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INTRODUCTION
Of all Brazil’s regions, the Amazonian biome hassuffered most from political turmoil. While numerousprojects promoted economic development and landuse, parallel measures were taken to protect the bio-diversity of Amazonian fauna and flora (Capobiancoet al. 2001). However, these activities were hamperedby a shortage of concise data indicating key areas ofecological value, such as regions of hydrological con-nectivity, and a deficiency of pertinent criteria and re-commendations to define suitable areas for regionaldevelopment.
The Xingu River basin is a classic example of “un-planned development”. Incentives initiated by thestate government in the 1970s and 1980s led to un-controlled land use, road construction, and the estab-lishment of various hydroelectric projects (Kohlhepp2001). However, the presence of indigenous com-munities inhabiting the banks of the Xingu (Vieira& Andrade 1989), together with protests by ecolo-gical organizations, succeeded in minimizing the ex-tent of some of these activities in favor of natural land-scape protection.
Along its 1800 kilometers, the Xingu River basindrains different geochronological units (RADAM-Brasil 1978). In contrast to Andean Amazon tribu-taries, the Xingu River is characterized by stable pro-cesses of erosion and sedimentation (Sioli 1984). Aseries of geological events occurred from the upper tothe lower Xingu estuary, which led to the formationof numerous waterfalls and rapids. These landscapefeatures favored biodiversity and greatly influenced thedistribution patterns of aquatic fauna. It is estimatedthat close to 600 species of fish inhabit the Xingubasin, most of them frugivores and rheophilores (Ca-margo et al. 2002, Isaac et al. 2002).
The results of various surveys conducted along theXingu River and its tributaries have already beenpublished (Lowe-McConnell 1991, Bergleiter 1999,Zuanon 1999, Camargo et al. 2002, Isaac et al. 2002).However, to properly understand the ecological valueof the river basin and its fish fauna for regional bio-diversity, a synthesis of available data and discussionof fish species distribution throughout the river basinis necessary. This information will enable the defini-tion of conservation priorities, and highlight know-ledge gaps so that future research may be conductedin unexplored areas. In addition, it will provide datato test the hypothesis of a biogeographical relation-
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ECOTROPICA 10: 123–147, 2004© Society for Tropical Ecology
REVIEW OF THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF FISH FAUNAOF THE XINGU RIVER BASIN, BRAZIL
Mauricio Camargo, Tommaso Giarrizzo & Victoria Isaac
Laboratório de Biologia Pesqueira e Manejo de Recursos Aquáticos, Universidade Federal do Pará,Belém, Brazil
Abstract. This study is a comprehensive review of fish fauna data for the Xingu River system. Information was compiledfrom seven field surveys (conducted between 2001 and 2002), bibliographic references, and museum collection records.To provide data on the spatial distribution of fish species, the river basin was divided into six areas according to geographicaland hydrological characteristics. Fish species from 14 orders and 47 families were recorded; the most diverse orders wereCharaciformes (210 species), Siluriformes (146 species), Perciformes (62 species) and Gimnotiformes (20 species). Of the467 species identified, 69 were common to the whole river basin. Based on these results, two priority conservation areaswere identified: 1) headwater rivers, which are characterized by a diverse range of small characid and cichlid species andintense anthropogenic disturbance, and 2) middle section of the Xingu, from its confluence with the Irirí River to itsdownstream waterfalls near Belomonte village. This region is characterized by a high diversity of Cichlidae, particularlyTeleocichla, Anostomidae and Loricariidae families. Conserving these areas will help to maintain hydrological connectivityof the Xingu River system. Accepted 17 October 2004.
Key words: Amazonian biogeography, fish diversity, Xingu River.
e-mail: [email protected]
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ship between the Guianas and the Central BrazilianShield (Géry 1969, Amorim & Pires 1996). This studytherefore, compiles all available data on the fish speciesof the Xingu River and its major tributaries, givingspecial emphasis to the spatial distribution of diffe-rent taxa, to help establish conservation priorities.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Data collection. Data on the fish fauna of Xingu River, including fish identification and location, werebased on: 1) results of seven field surveys conductedbetween October 2001 and June 2002 in the middleand lower sections of the Xingu River; 2) a biblio-graphic review of taxonomic descriptions and specieslistings, and 3) records from collections of nationaland international museums, available in NEODATII (2002) and FishBase (Froese & Pauly 2003) data-bases. Rainy season sampling took place in Decem-ber, February and May, while the dry season collec-tions occurred during July, August, October andNovember. Eleven locations, along a 189 kilometerstretch between the confluences of the Xingu and Iriri Rivers, and the town of Senador José Porfírio,were sampled bimonthly. Over 24 hours, 116 fishingprocedures were completed; gillnets of eight differentmesh sizes, 54 m in length and 2.5 m in height wereused. Additionally, field sampling with cast nets andhand nets were conducted in two tributaries of theIriri River during a “rapid assessment program” (RAP)carried out in the dry season of 2002. Taxonomic fish identification was made using various keys, such as Géry (1979), Vari (1989a, b, c; 1991; 1992a, b;1995), Ploeg (1991), Planquette et al. (1996) and LeBail et al. (2000). A list with fish species scientificnames and geographical coordinates was produced.
Based on 1) geomorphologic features, 2) hydro-logical characteristics, and 3) the forest classificationof “International Conservation of Brazil” along theXingu River basin, the basin was subdivided into sixareas (fig. 1):1) Xingu headwaters: A geomorphological unit of
fluvial plain deposition, with a pioneer phytoso-ciological unit. Waters in this area are usually clear,as vegetation cover supplies relatively few organiccompounds.
2) Irirí River microbasin: This area drains a denudedpediplain and zones of dissected structures, witha continual ombrophilous open forest. This is anarea of distinct geographical heterogeneity, gene-rated mainly by the waterfalls of the Curuá and
Irirí Rivers, which also act as natural barriers formany aquatic organisms.
3) Upstream Xingu: This drains geomorphologicallydifferent areas, such as the denuded pediplain andzones of dissected structures, before joining theIrirí River. The vegetation cover is relatively hetero-geneous and characterized mainly by small patchesof seasonal savannas dispersed in larger areas ofombrophilous dense and open forest.
4) Middle Xingu: This extends from the Xingu-Iriríconfluence to the Belomonte waterfalls, an areawith a rather uniform profile characterized by ageomorphologically dissected unit, occasionallyinterrupted by strongly dissected units and uni-formly covered by ombrophilous open forests.Currently suffering from strong anthropogenicdisturbance. Numerous rapids and waterfalls areresponsible for a high water flow and well-oxy-genated waters.
5) Bacajá River microbasin: An area of dissection thatsustains a dense ombrophilous forest. Its “U-shaped”well-defined watershed drains water from a largerocky area that is characterized by high particlelevels, in contrast to Xingu River water.
6) Lower Xingu: Downstream of the Belomonte fallsto the mouth of the Xingu, is included in the geo-morphological unit of the alluvial Amazon plain,which acts as a border between two dissectionunits. Ombrophilous open forest predominates inthe whole area, joining up with the pioneer herba-ceous communities near the mouth of the Xingu.Here the river is wider and the effects of the Ama-zon waters are pronounced.
RESULTS
Fish fauna diversity. In the Xingu River basin 467 fishspecies, belonging to 14 orders and 47 families, wereidentified (Appendix 1). The most diverse orders were:Characiformes (210 species), Siluriformes (146 spe-cies), Perciformes (62 species) and Gimnotiformes (20species). Other groups with a notably high biodi-versity were the Clupeiformes (10 species) and Raji-formes (6 species). The richer families, in terms of spe-cies number, were: Characidae (118 species), Cichlidae(57 species), Loricariidae (55 species), Anostomidae(33 species), Pimelodidae (21 species), Curimatidae(18 species), Doradidae (17 species), Auchenipteridae(16 species) and Hemiodontidae and Heptapteridae(12 species each).
Of all of these, small rheophilous fish were themost common. The replacement of those species with
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opportunistic and allochthonous feeding habits (com-mon in the headwaters), by species which feed onautochthonous food sources, such as bottom feeders,perilithon suckers, and grazers of the seasonal flood-plain, was recorded.
