Review: Polymer Principles

• Four classes of macromolecules:

– Carbohydrates

– Lipids

– Proteins

– Nucleic Acids

• Polymers are made up of smaller parts

called monomers.

• Polymers are formed through

condensation reactions.

• Polymers are broken apart through

a hydrolysis reaction.

General Information about Carbohydrates

• Made of C, H, and O

– “Carbo”-contains carbon

– “Hydrate”-hydrogen and oxygen are present in the same

proportions as in water (2 H: 1 O)

• Often end in “-ose”

Is this a carbohydrate?

Is this a carbohydrate?

Is this a carbohydrate?

Is this a carbohydrate?

General Information about Carbohydrates

• Functions:

– Immediate energy source for cells

– Energy storage for later use

– Raw material for building other molecules

– Important role in cell membrane recognition

About 17 KJ

of energy

per dry

gram.

About the

same as

protein, but

½ that of

lipids

Simple or single sugars are

monosaccharides

Two linked monosaccharides are

disaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharides are

polysaccharides

Monosaccharides -one sugar unit – are the simplest carbohydrates

• Backbone of 3-7 carbon atoms

• Form ring structures in cells

• Characterized by sweet taste

• Have several polar -OH groups, so they are soluble in water. (The many –OH groups can hydrogen bond with water molecules)

BILL

• Draw glucose about ½ the page in size

• Number the carbons

BILL

• On your glucose, highlight all the hydroxyl (–OH) groups

BILL

• On your glucose, highlight all the hydroxyl (–OH) groups

BILL

• Label the slight positive and slight negatives on the highlighted O’s and H’s.

HINT:

remember polarity and unequal pull of electrons

+

+

-

-

+ -

+

+

-

-

BILL

• Draw a water molecule hydrogen bonding off of EACH highlighted H and EACH highlighted O.

– Be sure you correctly orient the H’s and O’s of the water molecule

– Show the hydrogen bond with a dotted line

(you should end up drawing 10 H2O’s)

BILL

•Explain why sugars are able to dissolve in water.

Some example monosaccharides

Ribose

Deoxyribose

Glucose

Fructose

Deoxyribose and ribose are the building blocks for nucleic acids. IB

Found in RNA Found in DNA

Using the molecular model kits:

BUILD RIBOSE

Notice orientation of hydroxyl (OH) groups. STAMP WHEN COMPLETE

GLUCOSE • C6H12O6

• A product of photosynthesis

• Needed for ATP synthesis during cellular respiration

IB

Using the molecular model kits:

BUILD GLUCOSE

Notice orientation of hydroxyl (OH) groups. STAMP WHEN COMPLETE

FRUCTOSE

• Found in fruits.

• Used by plants to attract animals to the fruit for seed dispersal

Glucose and fructose have the same chemical formula C6H12O6 but different structural arrangement of the atoms (called isomers)

BILL

•Draw glucose 3 times. Try to do this without looking at notes.

•Draw ribose 3 times. Try to do this without looking at notes.