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Review: The Souls of China – The Return of Religion After Mao by Ian Johnson 2017 (c) mycountryandmypeople.org 1 Years ago I classified foreigners coming to China into three categories: mystics who look for spiritual answers in an alien cultural realm; nerds who didn’t have enough studying technical chemistry back home looking for yet another intellectual kick in Chinese characters; and gold rushing adventurers who followed the current of global economics. Its hard to draw a line, but I would say that with the preparations of the Beijing Olympics, the first international event which put the Chinese civilization-state into the lime light, and definitely with the more or less coinciding GFC, the ratio between these three groups did tip, in particular because the number of foreigners in China grew exponentially and most of them arrived on its shores on the aforementioned current of mammon. If you belong to the first group, then The Souls of China is your decisive read to understand eventually what you have been looking for, but most likely have never found on your own. If you belong to the second group of nerdish geeks, then Ian Johnson translates for you the enigmatic riddles of Buddhism, Daoism and sinified Christianity. If you are one of the many, who have a rather pragmatic motivation to understand the Middle Kingdom, you will learn how the Xi administration transforms traditional religions into the atheist Party’s new power base. And that’s probably where these three strands of interest merge: at the intersection of faith and power in an – to the Western mind - alien civilization. Only a person driven by serious pain and by a genuine interest in understanding the nature of suffering and transcendence, i.e. people whom we call mystics after they have managed to cope with their pain, go to such great lengths like Ian Johnson. Its inexplicable how he managed to write over a course of approximately five years next to his full time job as Berlin based correspondent for an American newspaper this emotionally and intellectually

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Page 1: Review: The Souls of China – The Return of Religion After ...€¦ · confession which excludes other forms of faith, instead, as the saying goes, every Chinese wears a Confucian

Review:TheSoulsofChina–TheReturnofReligionAfterMaobyIanJohnson

2017(c)mycountryandmypeople.org 1

YearsagoIclassifiedforeignerscomingtoChinaintothreecategories:mysticswholookforspiritualanswersinanalienculturalrealm;nerdswhodidn’thaveenoughstudyingtechnicalchemistrybackhomelookingforyetanotherintellectualkickinChinesecharacters;andgoldrushingadventurerswhofollowedthecurrentofglobaleconomics.Itshardtodrawaline,butIwouldsaythatwiththepreparationsoftheBeijingOlympics,thefirstinternationaleventwhichputtheChinesecivilization-stateintothelimelight,anddefinitelywiththemoreorlesscoincidingGFC,theratiobetweenthesethreegroupsdidtip,inparticularbecausethenumberofforeignersinChinagrewexponentiallyandmostofthemarrivedonitsshoresontheaforementionedcurrentofmammon.Ifyoubelongtothefirstgroup,thenTheSoulsofChinaisyourdecisivereadtounderstandeventuallywhatyouhavebeenlookingfor,butmostlikelyhaveneverfoundonyourown.Ifyoubelongtothesecondgroupofnerdishgeeks,thenIanJohnsontranslatesforyoutheenigmaticriddlesofBuddhism,DaoismandsinifiedChristianity.Ifyouareoneofthemany,whohavearatherpragmaticmotivationtounderstandtheMiddleKingdom,youwilllearnhowtheXiadministrationtransformstraditionalreligionsintotheatheistParty’snewpowerbase.Andthat’sprobablywherethesethreestrandsofinterestmerge:attheintersectionoffaithandpowerinan–totheWesternmind-aliencivilization.Onlyapersondrivenbyseriouspainandbyagenuineinterestinunderstandingthenatureofsufferingandtranscendence,i.e.peoplewhomwecallmysticsaftertheyhavemanagedtocopewiththeirpain,gotosuchgreatlengthslikeIanJohnson.ItsinexplicablehowhemanagedtowriteoveracourseofapproximatelyfiveyearsnexttohisfulltimejobasBerlinbasedcorrespondentforanAmericannewspaperthisemotionallyandintellectually

