Revised Midterm Report Chemical Product Design

7/21/2019 Revised Midterm Report Chemical Product Design

1/91

XGFPHS_FYB_ FGIDGH_FB

\BYHS ^XSF@FHS @DS IF_B_YHS SHKFH@

Shvfshi Efithre Shpdrt

LSDX^ 2LSDX^ ^HS_DGGHK:

BOMEBI @BYMDGV (22>0>>3)

BGF@BM (22>0>22902)

@BSF_ SBZBGBM Z. (22>0>>8338)EBXMFCFVB _MD@B (22>0>2>828)

SFZAV ^BGIX _. (>6>08898)

OMHEFOBK HGLFGHHSFGL IH^BSYEHGY

HGLFGHHSFGL @BOXKYV

XGFPHS_FYB_ FGIDGH_FB

IH^DA

3>29


2/91

ffXgfvhrsftbs Fgidghsfb

KF_Y D@ ODGYHGY

Kfst d` Odgthgt ............................................................................................... ffKfst d` @flurhs ................................................................................................ fv

Kfst d` Ybckhs ................................................................................................. v

OMB^YHS FFGYSDIXOYFDG .............................................................. 2

2.2. Cboalrdugi ................................................................................. 2

2.3. @dreukbtfdg d` ^rdckhe ............................................................... 9

2.?. Fihgtf`fobtfdg d` ^rdckhe ............................................................. 8

2.9. Kfeftbtfdg d` ^rdckhe .................................................................. 8

OMB^YHS FFKFYHSBYXSH SHPFH\ ................................................. 0

OMB^YHS FFFGHHI_ ............................................................................. 2

@flurh ?.8. BgswhrsSbtfd Cbshi dg Ruhstfdg ? ............................................ 3>

@flurh ?.0. Bgswhrs Sbtfd Cbshi dg Ruhstfdg 9 ............................................ 32

@flurh ?.


5/91

vXgfvhrsftbs Fgidghsfb

KF_Y D@ YBCKH_

Ybckh 2.2. Ebfg ^brbehthr d` Irfgafgl \bthr ................................................ =

Ybckh 2.3. Biiftfdgbk brbehthr d` Irfgafgl \bthr ....................................... 6

Ybckh 2.?. Odepbrfsdg d` _deh Ehtmdis d` urf`yfgl \bthr ......................... 22

Ybckh ?.2. Ghhis Fgthrprhtbtfdg @rde Oustdehr _tbthehgt ............................. 39

Ybckh ?.3. Oustdehr Ghhis ............................................................................ 30

Ybckh ?.?. Yfiy Xp Ghhis .............................................................................. 3

Ybckh 9.2. Kfst d` Ehtrfos ............................................................................... ??

Ybckh 9.3.Ebtrfx d` Ghhis bgi Ehtrfos .......................................................... ?9

Ybckh 9.?. Kfst d` Ehtrfos rde Hxfstfgl ^rdiuot ............................................ ?0

Ybckh 9.9. Kfst d` _phof`fobtfdg ...................................................................... ?.>>< phrohgt d` tmh pkbght's wbthr fs

bvbfkbckh td `uhk bgi `hhi fts 0.= cfkkfdg phdpkh. Iuh td lhdlrbpmy, okfebth,

hglfghhrfgl, rhlukbtfdg, bgi odephtftfdg `dr rhsdurohs, sdeh rhlfdgs shhe

rhkbtfvhky `kusm wftm `rhsmwbthr, wmfkh dtmhrs `boh irdulmt bgi ihcfkftbtfgl

pdkkutfdg. Fg euom d` tmh ihvhkdpfgl wdrki, okhbg wbthr fs hftmhr mbri td odeh cy

dr b odeedifty tmbt rhqufrhs kbcdrfdus wdra dr sflgf`fobgt ourrhgoy td dctbfg.

\mfkh, Fg Fgidghsfb, 2> dut d` 2,>>>

Fgidghsfbgs su``hr `rde wbthr-cdrgh ifshbshs suom bs omdkhrb, iyshgthry bgi

typmdfi `hvhr. Dtmhr ibtb bksd sbfi tmbt fg Fgidghsfb, bcdut ,>>> ihbtms bggubkky fg

Fgidghsfb. \bthr odgtbefgbtfdg mbs chhg rhpdrthi fg cdtm sur`boh bs whkk bs

lrdugi wbthr sdurohs fg tmh odugtry. Boodrifgl td b `rhsmwbthr rhshbromhr bt tmh

Fgidghsfbg Shshbrom Fgstftuth (KF^F), Fgidghsfb mbs tmh wdrst irfgafgl wbthr fg

_dutmhbst Bsfb.

\bthr fs hsshgtfbk fg hvhry sftubtfdg. Fg hehrlhgofhs dr fg b ifsbsthr

odgiftfdg suom bs `kddi, vdkobgd hruptfdg, hto tmbt bggubkky mbpphg fg Fgidghsfb ft


7/91

3

Xgfvhrsftbs Fgidghsfb

fs d`thg gdt bvbfkbckh fg bihqubth qubgtfty dr qubkfty, tmus orhbtfgl b ebjdr mhbktm

mbzbri. ^hdpkh obg survfvh kdglhr wftmdut `ddi tmbg wftmdut wbthr. Ymus tmh

prdvfsfdg d` wbthr ihebgis feehifbth btthgtfdg `rde tmh stbrt d` b hehrlhgoy

sftubtfdg suom bs ifsbsthr. Ymh bfe fs td bssurh bvbfkbcfkfty d` hgdulm wbthr td

bkkdw su``fofhgt ifstrfcutfdg bgi td hgsurh tmbt ft fs sb`h td irfga. Bihqubth stdrblh

bgi cboaup systhes `dr bkk bsphots d` wbthr suppky eust ch bssurhi, sfgoh

fgthrruptfdgs fg tmh suppky eby ch ifsbstrdus. Yd bvdfi odgtbefgbtfdg, bkk sdurohs

d` wbthr ushi cy rhùlhhs bgi ifsbsthr vfotfes eust ch shpbrbthi `rde sbgftbtfdg

`bofkftfhs bgi dtmhr sdurohs d` odgtbefgbtfdg. Ft fs fepdrtbgt, mdwhvhr, td chbr fg

efgi tmh `bot tmbt iuh td if``fouktfhs fg prhifotfgl tmh kf`hspbg d` b rhùlhh obep,

tmh edst bpprdprfbth bkthrgbtfvh wfkk bkwbys ch tmh dgh wmfom bibpts chtthr td b

odst-h``hotfvh kdgl thre shrvfoh.

\bthr bvbfkbcfkfty wfkk lhghrbkky ch tmh ihthrefgfgl `botdr fg drlbgfzfgl tmh

suppky d` su``fofhgt qubgtftfhs d` sb`h wbthr. Ft eby ch ghohssbry td ebah sphofbk

brrbglhehgts `dr tmh fihgtf`fobtfdg bgi ihvhkdpehgt d` ghw sdurohs, wbthr

hxtrbotfdg, stdrblh bgi ifstrfcutfdg. Ehbsurhehgt wfkk ch rhqufrhi td prdthot tmh

wbthr `rde odgtbefgbtfdg bgi fg sdeh ofrouestbgohs trhbtehgt wfkk ch ghhihi td

ebah ftsb`h td irfga. Ymh sb`hty d` tmh wbthr eust ch bssurhi rflmt tmrdulm td

odgsueptfdg bt mdeh.

\bthr qubkfty fs bkwbys if``foukt td boohss. Bkwbys bssueh tmbt bkk wbthr

bvbfkbckh iurfgl bg hehrlhgoy fs odgtbefgbthi, hsphofbkky f` bvbfkbckh sdurohs brh

sur`boh wbthr cdifhs (kbahs, pdgis ,rfvhrs, hto.). Feehifbth botfdg eust ch tbahg

td stdp ùrtmhr pdkkutfdg bgi td rhiuoh odgtbefgbtfdg. F` ft fs prdvhg tmbt bvbfkbckh

sdurohs brh fgbihqubth (fg thres d` qubkfty dr qubgtfty), brrbglhehgts eust ch

ebih td `fgi bkthrgbtfvh sdurohs bgi, f` ghohssbry, td fepdrt wbthr td tmh sfth (cytruoa, cbrlh, pfphkfghsdr bgy dtmhr rhkhvbgt ehbgs). \mhrh hvhg tmh edst cbsfo

ghhis `dr wbthr obggdt sb`hky ch eht cy tmh hxfstfgl rhsdurohs bt tmh sfth dr fts

surrdugifgls, bgi wmhg tfeh fs ghhihi `dr ùrtmhr hxpkdrbtfdg bgi ihvhkdpehgt d`

ghw sdurohs, rhùlhhs bgi ifsbsthr vfotfes smduki ch edvhi td b edrh suftbckh

kdobtfdg.

Yfehky bgi bihqubth prdvfsfdg d` okhbg wbthr td rhùlhhs d` sphofbk

fepdrtbgoh lfvhg tmbt tmhy mbvh trbiftfdgbkky `bohi if``fouktfhs fg ùkky hxhrofsfgl


8/91

?


tmhfr rflmts bgi brh vhry prdgh td hxpkdftbtfdg. Ymh rflmt d` wbthr `dr rhùlhhs

rhvdkvhs brdugi XIMS (Xgfvhrsbk Ihokbrbtfdg d` Muebg Sflmts, 269=) Brtfokh

38: Hvhrydgh mbs tmh rflmt td b stbgibri d` kfvfgl bihqubth `dr tmh mhbktm bgi

whkk-chfgl d` mfeshk` bgi mfs `befky.

Ymh rflmt td lht wbthr wbs hxpkfoftky rhodlgfzhi bgi mbs chodeh bg

fgthrgbtfdgbk prfdrfty wmhg fg kbth 3>>3 HOD_DO (Hodgdefos bgi _dofbk

Odugofk), b XG drlbg bgi tmh suphrvfsdry cdiy `dr Fgthrgbtfdgbk Odvhgbgt dg

Hodgdefo, _dofbk bgi Oukturbk Sflmts (OH_OS), bidpthi b Lhghrbk Odeehgt

strhssfgl Ymh muebg rflmt td irfgafgl wbthr fs ùgibehgtbk `dr kf`h bgi mhbktm.

Ymdulm ft fs fepdrtbgt td prdvfih bihqubth qubgtftfhs d` wbthr, tmh wbthr

qubkfty bgi mylfhgh fs bksd d` tmh utedst fepdrtbgoh. Hvhg f` tmh wbthr tmbt fs

prdvfihi fs gdt odgtbefgbthi, tmh trbgs`hr d` wbthr chtwhhg vhsshks, tmh stdrblh d`

wbthr fg tmh mdeh, bgi tduomfgl tmh fgsfih d` wbthr vhsshks wftm tmh mbgis brh rfsa

`botdrs `dr odgtbefgbtfdg. Ft fs bksd fepdrtbgt `dr tmh wbthr td ch rhbifky

boohssfckh, bgi tmh tbps smduki ch ohgtrbkky kdobthi. F` tmh wbthr tbps brh `br bwby,

omfkirhg eflmt mbvh td fgthrrupt tmhfr somddkfgl td odkkhot wbthr `dr tmhfr `befkfhs.

Fg biiftfdg, f` tmh wbthr tbps brh vhry `br bwby, tmh pmysfobk curihg d` wbthr

odkkhotfdg lrdws feehgshky. @dr hxbepkh, f` b phrsdg irbws wbthr `dr bkk d` tmhfr

`befkys ghhis (brdugi =>K) `rde b whkk kdobthi 3>> ehthrs `rde tmhfr mdeh, tmhy

eby ush up td 2/0 d` mfs/mhr rbtfdghi obkdrfhs `dr tmh iby dg tmfs dgh tbsa. Ymh

XGMOS tmhrh`drh rhodeehgis tmbt bkk mdushmdkis mbvh boohss td b wbthr tbp tmbt

fs khss tmbg 3>> ehthrs bwby. Xg`drtugbthky, ebgy phdpkh fg ifsbsthr odgiftfdg id

gdt ehht tmfs stbgibri.

Ymfs fs hsshgtfbk `dr ifsbsthr vfotfes td rhohfvh bg bihqubth qubgtfty d` lddi

qubkfty wbthr chobush wbthr mbs bg fepbot dg sd ebgy vftbk shotdrs d` sdofhty,fgokuifgl gutrftfdg, mhbktm, hiuobtfdg bgi sbgftbtfdg. Hgsurfgl tmbt tmh rhùlhhs

rhohfvh bg bihqubth qubgtfty d` wbthr fs bg fepdrtbgt puckfo mhbktm fssuh chobush

kboa d` okhbg wbthr fs odrrhkbthi wftm tmh prhshgoh d` ifshbshs suom bs ifbrrmhb bgi

omdkhrb.

@rde tmh ibtb tmbt wh mbvh hxpkbfghi bcdvh, td odvhr bgi ùk`fkk bihqubth

qubgtfty d` lddi qubkfty wbthr suppky `dr rhùlhhs fg ifsbsthr rhkfh`, wbthr purf`fhr

fs usubkky ehgtfdghi bs tmh sdkutfdg. Boodrifgl td tmh rhohgtky puckfsmhi rhpdrt cy


9/91

9


Yhom_of Shshbrom Fgidghsfb \bthr ûrf`fhr Ebraht @drhobst & Dppdrtugftfhs

3>2=, tmh ihebgi `dr wbthr purf`fhrs fs fgorhbsfgl bgi wbthr purf`fhr ebraht

rhvhguhs brh hxphothi td lrdw cy dvhr twd `dkis, fgorhbsfgl bt tmh OBLS

(Odepdugi bggubk Lrdwtm Sbth) d` brdugi 29% iurfgl 3>2?.

Xg`drtugbthky, edst d` hxfstfgl wbthr purf`fhr prdiuot ush tmh ibglhr

sucstbgoh suom bs omkdrfgh td purf`y tmh wbthr, ft fs sd ibglhr tmbt tmh usfgl d`

omkdrfgh dg wbthr purf`yfgl prdohss mbs chhg `drcfiihg. Dg tmh dtmhr sfih, tmh

hxfstfgl wbthr purf`fhr prdiuot mbs if``foukt bgi odepkfobthi dphrbtfdg prdohiurh,

ghhikdgl tfeh prdohss td prdiuoh purf`fhi wbthr, tmh purf`fhi wbthr tmbts gdt

lddi fg qubkfty, if``foukt d` ebfgthgbgoh prdohiurh, tmh hxphgsfvh d` wbthr

purf`fhr, bgi d` odursh tmh purf`fhi wbthr dutput tmbt fs stfkk iductùk. @rde tmbt

whbaghss d` hxfstfgl wbthr purf`fhr prdiuot wh wbgt td ebah b wbthr purf`fhr

tmbts omhbphr sd ft obg chodeh bg fgokusfvh prdiuot `dr rhùlhhs bgi bksd edrh

h``hotfvh bgi mhbktmy tmbg tmh hxfstfgl wbthr purf`fhr.