Regional fish fauna similarities. Although fish recordsfor the Xingu depend on fishing equipment, fishingeffort, seasonality and the heterogeneity of habitats,factors that reduce the reliability of data on the geo-graphic distribution of organisms, it is still possible,based on taxonomic stability and known naturalhistory of the fish, to understand the differing geo-graphical distribution patterns of the hydrographicareas defined. Taxa widely dispersed along the Xingu
River usually include organisms with high ontogeneticplasticity, capable of dealing with sudden environ-mental change. This group of fish includes the pacus– Serrasalmidae Myleus rubripinnis, M. schomburgki,M. torquatus; piranhas – Serrasalmus humeralis, S.rhombeus, S. serrulatus; the trairas and jejus – Erythri-nidae Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, Hoplias malabaricusand H. macrophthalmus, and the cachorras – Chara-cidae Hydrolicus tatauaia and Rhaphiodon vulpinus.
Headwaters were characterized by a relatively largenumber of endemic species of small size, such asDoradidae Rhynchodoras xingui; Characidae Macrop-sobrycon xinguensis, Hyphessobrycon mutabilis and H.loweae, other Characiformes like Astyanax saltor, A.
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FIG. 1. Hydrographic areas of the Xingu River basin.
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scintillans, A. symmetricus, Myleus arnoldi, Exodon pa-radoxus and Hemigrammus cf. iota, H. cf. levis, H. cf.marginatus, H. cf. tridens, H. rodwayi and Hyphes-sobrycon agulha, H. macrolepis, H. pulchripinnis, anda number of Moenkhausia such as M. cotinho and M. gracilima. Fish fauna similarity between the riverheadwaters and the upstream Xingu was mainly at-tributed to the wide geographical distribution of someCichlids, such as Apistograma commbrae and Meso-nauta acora.
Similarities observed between the middle Xinguand lower Xingu sections are indicated by the fishfauna that inhabits the main river channel of deeperor shallow waters, and greater spatial heterogeneity.These living environments sheltered large predatorssuch as Phractocephalus hemiliopterus, Zungaro zun-garo and Brachyplatystoma filamentosum, and fish in-habitants of stagnant and shallow waters such asHemiodus unimaculatus and Bivibranchia fowleri.However, it has to be noted that some fish, such asTeleocichla gephyrogramma, Anostomus ternetzi andPseudanos trimaculatus, inhabit areas of rapids.
The middle Xingu includes endemic species ofGymnotiformes, including Magadontognathus kaitu-kaensis, Porotergus sp., Sternarchogiton sp., Sternarcho-rhynchus curvirostris, Brachyhypopomus beebei, andCharaciformes such as Roeboexodon geryi, Bryconopsgiacopinii, and two Creagrutus species.
The current geographical distribution of endemicspecies that are rare in terms of population abundance,and so have a restricted distribution area, showed ataxa continuum from the headwaters to the waterfalls,upstream of Belomonte village, before the Xingu isinfluenced by the Amazon waters. These fish assem-blages include organisms typical of small and shallowwaters with slow currents, such as Callichthyidae –Corydoras xinguensis, Characidae – Moenkhausia xin-guensis, Cichlidae – Crenicichla rosaemariae, C. vitta-ta and Hypselacara temporalis, Sternopygidae – Sterno-pygus xingu, and Aspredinidae – Bunocephalus coracoi-deus and B. knerii.
DISCUSSION
The creation of interactive databases such as FishBase(Froese & Pauly 2003) and NEODAT II (2002)facilitates access to Neotropical fish systematics andgeographical distribution. Unfortunately, the quan-tity of information available is still limited, as variousscientific publications and museum records have yetto be incorporated into these databases. We believe
that by updating records in the museum collectionsconsulted, to include recent systematic revisions anddescriptions of new species, it would be possible tobring knowledge on both distribution areas and taxo-nomic stability of various species up to date.
A greater understanding of the taxonomic stabi-lity and natural history of fish species is fundamentalto understanding geographical distribution patternsand similarities within the ichthyofauna in the geo-graphical areas defined. The wide distribution of fishgroups within the Xingu system, also largely distrib-uted in the Amazonian basin, the Guianas systems,the Orinoco basin, and the São Francisco and Paranábasins, usually includes fish taxa with a high degreeof adaptability, capable of inhabiting a range of dif-ferent habitats.
Species widely distributed in the Xingu system andneighboring basins reveal long dispersal processes thatmust have begun before the formation of the currenthydrographic basins. The upper Xingu, where smallstreams characterized by strong water column seasonalvariations predominate, is inhabited by small chara-cids and cichlids (Lowe-McConnell 1991). The highdiversity of these small endemic fish species, widelydispersed between the Xingu River and other neigh-boring rivers like Tapajós and Araguaia, and in theGuianas systems, indicates radiation and diversifica-tion processes. These processes occurred before thegeological formation of the current basins, from theearly Cretaceous (120 mya) up to vicariant processesduring the middle Miocene (11 mya), confirming ahigh biogeographical affinity between the Guianasand the Central Brazilian Shield (Géry 1969, Amo-rim & Pires 1996).
Typical examples of these dispersal and vicariantprocesses are shown in the actual distribution of fishspecies with taxonomic stability. For instance, fish di-spersal from the headwaters is reported in callichthids,such as Corydoras, differentiated at the end of thePaleocene (43 mya) (Reis 1998). The fact that thesefish are better adapted to small streams indicates aheadwater differentiation and a subsequent down-stream dispersal process. Another example is given bythe genus Teleocichla, which shows a high diversity(nine species) upstream of the Belomonte falls. Cur-rent distribution patterns of this genus indicate a di-spersal process from the Tocantins River towards theneighboring systems like the Xingu and the Guianasthat occurred during the Miocene (Ploeg 1991).
The great diversification of Loricariidae in therapids is indicated by the overlap of niches of sub-
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families such as Hypostominae, Ancistrinae and Lo-ricariinae (Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998). This over-lap indicates that a differentiation at the family leveloccurred before the actual Amazonian basin drainagegenesis, and that subsequent vicariance processes byrivers like the Xingu isolated present-day endemic spe-cies such as Hypancistrus zebra, and another conge-neric taxon, and Glyptoperichthys xinguensis.
Distribution patterns of fish groups confirm thehypothesis of biogeographical affinities between theGuianas and the East Amazon drainage systems, in-dicated also by some amphibians and lizards (Ron2000), and birds (Prum 1988), with distribution pat-terns in the Guianas, Orinoco, and upper Tapajós,Xingu and Tocantins Rivers. Current knowledge onthe biodiversity of the Xingu River fish fauna showsthat more efforts should be deployed to provide dataon the estimated 600 species (Camargo et al. 2002)that have not yet been properly studied. We have adetailed knowledge of the main channel fish fauna,but studies in small Xingu tributaries are rare. Ques-tions such as why the genus Parodon, recorded in the Tapajós and Tocantins Rivers is absent from theXingu, have yet to be elucidated. Similarly, the ab-sence of Creagrutus in previous phylogenetic analyses(Vari & Harold 2001) demonstrates gaps in the know-ledge of the Xingu River ichthyofauna.
We conclude that the present geographical dis-tribution of the fish fauna is a response to the variousgeological and environmental processes that led to theformation of the Xingu system. We expected a gene-ral diversification of fish fauna from the headwaters,which probably took place before the actual drainageof the Xingu basin, and subsequent processes of suc-cessive dispersal along the river. Recent groups prob-ably dispersed after the formation of the Amazoniandrainage system.
Despite great collection efforts in some areas ofthe Xingu basin, little is known about the fish faunaof small tributaries, which are surely important con-tributors to the expected diversity. In order to fill thisgap, a research priority should be the careful study ofall small streams. More surveys should be made of theheadwaters of the Xingu River, where degradation dueto anthropogenic activity is high around protected in-digenous Xingu reserves, and similarly in the middleXingu region, where the negative effects of anthropo-genic activity are high. A final point is that even alongthe Xingu River large areas of natural landscape arefound where it is not possible to ascertain whether ornot aquatic resources have been altered. Events of a-
quatic defaunation, as a consequence of uncontrolledhuman activities such as fishing and gold washing, areoften imperceptible.
According to the hydrological connectivity theory(Pringle 2001), when aiming to secure a longitudinalnatural process, such as the linkage between the head-waters and the lower Xingu, it appears to be of primeimportance to make the headwaters area a priority area for conservation, based on the relatively numerousanthropogenic disturbances occurring in that area.Another priority area for conservation would be thelarge river bend (cotubelo) downstream of the townof Altamira, as present fish records from this area showa relatively high percentage of endemic species.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Dr. Jansen Zuanon andJaime Ribeiro Carvalho Junior for their help on bi-bliographical, data collection and fish identification;to Dr. Horacio Higuchi for the identification of theDoradidae; to Dr. Ricardo Rosa and Patricia Char-vet Almeida MSc. for the identification of the Po-mamotrygonidae, and to Dr. Lilian Cassati for helpwith the bibliographical search. We also thank ourtrainees, especially Jonilton Paschoal for their hardwork throughout this study.