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richbook.ItunfoldsinthreenarrativesaboutaBeijingbasedBuddhistpilgrimageassociation,aShanxifamilyofTaoistritualmastersandrevolutionaryChengduprotestants,weavedintoastructurethatfollowsthetraditionalChinesecalendar,whichissomewhatsymbolicfortheresurgenceofthepast,becauseitwasmoreorlessabolishedinfavoroftheGregoriancalendarafterthecollapseoftheQingdynasty,butenjoysacenturylaterwiderandwiderusage.Withhoursofpersonalinterviews,daysandevenweeksspentonvariousreligiousretreats,andmassiveresearchintoChineseandreligioushistory,eachofthesenarrativeswouldhavebeensufficientforabookinitself.JohnsonmanagesthoughtotietheseparatenarrativestogetherbyaddingascholarlyanalysisofhowtheChinesegovernmentevolvedinitsrelationshiptowardsreligionoverthelastroughly200yearsandwhatroleitplayedandwillplayinthedevelopmentofacivilization-statewhichcurrentlyshapestheworldlikenootherhumanorganizationandwhosecitizensfeelaspiritualvoid.Progressisnotlinear—churchesaredemolished,templesrunfortourism,anddebatesaboutmoralitymanipulatedforpoliticalgain—buttheoveralldirectionisclear.FaithandvaluesarereturningtothecenterofanationaldiscussionoverhowtoorganizeChineselife.[…]Allofthisexistsandistruebutmissesabiggerpoint:thathundredsofmillionsofChineseareconsumedwithdoubtabouttheirsocietyandturningtoreligionandfaithforanswersthattheydonotfindintheradicallysecularworldconstructedaroundthem.Theywonderwhatmorethereistolifethanmaterialismandwhatmakesagoodlife.

JohnsonexplainsthattraditionalChinesereligionwasnotlikeSemiticreligionsapillarnexttosecularsociety,butwasspreadovereveryaspectoflifelikeafinemembranethatheldsocietytogether,andwasorganizedaroundlocalcommunities,e.g.almosteverycraftsmanshiporguildineverytownhaditsownpatroninsteadofcentralizedauthorities

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inRomeorMecca.Chineseneverbelievedexclusivelyinonereligionandthushadnoconfessionwhichexcludesotherformsoffaith,instead,asthesayinggoes,everyChinesewearsaConfuciancape,aTaoisthatandBuddhistsandals.AndprobablymostimportantlydoesChinesereligionnotprovideahomeforthespiritualseeker,butcertainserviceslikeaTaoistfuneral,aBuddhistmeditationoraConfucianmoralself-cultivation;allofthemmakingupanamalgamofChinesereligioninwhichallChinesebelievemoreorless,eventoday,eveniftheytellyouthattheyareatheists.IamnotentirelyconvincedbyJohnson’selaborations,inparticularthewayheopposesChinesetoWesternfaith,becausethenatureofreligionhaschangedinAbrahamictraditionssubstantiallyovertime.EarlyChristians,too,wereorganizedincommunitiesinsteadofbeingstreamlinedbyapopeandastrictlyhierarchicalorganization.Theideaofconfessingone’sfaithontheotherhandisahistoricalconsequenceofthereformistera,whenLutheranspushedexactlyagainstthishierarchical,communitysuffocatingaspectoftheRomanchurch.Moreover,Ibelievethatallreligionsrequestintheiroriginalformthatasetofvaluespermeatesone’sentirelifeandnotonlyperiodsofobservanceinplacesofworship.InparticularJudaismshowsthattheseparationbetweensecularsocietyandreligionishardlypossible;nonobservantIsraeliswillmostlystillconsiderthemselvesJewish;andIhavenotonlyoncemetaChinesewhodescribeshimselfasaJewoftheEast:businessmindedandbyculturenotbynationalityorgeneticheritagetiedtoanethnicity.Religionisassuchalwaysanintegralpartofwhatmakesupasociety’sculture,evenifithasbecomesecularoratheist,observingoneofthenewhumanistreligionsofliberalism,communismorfascism.

