REVIEW ON PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHOTOCHEMICAL STUDY …

www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 1, 2018.

443

Abhishek et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

REVIEW ON PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHOTOCHEMICAL

STUDY OF PLUMERIA RUBRA

Abhishek R. Bura*1, Ajit K. Nangare

2, Gaurav S. Lodha

1, Jyoti B. Chavan

1, Snehal D.

Khatake1

and Hrishikesh S. Patil1

1Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundations College of Pharmacy, Vilad Ghat, Ahmednagar (MS),

India - 414111.

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundations College Of

Pharmacy, Vilad Ghat, Ahmednagar, (MS), India, 414111.

ABSTRACT

Plumeria rubra is a deciduous plant species belonging to the genus

Plumeria and family Apocynaceae.Plumeriarubra is generally grown

for decorative purpose in gardens, parks, etc due to its beautiful and

attractive flowers available in various colours and having a lovely

fragrance. In India it is widely used for traditional medicine as

purgative, remedy for diarrhoea and cure for itch. The latex i.e. milky

juice used for treating inflammation. The flowers are used for acne and

fragrance purpose. Plumeriarubra has numerouspharmacological

activitiesand can be used as a drug for treating various diseases in

future.

KEYWORDS: Champa, bountifully, Anxiolytic, Antimutagenic, Antiviral.

INTRODUCTION

Plumeria rubra is a commonly known as Gulachin in Hindi & Champa or Sonchampa in

Marathi, whereas known as Kishirachampa in Sanskrit in India.It belongs to the family

Apocynaceae. Plumeriarubra is belonging to Mexico and from its native place it has been

distributed worldwide speciallyHawaii where it is grown bountifully. The flowers of plant are

used for ornamental purpose because of its fragrance and odour. Different parts of the plant

have been mentioned to be used in various diseases. The latex used as anti inflammatory. The

flower is used as contraceptive, Cure acne etc. Bark and leaves for rheumatism,

World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 7.523

Volume 7, Issue 1, 443-455. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105

Article Received on

05 Nov. 2017,

Revised on 26 Nov. 2017,

Accepted on 17 Dec. 2017

DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20181-10505

8533

*Corresponding Author

Abhishek R. Bura

Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil

Foundations College of

Pharmacy, Vilad Ghat,

Ahmednagar (MS), India -

414111.


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inflammation, anti-fertility, Anthelmintic etc. Other all medicinal uses, phytochemistry and

botanical description are discussed in this review.

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Asterids

Order: Gentianales

Family: Apocynaceae

Tribe: Plumerieae

Genus: Plumeria

Synonym: Plumeriaacutifolia Poir.

Plumeriaangustifolia A. DC.

Plumeriaarborea Noronha

Plumeriaarborescens G. Don

Plumeriaaurantia Endl.

Plumeriaaurantia Lodd. ex G. Don

Plumeriaaurantiaca Steud.

Plumeriabicolor Ruiz & Pav.

Plumeriablandfordiana Lodd. ex G.Don

Plumeriacarinata Ruiz & Pav.

Plumeriaconspicua G. Don

Plumeriagouanii D. Don ex G. Don.

Plumeriaincarnata Mill.

Morphology: Small, deciduous tree to 8 m high is usually grown as an ornamental plant in

garden, parks and generally in areas of the cemetery or grow wide. Branches are swollen and

leafy at tips. Latex is milky white which easily breaks.

Leaves: Leaves are simple, found in clusters at branch ends. They are alternate, glossy dark

green on stout petioles. Leaves lancet shaped elongated, 20-40 Cm Long, 6-12.5 cm wide,

pointed tip, base narrow, flatedge, apexacute to acuminate, margin entire, lamina simple. The

leaf has a thick and distinct midrib, with veins having nerves branching out from the main

central nerve.

Bark and roots: The bark is thin, grey green in colour with a slight shine. The branches are

rounded and swollen almost sausage like in appearance.

Flower: These are large & showy, sweetly fragrant, pedicellate, bisexual, pentamerous, 5-7

cm in diameter.Calyxis synsepalous, five obtuse lobes. Corolla is sympetalousabouttube

cylindrical in shape. The inside is slightly yellow in colour Fig. A & B.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterids

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentianales

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plumerieae&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumeria


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(A) (B)

Fruit and seed: The fruit is follicle with a linear oblong to ellipsoid shape. They are about

15-20 cm long and 1.5-2 cm in diameter. Seeds are oblong or lanceolate, numerous, thin and

winged.

