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Review QuestionOne category of organic compounds contains molecules composed of long hydrocarbon chains. The hydrocarbon chains may be saturated or unsaturated. Which of the following categories of organic compounds contains these molecules?
A carbohydrates
B lipids
C nucleic acids
D proteins
Objective:B2 - Compare the structures & functions of
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids & their organization into long complex molecules
(Polypeptides)
Proteins
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and NITROGEN
Consist of:
Building Blocks of Proteins Amino Acids There are 20 of them Held together by peptide bonds Proteins range in size from 10 amino acids to 34,350 amino acids!
(monomers)
Amino Acid monomer
Protein polymer
Protein Functions:- Control rate of reactions- Regulate cell processes- Form bones & muscles- Part of cell transport- Help fight disease
Examples of Proteins
Structural (collagen, keratin) Hormones (insulin) Defensive (antibodies) Transport (hemoglobin) Receptor (part of cell membrane) Enzymes
Etymology Peptide: (Gk. PEPTEIN, to digest) Polypeptide: poly- (many) + -peptide (to digest) Monomer: mono- (one) + -mer (part) Polymer: poly- (many) + -mer (part)
What do enzymes have
to do with soft-drinks?
Enzymes
ObjectivesB4 - Identify & investigate the role of enzymes and summarize the importance of enzymes in living systems
Enzyme Characteristics proteins that act as biological catalysts
speed up (or catalyze) chemical reactions
lower activation energies
(speed up)
Activation energy
(continued) reversible are used over and over (are not changed by the reaction) most work best at normal pH & body temperature
Substrate
ActiveSite
Enzyme
Product
(reusable)
Enzyme(unchanged)
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
S
If homeostasis is not maintained, denaturing can occur
Enzymes
Enzymes Specific – lock & key hypothesis Usually end in “-ase”
ATP synthase synthesizes ATP Lactase breaks down lactose Sucrase breaks down sucrose Pepsin breaks down protein (exception)
A person that is lactose intolerant lacks the enzyme lactase rendering him unable to digest lactose in milk
Lock & Key Model
Enzyme-Substrate Complex Substrate - chemical substances acted upon
such as Food & Waste Active Site - region of an enzyme where the
substrate binds prior to the reaction on the enzyme
Practice Question Use the diagram of the enzyme to
determine which substrate below would be broken down by this particular enzyme.
a.substrate Q
b.substrate R
c.substrate S
d.substrate T
Practice QuestionWhich is the best way to describe the fit between an enzyme and its substrate?
A The fit between them varies with the cell.
B The enzyme fits tightly with the substrate.
C The enzyme loosely fits inside the substrate.
D The substrate loosely fits inside the enzyme.
Practice Question
To what macromolecule do enzymes belong?
Protein
Practice Question
Which organic molecule is part of an enzyme?
A fatty acid
B nucleotide
C amino acid
D monosaccharide
StarchAmylase & Glucoamylase
Glucose isomerase
If an enzyme is breaking down a carbohydrate, what would the products be after the reaction?
Simple sugars / Monosaccharides
Now…for the soda…