2.3. @dreukbtfdg d` rdckhe

Ymh odgohpt d` ihsflgfgl tmfs wbthr purf`fhr prdiuot `dr ifsbsthr vfotfes fg

Omhefobk ^rdiuot Ihsflg _ucjhot fs td odvhr tmh whbaghss d` tmh hxfstfgl wbthr

purf`fhr bgi ùk`fkk tmh crbgi ghw ghhis d` wbthr purf`fhr ushr fg Fgidghsfb

hsphofbkky `dr fgorhbsfgl tmh suppky d` okhbg bgi irfgafgl wbthr wmhg ifsbsthr

mbpphg. \mfkh, tmhrh brh sdeh whbaghss tmbt mbvh chhg fihgtf`fhi `rde tmh

hxfstfgl wbthr purf`fhr prdiuot bs tmhsh `dkkdws: if``foukt bgi odepkfobthi

dphrbtfdg prdohiurh, tmh kdgl tfeh prdohss ghhihi td prdiuoh purf`fhi wbthr, tmh

purf`fhi wbthr tmbt gdt lddi fg qubkfty, if``foukt d` ebfgthgbgoh prdohiurh, tmh

hxphgsfvh prfoh d` wbthr purf`fhr, tmh purf`fhi wbthr dutput tmbt fs stfkk iductùkbksd tmh usfgl d` ibglhr sucstbgoh suom bs omkdrfgh td purf`fhi tmh wbthr. @rde

tmbt wh wbgt td ebah b wbthr purf`fhr tmbt obg rhsdkvh tmh prdckhes.


10/91

8


2.?. Fihgtf`fobtfdg d` ^rdckhe

@rde tmh hxfstfgl wbthr purf`fhr prdiuot obg ch fihgtf`fhi sdeh brh bs

`dkkdws:

b.

Ymh ghhis d` okhbg bgi irfgafgl wbthr `dr tmh vfotfe ifsbsthr fg ifsbsthr

rhkfh`.

c. Edst d` hxfstfgl wbthr purf`fhr ghhi kdgl tfeh dg purf`yfgl prdohss td

prdiuoh irfgafgl wbthr.

o. Edst d` hxfstfgl wbthr purf`fhr fs sd hxphgsfvh sd ft obgtch rhbomhi cy

efiikh-kdw okbss sdofhty

i.

Edst d` hxfstfgl wbthr purf`fhr fs gdt pdrtbckh sd ft ebah tmh phdpkh

if``foukt td pkboh bgi dphrbth tmh hxfstfgl wbth purf`fhr

h.

_deh d` tmh hxfstfgl wbthr purf`fhr stfkk usfgl tmh mbre`uk omhefobk

sucstbgoh suom bs omkdrfgh td purf`y tmh wbthr.

2.9. Kfeftbtfdg d` rdckhe

Fg drihr td ebah stuiy bcdut wbthr purf`fhr idhs gdt hxthgi, fg tmfs omhefobk

prdiuot ihsflg ft wfkk ch kfefthi cy:

b.

Ymfs wbthr purf`fhr fs ihsflghi td `uk`fkk tmh mhbktmy bgi irfgafgl wbthr

`dr ifsbsthr

c.

Ymfs wbthr purf`fhr prdiuot fs ihsflghi bgi `dreukbthi td prdiuoh tmh

mhbktmy bgi irfgafgl wbthr.

o.

Ymfs wbthr purf`fhr prdiuot fs ihsflghi bgi purpdshi td ch fgokusfvh bgi

mhbktmy fssuh.


11/91

0Xgfvhrsftbs Fgidghsfb

OMB^YHS FF

KFYHSBYXSH SHPFH\

3.2. Ih`fgftfdg d` \bthr

\bthr fs omhefobk odepdugi wftm tmh omhefobk `dreukb M3D. B wbthr

edkhoukh odgtbfgs dgh dxylhg bgi twd myirdlhg btdes odgghothi cy odvbkhgt

cdgis. \bthr fs b kfqufi bt becfhgt thephrbturh bgi prhssurh. \bthr odvhrs :

b.

Okhbg wbthr

Okhbg wbthr fs wbthr tmbts qubkf`fhi `dr ibfky botfvftfhs suom bs

cbtmfgl, wbsmfgl okdtmhs, hto.


12/91

2>. Ft odgsfsts d` ebfg pbrbehthr bgi

biiftfdgbk pbrbehthr d` irfgafgl wbthr. Ymh ebfg pbrbehthrs ebfgky rhkbthi td

pbrbehthr vbkuh rhkbthi td mhbktm (efordcfdkdlfobk pbrbehthr, bgdrlbgfo omhefobk

pbrbehthr) bgi gdg-mhbktm (pmysfobk pbrbehthr bgi omhefobk pbrbehthr bs whkk).


13/91

=


Ybckh 2.2. Ebfg ^brbehthr d` Irfgafgl \bthr

Gd ^brbehthr Pbkuh XgftEbxfeue Odgthgt

^hreftthi2 ^brbehthr Shkbthi td Mhbktm

b. Efordcfdkdlfobk ^brbehthr

2) H.OdkfXgft/2>>

ek sbepkh>

3) Odkf`dre CbothrfbXgft/2>>

ek sbepkh>

c. Bgdrlbgfo Omhefobk

2) Brshg el/k >.>2

3) @kudrfih el/k 2.8

?) Omrdefue el/k >.>8

9) Obiefue el/k >.>>?

8) Gftrfth (bs GD3-) el/k ?

0) Gftrbth (bs GD?-) el/k 8>

.>.>2

3 ^brbehthr Gdt Shkbthi td Mhbktm

b. ^mysfobk ^brbehthr

2) Didr Didrkhss

3) Odkdr YOX 28

?) Ydtbk Ifssdkvhi _dkfi(YI_)

el/k 8>>

9) Yurcfifty GYX 8

8) Ybsth Ybsthkhss

0) YhephrbturhdO

Btedspmhrfo

Yhephrbturh +- ?

c. Omhefobk ^brbehthr

2) Bkuefgfue el/k >.3

3) @hrrue el/k >.?

?) Beedgfb el/k 2.8

9) Omkdrfih el/k 38>

8) Ebglbg el/k >.9

0) Bofifty pM 0.8-=.8

6) Odpphr el/k 3

(_duroh : ^hrehgahs, 3>2>)


14/91

6


Ybckh 3.3. Biiftfdgbk ^brbehthr d` Irfgafgl \bthr


^hreftthi

2 Omhefobk

Bgdrlbgfo sucstbgoh

Ehroury el/k >.>>2

Bgtfedg el/k >.>3

Cbrfue el/k >..8

Edkycihgue el/k >.>.>>

Yfecbk el/k >.>2

Xrbgfue el/k >.>28Drlbgfo sucstbgoh

AEgD9 el/k 2>

Ihthrlhgt el/k >.>8

Omkdrfgbthi bkabghs el/k

Obrcdg thtrbomkdrfih el/k >.>>9

Ifomkdrdehtmbgh el/k >.>3

2,3-Ifomkdrdhtmbgh el/k >.>8

Brdebtfo myirdobrcdgs el/k

Chgzhgh el/k >.>2

Ydkuhgh el/k >..8

Htmykchgzhgh el/k >.?

_tyrhgh el/k >.>3

Omkdrfgbthi chgzhghs el/k

2,3-Ifomkdrdchgzhgh el/k 2

2,9-Ifomkdrdchgzhgh el/k >.?

If(3>htmykmhxyk)pmtmbkbth el/k >.>>=

Borykbefih el/k >.>>>8

Hpfomkdrdmyirfg el/k >.>>>9

Mhxbomkdrdcutbifhgh el/k >.>>>0

HIYB el/k >.0

GYB el/k >.3

^hstfsfih

Bkbomdr el/k >.>3

Bifobrc el/k >.>2

Bkirfg el/k >.>>>>?

Btrbzfgh el/k >.>>3

Obrcd`urbg el/k >.>>


15/91

2>


Ybckh 3.3. Biiftfdgbk ^brbehthr d` Irfgafgl \bthr (odgtfguhi)


^hreftthi

Omkdribgh el/k >.>>>3

Omkdrdtdkurdg el/k >.>?IIY el/k >.>>2

Ifsfg`hotbgt bgi Fts

Cyprdiuot

Omkdrfgh el/k 8

Crdebth el/k >.>2

Omkdrbth el/k >...3

Crded`dre el/k >.2

ICOE el/k >.2

CIOE el/k >.>0

Omkdrd`dre el/k >.?

3 Sbifdbotfvfty

Lrdss bkpmb botfvfty Cq/k >.2

Lrdss chtb botfvfty Cq/k 2

(_duroh : ^hrehgahs, 266>)

Fg Fgidghsfb, edgftdrfgl bgi suphrvfsfdg d` irfgafgl wbthr qubkfty fs obrrfhicy twd fgstftutfdg : kdobk mhbktm ihpbrthehgt bgi wbthr suppky odepbgy (^BE).

Ymdulm edgftdrfgl bkrhbiy bgi odgtfguhs td ch idgh, ugtfk gdw ft mbs yht td ch

hvbkubthi tmh hxthgt wmhtmhr tmh wbthr qubkfty ehht tmh rhqufrhehgt `rde

^hrehgahs dr gdt.

3.9. \bthr urf`fobtfdg

_fgoh tmh qubkfty d` wbthr fs if``hrhgt fg hvhry brhb bgi fts mbri td odgtrdk,

wbthr `rde ugfeprdvhi sdurohs fs d`thg suppkfhi td odeeugftfhs. Ymhrh`drh,

wbthr ghhi td ch prdohsshi td ombglh ft fgtd irfgafgl wbthr stbgibri. \bthr

purf`fobtfdg fs tmh prdohss d` rhedvfgl odgtbefgbgts bgi ugihsfrbckh omhefobks,

sdkfis, bgi lbs bs whkk `rde odgtbefgbthi wbthr.\bthr purf`fobtfdg eby bksd

ihsflghi `dr dtmhr purpdshs, fgokuifgl ehhtfgl tmh rhqufrhehgts d` ehifobk,

pmbrebodkdlfobk, omhefobk, bgi fgiustrfbk bppkfobtfdgs. Cut fts odeedgky ushi td

prdohss `rhsm-wbthr fgtd irfgafgl wbthr, sfgoh irfgafgl fs dgh d` ebfg muebg


16/91

22


ghhi. Ymh purf`fobtfdg prdohss wfkk rhiuoh tmh odgohgtrbtfdg d` pbrtfoukbth ebtthr

kfah susphgihi pbrtfokhs, cbothrfb, vfrushs, bgi pbrbsfths. Hgvfrdgehgtbk prdckhe

`bohi cy tmh wdrki gdwbibys ebahs wbthr purf`fobtfdg prdohss fs vhry fepdrtbgt

`dr muebg.

3.8. Lhghrbk \bthr ^urf`fobtfdg Ehtmdis

Ymhrh brh sd ebgy ehtmdis td purf`y wbthr. Ymhy brh if``hrhgt fg prdohss

bgi ehombgfse cut mbs dgh ldbk, rfsh dr kdwhr sdeh sucstbgohs odgthgt fg wbthr

fgtd stbgibri khvhk. Ymh ehtmdis td purf`y wbthr odvhr efordcfdkdlfobk, omhefobk,

bgi pmysfobk fgokuifgl ifsfg`hotfdg (omkdrfgbtfdg, sdkbr ifsfg`hotfdg, XP

frrbifbtfdg, bgi cdfkfgl), pbrtfokh `fktrbtfdg (`fkthr thomgdkdly), bisdrptfdg, bgi

dtmhrs (odblukbtfdg, `kdooukbtfdg). Ymh omdfoh d` tmh ehtmdi wfkk ihphgi dg

if``hrhgt `botdrs suom bs odst, hbsh td ush, bvbfkbcfkfty, bgi prbotfobkfty.

Ybckh 3.?. Odepbrfsdg d` _deh Ehtmdis d` ^urf`yfgl \bthr

YrhbtehgtBvbfkbcfkfty bgi

^rbotfobkfty

Yhomgfobk

if``fouktyOdst

Cdfkfgl \bthr Pbrfhs Kdw-edihrbth Pbrfhs

Omhefobk Yrhbtehgt

(Omkdrfgh) Mflm td edihrbth Kdw-edihrbth Edihrbth

_dkbr Ifsfg`hotfdg Mflm Kdw-edihrbth Kdw

XP Kbep Yrhbtehgt Pbrfhs Kdw-edihrbth Edihrbth-mflm

@fktrbtfdg Pbrfhs Kdw-edihrbth Pbrfhs

(_duroh : Sby, 3>22)

3.8.2. Omkdrfgbtfdg

Omkdrfgbtfdg fs b ehtmdi fg wmfom biifgl tmh omkdrfgh sucstbgoh td tmh

`rhsm-wbthr td afkks cbothrfb, vfrushs, hto. Fts odeedg bgi omhbp ehtmdi cut

hxtrhehky tdxfo. F` tmh odgohgtrbtfdg fs tdd kdw, omkdrfgh kboas botfvfty blbfgst

ohrtbfg drlbgfse kfah prdtdzdbk oysts. Cut f` tmh odgohgtrbtfdg fs tdd mflm, ft obg

ibeblh dur mhbktm. Fts smduki ch gdthi tmbt omkdrfgbtfdg idhs gdt ihorhbsh

pmysfobk dr omhefobk odgtbefgbtfdg.


17/91

23


3.8.3. Bisdrptfdg

Bisdrptfdg prdohsshs brh wfihky ushi fg wbthr purf`fobtfdg. Botfvbthi

obrcdg fs tmh edst fepdrtbgt bisdrchgt bppkfhi fg wbthr purf`fobtfdg. Fts wfihky

ushi td rhedvh drlbgfo sucstbgohs `rde if``hrhgt typhs d` wbthr, fgokuifgl

irfgafgl wbthr.

Bt tmh chlfggfgl, tbsth bgi didr odepdugis whrh ebfg tbrlht d` bisdrchgt

fg bisdrptfdg prdohss, wmhrhbs kbthr tmh bppkfobtfdg d` bisdrchgt (suom bs bot fvbthi

obrcdg) wbs bksd prdvhi td ch h``fofhgt `dr rhedvbk d` wfih rbglh d` `urtmhr

drlbgfo efordpdkkutbgts, suom bs pmhgdk.

Botfvbthi obrcdg `fkthrfgl utfkfzhs b `dre d` pdwihr botfvbthi obrcdg (^BO)

wftm b mflm sur`boh brhb, bgi bisdrcs ebgy odepdugis, fgokuifgl ebgy tdxfo

odepdugis. \bthr pbssfgl tmrdulm botfvbthi obrcdg fs odeedgky ushi fg odgohrt

wftm mbgi puephi `fkthrs td biirhss drlbgfo odgtbefgbtfdg, tbsth, dr dcjhotfdgbckh

didrs. Botfvbthi obrcdg `fkthrs brhg't usubkky ushi bs tmh prfebry purf`fobtfdg

thomgfquhs d` pdrtbckh wbthr purf`fobtfdg ihvfohs, cut rbtmhr bs shodgibry ehbgs

td odepkhehgt bgdtmhr purf`fobtfdg thomgfquh. Ft fs edst odeedgky fepkhehgthi

`dr prh dr pdst-`fkthrfgl, fg b shpbrbth sthp, `dr tmh biiftfdg d` omhefobk

ifsfg`hotbgts ushi td odgtrdk cbothrfb dr vfrushs tmbt `fkthrs obggdt rhedvh.

Botfvbthi ombrodbk obg rhedvh omkdrfgh `rde trhbthi wbthr, rhedvfgl bgy rhsfiubk

prdthotfdg rhebfgfgl fg tmh wbthr prdthotfgl blbfgst pbtmdlhgs, bgi smduki gdt, fg

lhghrbk, ch ushi wftmdut obrh`uk tmdulmt b`thr omhefobk ifsfg`hotfdg trhbtehgts fg

pdrtbckh wbthr purf`fobtfdg prdohssfgl.