Phytochemical constituents of Plumeria rubra

The different extract of Plumeriarubra were found to contain tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids,

steroids, alkaloids, reducing sugar, saponins and glycosides. A new mono terpene alkaloid,

(R)-4′-((S)-1- hydro xyethyl)-5,6-dihydro-5′ H-spiroyclopenta[C]pyridine-7,2’-furan)-5′-one,

designated as plumerianine; the iridoid 15-demethylplumeride; and three knowntriterpenes,

namely lupeol, uvaol and ursolic acid, were isolated from the methanol extract of

Plumeriaacutifolialeaves (18) Seven compounds namely 2-methylbutan-1-ol, β-phenylethyl

alcohol, nonadecane, heneicosane, benzyl salicylate, tetradecanoic acid and

phenylacetaldehyde were found in the essentialoil of P. rubra red flower variety (32) andthe

major reported constituents of essential oils in white flower are benzyl salicylate (26.7%-

33.5%), benzyl benzoate (7.9%-22.3%), geraniol (< 0.05%- 17.2%), (E,E)-geranyl linalool

(0.2%-9.4%), tricosane (1.1%-8.3%), linalool (0.1%-8.0%), nonadecane (3.8%-7.0%), (E)-

nerolidol (5.5%-7.0%)(10) The following iridoids, fulvoplumierin, allamcin, allamandin,

plumieride, α-allamcidin, 15-demethylplumieride, β-allamcidin and 13- O-trans-p -

coumaroylplumieride; the lignan, liriodendrin, and 2,5-dimethoxy- p –benzoquinone were

isolated from the bark of Plumeriarubra. Taraxasteryl acetate, lupeol, stigmasterol, oleanolic

acid, cycloart-22-ene-3 α, 25-diol and rubrinol, a new triterpene of the ursane series, were

isolated from whole plants of P. rubra.


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O

O

O

O

OHOH

CH3

OH

OOH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

5-Hydroxy-2-[4-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-phenyl]-7-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-chroman-4-one

OO

OHOH

OH

OH

OHNH

O OH

OH

2-Hydroxy-tricos-16-enoic acid [2,3-dihydroxy-1-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxymethyl)-heptadecyl]-amide

CH3 CH3CH3

CH3

CH3

OH

OH

CH3

OH

4-Hydroxymethyl-4,6a,6b,8a,12,14b-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a,14b-icosahydro-picene-2,3-diol

CH3 CH3CO2H

CH3

CH3

OH

CH3

OH

CH3

(1R,3aS,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aR,13bS)-1-acetyl-9-hydroxy-5a,5b,8,8,11a-

pentamethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-

hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid


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O

OO

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

H

O OMe

O

OH

H

CH3

1-[2,4-dihydroxy-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-

yl]oxyphenyl]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-1-one;dehydrate.

O

OO

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O OMe

O

O

CH3

OH

O

methyl (7R)-4'-[(1R)-1-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxyethyl]-5'-oxo-1-[3,4,5-

trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyspiro[4a,7a-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-7,2'-

furan]-4-carboxylate.


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O

OO

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O OMe

O

O

CH3

OH

O

methyl (7R)-4'-[(1R)-1-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxyethyl]-5'-oxo-1-[3,4,5-

trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyspiro[4a,7a-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-7,2'-

furan]-4-carboxylate.

Pharmacological Activities

1. Anti-Microbial Activity and Anti-Bacterial Activity[2,5,15,25.28]

Methanolic extract of stem bark exhibited in vitroanti-microbial activity against gram

positive bacteria. (Bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis), gram

negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium) &

fungi (Aspergillusniger & Candidaalbicans). The ethanolic extract of Plumeria rubra flowers

significantly exhibited antimicrobial activity by Disc diffusion method by inhibiting growth

of S. typhi, E. coli, E. faecalis and B. cereus.

The invitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic, chloroform, ethyl acetate and Aqueousextract

of leaves of Plumeriarubra was been studied using disc diffusion method against s. epidermis

and Escherichia coli of bacterial strains. Among all the extract of leaves ethanolic extract of

leaves are showing partial antibacterial activity against S.epidermidis at 750 and 1000 micro

gram per ml and 1500 micro gram per ml showing complete antimicrobial activity while

Escherichia coli at 1500 micro gram per ml respectively. The results were compared with

standard ciprofloxacin and found that complete antimicrobial activity against S. epidermis at


449


500 mg per ml and Escherichia at 750 mg per ml. The extract of leaves shows significant

Antibacterial activity.

2. Anti-pyretic and Antinociceptive Activity[14,24]

Different doses (100,250,500 mg per kg) of methanolic extract of leaves of

Plumeriaacuminata were administered orally. This showed significant reduction in Brewer’s

yeast induced hyperthermia in rats. The extract was also elicited pronounced inhibitory effect

on acetic acid induced writing. Hot plate tail flick and tail immersion responses in mice in the

Antinociceptive test. The extract significantly reduced the rectal temperature and was

compared with reference paracetamol (100 mg). The methanolic extract of leaves strongly

reduced by intra-peritoneal administration of acetic acid solution and result compared with

the standard drug aspirin. The extract shows antipyretic activity governed by peripheral and

external inhibitory mechanism.

3. Anti-inflammatory activity[12,29]

The methanolic extract of leaves of Plumeriaacuminata posses Anti-inflamatory activity in

both acute and chronic experimental animal models. The methanolic extract of leaves (500

Mg/Kg. Bw) showed maximum Anti-inflammatory effectthat is 30.51,47.06,34.48 &32.50 %

at end of 3 hours using carrageenan,dextran,histamine and serotonin assay respectively. In

cotton pellet method the extract (500 Mg/Kg. Bw) significantly reduced the formation of

granuloma tissue at rate of 45.06%. This effect was compared with indomethacin (10 mg/kg.

Bw) and reduction was found to be 51.57%. Hence the Anti-inflammatory activity was

evaluated.

4. Antioxidant and Free radical scavenging activity[13,23]

Methanolic extract of leaves of Plumeriaacuminata possess Antioxidant and Free radical

scavenging activity by inhibiting peroxidation of linoleic acid in dose dependant manner. The

extract showed maximum activity of 60.42% and 56.38 % inhibition at concentration 125 mg

per micro gram in DPPH radical and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay respectively. The

antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of leaves increased in dose dependant manner as

50, 100, 300, 400, 500, micro gram on animal modelstudy. The methanolic extract of leaves

of Plumeriaacuminata shows significant Antioxidant and Free radical scavenging activity.


450


5. Anti-mutagenic Activity[11]

The ethanolic extract of leaves of Plumeriarubra was examined for Anti-mutagenic Activity.

The micronucleus test was carried out and showed that a dosage of 2 mg isolate and 5 mg

extract per 25 gram mouse of crude extract significantly reduced the number of micro

nucleated polychromatic erythrocytes induced by mutagen Mitomycin C. 4 isolated

A1,C1,D3, F2 showed antimutagenic activity and reduced the number of mutagens

Mitomycin C as A1 by 75%, stigmast-7-enol 80% (C1),lupeol carboxylic acid 57% (D3),

ursolic acid 76% (F2).The structure of A1 is not fully elucidated but ms data suggest,it

contains a hydrocarbon chain. These fractions A1, C1, D3, F2 possess Anti-mutagenic

Activity.

6. Anti-cancer Activity[30]

The ethanolic extract of leaves of Plumeria rubra was evaluated for anti-cancer activity

against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss Albino Mice. The extract was

administered orally at a dose of 200 mg per kilogram and 400 mg per kilogram body weight

and was compared with 5-Fluoruracial (20 mg per kilogram per day IP) for 9 days. The

anticancer activity was evaluated by determining tumor volume, tumor cell count,

viabletumor cell count, mean survival time and increased life span in animal model study.

Ethanolic extract of Plumeria rubra restored the haematological parameters as compared

with E A C bearing mice. Theethanolic Extract of Plumeria rubra leaves decreasing the

nutritional fluid volume and arresting the tumour growth increases the life span of EAC

bearing mice extract also effective in inhibiting the tumour growth in ascetic tumour models.

