Revise for your Year 9 Autumn Term Geography Exam Make sure you know the following: The definitions of different economic sectors Why the UK’s employment structure has changed over the past 200 years The impacts of the growth of the secondary sector in Bangladesh The problems faced by farmers in LICs The global distribution of forests The issues related to fuelwood use in LICs and how solar cookers can change this How Germany is transforming where it gets its energy from

Your exam will be in the week beginning November 28th

Employment Structures and Different Economic Sectors

TEST YOURSELF!!! Can you: Define the meaning of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. Explain how employment structure is different in different countries? Explain how a country’s employment structure changes as it becomes more developed?

Primary Industry: The

extraction of raw materials from

the ground or the sea.

Eg. farming, fishing, forestry, mining.

Secondary Industry: The

manufacturing (making) of

products using the raw materials

from primary industry.

Eg. Heavy manufacturing (car making) Energy production (coal fired power station) Light manufacturing (eg. I Pad production or textiles)

The employment structure of a country = how the labour force is divided between the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. Richest countries: more people working in the tertiary/quaternary sector than in the primary and secondary sectors. Poorest countries: more people working in the primary sector than in either the secondary or tertiary sectors. Sometimes they have high levels of tertiary if there is a lot of tourism.

Tertiary Industry: Does not

produce anything but often

includes the provision of

different types of services.

Eg. Education (eg. schools, universities) Finance (eg. banking, accountants) Tourism Media Sales/Retail IT Health and social care

Quaternary Industry: Industries providing information

services (knowledge).

Sometimes included with the

tertiary sector, as both are

service sectors.

Eg. Research and development (eg. scientific research or designing a new Apple product) Management consultants (offering advice to businesses) Computer programming

Primary industry

decreases as the country

becomes increasingly urban. The number of farmers

decrease as rural

workers migrate to

urban areas.

Secondary industry

increases as the country

gradually becomes

more industrialise

d.

Tertiary industries develop to service the

needs of the growing

cities (eg. cinemas, banks,

restaurants).

How does the employment structure change as a country develops?

The employment structure in different countries

USA (HIC) Brazil (NIC/MIC) Nepal (LIC)

Reasons for changing employment structures in the UK.

TEST YOURSELF!!! Can you: Draw and explain the Clark Fisher Model? Describe how the UK’s employment structure has changed over time? Explain how a country’s employment structure changes as it becomes more developed?

The Clark Fisher Model shows how the importance of different sectors is different in countries at different levels of development, over time and over space. It was based on the changing employment structure of the UK. Most countries are expected to develop in a similar way, but perhaps over a different time period.

The demand for work increased in schools, hospitals and retail industries. By the year 2000 over half of the UK workforce were employed in tertiary industries and only a small number were employed in primary industries.

Many raw materials (eg. iron ore and coal) have been used up or are cheaper to import from abroad.

Manufacturing went into decline (deindustrialisation) due to cheaper labour in LICs which encouraged manufacturing industries to local there.

Since 1900 mechanisation meant that less people were required to in the primary and secondary sectors, as machines could carry out most of the work that people previously did.

Quaternary industries are a relatively new concept, and it is only recently that they have developed. However it is becoming an important and growing sector in the UK as many firms want to carry out research and development for their products.

The tertiary sector increased rapidly in the last half of the twentieth century, much of this was linked to finance and research and development for science and IT.

During the Industrial Revolution, more people were needed to build ships, work in steel making and with textiles. People left their jobs in the countryside to move to the factories in the cities. All of these jobs are found in the secondary sector. By 1900 over half of the workers in the UK were employed in secondary industries.

The effects of the growth of the secondary sector in one low-income country (LIC) or newly emerging economic (NEE) – Bangladesh Textiles

Benefits of the growth of the

secondary sector in Bangladesh

Drawbacks of the growth of the

secondary sector in Bangladesh

A large proportion of the profits leak out of the country as lots of factories are owned by foreign firms. Multinational firms like

Primark, Walmart and Matalan make a large proportion of the profit on the clothes manufactured. Many are located in EPZs and don’t pay

tax for the first 10 years of operating in Bangladesh.

The environment has been damaged, most signficantly with water pollution from the dyes

for the fabrics. Around Dhaka, many rice paddies (fields) are now inundated with toxic

wastewater. Fish stocks are falling.

Growth in urban slums in cities such as Dhaka as millions of people have moved to the cities in search of work. Dhaka is the world’s fastest growing city. It is expected to have over 20

million inhabitants by 2025 (London has about 7 million).

Poor record of factory safety and high level of industrial accidents. Over 1100 people were

killed in the collapse of the Rana Plaza textiles factory in October 2013.

Massive drop in the fertility rate as women now have jobs outside the home and are challenging traditional society. Fertility rate has dropped

form 5 to 2 children per women in under 10 years.