3.8.?. Cdfkfgl

Crfglfgl tmh wbthr up td cdfkfgl pdfgt wfkk sthrfkfzh tmh wbthr. Hvhg

thephrbturh d` 88dO wfkk fgbotfvbth edst cbothrfb. Cdfkfgl wbthr `dr 28 td 3>

efguths afkks 66.6% d` bkk kfvfgl tmfgls bgi vbpdrfzhs edst omhefobks. Efghrbks,

ehtbks, sdkfi, bgi tmh odgtbefgbtfdg obg bksd chodeh edrh odgohgtrbthi. Ft fs

lrhbt ehtmdi cut ft tbahs qufth b kdgl tfeh bgi ihphgt dg tmh qubgtfty d` wbthr.

Ymh edrh wbthr cdfkhi, tmh edrh pdwhr ghhihi fg `dre d` mhbt rhqufrhi td cdfk tmh

wbthr.


18/91

2?


3.8.9. XP ûrf`fobtfdg

^drtbckh XP wbthr purf`fobtfdg wbs pbthgthi fg 2666 cy Myird-^mdtdg, Fgo.

wmhg tmh `frst phrsdgbk XP wbthr purf`fhr wbs fgtrdiuohi. @hhi wbthr `kdws pbstbg uktrb vfdkht kflmt cukc bgi tmh XP rbys wfkk ihstrdy tmh IGB fg drlbgfses,

fgokuifgl cbothrfb bgi vfrushs. H``hotfvhghss d` XP purf`fobtfdg fs ihthrefghi cy

wbthr okbrfty, `kdwrbth, bgi XP Sby dutput. Ymh kflmt sduroh eust ch su``fofhgtky

crflmt bgi tmh `hhi wbthr eust mbvh tmh prdphr `kdw td ch h``hotfvh. Ymh ebfg

bivbgtblh d` XP purf`fobtfdg fs hghrly odsts brh sebkkhr tmbg tmdsh `dr cdfkfgl

wbthr.

Ifsbivbgtblh d` XP purf`fobtfdg fs XP dgky afkks eforddrlbgfses. XP

obggdt rhedvh sbkts, efghrbks, mhbvy ehtbks, phstfofihs, bgi dtmhr fgdrlbgfo

odepdugis `rde wbthr. Bksd f` tmh `hhi wbthr fs turcfi, ifssdkvhi sdkfis tmbt

ebahs wbthr turcfi wfkk ckdoa XP kflmt, ebafgl ft euom khss h``hotfvh. _d ft wfkk

ch chtthr f` tmh `hhi wbthr fs okhbr. odgohrg wftm XP pdrtbckh wbthr purf`fobtfdg fs

tmbt sdeh pbtmdlhgs brh mugirhis d` tfehs khss shgsftfvh td XP kflmt tmbg dtmhrs.

@flurh 3.2. _photrue d` Kflmt Shlbrifgl Ifsfg`hotfdg H``hotfvhghss

(_duroh : @rbgakfg, _., mttp://odkistdrblh.ebocdgsbf.ode/bip-kfcrbry/ûckfo/prdjhots/wbthr-

`fktrbtfdg-cis/idouehgts/\bthr-ûrf`fobtfdg-Odepbrfsdg.ppsx1 30tm@hc 3>29)

3.8.8. @fktrbtfdg

@fktrbtfdg sfhvhs dut odgtbefgbgts cy edkhoukbr sfzh bgi whflmt. Ymfs

ehtmdi orhbths b cbrrfhr td rhedvh odgtbefgbgts. @fktrbtfdg usubkky fs ifvfihi fgtd


19/91

29


uktrb`fktrbtfdg bgi rhvhrsh dsedsfs. ^drh sfzh fs hxtrhehky sebkk dg rhvhrsh

dsedsfs systhes bgi b cft kbrlhr dg uktrb`fktrbtfdg systhes. Ymh pdrh sfzh b``hots

tmh bedugt d` prhssurh, bgi tmhrh`drh hghrly, rhqufrhi td pusm tmh wbthr tmrdulm

tmh ehecrbgh.

@flurh 3.3. @fktrbtfdg ^rdohss H``hotfvhghss

(_duroh : @rbgakfg, _., mttp://odkistdrblh.ebocdgsbf.ode/bip-kfcrbry/ûckfo/prdjhots/wbthr-

`fktrbtfdg-cis/idouehgts/\bthr-ûrf`fobtfdg-Odepbrfsdg.ppsx1 30tm@hc 3>29)

Xktrb `fktrbtfdg fs lddi hsphofbkky f` tmh wbthr fs `rde kbahs, strhbes, bgi

whkks. Ft rhedvhrs cbothrfb, vfrushs, pbrbsfths, phstfofihs, ehifobtfdgs, bklbh, ifrt,

sfkt, bgi dtmhr susphgihi sdkfis. Xktrb`fktrbtfdg mbs kdw hghrly rhqufrhehgt.

Ehbgwmfkh fg rhvhrsh dsedsfs, mflm prhssurh `hhi wbthr fs `drohi blbfgst b ihgsh,

ehecrbgh sur`boh. \bthr edkhoukhs if`ùsh tmrdulm tmh ehecrbgh khbvfgl tmh

odgohgtrbthi sbkts, dtmhr fdgs, bgi odgtbefgbgts chmfgi. Fts ihsflghi `dr gdg

pdrtbckh wbthr.


20/91

28


@flurh 3.?. _fzh Ebtthrs Shlbrifgl Xktrb`fktrbtfdg bgi Shvhrsh Dsedsfs H``hotfvhghss

(_duroh : @rbgakfg, _., mttp://odkistdrblh.ebocdgsbf.ode/bip-kfcrbry/^uckfo/prdjhots/wbthr-`fktrbtfdg-cis/idouehgts/\bthr-^urf`fobtfdg-Odepbrfsdg.ppsx1 30

tm@hc 3>29)

3.8.0. Odblukbtfdg bgi @kdooukbtfdg

Fg prdohss d` odblukbtfdg bgi `kdooukbtfdg, tmrhh ebfg ehombgfse doours fg

shrfhs, stbrt `rde ihstbcfkfzbtfdg, tmhg prhofpftbtfdg, bgi odprhofpftbtfdg.

Odblukbtfdg bgi `kdooukbtfdg usubkky chodeh tmh `frst prdohss td purf`y wbthr. Fgodblukbtfdg, tmh bttbomehgt d` sebkk pbrtfokhs td dgh bgdtmhr bgi td sur`bohs fs

prdedthi fg bqubtfo hgvfrdgehgt. \mhg eford `kdoas odkkfih tmhy `dre

bllrhlbths wmfom brh kbrlhr struoturhs, bgi brh lhghrbkky stbthi bs `kdoas.

Fgdrlbgfo odblukbgts wmfom gdrebkky brh frdg dr bkuefgfue sbkts brh biihi td

chlfg omhefobk odblukbtfdg. Ymfs prdohss fs ghhihi td rhedvh sebkk pbrtfoukbth.

Odblukbtfdg wfkk ch `dkkdwhi cy `kdooukbtfdg. @kdooukbtfdg fs b pmbsh wmhrh tmh

`kdoa chlfg td `dre `rde hvhr kbrlhr pbrtfokhs. @kdooukbtfdg mbpphgs fg skdwhr

efxfgl stblh. Ymh pbrtfokhs wfkk `dre kbrlhr pbrtfokhs wmfkh tmh wbthr fs lhgtky

efxhi. Ymhg ft wfkk ch odecfghi wftm dtmhr ehtmdis.

3.8.


21/91

20


prdvhg td ch h``hotfvh `dr wbthr purf`yfgl prdohss. Ehecrbgh suom bs X@/E@

prdohss obg ch cbrrfhr td pbrtfoukbth odgtbefgbgts bs whkk bs tmh biihi bisdrchgt,

wmfkh pdwihr-botfvbthi obrcdg rhedvh ifssdkvhi drlbgfos fgokuifgl phstfsfihs,

pmbrebohutfobks.

3.0. \bthr urf`fhr

\bthr purf`fhr fs b ihvfoh ushi td prdohss ugtrhbthi sdurohs d` wbthr (rfvhrs,

kbah, hto) fgtd irfgafgl wbthr. \bthr purf`fhr fs hsshgtfbk td dctbfg wbthr tmbt ehht

sphof`fobtfdg td ch odgsuehi. Fgsfih wbthr purf`fhr, tmhrh brh wbthr purf`yfgl

prdohss tmbt ush ehtmdis ehgtfdghi bcdvh. Ymh omdfoh d` ehtmdis odgtbfg ebgy

bsphot, fgokuih tmh sduroh d` `rhsm wbthr, h``hotfvfty d` hvhry ehtmdi, odst. Dgh

smduki ch odgsfihrhi tmbt fts fepdrtbgttd ahhp wbthr qubkfty b`thr chfgl purf`fhi.

Xsubkky tmh stdrblh d` irfgafgl wbthr fs ifrhotky odgghothi bgi fg odgjuotfdg wftm

tmh wbthr purf`fhr ftshk`. Ymh ebfgthgbgoh d` wbthr qubkfty iurfgl stdrblh ihphgis

dg b guechr d` `botdr, fgokuifgl: tmh bedugt d` cfdihlrhibckh drlbgfo ebtthr

bvbfkbckh td suppdrt tmh lrdwtm d` cbothrfb, tmh bvbfkbcfkfty bgi gbturh d`

bttbomehgt sur`bohs, tmh lrdwtm odgiftfdgs, suom bs myirbukfo odgiftfdgs bgi

thephrbturh. Fts b eust td mbvh wbthr purf`fhr tmbt obg purf`fhs bkk afgis d` wbthr.Ymh sduroh d` wbthr phdpkh mbvh fs if``hrhgt cut tmh wbthr purf`fobtfdg systhe

eust ch bckh td ebah bgy afgi d` wbthr `ft `dr irfgafgl sb`hky.

Dgh smduki ch odgsfihrhi bcdut wbthr purf`fhr fs thomgdkdly fgsfih wbthr

purf`fhr. Ymh odepdghgts fg wbthr purf`fhr ihphgihgt dg tmh ehtmdi omdshg `dr

purf`yfgl wbthr. Xsubkky tmh wbthr purf`fhr ushs edrh tmbg dgh ehtmdi. Ymh

odecfgbtfdg d` ehtmdis wfkk lrhbtky feprdvh tmh prdohss bgi prdiuoh irfgafgl

wbthr wftm lddi stbgibri qubkfty. Bt tmh edst cbsfo, tmh wbthr purf`fobtfdg systhe

fg wbthr purf`fhr smduki ebah surh tmbt tmh kbrlhr sdkuth pbrtfokhs brh mhki cboa fg

tmh `frst sthp bgi dgky purh sdkvhgt pbsshs tmrdulm, tmhg tmh ghxt sthp smduki ebah

surh tmbt bkk tmh mbre`uk cbothrfb bgi dtmhr pbtmdlhgfo eforddrlbgfses brh

ihstrdyhi. Ymh omdfoh fg tmh `frst sthp fs hftmhr rhvhrsh dsedsfs dr `fktrbtfdg.

Ehbgwmfkh tmh shodgi sthp fs edrh bivbgohi ehtmdis kfah omkdrfgbtfdg,

bisdrptfdg, XP purf`fobtfdg, hto.


22/91

2 phdpkh bgi mhrh fs tmh rhsukt d` tmh fgthrvfhw fg thres d`

oustdehr fihgtfty bgi wbthr purf`fhr prdiuot :


23/91

2=


@flurh ?.2. Shspdgihgts Ifstrfcutfdg Cbshi dg Ymhfr Blh

(_duroh : rhprdiuohi `rde fgthrvfhw)

^fh ombrt bcdvh smdws us tmh ifstrfcutfdg d` odrrhspdgihgts blh td lht tmh

ibtb bcdut tmh wbthr purf`fhr. Ymfs blh ifstrfcutfdg d` tmh odrrhspdgihgt fs vhry

fepdrtbgt fg drihr td shh tmh odrrhspdgihgts wby d` tmfgafgl cbshi dg tmhfr blh.

\h thgi td omddsh 30-9>-yhbrs-dki-fgthrvfhwhh chobush tmhy brh tmh ebfg tbrlht

d` tmh wbthr purf`fhr prdiuot tmbt mbs chhg rhkhbshi fg Fgidghsfb bgi tmh blh

ifstrfcutfdg obg ch shhg dg tmh pfh ombrt bcdvh.

@flurh ?.3. Shspdgihgts Ifstrfcutfdg Cbshi dg Ymhfr ^rd`hssfdg


29%

99%

93%

2< - 38

30 - 9>

7 92

?0%

9%20%

=%

20%

=%

23%Mdushwfvhs

^G_

Hgthrprhghur

^rd`hssfdgbk

_wbstb

Dtmhrs

_tuihgt


24/91

26


^fh ombrt bcdvh fs ushi td shh tmh ifstrfcutfdg d` odrrhspdgihgts jdc. Cy

agdwfgl tmfs ifstrfcutfdg, wh obg shh tmh ifstrfcutfdg d` tmh agdwkhilh bgi sbkbry

d` hvhry odrrhspdgihgt. Cbshi dg tmfs ibtb, wh obg brrbglh tmh odgohpt d` tmh

wbthr purf`fhr tmbt suftbckh wftm tmh odgsuehrs hodgdefobk odgiftfdg.

@flurh ?.?. Bgswhrs Sbtfd Cbshi dg Ruhstfdg 2: Mbvh ydu hvhr ushi wbthr purf`fhr ch`drh4


^fh ombrt bcdvh smdws tmh rbtfd d` odrrhspdgihgt wmd mbvh hvhr ushi wbthr

purf`fhr ch`drh. \h id odepbrh tmfs odgiftfdg fg drihr td shh mdw ebgy phdpkh fg

Fgidghsfb, tmh `kddi ifsbsthr rh`ulhh sphof`fobkky wmd mbvh hvhr ushi wbthr

purf`fhr. \h obg shh dg tmh pfh ombrt bcdvh tmbt =3% d` odrrhspdgihgt ghvhr ushi

wbthr purf`fhr bgi tmh rhst bkrhbiy ushi ft. Ymhrh brh ebgy rhbsdgs wmy tmhy ifi

gdt ush ft bgi tmh rhbsdgs wfkk ch smdwg fg tmh ghxt pfh ombrt.

2=%

=3%

Vhs

Gd


25/91

3>


@flurh ?.9. Bgswhrs Sbtfd Cbshi dg Ruhstfdg 3: \my ifigt ydu ush wbthr purf`fhr4


^fh ombrt bcdvh smdws tmh rhbsdg wmy dur odrrhspdgihgts ghvhr ushi wbthr

purf`fhr ch`drh. Ymh ifstrfcutfdg d` tmhfr rhbsdg wfkk ch ushi bs b rh`hrhgoh fg

ihvhkdpfgl tmh odgohpt d` dur prdiuot. Bs wh obg shh tmbt ?


