Revival, Revival, Recovery, Recovery, Reform, and Reform, and ExpansionExpansion

Political RevivalPolitical Revival

1111thth Century a new political stability began Century a new political stability began Rulers in France, England, and Germany Rulers in France, England, and Germany

worked to reduce private warfare and civil worked to reduce private warfare and civil anarchyanarchy

In the 10In the 10thth Century Charlemagne’s Century Charlemagne’s descendents continued to hold the royal descendents continued to hold the royal title in the West Frankish kingdomtitle in the West Frankish kingdom They did not exercise control over the feudal They did not exercise control over the feudal

lordslords

FranceFrance

Northern France had strong feudal Northern France had strong feudal elementselements

Southern territories used Roman Southern territories used Roman LawLaw

Five counties dominated northern Five counties dominated northern FranceFrance Anjou, Blois-Chartres, Brittany, Anjou, Blois-Chartres, Brittany,

Flanders, and NormandyFlanders, and Normandy

Charles the SimpleCharles the Simple

West Frankish RulerWest Frankish Ruler Not able to remove the Vikings from Not able to remove the Vikings from

FranceFrance In 911AD he officially recognized Viking In 911AD he officially recognized Viking

ruler, Rollo and later gave him more ruler, Rollo and later gave him more landland In turn Rollo gave allegiance to Charles and In turn Rollo gave allegiance to Charles and

agreed to hold the region as a barrier agreed to hold the region as a barrier against future Viking attacksagainst future Viking attacks

Duke William IDuke William I Descendent of RolloDescendent of Rollo Under his control rebellious lords ignored ducal Under his control rebellious lords ignored ducal

authority, built private castles, and engaged in authority, built private castles, and engaged in private warfareprivate warfare

Beginning in 1060, he united the Norman nobility Beginning in 1060, he united the Norman nobility under threat of external aggression from the under threat of external aggression from the counts of Blois and Mainecounts of Blois and Maine

Defended his frontier with a circle of castlesDefended his frontier with a circle of castles Made feudalism work as a system of governmentMade feudalism work as a system of government Executed vassals who defaulted on their Executed vassals who defaulted on their

obligationsobligations

Carpetian DynastyCarpetian Dynasty

In 987, when the last of the Carolingian In 987, when the last of the Carolingian rulers died, nobles assembled to choose rulers died, nobles assembled to choose a successora successor

Hugh Capet was selectedHugh Capet was selected Soon after his coronation he crowned his Soon after his coronation he crowned his

son to ensure succession and prevent son to ensure succession and prevent disputes after his deathdisputes after his death

Saved France from further divisionSaved France from further division By hanging onto their lands they laid By hanging onto their lands they laid

the foundation for later political stabilitythe foundation for later political stability

EnglandEngland

In 1013 the Danish ruler Swen In 1013 the Danish ruler Swen Forkbeard invaded EnglandForkbeard invaded England His son Canute completed the His son Canute completed the

subjugationsubjugation Became King of England from 1016-1035Became King of England from 1016-1035 After 1030 he became King of Norway as wellAfter 1030 he became King of Norway as well Made England the center of his empireMade England the center of his empire Promoted a policy of assimilation and Promoted a policy of assimilation and

reconciliation between Anglo-Saxons and reconciliation between Anglo-Saxons and VikingsVikings

Germany and Germany and ItalyItaly

King Otto 936-973King Otto 936-973Lead the Germans in a crushing defeat on the Hungarians on Lead the Germans in a crushing defeat on the Hungarians on

the banks of the Lech Riverthe banks of the Lech River The Battle of Lechfeld halted the Magyars’ threat to Germany The Battle of Lechfeld halted the Magyars’ threat to Germany

and made Otto a great hero to the Germansand made Otto a great hero to the Germans– Also it demonstrated that Otto was a worthy successor to Also it demonstrated that Otto was a worthy successor to