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Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 132
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE XINGU FISH FAUNA
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5)X
XLo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
91Ju
piab
aaf
f. m
inor
(Tra
vass
os, 1
964)
XM
ZU
SP36
800
Jupi
aba
poly
lepi
s(G
ünth
er, 1
864)
XX
XX
XM
ZU
SP46
857
/ Li
ma
et a
l. 20
03K
nodu
s het
eres
thes
(Eig
enm
ann,
190
8)X
Zua
non
1999
Kno
dus m
oenk
haus
ii(E
igen
man
n &
Ken
nedy
, 190
3)X
Thi
s st
udy
Mac
rops
obry
con
uens
isG
éry,
197
3X
Low
e-M
cCon
nell
1991
Met
ynni
s hyp
sauc
hen
(Mül
ler
& T
rosc
hel,
1844
)X
XX
GÈ
ry 1
979
/Low
e-M
cCon
-ne
ll 19
91 /
Thi
s st
udy
Met
ynni
s lip
pinc
ottia
nus(
Cop
e, 1
870)
XX
Gér
y 19
79 /
Low
e-M
cCon
nell
1991
Met
ynni
s mac
ulat
us(K
ner,
1858
)X
Gér
y 19
79 /
Low
e-M
cCon
nell
1991
Mic
rosc
hem
obry
con
elon
gatu
sGér
y, 1
973
XX
INPA
4316
Moe
nkha
usia
aff.
com
ma
Eig
enm
ann,
190
9X
XT
his
stud
yM
oenk
haus
ia c
olle
ttii (
Stei
ndac
hner
, 188
2)X
XLo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
91 /
Ber
glei
ter
1999
Moe
nkha
usia
cot
inho
Eig
enm
ann,
190
8X
Low
e-M
cCon
nell
1999
Moe
nkha
usia
gra
cilim
a(E
igen
man
n, 1
908)
XLo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
99M
oenk
haus
ia g
rand
isqua
mis
(Mül
ler
& T
rosc
hel,
1845
)X
XX
Low
e-M
cCon
nel 1
991
/B
ergl
eite
r 19
99 /
Thi
s st
udy
Moe
nkha
usia
inte
rmed
iaE
igen
man
n, 1
908
XX
XT
his
stud
yM
oenk
haus
iacf
. jus
tae
Eig
enm
ann,
190
8X
Low
e-M
cCon
nell
1991
Moe
nkha
usia
lepi
dura
(Kne
r, 18
58)
XX
XX
XM
CP1
6951
Moe
nkha
usia
meg
alop
s(E
igen
man
n, 1
907)
XM
ZU
SP30
718
Moe
nkha
usia
olig
olep
is(G
ünth
er, 1
864)
XX
Low
e-M
cCon
nell
1991
Con
tinue
d A
ppen
dix
Ord
er /
Fam
ilyIr
irí R
iver
Xin
guX
ingu
Mid
dle
Bac
ajá
Low
erX
ingu
Mai
nSp
ecie
sm
icro
-he
ad-
upst
ream
Xin
guR
iver
Xin
guR
iver
refe
renc
eba
sin
wat
ers
mic
roba
sin
Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 134
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE XINGU FISH FAUNA
135
Moe
nkha
usia
pha
enot
aFi
nk, 1
979
XX
Low
e-M
cCon
nell
1991
Moe
nkha
usia
sanc
taef
ilom
enae
(Ste
inda
chne
r, 19
07)
XX
INPA
4235
Moe
nkha
usia
xin
guen
sis(S
tein
dach
ner,
1882
)X
XX
MZ
USP
3680
6M
oenk
haus
iasp
. “bl
ackt
aip”
XB
ergl
eite
r 19
99M
oenk
haus
iasp
. 1
XT
his
stud
yM
oenk
haus
iasp
. 2
XT
his
stud
yM
yleu
s arn
oldi
(Ahl
, 193
6)X
Gér
y 19
79M
yleu
s pac
u(J
ardi
ne &
Sch
ombu
rgk,
184
1)X
XX
INPA
1303
3M
yleu
s rho
mbo
idal
is(C
ouvi
er, 1
818)
XJé
gu 1
992
/ Z
uano
n 19
99M
yleu
s rub
ripi
nnis
(Mül
ler
& T
rosc
hel,
1844
)X
XX
XG
éry
1979
/ I
NPA
4148
Myl
eus s
chom
burg
ki(J
ardi
ne &
Sch
ombu
rgk,
184
1)X
XX
INPA
4151
Myl
eus t
orqu
atus
(Kne
r, 18
58)
XX
XX
Gér
y 19
79 /
Low
e- M
cCon
-ne
ll 19
91 /
Thi
s st
udy
Ossu
btus
xin
guen
sisJé
gu, 1
992
XX
Jégu
199
2 /
MN
HN
1992
-00
03 /
IN
PA65
35Ph
enac
ogas
ter
cf. c
alve
rti(
Fow
ler,
1941
)X
Low
e-M
cCon
nell
1991
Phen
acog
aste
rsp
.X
XM
ZU
SP36
007
Piar
actu
s bra
chyp
omus
(Cuv
ier,
1818
)X
Thi
s st
udy
Popt
ella
com
pres
sa(G
ünth
er, 1
864)
XX
XIN
PA42
06Po
ptel
la lo
ngip
inni
s(Po
pta,
190
1)X
Thi
s st
udy
Prist
obry
con
aure
us(S
pix
& A
gass
iz, 1
829)
XLo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
91Pr
istob
ryco
n str
iola
tus (
Stei
ndac
hner
, 190
8)X
XG
éry
1979
Prist
ella
max
illar
is(U
lrey,
189
4)X
Ber
glei
ter
1999
Pygo
cent
rus n
atte
reri
Kne
r, 18
58X
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Rhi
nope
titia
mye
rsiG
éry,
196
4X
Thi
s st
udy
Roeb
oexo
don
gery
i Mye
rs, 1
960
XX
XX
Lim
a et
al.
2003
/ IN
PA43
18Ro
eboi
desc
f. af
finis
(Gün
ther
, 186
4)X
MZ
USP
3471
2Ro
eboi
des d
ayi(
Stei
ndac
her,
1878
)X
Thi
s st
udy
Roeb
oide
s thu
rniE
igen
man
n, 1
912
XX
XT
his
stud
ySe
rras
alm
uscf
. eig
enm
anni
Nor
man
, 192
9X
Ber
glei
ter
1999
/ t
his
stud
ySe
rras
alm
us h
olla
ndiE
igen
man
n, 1
915
XIN
PA39
88Se
rras
alm
us h
umer
alis
Val
enci
enne
s, 1
850
XX
XX
Gér
y 19
79 /
thi
s st
udy
Serr
asal
mus
man
ueli
(Fer
nánd
ez-Y
épez
& R
amír
ez, 1
967)
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Serr
asal
mus
rho
mbe
us(L
inna
eus,
176
6)X
XX
XX
Gér
y 19
79 /
thi
s st
udy
Serr
asal
mus
serr
ulat
us(V
alen
cien
nes,
185
0)X
XX
Gér
y 19
77 /
thi
s st
udy
Serr
asal
mus
spilo
pleu
raK
ner,
1858
XT
his
stud
ySe
rras
alm
ussp
.X
XIN
PA39
89St
etha
prio
nsp
.X
MZ
USP
4686
1Te
trag
onop
teri
nae
sp.
XX
INPA
4171
Tetr
agon
opte
rus a
rgen
teus
Cuv
ier,
1816
XX
XT
his
stud
y
Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 135
CAMARGO ET AL.
136
Tetr
agon
opte
rus c
halc
eusS
pix
& A
gass
iz, 1
829
XX
MZ
USP
3681
4 /
USN
M12
0436
/ I
NPA
4268
Tha
yeri
a bo
ehlk
eiW
eitz
man
, 195
7X
XIN
PA42
00To
met
es s
p. “
u”X
XX
INPA
1174
2Tr
ipor
theu
s alb
usC
ope,
187
2X
XIN
PA41
40Tr
ipor
theu
s elo
ngat
us(G
ünth
er, 1
864)
XX
INPA
4156
Trip
orth
eus r
otun
datu
s(Ja
rdin
e, 1
841)
XX
XT
his
stud
yTr
ipor
theu
ssp.
