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FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUO EM LNGUA INGLESARAV1 Aula de Reviso

FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUO DE LNGUA INGLESATema da Apresentao

Aula de Reviso RAV1FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUO EM LNGUA INGLESA

Contedo Programtico desta aulaHistory of translationTypes of translationTranslation and other sciencesPsycholinguistics and sociolinguisticsArticles, passive voice, gerunds and infinitives



The importance of translatingThe use of applications to translate from one language to another has never been so used

But, how has the job of translating information from one language to another started? What were the first documents translated and how has the study of translation evolved since then?



The meaning of translation

The word translation comes from the Latin translatio, which means to bring across



The meaning of translationThe first translator was a hermeneutic who was given the task of interpreting the message sent by God to the Human beings. As time went by, the need to decode information among different people became more and more needed



The process remains the sameTechnology has come as an invaluable aid to the process of translation. Nevertheless, the process remains the same: there will be a person who knows both languages and will bridge the gap between the two to make the message known



Important conceptsSource Language: the language in which the text was originally written

Target Language: the language into which the text will be translated



History of translationThe Tower of Babel is part of a story told in the book of Genesis in the Bible as a place where there was one people and one single language. God would have dismantled the place and scattered the languages all around the world to prevent them to get organised as a nation, and that was when the varied languages were created.



History of translationThere was a time they would say that English was not fit for the library but for the street (Crystal, 1995). At this time many foreign borrowings occurred.

In 1476, William Caxton set up his press in Westminster. This event is considered by many as the key factor that might have determined the shift from Middle to Modern English.



Questions posedTheories about the nature of translation started to emerge. The distinction between metaphrase (referring to the literal translation (word-by-word) of the texts ) and paraphrase (reformulation of the original text )



Questions posedShould we use foreign wordsWhich variety of English should he followHow should language be spelled or punctuatedIn publishing native writers, should he change their language



The role of the translatorA competent translator...must have very good knowledge of the SL.must have an excellent command of the TL.needs to have previous experience in translating textsmust have a profound understanding of the etymological and idiomatic correlates between the two languageshas to know about the TL culture.should show good sense in the use of metaphrase and paraphrase



The present job market

Have a look at the possible alternatives you have to choose from! TranslatingInterpretingDubbingSubtitling



A quote by Cervantes

Translating from one language to another, unless it is from Greek and Latin, the queens of all languages, is like looking at Flemish tapestries from the wrong side, for although the figures are visible, they are covered by threads that obscure them, and cannot be seen with the smoothness and color of the right side.



Types of Translation

Human Translation from SL to TL made by a human translator.

Mechanical Translation in which a computer program analyses a source text and produces a target text without any human intervention. This kind of translation can usually be used with texts with limited range of vocabulary and simple sentence structure.




Computer-aided Translation in which a human translator decodes language from SL to TL with the assistance of a computer. Usually the computer does the first round of translation and the professional translator revises the produced text




Written Translation performed in written form, irrespective of the text format, and can be literal or non-literal, consecutive or simultaneous.

Oral Translation performed in oral form, irrespective of the text format, and, differently from the written mode, can only be non-literal, consecutive or simultaneous.




Literary Translation of texts that belong to the world of imagination (eg. literature and other similar texts).

Non-literary - Translation of texts that belong to the world of facts (eg. weather forecast, reports).




Consecutive Type of oral translation in which the SL is translated into the TL after the utterance has been made.

Simutaneous Type of oral translation in which the SL is translated into the TL almost at the same time

Sight-translation Type of translation in which a written text in the SL is translated orally into the TL. It can occur both consecutively or simultaneously.



Types of TranslationMachine Translation (MT) - Computer program analyses a text in a SL and produces a text in the TL without human intervention; this sort of translation, however, involve pre- or post-editing from a translator.

Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT)/ Machine-Assisted Translation (MAT) Human translators interact with a translation system, as an assistance tool, and which offers, a list of translations that best complete the part of the sentence already translated.

Human-Assisted Machine Translation (MAMT) - Computer system does most of the translation



Aim of translation

Literal - Translation which represents the precise meaning of the text being translatedSummative translation - Translation in which the main ideas are translated into the TL.Abstracts - Translation done in no more than one paragraph in which the main idea of the SL text is portrayed.



Tasks and objectives of translationLiterary translation - only the main ideas are translated in the TL, as opposed to a word-by-word translation.

Informative translation - separation of important information from insignificant information, which enables the reader to understand the sense

Semantic translation - use of semantic information to aid in the translation of data from SL to TL.



Interpreters and Translators

The difference between these two professionals is that the final product of a translators job is a written document, whereas the final product of an interpreter is in oral mode.



Interpreter skills required

High degree of proficiency in both English and the other language.

Impartiality.

Ability to accurately and idiomatically turn the message from the SL into the TL without any additions, omissions or other misleading factors that alter the intended meaning of the message from the speaker.



Interpreter skills required

Be used to doing simultaneous and consecutive interpretation and sight translation.

Ability to communicate orally including appropriate delivery and poise.

Having high professional standards and professional conduct.



Translation workflowEvaluationGlossary DevelopmentInitial TranslationQuality AssuranceClient ApprovalTranslator ProofreadingFinal Delivery to Client



Translation as a field of studyThe use of translation has been part of the history of mankind since its very early days. Translation as a field of study, however, has only started to develop in the beginning of the 80s. Because of globalisation and the need to understand other languages and cultures, courses of translation have been spreading around the world since then and the need to understand the process involved in translating texts from a SL to a TL has only increased.