Improved living standards. Even though the wages are low (20 cents per hour), they are higher than what people would get in the

primary sector (agriculture)

Improvement in gender equality as the textiles factories provide jobs for women who would

have previously worked on farms in the countryside. 80% of the 3.6 million workers are

female.

Increase in GDP from money made from exports. 2013: Bangladesh made $19 billion from the export of ready

made garments.

TEST YOURSELF!!! Can you give: 4 advantages of the growth of the secondary sector in Bangladesh, with a fact for each one? 4 disadvantages of the growth of the secondary sector in Bangladesh, with a fact for each one?

In some countries, such as Tanzania, farmers were forced to grow coffee rather than crops for people to eat. In Kenya, over 2.4 million face food shortages whilst the country exports millions of dollars worth of flowers, fruits and vegetables to America and Europe.

Problems faced by farmers in LICs Many LICs make money by selling food such as tea, coffee, flowers and fruit to other countries. These products are known as cash crops because they are grown for money rather than as food. This leads to land, which could have been used to grow food for the population, being used up.

Large companies such as Del Monte bought land from the African governments and created big farms. As a result, many local farmers were forced to give up their land and work on the companies' farms. Not only were African countries unable to grow enough to feed themselves, they were too poor to buy food from abroad.

Coffee farmers in LICs only get 10 percent of the profits from a cup of coffee sold in the UK.

Too much coffee being

produced across world

surplus low prices

Poor rainfall poor coffee crop not enough coffee produced price of coffee goes up

The price of coffee can rise and fall, meaning the amount that farmers gets goes up and down too. This can lead to huge reductions in coffee growers’ incomes, meaning they can’t afford adequate healthcare and education for their families. Many families have to withdraw children from school if the coffee price falls.

The lives of subsistence and cash crop farmers are made particularly hard by unreliable rainfall. In years of drought when the rains fail to come, harvests are poor meaning families lose income and face terrible food shortages. Climate change is making droughts increasingly common, having a huge impact on food production, particularly in Africa.

TEST YOURSELF!!! Can you give: 3 explanations as to why the life of LIC farmers is so

difficult.

The global distribution of forests

Africa

S. America

N. America

Europe

Oceania

Asia

North Eastern Russia contains vast numbers of the plants forests. Most of the planets Taiga trees are found here.

Brazil, Colombia and Peru contain the Amazon rainforest – the largest forested ecosystem on the planet. Often described as the lungs of the planet.

TEST YOURSELF!!! Can you give: Descrbe where Taiga and and

tropical rainforest are located. Can you begin to explain why.

The Use of Fuelwood in LICs Despite a switch to secondary sources of energy (electricity) in HICs and MICs, 50% of the world's population still uses wood as their only fuel source. As population grows, many LICs are suffering from a fuel crisis as demands for energy grow. In many parts of Africa 90% of the population depend on wood for fuel. Wood is called a BIOFUEL.

People used to meet their fuels needs by using dead twigs and small branches collected near to their homes. However rural population growth means this is no longer enough so now people have to cut down new and live trees. This causes deforestation and soil erosion.

40% of the world’s trees are removed for fuelwood.

Africa Deforestation: The rate of deforestation in Africa is 4 times faster than the global average. Some areas have lost over 70% of their forest cover

These are solar cookers. They are very simple products, cheap to make and easy to use (we call this ‘appropriate technology). They work by capturing the sunlight and focusing it on food or water to help it to cook/boil. They operate without the need for any fuelwood at all.

TEST YOURSELF!!! Can you give: Explain the problems caused by using fuel wood as an

energy supply. Explain how solar cookers ccan help the problem.

Germany’s Energy Transformation Germany is seen as the model for the future of energy generation across the globe. It is making a massive transition towards renewable fuels. The Germans call this the ‘Energiewende’ (The Energy Transition). The plan is for 80% of its energy to come from renewable sources by 2050. Following the Fukushima disaster, the German government made the decision to close down all of its nuclear power plants by 2022. 8 were closed almost immediately. At a national scale they are developing renewable energy – focussing on: 1. Wind 2. Solar 3. Biogas 4. Water energy production The village of Feldheim is a key example of the way in which small communities in Germany are generating renewable energy for their own communities and enough to sell back to the national grid. We call people who produce and consume (use) energy ‘prosumers’. Located South of Berlin, the village has 45-50 homes and generates 140 times its energy needs its own: • A wood chip burner • A biogas plant • A solar plant • 40-50 wind turbines

There is a biogas plant in Feldheim. As well as producing electricity, pipes carry the hot water it produces around the village to heat the homes. Its two main fuels are: • pig manure • maize silage grown in the local

fields. It produces 4 mill kwh per year of electricity per year. The villages uses 1 mill kwh per year and the rest is exported back to the national grid, making money for the village.

TEST YOURSELF!!! Can you give: Describe how Germany plans to get it’s energy in the future Give exaples of how Feldheim creates it’s own energy using evidence.