JohnsondoesobservethatChinesereligionfocusesonthecultivationofthemindthroughthebodywithtaichi,qigongandotherphysicalpractices.AnapproachwhichwasfamiliartotheRomanswhobelievedthatasoundmindrestsinahealthybody|menssanaincorporesano.ButhedoesnotexplainthatthisfocusontheintegrationofbodyandmindwhichpersistedinChinauntilmodernityandwasrefinedevenintopoliticalconceptslike

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globalharmony|datong,istheresultofafromtheWestdifferentculturalevolutionduringtheAxialAge,whenothermodernsocietieshadgonethroughaprofoundseparationofthespiritualfromtheeveryday,butnosuchdivisionevertookplaceinFarEastAsia.ChinaneverunderwentwhatGermanphilosopherKarlJasperscalledthe‘AxialAge’,aseparationcreatingadynamictensionbetweentheworldofmatterandanotherworldofspirit.Chineserarelydoubtedthesuperiorityoftheircivilization,whichrestedinthisrefinedbodymindequilibirium.Theywereoftenself-criticalbutbelievedthattheirwaysoflifewouldprevail.China’sencounterwiththeWestshookthatself-assuranceandledtothedestructionofmostreligion,inparticularoffolkreligion.AdevelopmentwhichismostclearlyconfirmedbythedemolishmentofapproximatelyonemillioncitygodtemplesandculturalheritagesitesliketheBuddhistgrottosofDunhuang.OnlyTaiwanandHongKongweresavedfromthismadnessandthusdifferentiatethemselvesexactlyinthisaspectfrommainlandChina.ItseemsthoughasifJohnsonimpliesthatChinesepoliticiansarebettersocialpsychologiststhantheirWesterncounterparts,whenhedescribeshowthe150yearlongstruggleoftheChineseelitetoidentifyreligionandsuperstitionwithinthehithertoholisticculturalblendinordertoeraseitcompletely,leadseventuallytoaresurgenceofexactlythesameblend,whichnowsupportedbynewtechnologyputsthepartylikeneverbeforefirmlyinitssaddle.TheHuJintaoandXiJinpingadministrationshaverealizedinthewakeoftheChineseindustrialrevolutionthatwhatsocietylackedwasrules,standards,ties.Chinesesocietywaslikeasailboatunmoored,itscenterboardbroken,itssailsfull,flyingwildlyacrossthewater—exhilaratingtowatchfromtheshorebutterrifyingtoride.JohnsoninterestinglydescribesforChinawhatKenWilberdescribedfortheUS:aperspectivalmadness,i.e.thegovernmentbroadcastingcontinuousandrepeatednon-truthwiththesingleobjectiveofstayinginpowerandcompletelydetachedfromthevalueslivedinsociety.HeconfirmsmyobservationthattheG2governmentsconvergeinhowtheyruntheirnations.“Youhaveasocietywheretheeducationalmaterialsareallaboutlovingtheparty,soofcourseitleadstoaspiritualcrisis.AfterawhilethestudentslearnthatLeiFengisafake.Thisisdestructive;itdestroyseverythingyou’vebeentaught.Youfeelthatnothingisreal.Howcantheyteachvirtues?It’simpossible.Youfindoutthatthethingsyou’resupposedtoadmirethemostarefake.Soitseemsnothingisreal.Faithisafoundation,butthegovernmenthasnofoundation:theywillsayanythingordoanything.Theonlywaythepartycansucceedisbycheatingyou.Thatbecomestheirbiggestsuccess—byhowmuchtheycancheatyou.That’swhomyou’reruledby.”Despitethetitle,TheSoulsofChinaisadeeplypoliticalbookandthesubtitlecouldwellbeThankyou,Mr.Xi:wedon'tneedanotherregionalsetofregressivevaluesinaneraof