26/91

32


^fh ombrt bcdvh smdws tmh ifstrfcutfdg d` odrrhspdgihgts wfsm `dr tmh

dutput d` wbthr purf`fhr. _fxty sfx phrohgt d` odrrhspdgihgts wbgt tmh dutput d`

wbthr purf`fhr tmbt obg ch odgsuehi ifrhotky. @rde mhrh, wh obg odgokuih tmbt tmh

wbthr purf`fhrs ebraht prh`hr tmh dutput d` wbthr purf`fhr tmbt obg ch odgsuehi

ifrhotky.

@flurh ?.0. Bgswhrs Sbtfd Cbshi dg Ruhstfdg 9: \mbt fs tmh edst suftbckh sfzh d` wbthr

purf`fhr wmfom obg `uk`fkk ydur ghhis fg b `kddi smhkthr4


^fh ombrt bcdvh smdws tmh ifstrfcutfdg d` sfzh tmbt suftbckh `dr wbthr purf`fhr

wmfom obg ch ushi iuh tmh ifsbsthr. @drty phrohgt d` odrrhspdgihgts wbgt tmh

wbthr purf`fhr wftm ehifue sfzh. _beh wftm tmh ihstfgbtfdg d` pfh ombrts ch`drh,

`rde tmfs ibtb wh obg brrbglh tmh sphof`fobtfdg d` wbthr purf`fhr tmbt bpprdprfbth

wftm tmh ebrahtfgl.

9>%

9>%

3>%

Kbrlh

Ehifue

_ebkk


27/91

33


@flurh ?.% Ehombgfobkky

Hkhotrfofty

Butdebtfobkky

33%

9=%

=%

33%

;8>.>>>

8>.>>>-3>>.>>>

3>>.>>>-8>>.>>>

78>>.>>>


28/91

3?


^fh ombrt bcdvh ushi bs dur rh`hrhgoh `dr odgohpts ihvhkdpehgt d` dur

wbthr purf`fhr prdiuot wmfom fs bpprdprfbthi wftm odrrhspdgihgts wfsm `dr wbthr

purf`fhrs prfoh. @drty hflmt phrohgt d` odrrhspdgihgts wbgt tmh wbthr purf`fhr tmbt

mbs prfoh fg rbglh chtwhhg Sp 8>,>>>.>> td Sp 3>>,>>>.>>. Ymfs ibtb dgky ushi

`dr dur rh`hrhgoh td orhbth tmh odgohpt d` dur wbthr purf`fhr prdiuot. Edst d`

phdpkh wbgt tmh wbthr purf`fhr wftm kdw prfoh wftmdut tmfga bcdut tmh thomgdkdly

tmbt ushi fgsfih tmh wbthr purf`fhr. Ghhi td agdw tmbt prdiuots prfoh prdpdrtfdgbk

wftm fts thomgdkdly. Ymh edrh bivbgohi tmh thomgdkdly, tmh edrh hxphgsfvh.


29/91

39


Ybckh ?.2. Ybckh Fgthrprhtbtfdg d` Ghhis rde Odgsuehr _tbthehgt

Gd Ruhstfdg Oustdehr _tbthehgt Ghhis

2 Mdw fs tmh ifstrfcutfdg suppky dòkhbg wbthr fg rhùlhh obeps4

\h ifig't lht hgdulm okhbg wbthrs suppky `dr

cbtmfgl, wbsmfgl, bgi ldfgl td tdfkht wmfkh fg

rhùlhh obeps

\bthr purf`fhr wftm b cfl obpbofty

\mfkh fg rhùlhh obeps, wh mbvh td wbft td lhtokhbg wbthr

\bthr purf`fhr wftm mflm vdkuehtrfo rbth

\bthr purf`fhr wftm ebgy wbthr tbps

Fg dur hxphrfhgoh, wbthr purf`fhr wfkk tbah kdgl

tfeh td prdohss ifrt wbthr tfkk chodeh okhbgwbthr tmbt obg ch odgsuehi

\bthr purf`fhr wftm qufoa purf`yfgl prdohss

\mfkh fg rhùlhh obeps, dur irfgafgl wbthr fskfefthi

Ymh obpbofty d` wbthr purf`fhr fs kbrlh

3

Mdw fs tmh odgiftfdg d` tmh

dutput `rde wbthr purf`fhr tmbtsprdvfihi fg rhùlhh obeps

(puckfo myirbgts)4

Ymh dutput `rde wbthr purf`fhr (puckfo myirbgt)fs turcfi

\bthr purf`fhr tmbt obg prdiuoh okhbr wbthr

?

Id ydu mbvh bgy mhbktm fssuhs

rhkbthi td tmh wbthr ydu ush fg

rhùlhh obeps 4

\mfkh fg rhùlhh obeps, F d`thg lht tmh safg

ifshbshs chobush F odgsuehi tmh wbthr tmbt mbichhg odgtbefgbthi cy ohrtbfg odepdugis.

\bthr purf`fhr tmbt obg prdiuoh wbthr wmfom

fs `rhh `rde ohrtbfg odepdugis tmbt obush tmhsafg ifshbsh

\mfkh fg hvboubtfdg, sdeh d` rhùlhh wfkk lhttmh iflhstfdg ifshbshs chobush tmh odgsuehi

wbthr fs odgtbefgbthi cy ohrtbfg odepdugis.

\bthr purf`fhr tmbt prdiuoh wbthr wmfom fs`rhh `rde ohrtbfg odepdugis tmbt obush

iflhstfdg ifshbsh

(_duroh : Butmdrs hrsdgbk Ibtb)


30/91

38


Ybckh ?.2. Ybckh Fgthrprhtbtfdg d` Ghhis rde Odgsuehr _tbthehgt (odgtfguhi)

9\mhg tmh okhbg wbthr suppky fsfgsu``fofhgt iurfgl tmh ifsbsthr,

mdw ifi ydu mbgikh ft4

\mhg tmh wbthr suppky fs rhiuohi, F wfkk lht tmhwbthr `rde ugihrlrdugi cy usfgl b puep, cut F

ghhi pdwhr suppky `dr dphrbtfgl tmh puep

\bthr purf`fhr tmbt obg ch dphrbthi wftmdut

hkhotrfofty

8

Mdw id ydu tmfga bcdut tmh

wbthr purf`fobtfdg tmbt obgprdiuoh irfgafgl wbthr4

F wbgt td odgsueh purf`fhi wbthr f` tmh wbthr

mbvh chhg prdvhi cy kbcdrbtdry

\bthr purf`fhr tmbt mbs chhg okfgfobkky prdvhg

cy kbcdrbtdry

Ft fs edrh odgvfhgtbckh td irfga wbthr `rde cdfkhi

wbthr odepbrhi td purf`fhi wbthr

\bthr purf`fhr tmbt obg ch odecfghi wftm

mhbthr td prdiuoh mdt wbthr

F wbgt td odgsueh purf`fhi wbthr f` tmh `fktrbtfdg

prdohss fs okhbr\bthr purf`fhr wftm okhbr purf`yfgl prdohss

F wbgt td odgsueh purf`fhi wbthr f` tmh dutput

`rde wbthr purf`fhr fs `rhh 2>>% `rde cbothrfb

\bthr purf`fhr tmbt lfvhs b lddi rhsukt wftm

2>>% `rhh cbothrfb

Ymh irfgafgl wbthr tmbt wfkk ch odgsuehi stfkk

mbvh ifrt fg ft

\bthr purf`fhr wftm purf`fhi wbthr wmfom fs

`rhh `rde ifrt

Ymh prdohss `rde wbthr purf`fhr wfkk tbah kdgl

tfeh, sd ft's gdt h``fofhgt\bthr purf`fhr wftm qufoa prdohss

Ft obg ch edrh hbsy f` tmh dutput `rde wbthrpurf`fhr obg ch odgsuehi ifrhotky

\bthr purf`fhr tmbt obg prdiuoh tmh purf`fhiwbthr wmfom obg ch odgsuehi ifrhotky

0 \mbt fs ydur odepkbfgt blbfgsttmh wbthr purf`fhr tmbt mbs chhgofroukbtfgl fg tmh ebraht4

\h mbvh td cdfk tmh wbthr f` wh wbgt td lht mdt

wbthr

\bthr purf`fhr tmbt obg prdiuoh b lddi mdt

purf`fhi wbthr

\bthr purf`fhr fs hxphgsfvh \bthr purf`fhr wftm hodgdefobkky prfoh

F idg't agdw mdw td okhbg tmh odepdghgts d`

wbthr purf`fhr b`thr chfgl ushi fg b kdgl tfeh\bthr purf`fhr wftm sfepkh ebfgthgbgoh



31/91

30


?.3. Ghhis Fgthrprhtbtfdg

B`thr dctbfgfgl tmh ombrbothrfstfo kfst d` odgsuehr stbthehgts `dr wbthr

purf`fhr prdiuot tmbt wh wbgt td prdiuoh, wh fgthrprht bkk stbthehgts fgtd ghhis

bgi tmh rhsukt fs sueebrfzhi chkdw,

Ybckh ?.3. Kfst d` Ghhis

Ghhi

GuechrGhhi(s)

2 \bthr purf`fhr wftm b cfl obpbofty

3 \bthr purf`fhr wftm mflm vdkuehtrfo rbth

? \bthr purf`fhr wftm ebgy wbthr tbps

9 \bthr purf`fhr wftm qufoa purf`yfgl prdohss

8 Ymh obpbofty d` wbthr purf`fhr fs kbrlh

0 \bthr purf`fhr tmbt obg prdiuoh okhbr wbthr

\bthr purf`fhr tmbt mbs chhg okfgfobkky prdvhg cy

kbcdrbtdry

22\bthr purf`fhr tmbt odecfghi wftm mhbthr td prdiuoh mdt

wbthr

23 \bthr purf`fhr wftm okhbr purf`yfgl prdohss

2?\bthr purf`fhr tmbt lfvhs b lddi rhsukt wftm 2>>% `rhh

cbothrfb

29 \bthr purf`fhr wftm purf`fhi wbthr wmfom fs `rhh `rde ifrt

28 \bthr purf`fhr wftm qufoa prdohss

20

\bthr purf`fhr tmbt obg prdiuoh tmh purf`fhi wbthr wmfom

obg ch odgsuehi ifrhotky

2< \bthr purf`fhr tmbt obg prdiuoh b lddi mdt purf`fhi wbthr

2= \bthr purf`fhr wftm hodgdefobkky prfoh

26 \bthr purf`fhr wftm sfepkh ebfgthgbgoh



32/91

3


Ybckh ?.8. Ybckh Sbga d` Ghhis (odgtfguhi)

O ^SDIXOY ^HS@DSEBGOH

3 \bthr purf`fhr wftm mflm vdkuehtrfo rbth 9

9 \bthr purf`fhr wftm qufoa purf`yfgl prdohss 8

6 \bthr purf`fhr tmbt obg ch dphrbthi wftmdut hkhotrfofty ?

20\bthr purf`fhr tmbt obg prdiuoh tmh purf`fhi wbthr wmfomobg ch odgsuehi ifrhotky

8

26 \bthr purf`fhr wftm sfepkh ebfgthgbgoh ?

I ^SDIXOY ^HSOH^YFDG

0 \bthr purf`fhr tmbt obg prdiuoh okhbr wbthr 8

23 \bthr purf`fhr wftm okhbr purf`yfgl prdohss ?

(_duroh : Butmdrs ^hrsdgbk Ibtb)

Ybckh ?.0. Ybckh d` Ghhis Drihrhi cy Sbga

Ghhi

GuechrGhhi(s) Sbga

H__HGYFBK

9 \bthr purf`fhr wftm qufoa purf`yfgl prdohss 8

0 \bthr purf`fhr tmbt obg prdiuoh okhbr wbthr 8

\bthr purf`fhr tmbt mbs chhg okfgfobkky prdvhg cykbcdrbtdry

9

2= \bthr purf`fhr wftm hodgdefobkky prfoh 9GFOH YD MBPH

2 \bthr purf`fhr wftm b cfl obpbofty ?

? \bthr purf`fhr wftm ebgy wbthr tbps ?

6 \bthr purf`fhr tmbt obg ch dphrbthi wftmdut hkhotrfofty ?

23 \bthr purf`fhr wftm okhbr purf`yfgl prdohss ?

26 \bthr purf`fhr wftm sfepkh ebfgthgbgoh ?


36/91

?2


Ybckh ?.0. Ybckh d` Ghhis Drihrhi cy Sbga (odgtfguhi)

Ghhi

GuechrGhhi(s) Sbga

GDY FE^DSYBGY

22\bthr purf`fhr tmbt odecfghi wftm mhbthr td prdiuoh

mdt wbthr3


Ymhrh brh sdeh d` ghhis tmbt wh ldt `rde tmh odgsuehr wdgt ch ushi

bs dur rh`hrhgoh dg ihvhkdpfgl tmh odgohpt d` tmh prdiuot. Odgshquhgtky, tmh

rbga lrbgtfgl d` hvhry ghhis fs vhry fepdrtbgt td id td lht tmh chst odgohpt

tmbt fs ldfgl td ihvhkdp `urtmhr. Ymh lrdup d` ghhis tmbt lht tmh 8 rbga fs

ldfgl td ch ushi bs b prfdrfty fg ihvhkdpfgl tmh prdiuots odgohpt bgi tmh

lrdup d` ghhis wmfom lht 9 bgi ? rbga fs ldfgl td ch ushi bs b suppdrtfgl

odgohpt d` tmh prdiuot.


37/91

?3


@flurh ?.6. Kfst d` Ghhis wftm Sbga(_duroh : Butmdrs hrsdgbk Ibtb)


38/91

??Xgfvhrsftbs Fgidghsfb

OMB^YHS FP

^SDIXOY _^HOF@FOBYFDG

9.2. Kfst d` Ehtrfos

B`thr wh okbssf`y tmh ghhis tmbt wh lht `rde tmh fgthrvfhw, gdw wh mbvh td

ih`fgh tmh sphof`fobtfdg d` tmh ghhis bgi tmhfr ehtrfo ugft. \h wbgt td `dreukbth

odgsuehr ghhis fgtd qubgtftbtfvh sphof`fobtfdgs. \mhg wh ifi tmh fgthrvfhw,

bkedst bkk stbthehgt lbtmhrhi bgi ghhis wh ldt brh qubkftbtfvh. \h mbvh td ombglh

ft fgtd qubgtftbtfvh sphof`fobtfdgs td sphof`y dur prdiuot. Ehtrfo fs sdehtmfgl tmbt

fs ehbsurhbckh bgi ihsorfchs tmh ghhis qubgtftbtfvhky. Ih`fgfgl tmh sphof`fobtfdg

bgi ehtrfo ugft wfkk mhkp us td ihthrefgh tmh tmfgls tmbt wh brh ldfgl td odepbrh

bedgl tmh hxfstfgl prdiuot.

Ybckh 9.2 Kfst d` Ehtrfos

Lrdup

Ehtrfo

GuechrGhhi(s)

_phof`fobtfdg

(s)

Ehtrfo

XgftSbga

Shlukbtfdg \bthr purf`fhr tmbt mbs chhgokfgfobkky prdvhg cy

kbcdrbtdry

Ohrtf`fhi Vhs/gd 8

Shtbfkfgl

2\bthr purf`fhr wftm b cfl

obpboftyPdkueh K ?

?\bthr purf`fhr wftm ebgy

wbthr tbpsRubgtfty Xgft ?

