REVIEW ON THE UNITED KINGDON’S TRANSPORT WHITE PAPER OF 1998

A NEW DEAL FOR TRANSPORT: BETTER FOR EVERYONE

CLIMATE CHANGE TARGETS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

BYMAC ETELI HAPPINESS .DAUGUST 2015

One of the Busiest Highway in the UK ‘THE M25, London’

AIM OF REPORT

To identify the Objective of the White Paper

To identify Policies Relating CO2 Emission to the Transport sector

To Identify Environmental Targets of the Transport White Paper

To identify the Tools for implementing the White Paper Policy

To Compare present day statistics With Targets of the Transport White Paper

To state a Conclusion on the Influence of the White Paper to modern day Transport Sector particularly with regards Environmental Sustainability

INTRODUCTION» Climate change is the greatest global environment threat facing the community

» Climate change threatens unpredictable extremes of weather with more frequent and intense storms, floods, droughts and rising sea levels.

» In the UK, emissions of CO2 from road transport are the fastest growing contributor to climate change

» Cars revolutionised standard of living, bringing great flexibility and widening horizons.

» Restricting Car ownership will appear to be a move into the past

» Cars and vans have the greatest health, financial and environmental Implications in the UK

» Cars and vans are responsible for close to 50% of CO2 emissions in the UK transport sector

» Road traffic adds substantially to the local air pollution that damages health and hastens the death of thousands yearly

Distance Travelled by Mode (Source: UK Department of Transport, 2010)

Passenger travel by Mode from, 1952 and 1996 (Source: Department for Transport, 2007)

Cost changes in the cost of transport (Source: Sustainable Development Commission 2010)

Social Impacts of Increasing Car dependency (Source: Ian and Lynn 2008)

UK domestic transport sector CO2 emissions 2005 (Source: Department for Transport, 2007)

Objective of White PaperHighlighted below are some of the major objectives of the White Paper

» To increase personal choice by improving the alternatives and to secure mobility that is sustainable in the long term

» To Improve sustainability of the transport sector by reducing the environmental, financial and social costs of travel habits

» To manage the increasing population and reduce congestion by establishing policies which improve the standard and management of Public transport systems making them attractive alternatives to car usage

» To encourage a transport system that efficiently integrates pedestrians, cyclist, cars, vans and all modes of public transport in the design and construction of the roads.

» To encourage a mutual relationship between the local community, and the private/public sectors of the economy

» To maintain an efficient standard of road infrastructures, and ultimately reduce the CO2 footprint of the transport sector whilst meeting the social transport demands of the society.

More and better Buses Making it easier to cycle Better Railway Better choice for motorist Good interchange Practice Timetable co-ordination and

service Public stability Better taxis Accessible transport for

disabled people and ease of access for all

Streets integrating Pedestrians, Cyclists and all forms of motoring

WHITE PAPER’S POLICY REGARDING SUSTAINABILITYThe policies of the white paper are addressed under a few headings including the following

Sustainable shipping

Sustainable Air Freight

Integrated airports

Integrated Ports

Improved Road Safety

Review of Speed Policy

Quality residential environments

Making better use of trunk roads

More care for the local environment

WHITE PAPER’S POLICY REGARDING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

The White Paper Policies regarding the environment aimed to » reduce greenhouse gases;» ensure greener, more fuel efficient vehicles through:

˃ better standards and tax incentives;˃ Cleaner Vehicles Task Force;

» ensure better stewardship of the nation's cultural and environmental heritage;

» tackle transport noise and new powers to enforce noise controls at airports.

» reduce road traffic growth;» minimise transport's demand for land, protect habitats and maintain the

variety of wildlife;» limit the visual intrusion caused by transport;» reduce use of non-renewable materials/energy sources;» ensure that environmental impacts are taken fully into account in

investment decisions and in the price of transport;» enhance public awareness of transport and environment issues.

ENVIRONMENTAL TARGETS OF THE TRANSPORT WHITE PAPER

Key environmental targets of the White Paper are highlighted below;

» To reduce Greenhouse gas emissions to 12.5% below 1990 levels by the period 2008 to 2012 i.e. to emit not more than 3,412 MtCO2e over the five year period or below 682.4MtCO2 per year on average.

» A domestic aim to reduce CO2 emissions by 20% by 2010, i.e. from 600MtCO2 in 1990 to 480MtCO2 in 2010.

