methods for the Acoustic Evaluation of Materials with Application to Sorbothane.................................... 1013 Richard W. Harrison and Walter M. Madigosky

Ultrasonic Inspection of Alloyed Tungsten Bars............... 1023 Henry Hartmann

Ultrasonic NDE of Non-Newtonian Fluids for Material Processing................................................... 1027 B. R. Tittmann, L. A. Ahlberg, J. R. Bulau and F. Cohen-Tenoudji

CHAPTER 6: ACOUSTOELASTICITY AND STRESS MEASUREMENTS

Variations in the Acoustoelastic Constants of Aggregates with Finite Grain Size. .............•.•..••..•..•............ 1035 George C. Johnson and Martin J. Fisher

xViii CONTENTS

CHAPTER 6: (CONTINUED)

The Acoustoelastic Response of a Rolled Plate: Theoretical Estimate vs. Experiment ••••••••••.•••.••..••..••• 1043 George C. Johnson

Acoustoelastic Measurements of Elastic-Plastic and Residual Stresses............................................ 1051 Martin J. Fisher

Evaluation of the Absolute A~oustoelastic Stress Measurement Technique ••••••••••••••.•••.•••.•.•••.•..••.•..•• 1061 S. S. Lee, J. F. Smith and R. B. Thompson

Acoustoelastic Birefringence in Plastically Deformed Solids....................................................... 1071 Yih-Hsing Pao and Masahiko Hirao

Nondestructive Detection and Analysis of Stress States with Polarized Ultrasonic Waves •••••.••••••.••.....••...••..• 1079 Eckhardt Schneider, Holger Pitsch, Sigrun Hirsekorn and Klaus Goebbels

Experimental Effects of Time-Varying Thermal Gradients on Ultrasonic Waves in Locally Stressed Metals ••••••.•••••••.••• 1089 Wallace L. Anderson

The Use of Off-Axis SH-Waves to Map Out Three Dimensional Stresses in Orthotropic Plates .••.••.•...••..••.• 1095 Alfred V. Clark, Jr. and Richard B. Mignogna

Relationship Between Temperature Dependence of Ultrasonic Velocity and Stress.......................................... 1109 Kamel Salama

An Ultrasonic Technique for Measuring of Closure Forces •••... 1121 Sam Golan

Effects of Surface Residual Stress on Crack Behavior and Fracture Stress in Ceramics •...••..•••.•••••••..•••••.... 1133 B. T. Khuri-Yakub and L. R. Clarke

Ferromagnetic Hysteresis and the Effects of Stress on Magnetisation. . . . • . . . . • • . . . . . . • • . . • . . • . • . . . • • . . • • . . . • • • • • • • . . 1141 D. C. Jiles

Stress and Deformation Analysis of a Tube and Coupling Device. • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • . • • • . • . • • • . • • • . • • • . • • • . . . • . . • • . . . • . . . •• 1151 T. J. Rudolphi and T. R. Rogge

CHAPTER 7: ELECTRONIC AND COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Section A: Electronic Devices

Measurement Techniques for Electronic Devices •••.•..•...••••• 1159 Gordon S. Kino

CONTENTS X~

CHAPTER 7: (CONTINUED)

Thermal Wave Imaging for NDE of Electronic Components ••••••.• 1177 R. L. Thomas, Allan Rosencwaig and Jon Opsal

Section B: Structural Composites

Assessment of Significance of Defects in Laminated Composites - A Review of the State of the Art •••.•...•...•... 1189 S. N. Chatterjee, K. W. Buesking, B. W. Rosen and W. R. Scott

Ultrasonic Characterization of Changes in Viscoelastic Properties of Epoxy During Cure .•.•..•...•.•.•••..••.••...... 1203 William P. Winfree and F. Raymond Parker

Microwave Measurement of the Complex Dielectric Tensor of Anisotropic Slab Materials ....••.•••.••...•••.•••••.•••••• 1209 R. J. King, Y. H. Yen and W. L. James

Characterization of a Graphite/Epoxy Laminate by Electrical Resistivity Measurements ...........•...•.......... 1219 David K. Hsu

Eddy Current Inspection of Broken Fiber Flaws in Nonmetallic Fiber Composites............................................. 1229 S. N. Vernon and P. M. Gammell

Application of Medical Computer Tomography (CT) Scanners to Advanced Aerospace Composites •.•...••....••..•••. 1239 K. D. Friddell, A. R. Lowrey and B. M. Lempriere

Computer Aided Ultrasonic Flaw Growth Characterization in Composite Structures...................................... 1247 Robert A. Blake

Ultrasonic and Thermographic Examination of Composite Tubular Joints............................................... 1255 Alexander J. Rogovsky

Prediction of Metal Matrix Composite Density Gradients by Ultrasonic Wave Propagation Velocity Mapping.............. 1263 Scott W. Schramm

Implementation of a Robotic Manipulator for the Ultrasonic Inspection of Composite Structures........................... 1269 Robert A. Blake, Jr.

CHAPTER 8: PRODUCT LIABILITY AND NDE SYSTEM RELIABILITY

Section A: Product Liability

The Product Liability Implications of Nondestructive Evaluation. • . . . . • . • . • • • • • • • . • . • • . • . • . . . . . . . . . • • . • • • . . . . . • • • . • 1281 o. Smith

xx CONTENTS

CHAPTER 8: (CONTINUED)

Products Liability from the Insuror's Standpoint ........•... 1289 William Lutts

Section B: NDE System Reliability

Nondestructive Measurement System Performance: Statistical Characterization............................................. 1297 K. W. Fertig

Requirements of Quantitative NDE in Developing Fracture Control Plans................................................ 1305 Ronald D. Streit

Inspection Quality Demonstrations .•...•.•..•••..••.••...••... 1315 Gary J. Dau

NDE Capability Modeling From Experimental Data ..•••.••..•••.. 1319 Ward D. RUllllllel

The Sample Size and Flaw Size Effects in NDI Reliability Experiments...................................... 1327 A. P. Berens and P. W. Hovey

Development of a High Reliability Flaw Characterization Module. • . . • • . . . . • • • . . . • • • • • . . • • • . . • • • • • • . . . • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . 1335 George J. Gruber, Gary J. Hendrix and Theodore A. Mueller

CHAPTER 9: EDUCATION FOR NDE ENGINEERS

Section A: NDE Education

The Need for NDE Education for Engineers ....•....•...•..••... 1343 Ward D. RUllllllel

NDE Education of Engineers: The Next Step ..•....•......•...• 1349 J. C. Duke and H. J. Weiss

ATTENDEES .......•.....••.....................•..•..•.•..•..•..•.• 1373

CONTRIBUTORS 1393

CONTRIBUTORS INDEX................................................ 1413

SUBJECT INDEX..................................................... 1417