XX
INPA
4230
Chi
lodo
ntid
aeC
aeno
trop
us la
byri
nthi
cus(
Kne
r, 18
58)
XX
XM
ZU
SP36
839
Cre
nuch
idae
Cha
raci
dium
sp.
XX
XM
ZU
SP31
682
/ Lo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
91 /
Thi
s stu
dyC
hara
cidi
um z
ebra
Eig
enm
ann,
190
9X
Thi
s st
udy
Mel
anoc
hara
cidi
um d
epre
ssum
Buc
kup,
199
3X
Buc
kup
1993
M
elan
ocha
raci
dium
disp
ilom
ma
Buc
kup,
199
3X
XB
ucku
p 19
93 /
Zua
non1
999
Cte
nolu
ciid
aeB
oule
nger
ella
cuv
ieri
(Aga
ssiz
, 182
9)X
XX
Var
i 199
5 / T
his
stud
yB
oule
nger
ella
luci
us(C
uvie
r, 18
16)
XX
Low
e-M
cCon
nell1
991
/ T
his
stud
yB
oule
nger
ella
mac
ulat
a(V
alen
cien
nes,
185
0)X
XT
his
stud
y
Cur
imat
idae
Cur
imat
a cy
prin
oide
s(Li
nnae
us, 1
766)
XX
Var
i 198
9a /
Thi
s st
udy
Cur
imat
a in
orna
taV
ari,
1989
XX
Var
i 198
9b /
MZ
USP
2865
0/
INPA
4145
Cur
imat
a oc
ella
ta(E
igen
man
n &
Eig
enm
ann,
188
9)X
XT
his
stud
yC
urim
ata
vitta
ta(K
ner,
1858
)X
Var
i 198
9bC
urim
ata
sp.
XIN
PA42
37C
urim
atel
la im
mac
ulat
a(F
erná
ndez
-Yép
ez, 1
948)
XX
Var
i 199
2b /
Thi
s st
udy
Cur
imat
opsis
cry
ptic
usV
ari,
1982
XB
ergl
eite
r 19
99C
ypho
char
ax a
bram
oide
s(K
ner,
1859
)X
Var
i 199
2aC
ypho
char
ax fe
stivu
sVar
i, 19
92X
Thi
s st
udy
Cyp
hoch
arax
gou
ldin
giV
ari,
1992
XV
ari 1
992a
Cyp
hoch
arax
leuc
ostic
tus(
Eig
enm
ann
& E
igen
man
n, 1
889)
XX
Var
i 199
2a /
Thi
s st
udy
Con
tinue
d A
ppen
dix
Ord
er /
Fam
ilyIr
irí R
iver
Xin
guX
ingu
Mid
dle
Bac
ajá
Low
erX
ingu
Mai
nSp
ecie
sm
icro
-he
ad-
upst
ream
Xin
guR
iver
Xin
guR
iver
refe
renc
eba
sin
wat
ers
mic
roba
sin
Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 136
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE XINGU FISH FAUNA
137
Cyp
hoch
arax
aff.
mul
tilin
eatu
s(M
yers
, 192
7)X
Thi
s st
udy
Cyp
hoch
arax
spilu
rus(
Gün
ther
, 186
4)X
XX
XT
his
stud
yC
ypho
char
ax st
ilbol
epis
Var
i, 19
92X
XV
ari 1
992a
/ M
ZU
SP41
759
Psec
trog
aste
r fa
lcat
a(E
igen
man
n &
Eig
enm
ann,
188
9)X
Var
i 198
9cPo
tam
orhi
na la
tior
(Spi
x &
Aga
ssiz
, 182
9)X
Thi
s st
udy
Stei
ndac
hner
ina
bim
acul
ata
(Ste
inda
chne
r, 18
76)
XV
ari 1
991
Stei
ndac
hner
ina
eleg
ans (
Stei
ndac
hner
, 187
4)X
XX
Var
i 199
1 / T
his
stud
y
Cyn
odon
tidae
Cyn
odon
gib
busS
pix
& A
gass
iz, 1
829
XX
XM
ZU
SP32
587
Hyd
roly
cus a
rmat
us(J
ardi
ne &
Sch
ombu
rgk,
184
1)X
XX
XU
SNM
003
1073
7/T
his s
tudy
Hyd
roly
cus s
com
bero
ides
(Cuv
ier,
1816
)X
XIN
PA40
34 /
MZ
USP
4800
5H
ydro
lycu
s tat
auai
aTo
ledo
-Piz
a, M
enez
es &
dos
San
tos,
199
9X
XC
AS9
7484
Rha
phio
don
vulp
inus
Spix
& A
gass
iz, 1
829
XX
XX
XT
his
stud
y
Ery
thri
nida
eH
ople
ryth
rinu
s uni
taen
iatu
s(A
gass
iz, 1
829)
XX
XLo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
91 /
B
ergl
eite
r 19
99H
oplia
saff.
lace
rdae
Mir
anda
-Rib
eiro
, 190
8X
MZ
USP
4771
5H
oplia
s mac
roph
thal
mus
(Pel
legr
in, 1
907)
XX
XX
INPA
9391
/ T
his
stud
yH
oplia
s mal
abar
icus
(Blo
ch, 1
794)
XX
XX
XIN
PA40
64 /
Thi
s st
udy
Gas
tero
pele
cida
eC
arne
giel
la st
riga
ta(G
ünth
er, 1
864)
XG
éry
1973
/ W
eitz
man
&
Wei
tzm
an 1
982
Hem
iodo
ntid
aeA
rgon
ecte
s rob
ertsi
Lang
eani
, 199
9X
XLa
ngea
ni-N
eto
1998
a /
INPA
4107
Bivi
bran
chia
fow
leri
(Ste
inda
chne
r, 19
08)
XX
XLa
ngea
ni-N
eto
1996
/
MC
P168
95Bi
vibr
anch
ia v
elox
(Eig
enm
ann
& M
yers
, 192
7)X
XLa
ngea
ni-N
eto
1998
b /
Zua
non
1999
/ T
his
stud
yH
emio
dus a
rgen
teus
Pelle
grin
, 190
8X
XX
XX
INPA
4019
Hem
iodu
s goe
ldiS
tein
dach
ner,
1908
XLa
ngea
ni-N
eto
1996
Hem
iodu
s im
mac
ulat
usK
ner,
1858
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Hem
iodu
s mic
role
pisK
ner,
1858
XM
ZU
SP36
838
Hem
iodu
s sem
itane
atus
Kne
r, 18
58X
Gér
y 19
77H
emio
dus t
erne
tziM
yers
, 192
7X
INPA
4284
Hem
iodu
s uni
mac
ulat
us(B
loch
, 179
4)X
XX
Lang
eani
-Net
o 19
96 /
IN
PA41
05 /
Thi
s st
udy
Hem
iodu
s vor
derw
inkl
eri(
Gér
y, 1
964)
XX
XLa
ngea
ni-N
eto
1996
/T
his
stud
yM
icro
misc
hodu
s sug
illat
usR
ober
ts, 1
971
XT
his
stud
y
Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 137
CAMARGO ET AL.
138
Lebi
asin
idae
Nan
nosto
mus
equ
esSt
eind
achn
er, 1
876
XB
ergl
eite
r 19
99N
anno
stom
us u
nifa
scia
tusS
tein
dach
ner,
1876
XB
ergl
eite
r 19
99Py
rrhu
lina
austr
alis
Eig
enm
ann
& K
enne
dy, 1
903
XLo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
91Py
rrhu
lina
sp.
XB
ergl
eite
r 19
99
Paro
dont
idae
Paro
don
sp.
