Reviewer Biology

8/7/2019 Reviewer Biology

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Reviewer biology. I cant believe I did this for bio. Share lang baka may hindi pa nakakapag rebyu.

1. What are the functions of the nervous system?a. Sensory input

i. Gathers infoii. Monitors changes inside and outside the body

b. Integrationi. Processes and interprets sensory I and decide if action is needed

c. Motor outputi. A response to integrated stimuliii. The response activates muscles or glands

2. What are the structural classifications of the nervous system?a. Central nervous system (CNS)

i. Brainii. Spinal cord

b. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)i. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

3. What are Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System?a. Sensory (afferent) division

i. Sensory (afferent) divisionb. Motor (efferent) division

i. Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous systemii. Two subdivisions

1. Somatic nervous system = voluntary2. Autonomic nervous system = involuntary

4. What are the types of cells is nervous tissue made of?a. Supporting cells

i. For cns1. Astrocytes

a. barrier between capillaries and neuronsb. Control the chemical environment of the brain by picking up

excess ions and released neurotransmitters ( this is found

when neurons interact with other neurons fig 7.10)

2. Microgliaa. Spider-like phagocytesb. Dispose of debris (dead brain cells and bacteria)

3. Ependymal cellsa. Line cavities of the brain and spinal cordb. Circulate cerebrospinal fluidc. The cilia forms like a protective cushion around the cns

4. Oligodendrocytes


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a. Produce myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the centralnervous system

ii. For pns1. Satellite cells

a. Protect neuron cell bodies2. Schwann cells

a. Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous systemb. Neurons

5. What are the major regions of the neuronsa. Cell body nucleus and metabolic center of the cellb. Processes fibers that extend from the cell bodyc. Read more on page 226

6. What are the extensions outside the cell body?a. Dendrites conduct impulses toward the cell bodyb. Axons conduct impulses away from the cell body

7. What is the gap between adjacent neurons?a. Synaptic cleft

8. What is called for the junction between nerves?a. Synapse

9. What cells produce myelin sheaths on the axon?a. Schwann cells

10.What are gaps in myelin sheath along the axon?a. Nodes of ranvier

11.What are the functions of the myelin sheaths?a. Protects the axonb. Insulates the axonc. Increases nerve impulse transmission

12.Read more page 22713.What is the umyelinated regions in the cns ?

a. Gray matter14.What is the myelinated regions in the cns?

a. White matter15.What is the plasma membrane of the Schwann cell?

a. Neurilemma16.What are clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the central nervous system?

a. Nuclei ( also known for a network of nerve cells)17.What are collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system?

a. Ganglia18.What are the functional classifications of neurons?

a. Sensory (afferent) neuronsb. Motor (efferent ) neuronsc. Interneurons (association neurons)


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19.What kind of neuron carries impulses from the sensory receptors?a. Sensory neurons

20.What is the sensory receptor in the skin? In the muscles and tendons?a. Cutaneous sense organsb. Proprioceptors detect stretch or tension

21.What kind of neuron carries impulses away the sensory receptors?a. Motor neurons

22.What are found in neutral pathways in the cns and connects sensory and motor neurons?a. Interneurons

23.What are the structural classifications of neurons? Explain briefly why.a. Multipolar neurons- many extensions from the cell bodyb. Bipolar neurons one axon and one dendritec. Unipolar neurons have a short single process leaving the cell body

24.What is the most common structural type of neuron?a. Multipolar neuron

25.What neuron is found only in special sense organs such as nose and eyes?a. Bipolar neurons

26.Unique neuron that carries nerve impulse toward and away from the cell body?a. Unipolar neuron

27.Neuron found only in the pns ganglia.a. Unipolar neuron

28.What are the functional properties of neurons?a. Irritability ability to respond to stimulib. Conductivity ability to transmit an impulse

29.The plasma membrane of a resting or inactive neuron is ________.a. Polarized

30.Until ___________ occurs a neuron cannot conduct another impulse.a. Repolarization

31.___________ excite neurons and become active and generate impulse.a. Stimuli

32.Essay: why is a nerve impulse called an all-or-none response?a. Read page 231 lower part, use a little imagination why fig 7.10

33.____________ restores the original configuration of the axon which requires atp.a. Sodium-potassium pump

34.What increases impulse travel in the axon?a. Myelin sheath because the nerve impulse jumps out to each node of ranvier.

Remember that the myelin sheath acts as an insulator.

35.Where does action potential start?a. Dendrites

36.What are the 5 basic components of a reflex arc? (in order)a. Receptorb. Sensory neuron


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c. Integration centerd. Motor neurone. Effector

37.These are rapid, predictable and involuntary response to stimuli.a. Reflexes

38.What are the types of reflex arc? Give examples.a. Autonomic reflexes

i. Smooth muscle regulationii. Heart and blood pressure regulation

iii. Regulation of glandsiv. Digestive system regulationv. Secretion of salivavi. Changes in size of pupils

b. Somatic reflexesi. Activation of skeletal muscles

39.What is the largest and most complex mass of nervous tissue in the body?a. Brain

40.What are the four regions of the brain?a. Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)b. Diencephalonc. Brain stemd. Cerebellum

41.What region is the largest of the four regions in the brain?a. Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)

42.Review A page 237 fig 7.13 nakalagay sa notes mo manoy to memorize the anatomy of thebrain.