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globalization.Societiesdoneednotonlylawsbutalsovaluesanditisevidentthatthemodernworldisinageneralcrisis,becausethevalueswhicharepropagatedarenotlivedbythosewhoareinpower;theresultingdistrustseepsthroughsocietyandpermeatesallareasandmembers.ButeveniftheXiadministrationmanagestoalignitsvaluepropagandawithitsdeeds,itwillleadtowhatSamuelHuntingtondescribedin1996asaclashofcivilizations.ThestakesfortheWestarehigh,becauseitishighlyheterogeneous,badlyorganizedandfromaChineseperspectiveitsincreasinglyjustifiedtospeakofabunchofbarbarians.IfBeijingsucceedstoimplantitsvaluesintothemindsofitscitizensthenitwillhavecreatedtrust,i.e.thecurrency,whichFrancisFukuyamaarguedin1995tobeanessentialantidotetotheincreasingdriftofAmericancultureintoextremeformsofindividualism,which,ifunchecked,willhavedireconsequencesforthenation'seconomichealth.Aprognosiswhichproofedtobetrue.Johnson’smainmeritconsistsinshowinghowChinahaspainfullyalienateditselfoverthelast150yearsfromitsmostintrinsicculturalassettocatchupwiththeWesternworld;andhowXiJinpingemulatestheparamountleaderoftheculturalrevolutionandhisdynasticpredecessorsinreinstatingexactlythisasset.Maohimselfunderstoodreligion’spower,callingdivineauthorityoneofthe“fourthickropes”bindingtraditionalsocietytogether;theotherthreewerepoliticalauthority,lineageauthority,andpatriarchy.Thusheturnedhimselfintothesonofheavenwhoappearsasthesunfromtheeast;andXiportrayshimselfaspatronoftraditionalChinesebeliefsystems,i.e.Buddhism,TaoismandConfucianismwiththesoleobjectiveoftyingthepopulationatlargeclosertohimself.

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InretrospecttheGFCwasamuchunderestimatedturningpoint,whichgaveChinesetheimpressionthattheyhadoutperformedtheWesteconomicallyandcouldnowfocusagainonthevalueswhichmadethemwhattheyare.ThissearchforidentityismostprominentlyfeaturedinJohnson’sbookbyMasterNan,aTaiwaneseborntraditionalistwhonowteachesintheYangtzeRiverDelta:“Inthepastonehundredyears,ChinausedWesternthinking,notChinesethinking,”MasterNansaid.“CommunismisWestern,notChinese.CapitalismisalsoWestern.SocialismisalsoWestern.WhatisChinese?”Indeed,whatisChinese,andwhymustitbebasedonalookbackwards?Whycan’twestarttodefineourselvesbyacommonfuture?Xitriestowrestthedivineauthorityfromreligiouscommunities,becausehehasbrilliantsociologistsasadvisors;theyhaveunderstoodbystudyingothermodernsocietiesthattheindustrialrevolutionunderminespolitical,lineageauthorityandpatriarchy.Religionwillbetheonlystrongropewhichwillholdinthe21stcenturyasocietytogetherandthereforehastobecontrolledbythegovernment;thereinforcementofthestateasaparentsurrogateisthereforetopnationalistpriority,nomatterifsuchpolicieshamperthepersonalgrowthofthepopulationatlarge.Xi’spolicyiscontradictorytowhattheSwisspsychoanalystJungsaidaboutindividuation:Peelingoffculturalconditioninganddevelopingatrueselfofteninvolvesphysicaldetachmentfromone’soriginatingsociety.

ThattheChinesegovernmentdoesnotwantitscitizenstogrowupissubtlyreflectedintheopenstreet.Collectingphotosofthenewpropagandaartworkhasturnedduringthelastyearintoahobby,andwhenItakemystrollsinourneighborhoodIamonadailybasisconsternatedbythechildishnessofpoliticalmessages,whichmakethecontentsseemevenmoresevere.Theaboveleftpictureshowsthenationasthemotherandthecitizenasthechildholdingontothemother’sback.Itreads:ifthenationofancestorsiswealthyandstrong,thenmymindisatpeace.TherightpictureisoneoutofaseriesspottedinShanghai’sChangningdistrictwhichtriestopushthevalueoflawandorderbyshowing