XM
ZU
SP35
999
Proc
hilo
dont
idae
Proc
hilo
dus n
igri
cans
Aga
ssiz
, 182
9X
XX
INPA
4154
Sem
apro
chilo
dus b
ram
aSp
ix &
Aga
ssiz
, 182
9X
XIN
PA41
87
Clu
peifo
rmes
/ E
ngra
ulid
aeA
maz
onsp
rattu
s sci
ntill
aR
ober
ts, 1
984
XB
ergl
eite
r 19
99C
eten
grau
lissp
.X
Thi
s st
udy
Anc
hovi
a cl
upeo
ides
(Sw
ains
on, 1
839)
XT
his
stud
yA
ncho
via
suri
nam
ensis
(B
leek
er, 1
866)
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Anc
hovi
ella
vai
llant
i(St
eind
achn
er, 1
908)
XB
ergl
eite
r 19
99Ly
ceng
raul
is ba
tesii
(Gün
ther
, 186
8)X
Thi
s st
udy
Pris
tigas
teri
dae
Ilish
a am
azon
ica
(Mir
anda
-Rib
eiro
, 192
0)X
XT
his
stud
yPe
llona
cas
teln
aean
a(V
alen
cien
nes,
184
7)X
Thi
s st
udy
Pello
na fl
avip
inni
s(V
alen
cien
nes,
183
6)X
Thi
s st
udy
Pter
engr
aulis
ath
erin
oide
s(Li
nnae
us, 1
766)
XT
his
stud
y
Cyp
rino
dont
iform
es /
Poe
cilii
dae
Mic
ropo
ecili
a pa
rae
Eig
enm
man
, 18
94X
Thi
s st
udy
Pam
phor
icht
hys a
ragu
aien
sisC
osta
, 199
1X
Luci
nda
2003
Pam
phor
icht
hys h
olla
ndi(
Hen
n, 1
916)
XLo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
91Pa
mph
oric
hthy
s min
or(G
arm
an, 1
895)
XX
XLo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
91 /
B
ergl
eite
r 19
99R
ivul
idae
Riv
ulus
sp.
XT
his
stud
yR
ivul
us z
ygon
ecte
sMye
rs, 1
927
XC
osta
200
3
Con
tinue
d A
ppen
dix
Ord
er /
Fam
ilyIr
irí R
iver
Xin
guX
ingu
Mid
dle
Bac
ajá
Low
erX
ingu
Mai
nSp
ecie
sm
icro
-he
ad-
upst
ream
Xin
guR
iver
Xin
guR
iver
refe
renc
eba
sin
wat
ers
mic
roba
sin
Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 138
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE XINGU FISH FAUNA
139
Gym
notif
orm
es /
Apt
eron
otid
aeA
pter
onot
us a
lbifr
ons(
Linn
aeus
, 176
6)X
XIN
PA39
36 /
MZ
USP
300
84A
pter
onot
us b
onap
arti
(Cas
teln
au, 1
855)
XX
INPA
3938
Meg
adon
togn
athu
s kai
tuka
ensis
Cam
pos-
da P
az, 1
999
XC
ampo
s-da
-Paz
199
9 /
INPA
9798
Po
rote
rgus
sp.
XIN
PA39
37St
erna
rche
lla te
rmin
alis
(Eig
enm
ann
& A
llen,
194
2)X
XT
his
stud
ySt
erna
rcho
gito
nsp
.X
INPA
3939
Ster
narc
horh
ynch
us c
urvi
rostr
is(B
oule
nger
, 188
7)X
INPA
393
1
Gym
notid
aeEl
ectr
opho
rus e
lect
ricu
sLin
naeu
s, 1
766
XX
XB
ergl
eite
r 19
99 /
Thi
s st
udy
Gym
notu
scf.
angu
illar
isH
oede
man
, 196
2B
ergl
eite
r 19
99
Hyp
opom
idae
Bra
chyh
ypop
omus
bee
bei(
Schu
ltz, 1
944)
XT
his
stud
yH
ypop
omus
sp.
XIN
PA42
09St
eato
geny
s ele
gans
(Ste
inda
chne
r, 18
80)
XT
his
stud
y
Rha
mph
icht
hyid
aeG
ymno
rham
phic
hthy
s ron
doni
(Mir
anda
-Rib
eiro
, 192
0)X
XN
ijsse
n et
al.
1976
/Thi
s stu
dyR
ham
phic
hthy
s mar
mor
atus
Cas
teln
au, 1
855
XT
his
stud
yR
ham
phic
hthy
s ros
trat
us(L
inna
eus,
176
6)X
XT
his
stud
y
Ster
nopy
gida
eA
rcho
laem
us b
lax
Kor
ring
a, 1
970
XX
Alv
es-G
omes
199
8 /
INPA
3930
Eige
nman
nia
limba
ta(S
chre
inir
& M
iran
da-R
ibei
ro, 1
903)
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Eige
nman
nia
mac
rops
(Bou
leng
er, 1
897)
XX
XLo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
91 /
Thi
s st
udy
Eige
nman
nia
vire
scen
s(V
alen
cien
nes,
184
2)X
XIN
PA39
29St
erno
pygu
s xin
guA
lber
t &
Fin
k, 1
996
XX
XA
lber
t &
Fin
k 19
96 /
M
ZU
SP48
374
Ost
eogl
ossi
form
es /
Ara
paim
idae
Ara
paim
a gi
gas(
Schi
nz, 1
822)
XT
his
stud
y
Ost
eogl
ossi
dae
Oste
oglo
ssum
bic
irrh
osum
(Cuv
ier,
1829
)X
Thi
s st
udy
Perc
iform
es /
Cic
hlid
aeA
cari
chth
ys h
ecke
lii(M
ülle
r &
Tro
sche
l, 18
49)
XT
his
stud
yA
caro
nia
nassa
(Hec
kel,
1840
)X
XB
ergl
eite
r 19
99A
equi
dens
mic
hael
iKul
land
er, 1
995
XX
XX
Kul
land
er 1
995
INPA
4220
/N
RM
2431
6 /
MZ
USP
3267
4
Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 139
CAMARGO ET AL.
140
Aeq
uide
ns te
tram
erus
(Hec
kel,
1840
)X
XX
USN
M25
7698
/ M
ZU
SP
3687
9 /
NR
M24
316
Api
stogr
amm
a co
mm
brae
(Reg
an, 1
906)
XT
his
stud
yA
pisto
gram
ma
geph
yra
Kul
land
er, 1
980
XB
ergl
eite
r 19
99A
pisto
gram
ma
rega
niK
ulla
nder
, 198
0X
Ber
glei
ter
1999
Api
stogr
amm
asp
.X
XT
his
stud
yC
aque
taia
spec
tabi
lis(S
tein
dach
ner,
1875
)X
XM
ZU
SP31
610
Cha
etob
ranc
opsis
orb
icul
aris
(Ste
inda
chne
r, 18
75)
XB
ergl
eite
r 19
99C
haet
obra
ncus
flav
esce
ns H
ecke
l, 18
40X
Ber
glei
ter
1999
Cic
hla
ocel
lari
sBlo
ch &
Sch
neid
er, 1
801
XB
ergl
eite
r 19
99C
ichl
asp
. nov
. “xi
ngu”
XX
XX
Thi
s st
udy
/ Lo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
91C
ichl
asom
a ar
agua
iens
eK
ulla
nder
, 198
3X
Kul
land
er 2
003
Cre
nici
chla
acu
tiros
tris
Gün
ther
, 186
2X
XM
ZU
SP32
771
Cre
nici
chla
cam
etan
aSt
eind
achn
er, 1
911
XM
ZU
SP32
775
Cre
nici
chla
inpa
Ploe
g, 1
991
XX
Ploe
g 19
91 /
Thi
s st
udy
Cre
nici
chla
joha
nna
Hec
kel,
1840
XX
Ploe
g 19
91C
reni
cich
la la
brin
a(S
pix
& A
gass
iz, 1
831)
XIN
PA40
08C
reni
cich
la lu
gubr
isH
ecke
l, 18
40X
MZ
USP
5084
0 / I
NPA
408
2C
reni
cich
la m
acro
phth
alm
aH
ecke
l, 18
40X
XN
RM
445
96C
reni
cich
la m
arm
orat
aPe
llegr
in, 1
904
XX
Ploe
g 19
91 /
MZ
USP
508
41C
reni
cich
la p
ercn
aK
ulla
nder
, 199
1X
XK
ulla
nder
199
1a /
Zua
non
1999
Cre
nici
chla
pha
iosp
ilusK
ulla
nder
, 199
1X
Kul
land
er 1
991a
/N
RM
120
29C
reni
cich
lacf
. reg
aniP
loeg
, 198
9X
NR
M 3
2141
Cre
nici
chla
ret
icul
ata
Hec
kel,
1840
XT
his
stud
yC
reni
cich
la r
osae
mar
iae
Kul
land