22\bthr purf`fhr tmbt odecfghiwftm mhbthr td prdiuoh mdt

wbthr

^rdiuoh Mhbt

\bthrVhs/gd 3

2=\bthr purf`fhr wftm

hodgdefobkky prfoh^rfoh Sp 9

^rdiuot

^hr`drebgoh 3

\bthr purf`fhr wftm mflm

vdkuehtrfo rbth

Pdkuehtrfo

SbtheK/s 9

9\bthr purf`fhr wftm qufoa

purf`yfgl prdohssYfeh Efguth 8

6\bthr purf`fhr tmbt obg ch

dphrbthi wftmdut hkhotrfofty

^dwhr

_durohVhs/gd ?


39/91

?9


Ybckh 9.2 Kfst d` Ehtrfos (odgtfguhi)

20

\bthr purf`fhr tmbt obg

prdiuoh purf`fhi wbthr wmfom

obg ch odesuehi ifrhotky

Rubkfty

_tbgibri

Rubkf`fhi

dr gdt8

26\bthr purf`fhr wftm sfepkhebfgthgbgoh

Yfeh Vhbr ?

^hrohptfdg

0\bthr purf`fhr tmbt obg

prdiuohs okhbr wbthrYurcfifty

@YX

(@drebzfg

Yurcfifty

Xgft)

8

23\bthr purf`fhr wftm okhbr

purf`yfgl prdohssOhrtf`fhi Vhs/gd ?


Ymh ghxt sthp fs ebafgl b ebtrfx d` ghhis bgi ehtrfos. Ymfs sthp wfkk mhkp us

td shh f` tmhrh brh sdeh ghhis wmfom mbvh b sbeh ehtrfo ugfts. F` tmhrh brh sdeh

ghhis tmbt mbs sbeh ehtrfo ugft, tmbt idhsgt ehbg wh mbvh td hrbsh dgh dr sdeh

d` ft. Chobush tmhrhrh sdeh ghhis tmbt mbs sucjhotfvh sphof`fobtfdg, fts pdssfckh td

mbvh ghhis tmbt mbvh sbeh ehtrfo.

Ybckh 9.3. Ebtrfx d` Ghhis bgi Ehtrfos

Lrdup

Ghhi

Ihsorfptfdg

Ehtrfo

^pe

Vhs/gd

KXgft

Sp

eK/s

Efguth

Rubkf`fhidr

gdt

@YX

Vhbr

Shlukbtfdg

\bthr purf`fhr

tmbt obg

prdiuohs wbthr

wmfom fs `rhh`rde ohrtbfg

odepdugis tmbtobush ifshbshs

\bthr purf`fhrtmbt mbs chhg

okfgfobkky

prdvhg cy

kbcdrbtdry


40/91

?8


Ybckh 9.3. Ebtrfx d` Ghhis bgi Ehtrfos (odgtfguhi)

Shtbfkfgl

\bthr purf`fhr wftm b

cfl obpbofty

\bthr purf`fhr wftmebgy wbthr tbps

\bthr purf`fhr tmbt

odecfghi wftm mhbthr

td prdiuoh mdt wbthr

\bthr purf`fhr wftm

hodgdefobkky prfoh

^rdiuot^hr`dreb

goh

\bthr purf`fhr wftm

mflm vdkuehtrfo rbth

\bthr purf`fhr wftm

qufoa purf`yfgl

prdohss

\bthr purf`fhr tmbt

obg ch dphrbthi

wftmdut hkhotrfofty

\bthr purf`fhr tmbt

obg prdiuoh purf`fhi

wbthr wmfom obg ch

odgsuehi ifrhotky

\bthr purf`fhr wftm

sfepkh ebfgthgbgoh

^hrohptfdg

\bthr purf`fhr tmbt

obg prdiuohs okhbr

wbthr

\bthr purf`fhr wftm

okhbr purf`yfgl

prdohss



41/91

?0


9.3. Chgomebrafgl

Chgomebrafgl fg tmfs tdpfo ehbgs tmh prdohss d` odepbrfgl hxfstfgl

wbthr purf`fhr prdiuots. Ymh chgomebrafgl fs td prdvh tmbt dur sphof`fobtfdg

ebah shgsh. Fts bksd td prdvh tmbt dur prdiuot fs pdssfckh td ch ebih wftm tmh

sphof`fobtfdg wh omddsh. Cy odepbrfgl bgi bgbkyzfgl tmhe, wh oduki ebah b

ghw chtthr prdiuot. Ymh ahy d` chgomebrafgl fs td omddsh hxfstfgl prdiuot tmbt

bkrhbiy mbs oustdehr bgi bgbkyzh mdw whkk tmhy `uk`fkk tmh oustdehr ghhis. Ymh

odgokusfdg d` chgomebrafgl fs ydu smduki ch chtthr fg ohrtbfg sfih tmbg

hxfstfgl prdiuots. \h omddsh tmrhh odephtftdrs : ^urhFt Okbssfo 3? K, XP

_thrf^HG, bgi Kf`h_trbw Odeeugfty. Ymhy if``hr okhbrky fg thres d` sfzh bgi

phr`drebgoh bs whkk.


42/91

? Kbcdrbtdry Ohrtf`fhi 8 Vhs/gd Vhs Vhs Vhs

Shtbfkfgl

2 Pdkueh ? K 3? 2 8>

? Rubgtfty d` Ybps ? Xgft 2 2 9

22 ^rdiuoh Mhbt \bthr 3 Vhs/gd Gd Gd Gd

2= ^rfoh 9 Sp 0>>.>>> =>>.>>> 2.8>>.>>>

^rdiuot

^hr`drebgoh

3 Pdkuehtrfo Sbth 9 eK/s 8> 08

9 ^rdohss Yfeh 8 Efguth ?> 8 23>

6 ^dwhr _duroh ? Vhs/gd Gd Vhs Gd

20 Rubkfty _tbgibri 8 Rubkf fhi drgd

Rubkf`fhi Rubkf`fhi Rubkf`fhi

26 Ebfgthgbgoh ? Vhbr 2.8 0 ?

^hrohptfdg0 Yurcfifty 8 @YX

23 Okhbg Ohrtf`fhi ? Vhs/gd Vhs Vhs Vhs(_duroh: rhprdiuohi rde kfthrbturh)

9.?. K fst d` _phof`f obtfdg

Ybckh 9.?. smdws us bcdut tmh kfst d` sphof`fobtfdg d` dur prdiuot. Ymfs fs ldfgl td lufih us td ebah dur prdiuot. Ymh sphof`fobtfdg

d` dur prdiuot cbshi dg fihbk vbkuh bgi ebrlfgbk vbkuh wh orhbth. Fihbk vbkuh fs vbkuh wh mdph dur prdiuot rhbom, wmfkh ebrlfgbk


43/91

?=


vbkuh fs just boohptbckh vbkuh odgsfihrfgl oustdehr vfhw. Ebrlfgbk vbkuh fs dctbfghi `rde hxfstfgl prdiuot sphof`fobtfdg, wmfkh fihbk

vbkuhs dctbfghi cy dur lrdup ifsoussfdg odgsfihrfgl oustdehrs vfhw.

Ybckh 9.9. Kfst d` _phof`fobtfdg

LrdupGhhi

GuechrGhhis _phof`fobtfdg Sbga Xgft Dwg

Ebrlfgbk

Pbkuh

Fihbk

Pbkuh

Shlukbtfdg

< \bthr purf`fhr tmbt

obg prdiuohs wbthrwmfom fs `rhh `rde

ohrtbfg odepdugistmbt obush ifshbshs

Odgthgt 8 ppe -

2> \bthr purf`fhr tmbtmbs chhg okfgfobkky

prdvhg cy kbcdrbtdry

Kbcdrbtdry Ohrtf`fhi8 Vhs/gd Vhs Vhs Vhs

Shtbfkfgl

2 \bthr purf`fhr wftm bcfl obpbofty

Pdkueh 9 K 38 2 - 8> 38

? \bthr purf`fhr wftmebgy wbthr tbps

Rubgtfty d` Ybps ? Xgft 3 2-9 3

22 \bthr purf`fhr tmbtodecfghi wftm

mhbthr td prdiuoh mdt

wbthr

^rdiuoh Mhbt \bthr 3 Vhs/gd Gd Vhs drGd

Vhs

2= \bthr purf`fhr wftmhodgdefobkky prfoh

^rfoh 9 Sp 2.3>>.>>> 0>>.>>>2.8>>.>>>

0>>.>>>

^rdiuot

^hr`drebgoh

3 \bthr purf`fhr wftm

mflm vdkuehtrfo rbth

Pdkuehtrfo Sbth 9 eK/s 8> -


44/91

?6


Ybckh 9.9. Kfst d` _phof`fobtfdg (odgtfguhi)

LrdupGhhi

GuechrGhhis _phof`fobtfdg Sbga Xgft Dwg

Ebrlfgbk

Pbkuh

Fihbk

Pbkuh


qufoa purf`yfgl

prdohss

^rdohss Yfeh 9 Efguth 2> 2-?> 28

6 \bthr purf`fhr tmbt

obg ch dphrbthiwftmdut hkhotrfofty

^dwhr _duroh ? Vhs/gd Gd Gd Gd


obg prdiuoh purf`fhiwbthr wmfom obg ch

odgsuehi ifrhotky

Rubkfty _tbgibri 8 Rubkf`fhi

dr gd

Rubkf`fhi Rubkf`fhi Rubkf`fhi


sfepkh ebfgthgbgoh

Ebfgthgbgoh ? Vhbr ? 2.8 - 0 0

^hrohptfdg


obg prdiuohs okhbrwbthr

Yurcfifty 8 @YX -


okhbr purf`yfgl

prdohss

Okhbg Ohrtf`fhi ? Vhs/gd Vhs Vhs Vhs



45/91

9>Xgfvhrsftbs Fgidghsfb

OMB^YHS P

LHGHSBYFGL SDIXOY ODGOH^Y

8.2. Cboalrdugi

\bthr purf`fhr fs b thomgdkdly ihvfoh wftm purf`fobtfdg prdohss wmfom doours

td kfeft tmh khvhks d` ohrtbfg odepdghgts dr td rhedvh odgtbefgbgts `rde wbthr

sdurohs sd ft obg rhiuoh tmh pdthgtfbk bssdofbthi mhbktm rfsas bgi obg ch ushi `dr

irfgafgl, wbsmfgl bgi fgiustrfbk purpdshs. \bthr purf`fobtfdg thomgfquhs mbvh

hvdkvhi wftm bivbgofgl thomgdkdly dvhr tmh pbst ihobihs, `rde b sfepkh systhes

cbshi dg tmh feftbtfdg bgi bibptbtfdg d` gbturbkky doourrfgl prdohsshs (Crfssbui,

3>>0) suom bs sbgi `fkthrs, td odepkhx euktf stblh purf`fobtfdg thomgfquhs suom bs

odblukbtfdg, `kdooukbtfdg bgi ihfdgfzbtfdg.

Xg`drtugbthky, edst d` hxfstfgl wbthr purf`fhr prdiuots ush tmh mbreùk

sucstbgohs suom bs omkdrfgh td purf`y tmh wbthr. Ft fs sd mbreùk tmbt tmh usfgl d`

omkdrfgh fg wbthr purf`yfgl prdohss mbs chhg `drcfiihg. Dg tmh dtmhr sfih, tmh

hxfstfgl wbthr purf`fhr prdiuot mbs if``foukt bgi odepkfobthi dphrbtfdg prdohiurh,

ghhi b kdgl tfeh prdohss td prdiuoh purf`fhi wbthr, tmh purf`fhi wbthr tmbts gdt

lddi fg qubkfty, if``foukt fg ebfgthgbgoh prdohiurh, tmh hxphgsfvh d` wbthr

purf`fhr, bgi d` odursh tmh purf`fhi wbthr dutput tmbt fs stfkk iductùk. @rde tmh

whbaghss d` hxfstfgl wbthr purf`fhr prdiuots, wh wbgt td ebah b ghw wbthr

purf`fhr prdiuot tmbt edrh h``hotfvh sd ft obg chodeh bg fgokusfvh prdiuot `dr tmh

odgsuehr (ifsbsthr vfotfes) bgi bksd mhbktmy tmbg tmh hxfstfgl wbthr purf`fhr.

Yd orhbth ghw odgohpts d` dur wbthr purf`fhr prdiuot, wh mbvh td odrrhkbth ft

wftm dur hbrky sphof`fobtfdg prdiuots tmbt bkrhbiy ihthrefgh `rde tmh `frst

bssflgehgt. Fts bkrhbiy ihofihi tmbt durhbrky sphof`fobtfdg prdiuots tmbt rhkbthi

td ifsbsthr rhkfh` wmfom chodeh bpphbk d` dur prdiuot brh obg ch ushi wmhg

ifsbsthr mbpphg (h``hotfvhghss), hbsy td dphrbth (sfepkh ebfgthgbgoh), obg ch

crdulmt hvhrywmhrh, prfoh, bgi prdohss tfeh. Chobush d` tmbt, td orhbth dur wbthr

purf`fhr prdiuot tmbt obg ùk`fkk bgi suftbckh `dr dur hbrky sphof`fobtfdg, wh mbvh td

ihthrefgh tmh odgohpts d` wbthr purf`fobtfdg thomgdkdly tmbt wfkk ch ushi `frst.


46/91

92


Ymh odepdghgts fg wbthr purf`fhr ihphgihgt dg tmh ehtmdi omdshg `dr

purf`y tmh wbthr. Xsubkky tmh hxfstfgl wbthr purf`fhr ushs edrh tmbg dgh ehtmdi.

Ymh odecfgbtfdg d` ehtmdis wfkk lrhbtky feprdvh tmh prdohss bgi prdiuoh

irfgafgl wbthr wftm lddi stbgibri qubkfty. Bt tmh edst cbsfo, tmh wbthr

purf`fobtfdg systhe fg wbthr purf`fhr smduki ebah surh tmbt tmh kbrlhr sdkuth

pbrtfokhs brh mhki cboa fg tmh `frst sthp bgi dgky purh sdkvhgt pbsshs tmrdulm, tmhg

tmh ghxt sthp smduki ebah surh tmbt bkk tmh mbre`uk cbothrfb bgi dtmhr pbtmdlhgfo

eforddrlbgfses brh ihstrdyhi. Ymh omdfoh fg tmh `frst sthp fs hftmhr rhvhrsh

dsedsfs dr `fktrbtfdg. Ehbgwmfkh tmh shodgi sthp fs edrh bivbgohi ehtmdis kfah

omkdrfgbtfdg, bisdrptfdg, XP purf`fobtfdg, hto.

Fg drihr td orhbth ghw fihbs tmbt suftbckh wftm dur hbrky sphof`fobtfdg, wh

stbrt cy kfstfgl tmh ehtmdis fg hxfstfgl prdiuot. Ghxt, wh stbrt crbfgstdrefgl td

`fgi ebgy ghw fihbs. Ymhg wh odecfgh tmh hxfstfgl odgohpts bgi ghw odgohpts.

Ymhg wh ifi tmh sorhhgfgl sthp wmhrh wh hkfefgbth sdeh d` tmh odgohpts tmbt brh

gdt `hbsfckh. Ymh ghxt sthp b`thr sorhhgfgl odgohpts fs sodrfgl odgohpts. Odgohpts

tmbt pbsshi `rde sorhhgfgl sthp wfkk ch sodrfgl fg tmfs sthp. B`thr wh `dugi tmh

chst odgohpt, wh ifi tmh odgohpts thstfgl. Fg odgohpts thstfgl, wh fgthrvfhwhi

odgsuehrs d` wbthr purf`fhr prdiuot td lht tmhfr dpfgfdg bcdut tmh chst odgohpt

tmbt brh rhsukthi `rde sodrfgl odgohpts. Fg tmh fgthrvfhw, wh bksd bsahi odgsuehrs

bcdut tmhfr hblhrghss td cuy tmhsh twd odgohpts d` prdiuot.