» To reduce emissions from new cars to an average of 120g per kilometre before 2010

» EU vehicle and fuel quality standards - to reduce toxic emissions and noise from new vehicles;

IMPLEMENTING THE WHITE PAPERThe White Paper’s implementation is borne out of the following

» United Kingdom’s collaboration with the European Union

» Merging of the departments of the Environment and Transport;

securing a better integration between both and ensuring a better

land usage

» Establishment of The Commission for integrated Transport (CFIT)

which provided the government with independent advice on;

˃ implementation of the policy,

˃ monitoring developments across the transport sector, the

environment and health sector and

˃ reviewing progress towards main objectives of the policy.

PRESENT DAY STATISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL TARGETS OF THE WHITE PAPER

Final UK greenhouse gas emissions National statistics 1990-2013 (Source: National Statistic 2015)GHGe in 1990 approximated 800MtCOe, 2008 to 2010 target was a 12.5% reduction. Result however showed an average of 605MtCOe over the five year period which implies a 24% reduction, i.e. EU’s and UK’s target was met.

UK’s domestic target of reducing 1990 CO2 emitted by 20% (From 600 to less than 480MtCO2) in 2010 was met in 2013.

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PRESENT DAY STATISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL TARGETS OF THE WHITE PAPER

CO2 emissions of new cars and of entire UK fleet (Source: SMMT 2014)

White Paper’s Target for new car CO2 emission was 120g/km by 2010. Statistics show that by 2010, average new car emission was at 140g/km. The White Paper’s Target was not met in this regard. However the preceding target by the EU of 130g/km between 2012 to 2015 was adequately met by the UK.

MODERN LEGISLATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE UK TRANSPORT SECTOR

All credits is not been given to the UK transport white Paper of 1998 as other legislations have been put in place to assist the transport sector in getting greener. The following are some of the main drivers in recent times towards a more environmental sustainable transportation in the UK;

» EU regulation leading to steady improvements in efficiency of conventional vehicles ˃ Imposing Fines on Manufacturers whose Car CO2 emissions per kilometre are beyond the desired limit˃ Eco Innovations mechanism˃ Super Credit Mechanism

» A shift towards diesel cars, » Incentives provided by the VED regime and other fiscal incentives» Better-informed consumer choices – labelling, campaigning, trialling,

demonstrating Biofuels.

CONCLUSION

Road Infrastructure at 1997 (Place : Anonymous)

Leith Walk, Edinburg 2012

Frontage Leeds Beckett University, Leeds City Centre, 2015

CONCLUSION

» The UK transport white paper was very effective in further sensitising the government and the public on the effect of travel habits to a sustainable development. It succeeded in introducing policies and implemented same to meet desirable targets. It can be said that not all the targets where met but considerable objectives have been achieved over the years and the platform on which recent legislations (regarding transportation and CO2 emissions) run cannot be said to have missed the foundation laid by the UK TRANSPORT WHITE PAPER OF 1998. The UK Transport white Paper can hence be summarised as a new deal for transport that integrates the desires and needs of everyone.

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES» CEBR 2015 “The future of motoring taxation: A report for The Society of Motor Manufacturers & Traders (SMMT)”

Centre for Economics and Business Research Ltd» Department for Transport, 2007 “Towards a Sustainable Transport System Supporting Economic Growth in a Low

Carbon World” Department for Transport Great Minster House London » Department for Transport 2010 “Transport Statistics Great Britain” Department for Transport Great Minster House

London Online source available on http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/modal/passenger/tsgb0101.xls/

» European Commission 2015 “Climate Action” Online Source Available on http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/cars/index_en.htm/ Last visisted on 18/08/2015

» John Prescott 2010 “The Government's White Paper on the Future of Transport: A New deal for Transport: Better for everyone”. Department for Transport; Available online on http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100513020716/http://www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/whitepapers/previous/anewdealfortransportbetterfo5695?page=1#a1000, Visited on 18/08/2015

» National Statistics 2014 “2013 UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Provisional Figures and 2012 UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Final Figures by Fuel Type and End-User” Department of Energy and Climate Change, Crown Publications

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https://spuddey.wordpress.com/category/energy/page/10/>. Visited on 18/08/2015 » Sustainable Development Commision 2010 “Car Dependency” » SMMT 2014 “New Car CO2 Report 2014, OBR/DfT projections for fuel efficiency” Society of Motor Manufacturers

and Traders» T&E 2006 “Reducing CO2 emissions from new cars: 2006 progress report on the car industry's voluntary

commitment”, European Federation for Transport and Environment.» Friends of the Earth 2011 “Fuel Tax, Transport and Climate Change” Friends of the Earth London» Ian Taylor and Lynn Sloman 2008 “Towards Transport Justice – Transport and Social Justice in an » Oil-Scarce Future” Transport for Quality of Life, Sustrans 2008.