er, 1
997
XK
ulla
nder
199
7 /
NR
M 2
3663
Cre
nici
chla
saxa
tilis
(Lin
naeu
s, 1
758)
XX
Ber
glei
ter
1999
Cre
nici
chla
cf. t
erne
tziN
orm
an, 1
929
XZ
uano
n 19
99C
reni
cich
lasp
.X
XM
ZU
SP36
881
/ IN
PA41
76 /
NR
M14
843
Cre
nici
chla
sp. “
lara
nja”
XZ
uano
n 19
99C
reni
cich
lasp
. “pr
eta”
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Con
tinue
d A
ppen
dix
Ord
er /
Fam
ilyIr
irí R
iver
Xin
guX
ingu
Mid
dle
Bac
ajá
Low
erX
ingu
Mai
nSp
ecie
sm
icro
-he
ad-
upst
ream
Xin
guR
iver
Xin
guR
iver
refe
renc
eba
sin
wat
ers
mic
roba
sin
Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 140
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE XINGU FISH FAUNA
141
Cre
nici
chla
stri
gata
Gun
ther
, 186
2X
XPl
oeg
1991
/ T
his
stud
yC
reni
cich
la v
ittat
aH
ecke
l, 18
40X
Thi
s st
udy
Geo
phag
us a
ltifr
onsH
ecke
l, 18
40X
XSt
awik
owsk
i 198
9 /
INPA
4168
/ N
RM
184
72G
eoph
agus
arg
yros
tictu
sKul
land
er, 1
991
XX
XX
Kul
land
er 1
991b
INPA
4256
/ M
ZU
SP
3290
6 /
NR
M13
981
Geo
phag
us p
roxi
mus
(Cas
tela
nau,
185
5)X
XT
his
stud
yH
eros
seve
rusH
ecke
l, 18
40X
XX
MZ
USP
2978
2H
ypse
leca
ra te
mpo
ralis
(Gün
ther
, 186
2)X
Low
e-M
cCon
nell
1991
Kro
bia
guia
nens
is(R
egan
, 190
5)X
Kul
land
er &
Nijs
sen
1989
Laet
acar
asp
. “7
band
as”
XLo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
91M
eson
auta
aco
ra(C
aste
lnau
, 185
5)X
XK
ulla
nder
& S
ilfve
rgri
p 19
91M
eson
auta
festi
vus(
Hec
kel,
1840
)X
XU
SNM
3313
31Pt
erop
hyllu
m sc
alar
e(S
chul
tze,
182
3)X
Ber
glei
ter
1999
Retr
ocul
us x
ingu
ensis
Gos
se, 1
971
XX
XG
osse
197
1 /
INPA
4282
Sata
nope
rca
juru
pari
(Hec
kel,
1840
)X
XX
XN
RM
2431
9 /
USN
M19
9197
/
MZ
USP
3687
7 /
INPA
4213
/ C
AS6
7473
Sym
phys
odon
aeq
uifa
scia
tusP
elle
grin
, 190
4X
Pelle
grin
190
4 /
MZ
USP
3306
1Te
leoc
ichl
a ce
ntisq
uam
aZ
uano
n &
Saz
ima,
200
2X
Zua
non
& S
azim
a 20
02.
Tele
ocic
hla
cent
rarc
husK
ulla
nder
, 198
8X
XK
ulla
nder
198
8 / F
aria
s et a
l. 19
98 I
NPA
4173
/
NR
M25
933
Tele
ocic
hla
geph
yrog
ram
ma
Kul
land
er, 1
988
XX
Kul
land
er 1
988
/IN
PA41
75/
NR
M31
787
Tele
ocic
hla
mon
ogra
mm
aK
ulla
nder
, 198
8X
XK
ulla
nder
1988
/IN
PA41
74/
NR
M25
932
Tele
ocic
hla
sp. n
ov.
XN
RM
1336
6Te
leoc
ichl
a pr
osel
ytus
Kul
land
er, 1
988
XIN
PA41
77Te
leoc
ichl
asp
.X
XN
RM
2431
5 /
MZ
USP
3160
9Te
leoc
ichl
asp
. “LS
”X
Zua
non
1999
Tele
ocic
hla
sp. “
PR”
XZ
uano
n 19
99U
aru
amph
iaca
ntho
ides
Hel
ckel
, 184
0X
Ber
glei
ter
1999
Poly
cent
rida
eM
onoc
irrh
us p
olya
cant
husH
ecke
l, 18
40X
MN
HN
0000
-454
9
Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 141
CAMARGO ET AL.
142
Scia
enid
aePa
chyu
rus j
unki
Soar
es &
Cas
atti,
200
2X
XX
Cas
atti
2002
Petil
ipin
nis g
runn
iens
(Jar
dine
, 184
3)X
XC
asat
ti 20
01Pl
agio
scio
n m
agda
lena
e(S
tein
dach
ner,
1878
)X
XX
XT
his
stud
yPl
agio
scio
n sq
uam
osiss
imus
(Hec
kel,
1840
)X
XX
MZ
USP
3413
2 /
INPA
4048
Pleu
rone
ctifo
rmes
/ A
chir
idae
Hyp
oclin
emus
men
talis
(Gün
ther
, 186
2)X
XT
his
stud
y
Pris
tifor
mes
/ P
rist
idae
Prist
issp
.X
Ber
glei
ter
1999
Raj
iform
es /
Pot
amot
rygo
nida
ePa
ratr
ygon
aie
reba
(Mul
ler
& H
enle
, 184
1)X
XZ
uano
n 19
99Po
tam
otry
gon
aff.
hystr
ix(M
ulle
r &
Hen
le, 1
834)
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Pota
mot
rygo
n le
opol
diC
aste
x &
Cas
tello
, 197
0X
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Pota
mot
rygo
n m
otor
o(M
ulle
r &
Hen
le, 1
841)
XT
his
stud
yPo
tam
otry
gon
orbi
gnyi
(Cas
teln
au, 1
855)
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Pota
mot
rygo
nsp
.X
XIN
PA 4
065
Silu
rifo
rmes
/ A
spre
dini
dae
Buno
ceph
alus
cor
acoi
deus
(Cop
e, 1
874)
XIN
PA41
17Bu
noce
phal
us k
neri
iSte
inda
chne
r, 18
82X
Thi
s st
udy
Plat
ysta
cus c
otyl
epho
rus B
loch
, 179
4X
XT
his
stud
y
Auc
heni
pter
idae
Age
neio
sus i
nerm
is(L
inna
eus,
176
6)X
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Age
neio
suss
p. n
ov.
XT
his
stud
yA
gene
iosu
s uca
yale
nsis
Cas
teln
au, 1
855
XX
XT
his
stud
yA
gene
iosu
s vitt
atus
Stei
ndac
hner
, 190
8X
XT
his
stud
yA
uche
nipt
eric
hthy
ssp.
XX
INPA
4132
Auc
heni
pter
icht
hys t
hora
catu
s(K
ner,
1858
)X
XT
his
stud
yA
uche
nipt
erus
nuc
halis
(Spi
x &
Aga
ssiz
, 182
9)X
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Cen
trom
ochl
us h
ecke
lii(D
e Fi
lippi
, 185
3)X
XT
his
stud
yC
entr
omoc
hlus
schu
ltziR
össe
l, 19
62
XX
XSo
ares
-Por
to 1
998
/ M
NR
J941
7Ps
eude
papt
erus
has
eman
i(St
eind
achn
er, 1
915)
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Con
tinue
d A
ppen
dix
Ord
er /
Fam
ilyIr
irí R
iver
Xin
guX
ingu
Mid
dle
Bac
ajá
Low
erX
ingu
Mai
nSp
ecie
sm
icro
-he
ad-
upst
ream
Xin
guR
iver
Xin
guR
iver
refe
renc
eba
sin
wat
ers
mic
roba
sin
Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 142
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE XINGU FISH FAUNA
143
Tatia
aul
opyg
ia(K
ner,
1858
)X
USN
M 3
2004
5Ta
tia in
term
edia
(Ste
inda
chne
r, 18
77)
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Tatia
sp.
XX
Ber
glei
ter
1999
/ T
his
stud
yTo
cant
insia
pir
esi(
Mir
anda
-Rib
eiro
, 192
0)X
XX
INPA
4069
Trac
hely
opte
rus g
alea
tus(
Linn
aeus
, 176
6)X
Thi
s st
udy
Trac
hely
opte
rus c
oria
ceus
Val
enci
enne
s, 1
840
XB
urgu
ess
1989
.