8.3. _pkfttfgl rdckhe

Fg ihthrefgbtfdg d` dur wbthr purf`fhr prdiuot, tmhrh brh b `hw sthps tmbt wh

mbvh td id td lht tmh chst odgohpt. Ymh `frst sthp (dptfdgbk) fs td spkft tmh prdckhe

fgtd suc-prdckhes bgi td bgbkysh suc-`ugotfdgs. @dous dg suc-prdckhes tmbtbpphbr td ch orftfobk td tmh prdiuot (J.B. \hsshkfgl, 3>>


47/91

93


B. \bthr ûrf`fhr

\mbt fs tmh ehbgfgl d` wbthr purf`fhr4

\mbt fs tmh ùgotfdg d` wbthr purf`fhr4

\mbt fs tmh prfgofpkh wdra d` wbthr purf`fhr4

\mbt typhs d` fgput tmbt obg ch purf`fhi cy wbthr purf`fhr4

\mfom sucstbgohs brh ldfgl td rhedvh `rde tmh wbthr4

\my tmh odgtbefgbthi wbthr sdurohs mbvh td ch purf`fhi4

Brh tmh prdckhe oduki ch bvdfihi cy ahhpfgl tmh wbthr sduroh okhbg4

\mbt fs tmh efgfeue odgohgtrbtfdg d` odgtbefgbgt sucstbgoh fg odgtbefgbthi

wbthr sduroh tmbt ghhi td ch purf`fhi4

\mbt fs tmh edst suftbckh ehtmdi td ush fg tmh wbthr purf`fhr sd ft obg purf`y bkk

tmh odgtbefgbthi wbthr td ch boohptbckh `dr irfgafgl wbthr4

C.

Ifsbsthr Shkfh`

\mbt mbpphg wftm tmh wbthr sduroh f` ifsbsthr doours sdehwmhrh4

Mdw ebgy kfthrs wbthr tmbt phdpkh usubkky ush `dr irfgafgl4

\mbt fs tmh edst fepdrtbgt tmfgl tmbt phdpkh ghhi `rde okhbg wbthr4

\mbt wfkk phdpkh id wmhg tmhy ifigt lht hgdulm okhbg wbthr `dr ibfky

odgsueh4

\mbt mbpphgs wftm tmh phdpkh f` tmh wbthr sdurohs brh odgtbefgbthi cy

mbreùk sucstbgohs4

Mdw ifi phdpkh id td lht okhbg wbthr wmhg ifsbsthr doourrhi4

\mbt fs tmh edst ugode`drtbckh tmfgl tmbt phdpkh `hhk wmhg ifsbsthr doourrhi4

8.?. Hxfstfgl Odgohpt

\bthr purf`fhr prdiuots tmbt whrh sdki fg tmh ebraht brh ebih d` b shrfhs d`

odecfghi wbthr purf`yfgl thomgdkdly wmfom fs ushi td rhedvh vbrfdus

odgtbefgbgts fg tmh wbthr. Ymhy brh if``hrhgt fg prdohss bgi ehombgfse cut mbvh

dgh ldbk, rfsh dr kdwhr tmh odgtbefgbgts odgthgt fg wbthr fgtd stbgibri khvhk. Ymh

ehtmdis td purf`y wbthr odvhr efordcfdkdlfobk, omhefobk, bgi pmysfobk fgokuifgl

ifsfg`hotfdg (omkdrfgbtfdg, dzdgbtfdg, XP thomgdkdly, bgi cdfkfgl), pbrtfokh

`fktrbtfdg (sbgi, ehecrbgh, ohrbefo, rhvhrsh dsedsfs, gbgd`fktrbtfdg,


48/91

9?


eford`fktrbtfdg, bgi uktrb`fktrbtfdg), bisdrptfdg, hto. Ymh omdfoh d` tmh ehtmdi wfkk

ihphgi dg if``hrhgt `botdrs suom bs odst, hbsh td ush, bvbfkbcfkfty, bgi prbotfobkfty.

Mdwhvhr, sdeh d` tmh irbwcboas, gdtbcky tmh ush d` omkdrfgh fg wbthr

purf`y prdohss (omkdrfgbtfdg), wmfom tmh usfgl d` omkdrfgh mbs chhg `drcfiihg

chobush d` tmh mhbktmy fssuh. Ghvhrtmhkhss, edst d` tmh wbthr purf`fhrs fg tmh

ebraht pdsshss b lrhbt phr`drebgoh bgi brh bckh td odephth. Ymh efgi ebp d`

odgohpt d` hxfstfgl prdiuot fs smdwg chkdw:

@flurh 8.2 Efgi Ebp d` Hxfstfgl \bthr ^urf`fhr Odgohpt



49/91

99


8.9. Ghw Odgohpt

Fg wbthr purf`fhr thomgdkdly, sdeh thomgdkdlfhs brh odecfghi sd tmbt wh

obg lht lddi phr`drebgoh td okhbg odepkhthky tmh wbthr `rde odgtbefgbgts suom

bs eforddrlbgfse, ehtbk, turcfifty, hto. @dr tmh ghw odgohpt, wh prdpdsh sdeh

thomgdkdly wmfom brh gdt wfihky ushi dr fs obg ch ushi `dr wbthr purf`fhr, sd tmbt

chtthr odecfgbtfdg thomgdkdly obg ch bomfhvhi. Dur ghw odgohpt fs ifvfihi fgtd

sfx ehtmdis d` purf`fobtfdg prdohss fgokuifgl: ifbkysfs, hkhotrdomhefobk,

bisdrptfdg (usfgl ghw bisdrchgt1 omftdsbg, bkuefgb, bgi gbgdebthrfbk),

hkhotrdobtbifbg, hgzfebtfdg, bgi rbifbtfdg. Ymh efgi ebp d` dur ghw odgohpt d`

prdiuot fs smdwg chkdw:

@flurh 8.3 Efgi Ebp d` Ghw \bthr ^urf`fhr Odgohpt



50/91

98


@flurh 8.? Efgi Ebp d` Hxfstfgl bgi Ghw \bthr ^urf`fhr Odgohpt



51/91

90Xgfvhrsftbs Fgidghsfb

OMB^YHS PF

ODGOH^Y _HKHOYFDG

0.2. Odgohpt Ihsorfptfdg Cbshi dg \dra ^rfgofpkh

Fg tmfs ombpthr, `frst, wh lbtmhrhi b guechr d` wbthr trhbtehgt prdohss tmbt

rhsuktfgl fg irfgafgl wbthr. Ymhg wh ihsorfchi hbom odgohpt ch`drh ebih b kfst

agdwg odeehrofbk wbthr purf`fhr prdiuots. Ymh kfst odgsfsts d` wbthr purf`fhr

prdiuots tmbt obg ch ushi ifrhotky & ebomfgh prdiuots. \bthr purf`fhr prdiuots

tmbt obg ch ushi ifrhotky ehbgs tmbt ft ushi wdra prfgofpkh tmbt just ghhi td biifgl

omhefobk td ifrty wbthr td odgvhrt td irfgafgl wbthr. Ehbgwmfkh, tmh ebomfgh

prdiuots ehbgs tmbt tmh wbthr fgkht ghhi td hgthr b ebomfgh `dr lhttfgl prdohsshi

ihphgi dg tmh wdra prfgofpkh ushi, ch`drh prdiuofgl irfgafgl wbthr bs tmh dutkht.

\h bksd stbthi wmhtmhr tmh wdra prfgofpkhs brh `dugi bs b stbgi bkdgh prdohss dg

tmh agdwg wbthr purf`fhr prdiuots dr gdt. Ymhg, wh ihsorfchi tmh odeedg

whbaghsshs dr tmh ifsbivbgtblhs d` tmh wdra prfgofpkhs tmbt chfgl ushi dg wbthr

trhbtehgt dr wbthr purf`fobtfdg prdohss. Ymh rhsukt fs smdwg dg Ybckh 0.2.


52/91

9% okduiy say,

wmhrhbs 3 ibys d` hxpdsurh brh rhqufrhi `dr 2>>% okduiy say (DBYH_ 3>>?, HB\BL/_BGIHO 3>>0). Ymhtrhbtehgt h``fofhgoy obg ch feprdvhi f` tmh pkbstfo cdttkhs brh hxpdshi dg sugkflmt-rh`khotfgl sur`bohs suom bsbkuefgfue- dr odrrulbthi frdg smhhts (EHFHSMD@HS 3>>3).

3 Hxtrbotfdg:Kfqufi-Kfqufi

Hxtrbotfdg

_dkvhgt hxtrbotfdg ehtmdis ush gdg-pdkbr sdkvhgts wmfom brh efsofckh wftm wbthr td hxtrbot tmh tbrlht odepdugi`rde wbthr cy usfgl tmh lrhbthr sdkucfkfty d` tmh tbrlht odepdugi fg tmh sdkvhgt tmbg wbthr. Fihbkky, dgh

shkhotfvhky hxtrbots tmh tbrlht odepdugi cy usfgl b sdkvhgt wmdsh pdkbrfty fs okdsh td tmbt d` tmh tbrlht odepdugi.Pdkbtfkh sdkvhgts suom bs mhxbgh, chgzhgh, htmhr, htmyk bohtbth, bgi ifomkdrdehtmbgh brh usubkky ushi `dr tmh

hxtrbotfdg d` shef-vdkbtfkh odepdugis `rde wbthr. Mhxbgh fs suftbckh `dr hxtrbotfdg d` gdg-pdkbr odepdugissuom bs bkfpmbtfo myirdobrcdgs, chgzhgh fs suftbckh `dr brdebtfo odepdugis, bgi htmhr bgi htmyk bohtbth brh

suftbckh `dr rhkbtfvhky pdkbr odepdugis odgtbfgfgl dxylhg.

? Ehecrbgh

@fktrbtfdg

Fgokuih bgy bisdrptfdg ehecrbgh thomgdkdly chsfih rhvhrsh dsedsfs, eford`fktrbtfdg, uktrb`fktrbtfdg, &

gbgd`fktrbtfdg. Ymfs thomgdkdly obg ch odepbrh wftm sbgi, botfvbthi obrcdg, ohrbefo, bkuefgb, & mdkkdw `fchrbisdrptfdg. Ihptm `fkthrs brh ebtthi `fchrs dr ebthrfbks odeprhsshi td `dre b ebtrfx tmbt rhtbfgs pbrtfokhs cy

rbgide bisdrptfdg dr hgtrbpehgt. _orhhg `fkthrs brh fgmhrhgtky ugf`dre struoturhs wmfom, kfah b sfhvh, rhtbfg bkkpbrtfokhs kbrlhr tmbg tmh prhofshky odgtrdkkhi pdrh sfzh dg tmhfr sur`boh. _ur`boh `fkthrs brh ebih `rde euktfpkh

kbyhrs d` ehifb. \mhg `kufi pbsshs tmrdulm tmh `fkthr, pbrtfokhs kbrlhr tmbg tmh spbohs wftmfg tmh `fkthr ebtrfx brhrhtbfghi, booueukbtfgl prfebrfky dg tmh sur`boh d` tmh `fkthr.
http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterp#term391http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/lettert#term2687http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letters#term978http://www.sodis.ch/http://www.sodis.ch/http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letters#term978http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/lettert#term2687http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterp#term391


53/91

9=


Ybckh 0.2 Odgohpt Ihsorfptfdg Cbshi dg \dra rfgofpkh (Odgtfguhi)

9 _bgi

@fktrbtfdg:

Cfdsbgi @fkthr

Ymh cfdsbgi `fkthr (C_@) fs b sfepkhmdushmdki wbthr trhbtehgt ihvfoh, wmfom fs bg fggdvbtfdg dg trbiftfdgbkskdw

sbgi `fkthrs sphof`fobkky ihsflghi `dr fgthreftthgt ush. B C_@ odgsfsts d` b odgorhth dr pkbstfo odgtbfghr `fkkhi wftm

sphofbkky shkhothi bgi prhpbrhi sbgi bgi lrbvhk. Bs wbthr `kdws tmrdulm tmh `fkthr, pmysfobk strbfgfgl rhedvhs

pbtmdlhgs,frdg,turcfifty bgi ebglbghsh `rdeirfgafgl wbthr.B smbkkdw kbyhr d` wbthr sfts btdp tmh sbgi bgi b

cfd`fke (_omeutzihoah)ihvhkdps. Ymh cfd`fke odgtrfcuths td tmh rhedvbk d` pbtmdlhgs iuh td prhibtfdg bgi

odephtftfdg `dr `ddi d` gdg-mbre`ukeforddrlbgfses odgtbfghi fg tmhcfd`fke bgi tmh mbre`uk drlbgfses fg tmhwbthr.

8 Ohrbefo@fktrbtfdg:

OhrbefoObgikh @fkthr

Ohrbefo obgikh `fkthrs brh sfepkh ihvfohs ebih dut d` okby bgi ushi td `fkthr irfgafgl wbthr fg drihr td rhedvhsturcfifty, susphgihi ebthrfbks bgi pbtmdlhgs. Shedvbk tbahs pkboh cy pmysfobk prdohss suom bs ehombgfobk

trbppfgl bgibisdrptfdg dg tmh ohrbefo obgikhs, wmfom mbvh eford-sobkh pdrhs. \bthr fs pdurhi fgtd tmh upphr d`twd odgtbfghr bgi `kdws tmrdulm b obgikh sftubthi fg tmh cdttde. Dgoh tmh wbthr mbs pbsshi tmrdulm tmh obgikh, ft

fs odkkhothi fg tmh kdwhr odgtbfghr. Ymfs systhe cdtm trhbts tmh wbthr bgi prdvfihs sb`h stdrblh ugtfk ft fs ushi.Ebfgthgbgoh fgokuihs `rhquhgt soruccfgl wftm b crusm bgi prdphr obrh iurfgl trbgspdrt bgi fts ush.

0 Mdkkdw @fchr

@fktrbtfdg

Mdkkdw-`fchr ehecrbghs brh eford-tmfg tucukhs wftm pdrdus wbkks. Ymh tucukhs (`fchrs) brh bcdut 2ee tmfoa.

Ymh pdrhs tmbt bkkdw wbthr td `kdw tmrdulm tmh `fchrs brh bpprdx. .2 efordehthr wfih, wmfom fs bcdut 0>>-=>>tfehs tmfgghr tmbg b muebg mbfr, tdd sebkk `dr hvhg tmh tfgfhst fepurftfhs td pbss tmrdulm.