CharlemagneCharlemagne Selected Aachen as the site of his coronation to symbolize his Selected Aachen as the site of his coronation to symbolize his

intention to continue the tradition of Charlemagneintention to continue the tradition of Charlemagne Relied on the church to halt feudal anarchyRelied on the church to halt feudal anarchy Got financial support and the bulk of his army from Got financial support and the bulk of his army from

ecclesiastical landsecclesiastical lands Coroneted by the Pope in 962Coroneted by the Pope in 962

Revived imperial dignity and laid the foundation for what was Revived imperial dignity and laid the foundation for what was later call the Holy Roman Empirelater call the Holy Roman Empire

Filled a power vacuum in northern Italy and brought peace Filled a power vacuum in northern Italy and brought peace among the great aristocratic familiesamong the great aristocratic families

The Peace of GodThe Peace of God Bishops took action to put a stop to the Bishops took action to put a stop to the

rampant attacks against the churchrampant attacks against the church Church councils formed peace associationsChurch councils formed peace associations

Groups of men in particular districts who assessed Groups of men in particular districts who assessed themselves and used the money to provide armed themselves and used the money to provide armed protection against thuggish lordsprotection against thuggish lords

Some churchmen tried to reduce the amount of Some churchmen tried to reduce the amount of warfare by initiating the Truce of Godwarfare by initiating the Truce of God

They limited the number of days on which fighting was They limited the number of days on which fighting was permittedpermitted

– Sundays, Special feast days, and the seasons of Lent and Sundays, Special feast days, and the seasons of Lent and Advent were to be free of fightingAdvent were to be free of fighting

– If all forbidden days had been observed fighting would have If all forbidden days had been observed fighting would have been permissible on only 80 days of the yearbeen permissible on only 80 days of the year

Revival and Reform in the Revival and Reform in the Christian ChurchChristian Church

In the 11In the 11thth Century monasteries Century monasteries remodeled themselves under the remodeled themselves under the leadership of the Burgundian abbey of leadership of the Burgundian abbey of ClunyCluny

Pope Gregory VII’s strong assertion of Pope Gregory VII’s strong assertion of papal power led to profound changes in papal power led to profound changes in serious conflict with secular authoritiesserious conflict with secular authorities

Cathedrals showed the revival in the Cathedrals showed the revival in the church in the 12church in the 12thth and 13 and 13thth Centuries Centuries

Monastic RevivalMonastic Revival The Viking, Magyar, and Muslim invaders attacked and The Viking, Magyar, and Muslim invaders attacked and

ransacked many monasteries across Europeransacked many monasteries across Europe Powerful laymen appointed themselves or their relatives Powerful laymen appointed themselves or their relatives

as abbots, took the lands and goods of monasteries, and as abbots, took the lands and goods of monasteries, and spent monastic revenuesspent monastic revenues

Abbots, bishops, and archbishops thus had military Abbots, bishops, and archbishops thus had military responsibilities that required them to fight with their responsibilities that required them to fight with their lords or at least send contingents of soldiers when lords or at least send contingents of soldiers when called on to do socalled on to do so

The first two abbots of Cluny, Berno and Odo, set very The first two abbots of Cluny, Berno and Odo, set very high standards of religious behaviorhigh standards of religious behavior

Cluny gradually came to stand for clerical celibacy and Cluny gradually came to stand for clerical celibacy and the suppression of simonythe suppression of simony Simony-Simony- the sale of church offices the sale of church offices

Deeply impressed laypeople showered Deeply impressed laypeople showered girts on monasteries with good reputationsgirts on monasteries with good reputations

As the monasteries became richer, the As the monasteries became richer, the lifestyle of the monks grew increasingly lifestyle of the monks grew increasingly luxuriousluxurious

Soon fresh demands for reform were Soon fresh demands for reform were heard, and the result was the founding of heard, and the result was the founding of new religious orders in the late 11new religious orders in the late 11thth and and early 12early 12thth Centuries Centuries

The CisterciansThe Cistercians In 1098 a group of monks left the rich abbey of In 1098 a group of monks left the rich abbey of

