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Review_Unit 2 Biochemistry Basic Chemistry

1. What is an element?

2. What are atoms?

3. What 3 sub particles make up an atom?

4. Where is a neutron found in an atom?

5. What is the charge of a neutron?

6. Where is a proton found in an atom?

7. What is the charge of a proton?

8. Where is an electron found in an atom?

9. What is the charge of an electron?

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10. The region around a nucleus that electrons travel in is called an:

11. T or F Atoms like to have their outer most energy levels FULL.

12. Fill in the total maximum possible # of electrons for each energy level:

Energy Level # of Electrons

1

2

3

13. What are Isotopes?

14. Isotopes are referred to in terms of the combined total of:

15. Define chemical compound:

16. T or F Chemical compounds have new emergent properties not found in the individual elements.

17. List 2 common types of chemical bonds? What happens to the electrons in each

chemical bond type?

18. Define Molecule:

19. Define Ion:

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20. T or F Chemical reactions occur when bonds between compounds are broken or formed

21. T or F Atoms are never created or destroyed

22. T or F Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in the organism.

23. Define Solution (related to chemistry):

24. Give an example of a solution:

25. The pH scale goes from what number to what number?

26. Which pH level is neutral?

27. In which range are acids found?

28. In which range are bases found?

29. Define Acid:

30. Define Base:

31. Sketch an ATP Molecule

32. T or F ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate

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Biomolecules 33. What is a monomer?

34. T or F Organic molecules refer to the carbon based molecules found in all living things

35. T or F Inorganic molecules refer to non-carbon molecules found in nonliving things

36. List the 4 major classes of organic molecules that living things are primarily made of:

37. List the name of the monomer for each biomolecule and sketch the structure of the

monomer.

Biomolecule Monomer Basic Structure

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38. Write out the name for each element symbol below:

Element Symbol

Element Name

C

H

O

N

P

Carbohydrates 39. What are the elements found in carbohydrates? In what ratio do they occur?

40. Name two categories of simple carbohydrates. Give examples of each:

41. Name the category for complex carbohydrates. Give 3 examples of complex carbohydrates and the use of each.

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42. What is the monomer for carbohydrates called?

43. Do carbohydrates have polymers?

44. If yes, what is the polymer of carbohydrates called?

45. What main function do carbohydrates provide for living organisms?

46. List 3 common carbohydrates:

47. T or F Carbohydrates break down into monosaccharides

Lipids 48. What main elements are found in lipids?

49. Name two categories of fats. Give examples of each:

50. What does it mean to be a saturated fat?

51. What does it mean to be an unsaturated fat?

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52. Sketch a saturated fat molecule and an unsaturated fat molecule:

53. What is the monomer for lipids called?

54. Do lipids have polymers?

55. If yes, what is the name of the polymer for a lipid?

56. What main function do lipids provide for living organisms?

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57. What is this a picture of?_____________________________________________

Proteins

58. What are the elements found in Proteins?

59. What is the monomer for proteins called?

60. How many types of amino acids are there?

61. Do proteins have polymers?

62. If yes, what is the name of the polymer for a protein?

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63. What main functions do proteins provide for living organisms (list at least 5 functions)?

64. T or F Proteins are very diverse in function and shape

65. T or F Proteins have 4 categories of shapes/structures based on complexity (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures)

66. T or F Proteins break down into amino acids

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Nucleic Acids 67. What are the elements found in Nucleic Acids?

68. What is the monomer for Nucleic Acids called?

69. Sketch the structure of a nucleotide and label the 3 parts (Nitrogen Base, Phosphate Group & Sugar)

70. Do nucleic acids have polymers?

71. If yes, what is the name of the polymer for a nucleic acid?

72. What main functions do nucleic acids provide for living organisms?

73. T or F Nucleic Acids break down into nucleotides.

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Enzymes

74. Which biomolecules are enzymes made up of?

75. What is the main function of enzymes?

76. T or F All living things require enzymes to stay alive.

77. T or F Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.

78. T or F Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction

79. T or F each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job

80. T or F enzymes are named for the reaction they help

81. T or F Enzymes are not changed by the reaction

82. T or F Enzymes are re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules

83. T or F very little enzyme is needed to help in many reactions

84. T or F Enzymes reduce the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur

85. T or F After the reaction is complete, the substrate has formed a new product or

products and the enzyme is released to be reused.

86. T or F The shape of the active site (the “lock”) determines which substrate (which “key”) will “fit” into the enzyme.

87. T or F Enzymes function in a narrow temperature range.

88. T or F Enzymes function in a narrow pH range.

89. T or F an enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its

activity and function.

90. T or F The binding of an inhibitor to an enzyme can stop a substrate from entering the enzyme's active site and/or hinder the enzyme from catalyzing its reaction.

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91. Define Enzyme:

92. Define Substrate:

93. Define Enzyme-substrate complex:

94. Define Active site:

95. List 4 FACTORS that can affect an ENZYME’S FUNCTION?

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Water

96. Write the chemical compound for water:

97. Draw a picture of a water molecule and label the Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms. Also, indicate which part is slightly positive and which is slightly negative.

98. T or F H2O is a NEUTRAL molecule (# of positively charged protons = # of negatively charged electrons)

99. T or F Oxygen in a water molecule attracts most of the electrons toward its end and away from the hydrogen

100. T or F The OXYGEN END of a water molecule acts NEGATIVE, while the

HYDROGEN END acts POSITIVE

101. T or F POLARITY is the unequal distribution of charge across the molecule

102. T or F Because of polarity HYDROGEN BONDS form between water molecules

103. Define cohesion:

104. T or F Cohesion produces surface tension

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105. Define adhesion:

106. T or F Adhesion causes WATER DROPLETS to form

107. T or F Adhesion causes H2O molecules to hold to XYLEM TUBES in plants. This adhesion combined with the cohesive property of water causes the H2O molecules to move upward

108. T or F Water is less dense as a solid

109. T or F When water freezes it forms crystal-like bonds that puts the

molecules at fixed distances from each other.

110. T or F The fixed distance in frozen water molecules is further apart than the

hydrogen bonds that pull liquid water molecules together.

111. T or F Floating ice insulates lakes so organisms can stay alive during extreme cold weather.

NOTE: HEAT OF VAPORIZATION is the energy that must be added to the substance, typically a liquid, to transform a quantity of that substance into a gas. For water it is (540 Cal/g)

112. T or F Heat of Vaporization/evaporation is measured by the amount of heat

energy needed to change 1g of 100oC boiling water to 100oC steam

113. T or F Water has a high heat of vaporization/evaporation

114. T or F Produces EVAPORATIVE COOLING from your body surface as you

sweat

115. T or F Water dissolves more substances than any other known substance

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116. T or F Water does not dissolve lipids

117. T or F Water provides an AQUEOUS (WATERY) ENVIRONMENT for cells so

diffusion and metabolic reactions can take place

Chemical Reactions Chemical Equations

Reactant + Reactant Product(s)

118. What are the 2 main categories for chemical reactions?

119. Draw the pH scale.

Label the numbers of the scale.

Indicate which number is neutral.

Indicate the acid range.

Indicate the base range.

Indicate which side is more concentrated with OH- and

Indicate which side is more concentrated with H+.

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Info to Study Creating Larger Molecules Breaking Molecules Down Into Smaller Parts

Anabolic Catabolic

Dehydration Synthesis – 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen (forming H2O) are removed so monomers can bond with each other and create larger molecules.

Hydrolysis – adding water helps break apart larger molecules

Hydrolysis