Translation and other fields of study

Contribution from various fields of study such as linguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, philosophy and anthropology, among others, was welcome into the investigation.



Jakobson

An interesting notion brought about was that no one is able to understand a word unless he is acquainted with the meaning assigned to this word in his lexical code. That is to say that meaning (signatum) cannot exist without a sign (signum). So that a listener can fully understand the meaning of a word he must have the concept of this word clear in his mind.



Jakobson

Types of translation

IntralingualInterlingualIntersemiotic



Mutual translabilityOne of the main concerns in linguistics is the mutual translability between languages: is it possible to find exact equivalence in meaning when translating a message from a SL to a TL?

The translator examines the mutual translability between the two languages to try and find a correspondent in the TL that provides the exact meaning to the text (oral or written) in the SL



Strategies

Naturalization: fianc, fianceNeutralization: snow, bird, shoeDescriptive and functional equivalentFootnoteCultural equivalentCompensation



Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguistics will aid our understanding of the translation process helping us reflect on the issue of the untranslability is it really possible to translate all texts from a SL to a TL? Can all texts really be translated? Can translators always find equivalents from one language into another?



Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics will help us reflect on the role of society in the translation process. Isthe language used in a given social environment perfectly translatable into a different language? What about the society to which the other language belongs - can the reader from the TL understand the situation described in the SL?



Psycholinguistic theories

Sapir-Whorf goes on to describe that certain ideas from a SL language cannot be understood by those who speak another language either because the structure or the semantics of the language does not have a corresponding message



Psycholinguistic theories

Quines thesis of the indeterminacy of translation is based on the fact that there aredifferent ways with which one might break a sentence into words, and different ways to distribute functions among words, and that, depending on the translators choices the meanings would vary considerably. Lets consider the following sentence:Never had Joan visited this place before.



Translation and sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics can be defined as the study of language in its social context, which would include different aspects such as social class, age, gender, register, among others. It also aims at examining how social categorization can be reflected in language differentiation and also how language differences contribute to social distinction



Variation

Languages have a variation according to location, age, style, ethnic group and social class. Besides, they should also be connected to social relations and, more precisely, who the other is and how we interact with him



Langage as action

Sociolinguists have observedhow language works in and across communities and realized that language use does not simply represent but also contributes to the definition of oneself, the other and those to whom they relate.



Definite and Indefinite ArticlesIn more practical terms, however, one has to be very careful with the use of articles when translating texts into BrP for, unlike English, nouns cannot head sentences. Thus, for example: Time flies would be translated O tempo voa. The use of the definite article as the head of a sentence (which is not used in English) has to be present in BrP and has to agree with the noun both in gender and number (time/ o tempo; life/ a vida; visitors/ os visitantes; ladies/ as senhoras).



Definite Articles

The definite article is not used with plural countable nouns in English but has to be present when the sentence is translated into BrP: Its fantastic what teachers can do./ fantstico o que os professores podem fazer.

The definite article is not used with uncountable nouns in English but has to be present when the sentence is translated into BrP: Love can change everything. O amor O amor pode mudar tudo.



Definite Articles

There are certain nouns that can refer to either a place/object or to an activity: She goes to bed very late (activity)/ Hey, Joey, dont jump on the bed (object). In English, when the noun refers to the activity, the definite article should not be used. In the translation, the definite article is used in both cases (Ela vai para a cama muito tarde/ Ei, Joey, no pule na cama).



Passive VoiceIn BrP there is a distinction between two types of passive voice: the analtica and the sinttica, which does not occur in English. The two types would correspond to the following examples:

In English, this difference is not considered. Analyse the following sentence and the way in which the passive voice was employed:

It is said that money corrupts people. (Diz-se/ dito que o dinheiro corrompe as pessoas.)It was reported that the man was killed cold blood. (Relata-se que o homem foi assassinado a sangue frio.)



AAgreeaimappeararrangeask attemptbe ablebegbegincare choosecondescend consentcontinuedare decide deservedetestdislikeexpectfailforget get hurryintendleapleavelike longlovemean neglect offeroughtplanhope happen havehesitate preferprepareproceedrememberpromise proposesayshootstartstopstriveswearthreatentryusewaitrefuse wantwish



Verbs followed by the gerund

adviseappreciateavoidcan't helpcompleteconsider delaydenydetestdislikeenjoyescapeexcuse finishforbidget throughhaveimaginemindmiss permitpostponepracticequitrecallreportresent resistresumeriskspend (time)suggesttoleratewaste (time)



Verbs followed by both the gerund and the infinitive

begincontinuehatelikeloveneglectpreferstarttry



Verbs followed by both the gerund and the infinitive

Forget

RememberStop



Questions...Should we use metaphrases or praphrases in translations?Is an interpreter supposed to have a proficient knowledge of both source and target language?Is there perfect translability?Do the following sentences have the same meaning?Mary stopped smoking last yearMary stopped to smoke last year.



In this class, we learned...History of translationTypes of translationTranslation and other sciencesPsycholinguistics and sociolinguisticsArticles, passive voice, gerunds and infinitives


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