Molesmes in Burgundy and founded a new house Molesmes in Burgundy and founded a new house in the swampy forest of Citeauxin the swampy forest of Citeaux

Planned to avoid all involvement with secular Planned to avoid all involvement with secular feudal societyfeudal society

Accepted only uncultivated lands far from regular Accepted only uncultivated lands far from regular habitationhabitation

Refused all gifts of mills, serfs, tithes, and ovensRefused all gifts of mills, serfs, tithes, and ovens Early Cistercians avoided elaborate liturgy and Early Cistercians avoided elaborate liturgy and

ceremony and kept chants simpleceremony and kept chants simple Refused to allow the presence of powerful Refused to allow the presence of powerful

laypeople in their monasterieslaypeople in their monasteries

In 1112 a 23 yr old nobleman named Bernard In 1112 a 23 yr old nobleman named Bernard joined the community at Citeauxjoined the community at Citeaux 3 yrs later he was appointed founding abbot of 3 yrs later he was appointed founding abbot of

Clairvaux in ChampagneClairvaux in Champagne He attacked the theological views of Peter AbelardHe attacked the theological views of Peter Abelard He intervened in the disputed papal election of 1130He intervened in the disputed papal election of 1130 Drafted a constitution for the Knights TemplarsDrafted a constitution for the Knights Templars Preached the 2Preached the 2ndnd Crusade Crusade

Unavoidably, Cistercian success frought wealth Unavoidably, Cistercian success frought wealth and wealth brought powerand wealth brought power By the later 12By the later 12thth century economic prosperity and century economic prosperity and

political power had begun to compromise the original political power had begun to compromise the original Cistercian idealsCistercian ideals

Mendicant FriarsMendicant Friars Pope Innocent III 1198-1216Pope Innocent III 1198-1216

1313thth century pope who presided over the papacy at century pope who presided over the papacy at its highest level of influenceits highest level of influence

Sanctioned the establishment of two new ordersSanctioned the establishment of two new orders The Dominicans and the FranciscansThe Dominicans and the Franciscans

– The members of both were called friarsThe members of both were called friars– Worked among needy people, especially those living in Worked among needy people, especially those living in

towns, rather than isolating themselvestowns, rather than isolating themselves It was said that “their world was their cloister”It was said that “their world was their cloister”

– To finance their good deeds they went about begging for To finance their good deeds they went about begging for almsalms

This caused people to refer to them as mendicants, or This caused people to refer to them as mendicants, or beggarsbeggars

– Preached and defended the teachings of the Church and Preached and defended the teachings of the Church and fought heresy wherever they encountered itfought heresy wherever they encountered it

Thomas AquinasThomas Aquinas Dominican theologianDominican theologian His teachings are still considered the His teachings are still considered the

definitive statement of Roman definitive statement of Roman CatholicismCatholicism

DominicansDominicans

Founded in 1216 by Saint DominicFounded in 1216 by Saint Dominic Felt the way to fight heresy was to return to Felt the way to fight heresy was to return to

the simple ways of the apostlesthe simple ways of the apostles Gained fame by joining the crusade against Gained fame by joining the crusade against

the Albigensian heresythe Albigensian heresy Albigensian were centered in southern FranceAlbigensian were centered in southern France

– Believed the world was a battleground for the Believed the world was a battleground for the forces of good and evilforces of good and evil

– Church = Evil, because of its wealth and powerChurch = Evil, because of its wealth and power

Order of the Friar Preachers became the Order of the Friar Preachers became the official name of the Dominicansofficial name of the Dominicans

FranciscansFranciscans FrancisFrancis

Son of a wealthy merchant from AssisiSon of a wealthy merchant from Assisi Dreamed of becoming a knight but was captured during his first Dreamed of becoming a knight but was captured during his first

military venturemilitary venture Had a dream in which he was directed to repair several ruined Had a dream in which he was directed to repair several ruined

churches near the citychurches near the city Without permission used fathers money to do repairs and was flogged Without permission used fathers money to do repairs and was flogged

and imprisonedand imprisoned Then pledged himself to a life of poverty and to helping the poor Then pledged himself to a life of poverty and to helping the poor

and the sickand the sick To demonstrate the teachings of JesusTo demonstrate the teachings of Jesus