7. Hypoglycemic Activity[19,23]

Flavone glycoside was used as drug for evaluation of hypoglycemic activity obtain from the

extract of Plumeria rubra and was confirmed by colouring reaction and chromatographic

methods. Flavone glycoside from Plumeria rubra significantly reduced the level of serum

triglycerides in alloxan induced hyperglycemic rats but it did not alter the blood glucose and

serum total cholesterol administration of the glycoside significantly reduced the elevated

level of blood urea and creatinine and the activities of aspartate amino-transferase (SGOT)

and alanine amino transferase (SGPT). When compared with hyperglycemia control

animals,the beneficial effect of flavones glycoside treatment on triglycerides was observed

and it assumes that the drug can be useful to decrease hyperlipidemic risks in diabetes.


451


8. Larvicidal Activity[27]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesised using Plumeria rubra plant latex and

larvicidal activity was determined. The AgNPs synthesised from P. rubra latex were found

toxic to second and fourth larval instar of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. The

different range of concentration of synthesised AgNPs (10,5,2.5,0.625,0.3125 ppm) and

aqueous crude latex extract (1000,500,250,125,62.50,31.25,ppm) were prepared and tested

against larvae of A. aegypti and A. stephensi. The AgNPs was more toxic to both mosquito

species was carried out against nontarget fish species Poecilia reticulate, the most common

organism in habitats of A. aegypti and A.stephensi and it showed no toxicity at LC50 And

LC90doses of the AgNPs. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesised using Plumeria

rubra latex possess potent Larvicidal Activity.

9. Anxiolytic activity[7]

The ethanolic extract of Plumeria rubraflower was evaluated for Anxiolytic activity. Oral

administration of ethanolic extract at dose of 50mg/kg p. o. and 100 mg/kg p.o.to male Swiss

mice significantly increased time spent in open arms of elevated plus-maze test. But no effect

was observed with higher dose of 200mg/kg. The anxiolytic properties of hexane, chloroform

and butanolic soluble and insoluble fractions at one- fifth of original dose were studied in

elevated plus-maze test. Out of which butanol insoluble fraction (BIF) showed significantly

Anxiolytic activity which was compared with standard drug diazepam drug. On pre-treatment

both flower ethanolic extract and BIF did not show any side effect in horizontal activity, total

distance travelled and stereotype count in animal activity monitor no motor in coordination

side effect were observed in rotarod test in mice. The ethanolic extract of flower of Plumeria

rubraand butanol insoluble fraction possess significant Anxiolytic activity.

10. Anthelmintic activity[29]

The Anthelmintic activity of Plumeria rubra was evaluated from crude methanolic extract of

leaves.25mg/ml concentration of dose was studied for its Anthelmintic activity on Indian

adult earthworms (Pheretimaposthuma) and composed with standard piperazine citrate. The

methanolic extract of leaves posses Anthelmintic activity.

11. Antiviral activity[34]

An iridoidfulvoplumierin was isolated from Plumeria rubra. Is an active compound with an

IC50 45 micro gram per ml against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. It acts by

reverse transcriptase mechanism.


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12. Antifertility activity[36]

The antifertility effect of the alcoholic extract of Plumeriarubra pot in female albino

pregnant rats was studied. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each.

Experimental groups of animals were given Plumeriarubra pot extract at dose of 50 mg/kg,

100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight from 11 to 15th

day of pregnancy. The extract showed

significant reduction in the number of live fetuses and increase in the resorption index and

post inplantation losses. The dose of 200 mg/kg BW showed highest 100% of abortion where

as 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg BW showed 13.46% and 43.63 % abortion respectivity. The

alcoholic Plumeriarubra pot extract at dose of 200 mg/kg BW showed prolongation of

estrous cycle and diestrus phase in experimental animals. The alcoholic extract showed

alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, simple phenolicks, tannins and sapponins phytochemicals

present.

CONCLUSION

Plants have been the basis for medical treatments from long period in human history. Modern

medicine uses many plant derived compounds as the basis for evidence based pharmaceutical

drugs. This review focuses on the phytochemical and pharmacological uses of Plumeria

rubra, now the future aspect is to isolate the specific constituent responsible or showing the

specific pharmacological activity and studying it further for invivo bio-therapeutic activity.

Hence Plumeria rubra can be a promising drug in future to treat various diseases.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are thankful to the Dr Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation’s College of Pharmacy,

Vilad Ghat, and Ahmednagar for providing all the necessary facilities and support to carry

out this study and work.

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