Cal
licht
hyid
aeA
spid
oras
mic
roga
laeu
sBri
tto,
199
8X
Bri
tto
1998
/ M
CP
1929
5 /
MZ
USP
5120
9A
spid
oras
poe
cilu
sNijs
sen
&Is
bruc
ker,
1976
XR
eis
2003
Cal
licht
hys c
allic
hthy
s(Li
nnae
us, 1
758)
XX
XLo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
91 /
T
his
stud
yC
oryd
oras
xin
guen
sisN
ijsse
n, 1
972
XX
Bur
gues
s 19
89 /
M
ZU
SP 3
8974
Dia
nem
a lo
ngib
arbi
sCop
e, 1
872
XR
eis
2003
Meg
alec
his t
hora
cata
(Val
enci
enne
s, 1
840)
XX
Rei
s 19
97 /
NR
M15
436
Cet
opsi
dae
Cet
opsis
coe
cutie
ns(L
icht
enst
ein,
181
9)X
XT
his
stud
yH
emic
etop
sis c
andi
ru(S
pix
& A
gass
iz, 1
829)
XT
his
stud
yPs
eudo
cept
osis
sp.
XLo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
91
Dor
adid
aeA
nduz
edor
assp
.X
INPA
4052
Dor
as c
arin
atus
(Lin
naeu
s, 1
766)
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Has
sar
ores
tis(S
tein
dach
ner,
1875
)X
XX
XB
urgu
ess
1989
/ T
his
stud
yM
egal
odor
as u
rano
scop
us(E
igen
man
n &
Eig
enm
ann,
188
8)X
XT
his
stud
yN
emad
oras
hum
eral
is(K
ner,
1855
)X
XLo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
91 /
T
his
stud
yO
psod
oras
tern
etzi
(Eig
enm
ann,
192
5)X
XT
his
stud
yO
rino
codo
rass
p.X
Zua
non
1999
Oxi
dora
s nig
er(V
alen
cien
nes,
182
1)X
Thi
s st
udy
Peta
lodo
ras e
igen
man
niSe
nsu
Hig
uchi
XT
his
stud
yD
orad
idae
sp.
nov
.X
Thi
s st
udy
Plat
ydor
as c
osta
tus(
Linn
aeus
, 175
8)X
XX
MZ
USP
3685
9 / T
his
stud
yPt
erod
oras
gra
nulo
sus(
Val
enci
enne
s, 1
821)
XX
XT
his
stud
yPt
erod
oras
lent
igin
osus
(Val
enci
enne
s, 1
833)
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Rhi
nodo
ras d
orbi
gnyi
(Kne
r, 18
55)
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Sten
odor
as b
revi
ssen
su H
iguc
hiX
Thi
s st
udy
Trac
hydo
ras t
rach
ypar
iase
nsu
Hig
uchi
XT
his
stud
yR
hync
hodo
ras x
ingu
iKla
usew
itz &
Rös
sel,
1961
XK
laus
ewitz
& R
össe
l 196
1
Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 143
CAMARGO ET AL.
144
Hep
tapt
erid
aeC
etop
sorh
amdi
asp
.X
MZ
UP3
0813
Cha
smoc
ranu
s lon
gior
Eig
enm
ann,
191
2X
MZ
USP
3080
4H
epta
pter
ussp
.X
INPA
1073
3Im
parf
inis
prist
osM
ees
& C
ala,
198
9X
XZ
uano
n 19
99 /
Lo
we
Mc-
Con
nell
1991
Lept
orha
mdi
a sh
ultz
i(M
iran
da R
ibei
ro,1
964)
XM
NR
J954
9 /
Boc
kman
n &
G
uazz
elli
2003
Myo
glan
issp
.X
INPA
4342
Phen
acor
ham
dia
sp.
XX
MZ
USP
4835
2Pi
mel
odel
la c
rista
ta(M
ülle
r &
Tro
sche
l, 18
48)
XT
his
stud
yPi
mel
odel
la a
ltipi
nnis
(Ste
inda
chne
r, 18
64)
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Pim
elod
ella
sp.
XX
XIN
PA41
97R
ham
della
sp.
XZ
uano
n 19
99R
ham
dia
sp.
XX
XX
XM
ZU
SP36
860
/ IN
PA 4
073
Lori
cari
idae
Aca
nthi
cus h
istri
xSp
ix &
Aga
ssiz
, 182
9X
Mon
toya
Bur
gos
et a
l. 19
88A
ncist
russ
p. “
bola
bra
nca”
XT
his
stud
yAn
cistr
us ra
nunc
ulus
Mul
ler,
Rap
p Py
-Dan
iel &
Zua
non,
199
4X
XM
ulle
r et
al.
1994
/ I
NPA
42
27 /
AN
SP17
2621
/
NR
M19
544
/ M
ZU
SP
3417
6A
ncist
rus s
p. “
pint
a br
anca
”X
Thi
s st
udy
Anc
istru
ssp.
“pr
eto”
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Bar
yanc
istru
s niv
eatu
s(C
aste
lnau
, 185
5)X
XIN
PA40
62B
arya
ncist
russ
p.X
XIN
PA40
58B
arya
ncist
russ
p. “
aba”
XZ
uano
n 19
99 /
Thi
s st
udy
Bar
yanc
istru
ssp.
“am
arel
lo”
XZ
uano
n 19
99B
arya
ncist
russ
p. “
pg”
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Bar
yanc
istru
ssp.
“pp
”X
XT
his
stud
yB
arya
ncist
russ
p. “
pret
o”X
Thi
s st
udy
Coc
hlio
don
sp. “
pint
a”X
XT
his
stud
y
Con
tinue
d A
ppen
dix
Ord
er /
Fam
ilyIr
irí R
iver
Xin
guX
ingu
Mid
dle
Bac
ajá
Low
erX
ingu
Mai
nSp
ecie
sm
icro
-he
ad-
upst
ream
Xin
guR
iver
Xin
guR
iver
refe
renc
eba
sin
wat
ers
mic
roba
sin
Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 144
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE XINGU FISH FAUNA
145
Cor
ymbo
phan
essp
.X
INPA
4068
Farll
owel
la a
maz
ona
(Gün
ther
, 186
4)X
Ber
glei
ter
1999
Gly
ptop
eric
hthy
s xin
guen
sisW
eber
, 199
1X
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Hem
iodo
ntic
hthy
s aci
pens
erin
us(K
ner,
1853
)X
Thi
s st
udy
Hop
lianc
istru
s tri
corn
isIs
bruc
ker
& N
ijsse
n, 1
989
XZ
uano
n 19
99H
ypan
cistr
ussp
. “pã
o”X
Thi
s st
udy
Hyp
anci
strus
zeb
raIs
bruc
ker
& N
ijsse
n, 1
991
XX
Isbr
ücke
r &
Nijs
sen
1991
/
INPA
4338
Hyp
opto
pom
acf
. ine
xspe
ctat
um(H
olm
berg
, 189
3)X
XT
his
stud
y /
Ber
glei
ter
1999
Hyp
opto
pom
a gu
lare
Cop
e, 1
878
XT
his
stud
yO
xyro
psis
cari
nata
Stei
ndac
hner
, 187
9X
MN
RJ9
522
Squa
lifor
ma
emar
gina
ta(V
alen
cien
nes,
184
0)X
XIN
PA42
10H
ypos
tom
ussp
.X
XX
INPA
4184
Lasia
ncist
russ
p.X
INPA
4012
Lepo
raca
nthi
cus h
eter
odon
Isbr
ücke
r &
Nijs
sen,
198
9X
INPA
4358
Lim
atul
icht
hys g
rise
us(E
igen
man
n, 1
909)
XX
USN
M00
0415
27 /
IN
PA41
58Lo
rica
ria
cf. s
imill
ima
Reg
an, 1
904
XLo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
91Lo
rica
ria
sp.
XX
XIN
PA41
91 /
NR
M19
543
Lori
cari
icht
hyss
p.X
Thi
s st
udy
Lori
cari
idae
sp.
XX
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Mic
role
pido
gaste
rsp
.X
XZ
uano
n 19
99 /
Thi
s st
udy
Olig
anci
strus
pun
ctat
issim
us(S
tein
dach
ner,
1881
)X
XZ
uano
n 19
99 /
Thi
s st
udy
Olig
anci
strus
sp. “
bola
bra
nca”
XX
XT
his
stud
yO
toci
nclu
s vitt
atus
Reg
an, 1
904
XSc
haef
er 2
003
Pana
que
nigr
olin
eatu
s(Pe
ters
, 187
7)X
INPA
3965
/ T
his
stud
yPa
ranc
istru
s aur
antia
cus(
Cas
teln
au, 1
855)
XIN
PA40
95Pa
ranc
istru
ssp.