< ShvhrshDsedsfs

Dsedsfs doours wmhg b shef-phrehbckh ehecrbgh shpbrbths twd sbkt sdkutfdgs d` if``hrhgt odgohgtrbtfdgs. Ymhwbthr wfkk eflrbth `rde tmh whbahr sdkutfdg td tmh strdglhr sdkutfdg, ugtfk tmh twd sdkutfdgs brh d` tmh sbeh

odgohgtrbtfdg, chobush tmh shef-phrehbckh ehecrbgh bkkdws tmh wbthr td pbss tmrdulm, cut gdt tmh sbkt.Fg rhvhrsh dsedsfs, tmh twd sdkutfdgs brh stfkk shpbrbthi cy b shef-phrehbckh ehecrbgh, cut prhssurh fs bppkfhi

td rhvhrsh tmh gbturbk `kdw d` tmh wbthr. Ymfs `drohs tmh wbthr td edvh `rde tmh edrh odgohgtrbthi sdkutfdg tdtmh whbahr. Ymus, tmh odgtbefgbgts hgi up dg dgh sfih d` tmh shef-phrehbckh ehecrbgh bgi tmh purh wbthr fs

dg tmh dtmhr sfih.
http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterh#term184http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letters#term2406http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letters#term2406http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterp#term389http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/lettert#term2687http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterd#term1069http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letters#term2407http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letters#term2407http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterp#term389http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterm#term368http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letters#term2407http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterd#term1069http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/lettert#term2687http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterp#term389http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/lettera#term1446http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/lettera#term1446http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterp#term389http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/lettert#term2687http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterd#term1069http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letters#term2407http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterm#term368http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterp#term389http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letters#term2407http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letters#term2407http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letters#term2407http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterd#term1069http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/lettert#term2687http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterp#term389http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letters#term2406http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letters#term2406http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letters#term2406http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterh#term184


54/91

96



= Botfvbthi

Obrcdg

bisdrptfdg

Ymh odgtbefgbgt fs bttrbothi td bgi mhki (bisdrchi) dg tmh sur`boh d` tmh obrcdg pbrtfokhs. Ymh ombrbothrfstfos d`

tmh obrcdg ebthrfbk (pbrtfokh bgi pdrh sfzh, sur`boh brhb, sur`boh omhefstry, hto.) fg`kuhgoh tmh h``fofhgoy d`

bisdrptfdg.

Ymh ombrbothrfstfos d` tmh omhefobk odgtbefgbgt brh bksd fepdrtbgt. Odepdugis tmbt brh khss wbthr-sdkuckh brh

edrh kfahky td ch bisdrchi td b sdkfi. B shodgi ombrbothrfstfo fs tmh b``fgfty tmbt b lfvhg odgtbefgbgt mbs wftm tmh

obrcdg sur`boh. Ymfs b``fgfty ihphgis dg tmh ombrlh bgi fs mflmhr `dr edkhoukhs pdsshssfgl khss ombrlh. F` shvhrbkodepdugis brh prhshgt fg tmh wbthr, strdgl bisdrchrs wfkk bttbom td tmh obrcdg fg lrhbthr qubgtfty tmbg tmdsh wftm

whba bisdrcfgl bcfkfty.

6 _fkfob Lhk

Bisdrptfdg

_fkfob Lhk fs b pdrdus, bedrpmdus `dre d` sfkfob (_fD3). Iuh td fts ugfquh fgthrgbk struoturh, sfkfob lhk fs rbifobkky

if``hrhgt `rde dtmhr _fD3-cbshi ebthrfbks. Ft fs odepdshi d` b vbst ghtwdra d` fgthrodgghothi efordsodpfo pdrhs.Kfah zhdkfths, sfkfob lhk `ugotfdgs dg tmh cbsfs d` pmysfosdrptfdg.

2> Botfvbthi

BkuefgbBisdrptfdg

Botfvbthi Bkuefgb fs b lrbgukbthi dre d` bkuefgue dxfih. Fg tmfs prdohss, wbthr odgtbfgfgl tmh odgtbefgbgt fs

pbsshi tmrdulm b obrtrfilh dr obgfsthr d` botfvbthi bkuefgb wmfom bisdrcs tmh odgtbefgbgt. Ymh obrtrfilh d`botfvbthi bkuefgb eust ch rhpkbohi (dr rhlhghrbthi) phrfdifobkky. Botfvbthi bkuefgb ihvfohs obg booueukbth

cbothrfb, sd trhbthi wbthr eby mbvh mflmhr cbothrfb odugts tmbg rbw wbthr.

22 Omftdsbg

Bisdrptfdg

Omftdsbg fs `drehi tmrdulm G-ihboykbtfdg d` tmh omftfg edkhoukh. B ugfquh bsphot d` omftdsbg fs fts bcfkfty td

omhkbth ifssdkvhi ehtbks fg wbthr. Omhkbtfdg fs b prdohss cy wmfom euktfpkh cfgifgl sfths bkdgl tmh pdkyehr ombfgcfgi wftm tmh ehtbk td rhedvh ft `rde b sdkutfdg. _tuifhs mbvh smdwg tmbt omftdsbg wbs bckh td rhiuoh ehtbk

odgohgtrbtfdgs fg wbthr cy dvhr


55/91

8>



2? Gbgdebthrfbk

Bisdrptfdg

Bivbgohs fg gbgdthomgdkdly sullhst tmbt ebgy d` tmh ourrhgt prdckhes fgvdkvfgl wbthr qubkfty oduki ch rhsdkvhi

dr lrhbtky behkfdrbthi usfgl gbgdobtbkysts, gbgdsdrchgts, cfdbotfvh gbgdpbrtfokhs, gbgdstruoturhi obtbkytfo

ehecrbghs bgi gbgdpbrtfokh hgmbgohi `fktrbtfdg bedgl dtmhr prdiuots bgi prdohsshs rhsuktfgl `rde tmh

ihvhkdpehgt d` gbgdthomgdkdly. Gbgdebthrfbks wmfom oduki ch ushi fg wbthr purf`fobtfdg bgi ihsbkfgbtfdgs

fgokuihs ehtbk, ehtbk dxfihs gbgdpbrtfokhs, Lrbpmhgh bgi obrcdg gbgdtuchs. Biiftfdgbkky, gbgdthomgdkdly-

ihrfvhi prdiuots tmbt rhiuoh tmh odgohgtrbtfdgs d` tdxfo odepdugis td suc-ppc khvhks obg bssfst fg tmh bttbfgehgtd` wbthr qubkfty stbgibris bgi mhbktm bivfsdrfhs.

29 XPûrf`fobtfdg

XP purf`fobtfdg wdras bs tmh uktrbvfdkht hghrly heftthi cy tmh kflmt fs bcsdrchi cy tmh ohkks d` tmh efordch,prhvhgtfgl ohkk hgzyehs `rde rhbifglfts IGB. \ftmdut fgtbot IGB, efordchs obgt rhprdiuoh td ebah phdpkh

sfoa. Ymh prdohss fs sfepkh cut h``hotfvh, ihstrdyfgl dvhr 66.6 phrohgt d` mbreùk eforddrlbgfses.XP kflmt fs lhghrbkky ih`fghi td ch wbvhkhgltm d` hkhotrdeblghtfo rbifbtfdg smdrthr tmbg 9>> ge bgi fs ùrtmhr

ifvfihi fgtdXP-B (?28-9>>ge),XP-C (3=>-?28ge) bgiXP-O (3>>-3=> ge).XPB bgiXPC brh rhspdgsfckh`dr sug tbggfgl bgi sugcurgfgl. XPC fs pbrtky `fkthrhi dut cy tmh btedspmhrh bgi dgky b `hw phrohgt rhbom tmh

hbrtm sur`boh. Ymfs fs lddi, chobushXPC kflmt obg ch ifrhotky bcsdrchi cyIGB,wmhrh ft wduki fgiuoh ohkkukbribeblh.XPO bksd phghtrbths ohkks bgi ibeblh tmhIGB,cut ft fs bkedst hgtfrhky `fkthrhi dut cy tmh dzdgh kbyhr.

YmhXP tuchs ushi `dr ifsfg`hotfdg id odgtbfg tmh wmdkh sphotrue d` XP kflmt, fgokuifgl tmhXPC bgi XPO.

Ymh kflmt, wmhg ft rhbomhs efordcfbk ohkkskhbis td ibeblh d` tmh lhghtfo ebthrfbk (IGB), rhgihrfgl tmhe ugbckh

td rhpkfobth.

28 Cdfkfgl Ymh\MD rhodeehgis crfglfgl wbthr td b rdkkfgl cdfk bs bg fgifobtfdg tmbt b ifsfg`hotfdgthephrbturh mbs chhg

bomfhvhi (\MD 3>>=). F` prbotfshi odrrhotky, cdfkfgl fs dgh d` tmh edst h``hotfvh wbthr trhbtehgt ehtmdis td afkk

dr ihbotfvbth bkk okbsshs d` wbthrcdrghpbtmdlhgs,fgokuifgl cbothrfbk spdrhs bgi prdtdzdbg oysts tmbt mbvh smdwgrhsfstbgoh td omhefobk ifsfg`hotfdg bgi vfrushs tmbt brh tdd sebkk td ch ehombgfobkky rhedvhi cyeford`fktrbtfdg

(CKDOA 3>>2). Mhbtfgl wbthr td hvhg 88 O mbs chhg smdwg td afkk dr fgbotfvbth edst pbtmdlhgfo cbothrfb,

vfrushs,mhkefgtms bgiprdtdzdb tmbt brh odeedgky wbthr cdrgh (@HBOMHE ht bk. 26=?).
http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1017http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1023http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1024http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1025http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1023http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1024http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1024http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1024http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterd#term80http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1025http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterd#term80http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1017http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1017http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1024http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1025http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterl#term1324http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterd#term80http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterw#term1336http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/lettert#term1002http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterw#term1336http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterp#term389http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterm#term1462http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterb#term38http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterh#term116http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterp#term421http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterp#term421http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterh#term116http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterb#term38http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterm#term1462http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterp#term389http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterw#term1336http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/lettert#term1002http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterw#term1336http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterd#term80http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterl#term1324http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1025http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1024http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1017http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1017http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterd#term80http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1025http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterd#term80http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1024http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1024http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1024http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1023http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1025http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1024http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1023http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1017


56/91

82



20 Ifstfkkbtfdg Yd rhedvh fepurftfhs `rde wbthr cy ifstfkkbtfdg, tmh wbthr fs usubkky cdfkhi fg b ombechr obusfgl wbthr td

vbpdrfzh, bgi tmh purh (dr edstky purh) sthbe khbvhs tmh gdg vdkbtfkh odgtbefgbgts chmfgi. Ymh sthbe edvhs td b

if``hrhgt pbrt d` tmh ugft bgi fs oddkhi ugtfk ft odgihgshs cboa fgtd kfqufi wbthr. Ymh rhsuktfgl ifstfkkbth irfps fgtd

b stdrblh odgtbfghr.

_bkts, shifehgt, ehtbks - bgytmfgl tmbt wdg't cdfk dr hvbpdrbth - rhebfg fg tmh ifstfkkhr bgi eust ch rhedvhi.

Pdkbtfkh drlbgfo odepdugis (PDOs) brh b lddi hxbepkh d` b odgtbefgbgt tmbt wfkk hvbpdrbth bgi odgihgsh wftmtmh wbthr vbpdr. B vbpdr trbp, obrcdg `fkthr, dr dtmhr ihvfoh eust ch ushi bkdgl wftm b ifstfkkhr td hgsurh b edrh

odepkhth rhedvbk d` odgtbefgbgts.

2< Hkhotrd

omhefobk

Hkhotrdomhefobk wbthr trhbtehgt systhes utfkfzh hkhotrfofty td fgiuoh tmh rhedvbk d` ifssdkvhi odgtbefgbgts fg

tmh wbthr. ^dsftfvhky ombrlhi odgtbefgbgts suom bs obkofue, eblghsfue, sdifue, khbi bgi urbgfue brh obkkhiobtfdgs. Ghlbtfvhky ombrlhi odgtbefgbgts suom bs omkdrfihs, gftrbths, gftrfths, suk`bths bgi `kudrfihs brh obkkhi

bgfdgs. Ymh fgtrdiuotfdg d` b ghlbtfvhky ombrlhi hkhotrdih, dr obtmdih, fgtd tmh wbthr wfkk obush pdsftfvhkyombrlhi obtfdgs td edvh tdwbri ft. B pdsftfvhky ombrlhi hkhotrdih, dr bgdih, wfkk obush ghlbtfvhky ombrlhi

bgfdgs td edvh tdwbri ft. Hkhotrdomhefobk wbthr trhbtehgt systhes tbah bivbgtblh d` tmfs prdphrty cy odecfgfgltmh hkhotrdih wftm fdg hxombglh ehecrbghs.

Ymh prfgofpkh fs tmus sfepkh: Fgtrdiuoh b ghlbtfvhky ombrlhi obtmdih td edvh tmh pdsftfvhky ombrlhi obtfdgs

tmrdulm b obtfdg ehecrbgh, wmhrh tmhy odkkhot bgi odgohgtrbth, khbvfgl trhbthi prdiuot wbthr chmfgi dg tmh

dtmhr sfih d` tmh ehecrbgh. Bkthrgbtfgl bgfdg ehecrbghs wftm obtfdg ehecrbghs orhbths bkthrgbtfgl odgohgtrbth

bgi purf`fobtfdg zdghs. Ymh prdiuot wbthr obg tmhg ch rhkhbshi td b stdrblh tbga, wmhrh ft fs odkkhothi `dr ush.

2= Omhefobk

^rhofpftbtfdg

^rhofpftbtfdg fs b ehtmdi d` obusfgl odgtbefgbgts tmbt brh hftmhr ifssdkvhi dr susphgihi fg sdkutfdg td shttkh dut

d` sdkutfdg bs b sdkfi prhofpftbth, wmfom obg tmhg ch `fkthrhi, ohgtrf`ulhi, dr dtmhrwfsh shpbrbthi `rde tmh kfqufipdrtfdg. ^rhofpftbtfdg fs bssfsthi tmrdulm tmh ush d` b odblukbgt, bg blhgt wmfom obushs sebkkhr pbrtfokhs

susphgihi fg sdkutfdg td lbtmhr fgtd kbrlhr bllrhlbths. @rhquhgtky, pdkyehrs brh ushi bs odblukbgts. \mhg

odkkdfibk ebtthr suom bs heuksf`fhi dfk dr ehtbk chbrfgl pbrtfokhs brh trhbthi wftm ehtbk sbkts bgi kfeh dr GbDM,

tmh ehtbk sbkts bot bs prfebry odblukbgts. Ymh pdsftfvhky ombrlhi ehtbk fdgs odecfgh wftm tmh ghlbtfvh odkkdfi

pbrtfokhs bgi ghutrbkfzh tmhfr ombrlh.


57/91

83



26 Omkdrfgbtfdg Omkdrfgh fgbotfvbths b eforddrlbgfse cy ibeblfgl fts ohkk ehecrbgh. Dgoh tmh ohkk ehecrbgh fs whbahghi, tmh

omkdrfgh obg hgthr tmh ohkk bgi ifsrupt ohkk rhspfrbtfdg bgi IGB botfvfty (twd prdohsshs tmbt brh ghohssbry `dr ohkk

survfvbk). Ymh omkdrfgh obg ch fg `dre d` tbckhts tmbt obg ch ushi ifrhothi ebah odgtbefgbthi wbthr suftbckh dr

irfgafgl. Ymh omkdrfgbtfdg prdohss ftshk` eby lhghrbthi cy usfgl hkhotrfo hghrly tmbt chfgl prdvfihi cy sdkbr

hghrly, cbtthry, dr dtmhr hkhotrfo hghrly rhsdurohs.

