Revision sheets C1

2.Quicklime + water slaked limeCalcium oxide + water calcium hydroxideCaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

5.Cement= limestone + clay + heat

6. concrete= cement+ gravel+sand+water7. glass= limestone+sand+ sodium carbonate+heat

3. Test for CO2

Calcium hydroxide reacts with CO2

To make calcium carbonate whichMakes limewater go cloudy

Limestone foundAt quarries-explosives usedCauses-noise/air pollutionScars landscape

Quarrying good forLocal economy/jobstourism

1

element

compound

Mixture= 2 or more different atoms not bonded

Period 1Period 23456

Periodic table

An alloy is a mixture of metal and other elements

Properties that can change-Strength, appearance, hardness,Resistance to corrosion

Properties..• Good conductors of heat/electricity• Strong/hard• Dense/heavy• Malleable(bent into shape)• High melting points

Blast furnaceExtraction of iron

CopperUsed in water pipesAs doesn’t corrodeUsed as electrical wiresAs good conductor

Titanium/aluminiumVery useful becauseStrong but lightweightResist corrosion

Carbon reduces ironOxide to iron

Iron ore= haematite

When heated

Extraction methods

Usually recycle aluminium to save money

Alkane names=methane, ethane, propane, butane Pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane

Formula= CnH2n +2

This works because, each fraction has a differentBoiling point

Clear colour

Dark colour

Lowvolatility

Highvolatility

Some fractions take a long time to cool, so rise to topCrude

oil

Ease at whichIt turns into gas

(Viscous – gooey, sticky (syrup is viscous))

New fuels- ethanol-Made from plants-renewable-Carbon neutral-as takes-in as much CO2 in-photosynthesis As it gives-out-when burnt

1 = complete combustion2 = incomplete combustion

Large alkanes are not very useful to use, so they are broken down into smaller ones, like petrol, using a process called cracking.Cracking requires a catalyst so the process is called catalytic cracking.

C10H22 C2H4 + C3H8 + C5H10 e.g of cracking reaction

The products must either be alkanes (have a formula of CnH2n+2 or alkenes CnH2n)

Alkanes are saturated they have no carbon to carbon double bonds.

Alkenes are unsaturated. They have carbon to carbon double bonds.

Test for unsaturated alkenes.Add bromine water. it will changeFrom yellow/orange to colourless

We can make polymers using alkenes. The alkene molecule (for example ethane) is called a monomer (mono means 1, mer means part). It makes up 1 part of the plastic

When these monomers are bonded together in a huge chain, they are called polymers (poly means many, mer means part.)

When alkenes are turned into polymers, their carbon to carbon double bond breaks

There are weak intermolecular forces between the chains. These plastics are soft and melt when heated. An example is low density polythene (LDPE). They are used to make plastic bags.

Thermosoftening plastics

There are crosslinks between the chains. This means that the intermolecular forces are strong. Thermosetting plastics are hard and do not melt. An example of a thermosetting plastic is high density polythene (HDPE). Use= buckets

Thermosetting plastics polymerisation

Disposal of polymers1 landfill sites- fill up as plastics usually not biodegradable2. burning- releases CO2- leads to global warming3. recycling- best option as saves money, energy

plastics

cracking

Plants produce glucose using photosynthesis…..some glucose changed to oils

6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen)

We can saturate vegetable oils using a process called hydrogenation. Unsaturated oils are passed over a nickel catalyst with hydrogen at 60oC. This process is used to make margarine. We can also said that the oils have been hardened. It is an addition reaction

Oil and water don’t mix. They are immiscible.Substances that do mix are miscible.We have an emulsion when we have small droplets of oil mixed in with water. However, since oil and water don’t mix, eventually, this emulsion separates again. E.g include ice-cream, milk, mayo, saucesWe keep oil and water mixed by adding an emulsifier. Emulsifiers have a part that mixes with water and a part that mixes with oil. Egg yolk is an emulsifier

Chromatography( use to separate colours)Chromatography is used to separate substances. It works because different substances dissolve better in water than others. The more soluble they are in the solvent, the further they travel up the paper 

Vegetable oilsFull of energyExtracted by crushing, pressing Or distillation

E100s range – coloursE200s range – preservatives. Keeps food longerE300s range – Antioxidants. Stops food reacting with oxygenE400s range – Emulsifiers, stabiliers and thickenersE500s range – Acidity regulatorsE600s range - Flavourings

additives

A and C contain the same 2 dyesB contains 3 dyesD contains at least 1 insoluble dye

BiofuelsRenewable- can be replaced /regrownDo not add any more CO2 to atmosphereCarbon neutralNo sulphur dioxide producedMore biodegradable than diesel

Oil droplets remain separate

Almost solid, but flows slowly

liquidsolid

DenseIron and nickel

Lithosphere Pangea1 massive continent

Evidence of continental drift• Continents fit together• Same fossils found on each continent

Plate tectonicsThis is because the Earth’s crust and upper mantle are split into tectonic plates. These plates travel along convection currents caused by heating from radioactive materials. This caused continental drift.

mountain

Earthquake ( occur randomly on fault lines)

volcano

If earthquakes form under the ocean, then it will form a tidal wave called a tsunami.

All noble gases:Are gases at room temperatureExist as single atoms (monatomic)Do not react with anythingHelium, Neon, Argon, KryptonXenon, RadonGroup 8/0 of periodic table

Atmospherebefore

Atmosphere now

Initially thought They where formed By the shrinking of The earth’s crust

atmosphere

78/80%18/20%

Fault lines

Neon – Used in lighting, glows with high voltage

Used in lightbulbs