“bo
la a
zul”
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Paro
toci
nclu
ssp.
XLe
Bai
l et a
l. 20
00
Peck
oltia
cf. v
erm
icul
ata
( St
eind
achn
er, 1
908)
XX
Ber
glei
ter
1999
Peck
oltia
vitt
ata
(Ste
inda
chne
r, 18
81)
XX
Bur
gues
s 19
89 /
IN
PA40
29Pe
ckol
tiasp
.2X
Thi
s st
udy
Pseu
daca
nthi
cus l
eopa
rdus
(Fow
ler,
1914
)X
Thi
s st
udy
Pseu
daca
nthi
cus s
pino
sus(
Cas
teln
au, 1
855)
XX
XIN
PA40
37Ps
euda
ncist
rus b
arba
tus(
Val
enci
enne
s, 1
840)
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Pseu
danc
istru
ssp.
XIN
PA40
11Ps
eudo
lori
cari
a la
eviu
scul
a (V
alen
cien
nes,
184
0)X
MN
HM
1889
-029
8 /
BM
NH
1889
.11.
14.6
5
Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 145
CAMARGO ET AL.
146
“Reg
anel
la”
depr
essa
(Kne
r, 18
53)
XT
his
stud
yR
inel
oric
aria
lanc
eola
ta(G
ünth
er, 1
868)
XX
Low
e-M
cCon
nell
1991
/
Thi
s st
udy
Rin
elor
icar
iasp
.X
INPA
4157
/ M
ZU
SP34
311
Scob
inan
cistr
us a
urea
tusB
urge
ss, 1
994
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Scob
inan
cistr
us p
ario
lispo
sIsb
rück
er &
Nijs
sen,
198
9X
INPA
4035
Spat
ulor
icar
iasp
.X
MZ
USP
3601
7Sp
ectr
acan
thic
ussp
.X
Zua
non
1999
Pim
elod
idae
Bra
chyp
laty
stom
a fil
amen
tosu
m(L
icht
enst
ein,
181
9)X
XT
his
stud
yC
alop
hysu
s mac
ropt
erus
(Lic
hten
stei
n, 1
819)
XT
his
stud
yG
oslin
ia p
laty
nem
a(B
oule
nger
, 189
8)X
Thi
s st
udy
Hem
isoru
bim
pla
tyrh
ynch
os(V
alen
cien
nes,
184
0)X
XX
INPA
4023
Hyp
opht
halm
us e
dent
atus
Spix
& A
gass
iz, 1
829
XT
his
stud
yH
ypop
htha
lmus
fim
bria
tus K
ner,
1858
XT
his
stud
yH
ypop
htha
lmus
mar
gina
tusV
alen
cien
nes,
184
0X
XT
his
stud
yM
egal
onem
asp
.X
XT
his
stud
yPh
ract
ocep
halu
s hem
iliop
teru
s(B
loch
& S
chne
ider
, 180
1)X
XX
MZ
USP
3685
3Pi
mel
odin
a fla
vipi
nnis
Stei
ndac
hner
, 187
7X
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Pim
elod
us o
rnat
usK
ner,
1858
XX
Zua
non
1999
/ T
his
stud
yPi
mel
odus
sp.
XX
Low
e-M
cCon
nell
1991
/
Thi
s st
udy
Pim
elod
ussp
. “ol
hudo
”X
XZ
uano
n 19
99 /
Thi
s st
udy
Pini
ram
pus p
irin
ampu
(Spi
x &
Aga
ssiz
, 182
9)X
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Plat
ynem
atic
hthy
s not
atus
(Jar
dine
, 184
1)X
Thi
s st
udy
Plat
ysto
mat
icht
hys s
turi
o(K
ner,
1858
)X
Thi
s st
udy
Pseu
dopl
atys
tom
a fa
scia
tum
(Lin
naeu
s, 1
766)
XX
XX
XLo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
91 /
T
his
stud
yPs
eudo
plat
ysto
ma
tigri
num
(Val
enci
enne
s, 1
840)
XT
his
stud
ySo
rubi
m li
ma
(Blo
ch &
Sch
neid
er, 1
801)
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Zun
garo
psis
mul
timac
ulat
usSt
eind
achn
er, 1
908
XX
Bur
gues
s 19
89Z
unga
ro z
unga
ro(H
umbo
ldt,
1821
)X
XX
Thi
s st
udy
Con
tinue
d A
ppen
dix
Ord
er /
Fam
ilyIr
irí R
iver
Xin
guX
ingu
Mid
dle
Bac
ajá
Low
erX
ingu
Mai
nSp
ecie
sm
icro
-he
ad-
upst
ream
Xin
guR
iver
Xin
guR
iver
refe
renc
eba
sin
wat
ers
mic
roba
sin
Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 146
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE XINGU FISH FAUNA
147
Pseu
dopi
mel
odid
aeB
atra
chog
lani
s ran
inus
(Val
enci
enne
s, 1
840)
XIN
PA41
88M
icro
glan
issp
.X
INPA
4190
Pseu
dopi
mel
odus
sp.
XIN
PA42
47
Scol
opla
cida
eSc
olop
lax
disto
loth
rix
Scha
efer
, Wei
tzm
an &
Bri
tski
, 198
9X
XM
ZU
SP39
065
/ IN
PA41
59
Tric
hom
ycte
rida
eH
aem
omas
ter
vene
zuel
aeM
yers
, 192
7X
MZ
USP
3037
3H
enon
emus
pun
ctat
us(B
oule
nger
, 188
7)X
Thi
s st
udy
Itug
lani
s gra
cilio
r(E
igen
man
n, 1
912)
XLo
we-
McC
onne
ll 19
91O
chm
acan
thus
sp.
XIN
PA41
63Pl
ectr
ochi
luss
p.X
Low
e-M
cCon
nell
1991
Steg
ophi
luss
p.X
MZ
USP
4677
2Tr
icho
myc
teru
ssp.
XX
XIN
PA41
96 /
MZ
USP
304
49Ty
phlo
belu
ssp.
XIN
PA12
929
Vand
ellia
cir
rhos
aV
alen
cien
nes,
184
6X
Low
e-M
cCon
nell
1991
Synb
ranc
hifo
rmes
/ S
ynbr
anch
idae
Synb
ranc
hus m
arm
orat
usB
loch
, 179
5X
XX
MZ
USP
3700
2 /
INPA
4180
Synb
ranc
huss
p.X
INPA
1159
9
Tetr
aodo
ntifo
rmes
/ T
etra
odon
tidae
Col
omes
us a
sellu
s(M
ûlle
r &
tro
sche
ll, 1
849)
XX
Low
e-M
cCon
nell
1999
/
Thi
s st
udy
Col
omes
us p
sitta
cus(
Schn
eide
r, 18
01)
XX
Ber
glei
ter
1999
Mus
eum
cod
es
AN
SP–
Aca
dem
y of
Nat
ural
Sci
ence
s of
Phi
lade
lphi
a, P
hila
delp
hia,
USA
.B
MN
H–
Bri
tish
Mus
eum
of N
atur
al H
isto
ry, L
ondo
n, U
K.
CA
S–
Cal
iforn
ia A
cade
my
of S
cien
ces,
San
Fra
ncis
co, U
SA.
INPA
– M
useu
Ins
titut
o N
acio
nal d
e Pe
squi
sas
da A
maz
ônia
, Man
aus,
Bra
zil
MC
P–
Mus
eu d
e C
iênc
ias
e Te
cnol
ogia
, Pon
tifíc
ia U
nive
rsid
ade
Cát
olic
a do
Rio
Gra
nde
do S
ul -
Por
to A
legr
e, B
razi
lM
CZ
– M
useu
m o
f Com
para
tive
Zoo
logy
, Cam
brid
ge, M
assa
chus
etts
, USA
MN
HN
– M
uséu
m N
atio
nal d
’His
toir
e N
atur
elle
, Par
is, F
ranc
e.M
NR
J–
Mus
eu N
acio
nal,
Rio
de
Jane
iro,
Bra
zil.
MZ
USP
– M
useu
de
Zoo
logi
a da
Uni
vers
idad
e de
São
Pau
lo, S
ão P
aulo
, Bra
zil.
NR
M–
Nat
urhi
stor
iska
rik
smus
eet,
Stoc
khol
m, S
wed
en.
USN
M–
Nat
iona
l Mus
eum
of N
atur
al H
isto
ry, S
mith
soni
an I
nstit
utio
n, W
ashi
ngto
n, D
.C.,
USA
.
Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 147