Omkdrfgh fs edst h``hotfvh f` tmh wbthr mbs b pM fg tmh rbglh d` 0.>- euom edrh omkdrfgh fs rhqufrhitd mbvh tmh sbeh h``hot tmbg f` tmh wbthr mbi b pM d` . Bt pM dvhr =.8 omkdrfgh chodehs fgh``hotfvh bs b

ifsfg`hotbgt.Ymh wbrehr tmh wbthr, tmh edrh h``hotfvh `rhh-omkdrfgh fs fg ifsfg`hotfgl wbthr bgi dxfifzfgl frdg.

Odkihr wbthr khss tmbg 2>O (8>@) rhqufrhs kdglhr odgtbot tfehs bgi mflmhr odgohgtrbtfdgs d` omkdrfgh

3> Ifbkysfs:Hkhotrdifbkysfs

Hkhotrdifbkysfs if``hrs `rde prhssurh-irfvhg ehecrbgh prdohsshs cy utfkfzfgl hkhotrfobk ourrhgt bs tmh ebfgirfvfgl `droh fg ebtthr shpbrbtfdg. Ymfs kfefts tmh pdssfckh sdkuths tbrlhthi `dr rhodvhry shpbrbtfdg td ombrlhi

pbrtfokhs. Ymh ombrlhi pbrt fokhs eust ch edcfkh, bgi tmh shpbrbtfdg ehifb eust ch bckh td trbgs`hr tmh hkhotrfobkourrhgt wftm rhkbtfvhky kdw rhsfstbgoh. Hkhotrdifbkysfs fs bkedst hxokusfvhky obrrfhi dut dg kfqufis.

^rfgofpbkky, ft lhghrbths bg hkhotrfo ourrhgt tmbt shpbrbths omkdrfih bgi sdifue fdgs bs wbthr pbsshs tmrdulm tmhsysthe. Ymh systhe odeprfshs d` bg bgdih bgi b obtmdih. Ymhsh bttrbot ghlbtfvh bgi pdsftfvhky ombrlhi fdgs

rhsphotfvhky bgi trbp tmhe fg shefphrehbckh ehecrbghs `ftthi dg cdtm hgis. Bs b rhsukt, ft `kusmhs d`` fdgs bgi

rhkhbshs purh wbthr tmbt phdpkh obg ush `dr vbrfdus botfvftfhs.

32 Hgzye:

Hgzyebtfo

Yrhbtehgt

Hgzyehs brh mflmky sphof`fo bgi hxtrhehky h``fofhgt obtbkysts. Ymhy obg shkhotfvhky ihlrbih b tbrlht pdkkutbgt

wftmdut b``hotfgl tmh dtmhr odepdghgts fg tmh h``kuhgt. Hgzyehs trbgs`dre drlbgfo sucstbgohs frrhvhrsfcky fgtd

wbthr-sdkuckh rhsfiuh. Ft fs tmfs botfdg wmfom ehbgs tmbt hgzyehs brh odgsfihrhi b pdwhr`uk okhbgfgl blhgt.Hgzyehs trbgs`dre drlbgfo ebtthr fgtd sebkkhr wbthr-sdkuckh rhsfiuh. Ymfs crdahg-idwg rhsfiuh fs hbsfhr `dr

cbothrfb td bssfefkbth1 tmhsh cbothrfb tmhg trbgs`dre tmh rhsfiuh fgtd gbturbk sucstbgohs iurfgl tmh purf`yfgl

prdohss.


58/91

8?



33 Odblukbtfdg Odblukbtfdg rhedvhs ifrt bgi dtmhr pbrtfokhs susphgihi fg wbthr. Bkue bgi dtmhr omhefobks brh biihi td wbthr

td `dre tfgy stfoay pbrtfokhs obkkhi "`kdo" wmfom bttrbot tmh ifrt pbrtfokhs. Ymh odecfghi whflmt d` tmh ifrt bgi tmh

bkue (`kdo) chodeh mhbvy hgdulm td sfga td tmh cdttde iurfgl shifehgtbtfdg. Ymh odeedg odblukbgts ushi fg

wbthr purf`fobtfdg prdohss brh pdkyehrfo myirdxyomkdrfih, bkuefgfue sukpmbth, `hrrfo sukpmbth, bgi

pdkyborykfefih.

Odblukbtfdg ihstbcfkfshs tmh pbrtfokhs ombrlhs. Odblukbgts wftm ombrlhs dppdsfth td tmdsh d` tmh susphgihisdkfis brh biihi td tmh wbthr td ghutrbkfsh tmh ghlbtfvh ombrlhs dg ifsphrshi gdg-shttbckh sdkfis suom bs okby bgi

drlbgfo sucstbgohs. Dgoh tmh ombrlh fs ghutrbkfshi, tmh sebkk-susphgihi pbrtfokhs brh obpbckh d` stfoafgl

tdlhtmhr.

3? Fdg Hxombglh Fdg hxombglh fs b wbthr trhbtehgt ehtmdi wmhrh dgh dr edrh ugihsfrbckh fdgfo odgtbefgbgts brh rhedvhi `rdewbthr cy hxombglh wftm bgdtmhr gdg-dcjhotfdgbckh, dr khss dcjhotfdgbckh fdgfo sucstbgoh. Cdtm tmh odgtbefgbgt

bgi tmh hxombglhi sucstbgoh eust ch ifssdkvhi bgi mbvh tmh sbeh typh d` hkhotrfobk ombrlh (pdsftfvh drghlbtfvh). B typfobk hxbepkh d`fdg hxombglh fs b prdohss obkkhi wbthr sd`thgfgl bfefgl td rhiuoh obkofue bgi

eblghsfue odgthgt.Mbri wbthr odgtbfgfgl b kdt d` obkofue fdgs fs trhbthi dvhr chbis wftm ghlbtfvhky ombrlhi sdifue fdgs. Ymfs

rhsukts fg tmh rhpkbohehgt d` sdifue fdgs cy pdsftfvhky ombrlhi obkofue fdgs bgi tmh wbthr hvhgtubkky lhts

sd`thghi, tmdulm wftm edrh sdifue fdgs. Zhdkfths, ebih `rde sfkfobths, brh bksd ushi fg chobush tmhy obg mdki

pkhgty d` obtfdgs. _fefkbrky, tmhrh brh bgfdg hxombglh rhsfgs tmbt brh chis d` pdkyehr wmhrh obtfdgfo lrdups lht

bttbomhi td tmh sur`boh.

39 Hkhotrdobtbifbg B idss d` sfkvhr, wmfom vbrfhs `rde >.>8 td >.2 el/K, fs `hi td wbthr wftm tmh mhkp d` tmh ifrhot ourrhgt, wmfomrhedvhs bkk eford drlbgfses. Ymfs fs qufth h``hotfvh fg hkfefgbtfgl bkk tmh cbothrfb fg tmh wbthr. Gbgd sfkvhr

bttbomhi td tmh `fkthr rhkhbshs tmh sfkvhr fdgs tmbt `rhquhgtky ihstrdy tmh cbothrfb.
http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterc#term2400http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterc#term132http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/lettero#term385http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteri#term1458http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteri#term1458http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteri#term1458http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteri#term1458http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/lettero#term385http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterc#term132http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterc#term2400


59/91

89



38 Dzdgbtfdg Dzdgbtfdg fs b omhefobk wbthr trhbtehgt thomgfquh cbshi dg tmh fgùsfdg d` dzdgh fgtd wbthr. Dzdgh fs b lbs

odepdshi d` tmrhh dxylhg btdes (D?), wmfom fs dgh d` tmh edst pdwhrùk dxfibgts. Dzdgfsbtfdg fs b typh d`

bivbgohi dxfibtfdg prdohss,fgvdkvfgl tmh prdiuotfdg d` vhryrhbotfvh dxylhg sphofhs bckh td bttboa b wfih rbglh

d` drlbgfo odepdugis bgi bkkeforddrlbgfses.Dzdgh fs prdiuohi wftm tmh ush d`hghrlycy sucjhotfgl dxylhg

(D3) td mflm hkhotrfo vdktblh dr tdXP rbifbtfdg.

Ymh h``hotfvhghss d` dzdgh rhsukts `rde fts pdwhrùk dxfifsfgl h``hot dg omhefobks bgieforddrlbgfses obushicy tmh lhghrbtfdg d` rhbotfvh dxylhg sphofhs iurfgl dzdgh trbgs`drebtfdg td dxylhg. Dzdgh ifrhotky bttboas tmh

sur`boh dèforddrlbgfses bgi ihstrdys tmhfr ohkk wbkks. Ymh ohkks tmus kddsh tmhfr oytdpkbse bgi obg gd kdglhr

rhbotfvbth tmheshkvhs (_YXOAF ht bk. 3>>8).

30 Eford

@fktrbtfdg

B eford`fktrbtfdg `fkthr mbs b pdrh sfzh brdugi >.2 efordg. Ymh prfgofpkh d` eford `fktrbtfdg bgi uktrb `fktrbtfdg fspmysfobk shpbrbtfdg. Ymh hxthgt td wmfom ifssdkvhi sdkfis, turcfifty bgi efordrlbgfses brh rhedvhi fs

ihthrefghi cy tmh sfzh d` tmh pdrhs fg tmh ehecrbghs. _ucstbgohs tmbt brh kbrlhr tmbg tmh pdrhs fg tmh ehecrbghsbrh ùkky rhedvhi. _ucstbgohs tmbt brh sebkkhr tmbg tmh pdrhs d` tmh ehecrbghs brh pbrtfbkky rhedvhi, ihphgifgl

dg tmh odgstruotfdg d` b rhùsh kbyhr dg tmh ehecrbgh.

3< Gbgd@fktrbtfdg

B gbgd`fktrbtfdg `fkthr mbs b pdrh sfzh brdugi >.>>2 efordg. Ymh Gbgd `fktrbtfdg ehecrbgh thomgdkdly fs prhssurhcbshi thomgdkdly tmbt fs ehbgt `dr tmh shpbrbtfdg d` sdkuckh fdgs `rde wbthr cy ush d` shef phrehbckh ehecrbgh

wmhrh ft prdiuohs sbeh qubgtfty prdiuot bt 8> td % d` tmh bppkfhi prhssurh bs SD. Ymhsh Gbgd-`fktrbtfdgsysthes ebah h``hotfvh ush d` mflm prhssurh `dr tmh shpbrbtfdg d` odgtbefgbgts `rde wbthr suppky. Bs wbthr fs

`drohi tmrdulm ehecrbghs mbvfgl tfgy mdkhs(.>>>2 efordg fg sfzh), cbothrfb, vfrbk odgtbefgbgts, PDOs, _DOs

bgi dtmhr ugwbgthi wbthr odgtbefgbgts brh h``hotfvhky rhedvhi.

3= Xktrb`fktrbtfdg Bg uktrb`fktrbtfdg `fkthr mbs b pdrh sfzh brdugi >.>2 efordg. B sfepkh prdohiurh obkkhi "kdw prhssurh"uktrb`fktrbtfdg phrefts tmh okbrf`fobtfdg bgi ifsfg`hotfdg d` wbthr fg b sfglkh sthp. B ehecrbgh cbrrfhr bots kfah b

`fkthr `dr bkk pbrtfokhs dvhr 2>-3> ge fg sfzh: pdkkhg, bklbh, cbothrfb, vfrushs, lhres bgi drlbgfo edkhoukhs. Ymhuktrb`fktrbtfdg prdohiurh fs ehombgfobk: ft rhiuohs trhbtehgt wbsth bgi tmh ghhi td ush omhefobks, wmfkh

odgshrvfgl tmh efghrbk hqufkfcrfue d` tmh wbthr.(_duroh : Butmdrs hrsdgbk Ibtb bgi lbtmhr rde bgy sdurohs)
http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/lettera#term1059http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterr#term1107http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterm#term368http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/lettere#term1370http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1017http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterm#term368http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterr#term1107http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterm#term368http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterm#term368http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterr#term1107http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterm#term368http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letteru#term1017http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/lettere#term1370http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterm#term368http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/letterr#term1107http://www.sswm.info/glossary/2/lettera#term1059


60/91

88


0.3. Odgohpt _orhhgfgl

B`thr `fgifgl ebgy hxfstfgl odgohpts bgi lhghrbtfgl ghw odgohpts, wh

bkrhbiy lht vbrfdus odgohpts. Dgky dgh bgi tmh chst odgohpt wfkk ch ushi bsodgohpt d` dur prdiuot. Ymh ghxt sthp wh id fs odgohpt sorhhgfgl. Ymh ldbk d`

odgohpt sorhhgfgl fs td gbrrdw tmh guechr d` odgohpt qufoaky bgi ihvhkdp tmh

chst odgohpt. Fg odgohpt sorhhgfgl, wh smduki odepbrh tmh odgohpts wftm ebgy

orfthrfbs fgokuifgl thomgfobk bgi sucjhotfvh orfthrfb kfah ode`drt bgi sb`hty. Fg

idfgl odgohpt sorhhgfgl, `fvh sthps mbvh td ch idgh :

^rhpbrh tmh shkhotfdg ebtrfx

Sbth tmh odgohpts

Sbga tmh odgohpts

Odecfgh bgi feprdvh tmh odgohpts

_hkhot dgh dr edrh odgohpts

@rde `fgifgl hxfstfgl odgohpts bgi ghw odgohpts, wh lht 3= prdiuot

odgohpts. Fts bkk cbshi dg wdra prfgofpkh. _deh odgohpts brh dg if``hrhgt khvhk

wftm dtmhr odgohpts. Eford`fktrbtfdg, gbgd`fktrbtfdg, bgi uktrb`fktrbtfdg brh odgohpts

tmbt odeh `rde if``hrhgt `fkthr ehifb pdrh sfzh. \mfkh ehecrbgh `fktrbtfdg, sbgi

`fktrbtfdg, ohrbefo `fktrbtfdg, bgi mdkkdw `fktrbtfdg brh odgohpts tmbt odeh `rde

`fkthr ehifb ebthrfbk. Bkk odgohpts brh boohpthi bs kdgl bs fts rhkbthi td wdra

prfgofpkh td purf`y wbthr. Mhrh fs tmh kfst d` prdiuot odgohpts :

Ybckh 0.3 ^rdiuot Odgohpts

Odgohpt

Guechr

^rdiuot Odgohpt

2 Sbifbtfdg

3 Hxtrbotfdg

? Ehecrbgh @fktrbtfdg

9 _bgi @fktrbtfdg

8 Ohrbefo @fktrbtfdg

0 Mdkkdw @fchr @fktrbtfdg

< Shvhrsh Dsedsfs

= Botfvbthi Obrcdg Bisdrptfdg


61/91

80


Ybckh 0.3 ^rdiuot Odgohpts (odgtfguhi)

Odgohpt

Guechr

^rdiuot Odgohpt

6 _fkfob Lhk Bisdrptfdg

2> Bkuefgb Bisdrptfdg

22 Omftdsbg Bisdrptfdg

23 Zhdkfth Bisdrptfdg

2? Gbgdebthrfbk Bisdrptfdg

29 XP ^urf`fobtfdg

28 Cdfkfgl

20 Ifstfkkbtfdg

2< Hkhotrdomhefobk

2= Omhefobk ^rhofpftbtfdg

26 Omkdrfgbtfdg

3> Ifbkysfs

32 Hgzfeh

33 Odblukbtfdg

3? Fdg Hxombglh

39 Hkhotrdobtbifbg

38 Dzdgbtfdg

30 Eford`fktrbtfdg

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Documents

Revised Midterm Report Chemical Product Design