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childcitizenslookinguptotheirneighborhoodpoliceofficer.Iamnotsurprisedthatacountry,whereHelloKittyturnedintoamegabrand,generatessuchpropaganda,butIamamazedaboutthemultitudeofpolicyinterpretations.Itseemsasifthecentralgovernmentassignedtoeverylocalgovernmentthetaskofcreatingpoliticalartworkaroundthenewlydefinedsocialistcorevalues,becauseatleastinShanghaieverydistricthasitsownpeculiarsetofposters;eachoneofthemrevealinganotherdetailtothekeenobserveraboutthetruemessageofthiscampaign:obey.Johnsonwritesthatthecontentforthiscampaignwasconceivedintheautumnof2011,atthelastbigannualCommunistPartymeetingundertheoldadministrationofPresidentHuJintaoandPremierWenJiabao.Thecommuniquéissuedbythatmeetingfranklydescribedasocietywhere“inanumberofareas,moralsaredefeated,sincerityislacking,theviewoflifeandvaluesystemofanumberofmembersofsocietyisdistorted.”Thesolutionwastoeducatepeoplein“CoreSocialistValues.”Theseweremainlyanodyneterms(“patriotism,”“honesty,”“thrift”),buttheybegantobesupplementedwithideasfromtheoldpolitical-religioussystemofHanChinesethought,suchasfilialpiety,orxiao,andapoliticalutopianterm,datong,oftentranslatedas“greatharmony.”Infact,thereportcalledChina’straditionalheritage“acommonspiritualgardenfortheChinesenation.”OnewouldthinkthatpresidentXiwhoseemstobeinparticularfondofBuddhismpushescorevalueslikecompassion,butwhatweusuallyseefirstareairplanecarriers,tanks,soldiersorsymbolsoftraditionalChinesepowerliketheTempleofHeavenunderthecharacters富强|wealthandpower;translatedeuphemisticallyintoprosperity.Thesimplefactthatthisvalueisalwaysleadingallothersreflectsthatitisnotintendedtoinstilltruevaluesintosocietyatlargebutshowsbywhatitismotivated:thepartieswilltopower.Shouldn’tauthenticvaluesbedefinedbypurpose?Someoverviewbillboardsseparatethetwelvekeytermsintothreegroupsofeachfourwhichreflectthreedifferentlevelsofsociety:国家|nation,社会|society,公民|citizen.Thenation,whichisthesameasthegovernmentandthustheparentsurrogateforthecitizensshouldstrivetobe富强|prosperousandpowerful,民主|democratic,文明|civilized,和谐|harmonious.Societyshallfollowthevaluesof自由|freedom,平等|equality,公正|justiceand法治|theruleoflaw.Thecitizenmustbe爱国|patriotic,敬业|dedicated,诚信|honestand 友善|friendly.Shouldvaluesbeessentiallythesameforallmembersofsociety,nomatterwhethertheyhavetheroleofgovernmentorordinarycitizen?TheChinaDreamcampaignwithitsimplementingstrategyofpropagatingsocialistcorevaluesisbackwardsandinwardslooking;itisdeeplynationalisticandistheantithesisof

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whataglobalizedandunitedhumankindneedstotackletheproblemsahead;itistheChineseversionofaJapanesesakokupolicy.InsteadofrevivingtheNüwamyth,tellingtheChinesethattheyweremadeoutofYellowRiverclayandteachingthemtobepatriotic,itwouldmakemoresensetotalkaboutTheJourneyofMan,i.e.whyhumansareonebigfamiyhavingitsorigininAfrica.Prosperity,democracy,civilityandharmony,eveniffake,areunderpresidentXi’spolicyonlyvaluesforChinesesubjectsandfostertherenaissanceoftheHuaYidichotomy:asuperiorChinesecultureopposedtobabarians.

Johnsonmakesthoughaslightlyoptimisticresumeofhiswritingandemphasizestheopportunityforbroadertransformation.Religionprovidesamoralityandframesofreferenceforuniversalaspirations—likejustice,fairness,anddecency—thatarehigherthananygovernment’sagenda.OutofthisiscomingaChinathatismorethanthehyper-mercantilist,fragilesuperpowerthatweknow.Itisacountryengaginginaglobalconversationthataffectsallofus:howtorestoresolidarityandvaluestosocietiesthathavemadeeconomicsthebasisofmostdecisions.PerhapsbecauseChinesetraditionsweresosavagelyattackedoverthepastdecades,andthenreplacedwithsuchanakedformofcapitalism,Chinamightactuallybeattheforefrontofthisworldwidesearchforvalues.ReadinghisaccountofhowprotestantchurchesinChengdutranslatetheBiblefromclassicGreekintoChineseandhowtheymeetlikeearlyChristiancommunities;howBuddhistassociationsfocusinthelastextentonexhortingpeopletodogood;andhowTaoistsfavordeedsoverruminations;IfeelthatthereishopeandIonceagainwouldliketoaskphilosopherKenWilberifhewouldn’tagreethattheleadingedgeofevolutionhasshiftedtoChina;consideringthatcompetitionhasdefinitelyshiftedtothefieldofvalues.WertbewerbinsteadofWettbewerb.