43.Elevated ridges in the brain are called?a. Gyri

44.Shallow grooves in the brain are called?a. Sulci

45.Deeper groves in the brain?a. Fissures

46.Fissures ..?a. Separate large regions in the brain

47.The cerebral hemispheres are separated by a large fissure called __________?a. Longitudinal fissure

48.What are the surface lobes of the cerebrum?a. Frontal lobeb. Parietal lobec. Occipital lobed. Temporal lobe

49.Sends impulses to skeletal muscles.


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a. Primary motor area50.Receives impulses from the bodys sensory receptors.

a. Somatic sensory area51.Damage to this are causes inability to say the words properly.

a. Brochas area52.What are the major structures of the diencephalon?

a. Thalamusb. Hypothalamusc. Epithalamus

53.Very important structure of the diencephalon that plays a role in the regulation of bodytemperature, water balance and metabolism.

a. Hypothalamus54.Regulates the pituitary gland.

a. Hypothalamus55.What forms the cerebrospinal fluid?

a. Choroid plexus56.What is the relay station for sensory impulses?

a. Thalamus57.Where do choroid plexuses located?

a. Epithalamus58.What are the parts of the brain stem?

a. Medulla oblongatab. Midbrainc. Pons

59.What part of the brain stem merges with the spinal cord?a. Medulla oblongata

60.Provides involuntary coordination of the body movements.a. Cerebellum

61.What protects the central nervous system?a. Scalp and skin(epithelium)b. Skull and vertebral column(bone)c. Meninges (membranes)d. Cerebrospinal fluid(watery cushion)e. Blood brain barrier

62.What are the parts of meninges?a. Dura mater (tough or hard mother) (outermost layer)

i. Double-layered external covering that surrounds the brain1. Periosteum attached to surface of the skull2. Meningeal layer outer covering of the brain and spinal cord

b. Arachnoid layeri. Threadlike expansion span the subarachnoid space

1. Subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid


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c. Pia mater (gentle mother)i. Internal layerii. Clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord following every fold

63.What is the cerebrospinal fluid?a. Formed by the choroid plexusb. Forms a watery cushion to protect the brainc. Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord

64.How do the cerebrospinal fluid moves?a. Read page 242 to 243

65.What is the blood brain barrier?a. Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body

i. Allows only1. Water2. Glucose3. Essential amino acids

ii. Does not allow1. Urea2. Toxins3. Proteins4. Most drugs5. Potassium ions6. Nonessential amino acids

b. Excludes many potentially harmful substancesc. Useless against some substances

i. Fats and fat soluble moleculesii. Respiratory gases

iii. Alcoholiv. Nicotinev. Anesthesia

66. Ions involved in nerve impulse.a. potassiumb. sodium

67.How many pairs of spinal nerves do humans have?a. 31 pairs

68.What is the major reflex center?a. Spinal cord

69.The spinal cord extends to the foramen magnum70.Roots that fuse to create a spinal nerve?

a. Dorsal rootb. Ventral root

71.Central canal is filled with?a. Cerebrospinal fluid


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72.Give the structure of a muscle then give the nerve counterpart of it.answer

73.What are the classifications of nerves? Explain each briefly.a. Mixed nerves- carrying both sensory and motor fibers e.g. spinal nervesb. Afferent (sensory) nerves carry impulses toward the CNSc. Efferent (motor) nerves carry impulses away from the CNS

74.How many of the 12 cranial nerves are sensory only?a. 3

75.Using # 74, name the nerves that are sensory only.a. Opticb. Olfactoryc. Vestibulocochlear

76.What are the 12 cranial nerves? In order.Hint. Oh! Oh! Oh! To Touch And Feel Very GoodVelvet! AH!

a. Olfactoryb. Opticc. Oculomotord.

trochlear

e. trigeminalf. abducensg. facialh. vestibulocochlear (toung twister ba to?)i. glossopharyngealj. vagusk. accessoryl. hypoglossal

77. Where are cervical nerves found?a. C1-C578.Where are brachial nerves found?a. C5-C8 and T1

79.Where are lumbar nerves found?a. L1-L4

80.Where are sacral nerves found?a. L4-L5 and S1-S4

Muscle fiber axon w/ myelin sheath

endomysium endoneuriumPerimysium perineurium

Fascicle Fascicle

epimysium epineurium


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b. Parkinsons diseasec. Huntingtons disease

97.Commonly called as stroke that arises from blood vessel rupture.a. Cerebrovascular accident

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