Soon a small group of like-minded people joined him Soon a small group of like-minded people joined him The Order of Friars Minor was sanctioned by Pope Innocent IIIThe Order of Friars Minor was sanctioned by Pope Innocent III

Impressed Clare, a young noble womanImpressed Clare, a young noble woman She renounces her inheritanceShe renounces her inheritance She founded an order of nuns called the Poor ClaresShe founded an order of nuns called the Poor Clares

Reform of the PapacyReform of the Papacy In the 10In the 10thth the papacy provided little the papacy provided little

leadership to the Christian peoples of leadership to the Christian peoples of western Europewestern Europe

Popes were appointed to advance the Popes were appointed to advance the political ambitions of their familiespolitical ambitions of their families

Pope John XII was appointed pope by his Pope John XII was appointed pope by his powerful father when he was only 18powerful father when he was only 18 He concentrated on expanding papal territoriesHe concentrated on expanding papal territories

At the local parish level, in the 10At the local parish level, in the 10thth and 11 and 11thth centuries, many priests were marriedcenturies, many priests were married These priests were called NicolaitesThese priests were called Nicolaites

The Controversy over Lay The Controversy over Lay InvestitureInvestiture

In 1075 Pope Gregory held a council at In 1075 Pope Gregory held a council at RomeRome Published decrees against nicolaitism, Published decrees against nicolaitism,

simony, and lay investituresimony, and lay investiture Clerics who accepted investiture from laymen were Clerics who accepted investiture from laymen were

to be deposedto be deposed Laymen who invested clerics were to be Laymen who invested clerics were to be

excommunicatedexcommunicated– The church’s penalty of excommunication relied for The church’s penalty of excommunication relied for

its effectiveness on public opinionits effectiveness on public opinion– Henry IV in the Empire, William the Conqueror in Henry IV in the Empire, William the Conqueror in

England, and Philip I in France protestedEngland, and Philip I in France protested

Why did the issue of lay Why did the issue of lay investiture provoke the wrath of investiture provoke the wrath of the Kings?the Kings?

Kings appointed monks and clerics Kings appointed monks and clerics as their administratorsas their administrators Rulers used church offices, bishoprics, Rulers used church offices, bishoprics,

and abbacies as the financial means and abbacies as the financial means with which to support royal with which to support royal governmentsgovernments

The revenues of a diocese or monastery The revenues of a diocese or monastery supplied the incomes for royal officials supplied the incomes for royal officials and their staffsand their staffs

The strongest reaction came from GermanyThe strongest reaction came from Germany Gregory accused Henry of lack of respect for the papacy and Gregory accused Henry of lack of respect for the papacy and

insisted that disobedience to the pope was disobedience to insisted that disobedience to the pope was disobedience to GodGod

In 1076 many of the German bishops who had been invested by In 1076 many of the German bishops who had been invested by Henry withdrew their allegiance from the popeHenry withdrew their allegiance from the pope

– Gregory replied by excommunicating them and suspending Gregory replied by excommunicating them and suspending Henry from the kingshipHenry from the kingship

– The Christmas season of 1076 witnessed an ironic situation The Christmas season of 1076 witnessed an ironic situation in Germany; the Clergy supported the emperor and the in Germany; the Clergy supported the emperor and the nobility supported the popenobility supported the pope

Henry outwitted GregoryHenry outwitted Gregory According to legend, Henry stood for 3 days in the snow seeking According to legend, Henry stood for 3 days in the snow seeking

forgivenessforgiveness As a priest, Gregory was obliged to grant absolution and to As a priest, Gregory was obliged to grant absolution and to

readmit the emperor to the Christian communityreadmit the emperor to the Christian community

In 1080 Gregory VII again excommunicated In 1080 Gregory VII again excommunicated and deposed the emperor; in return, Henry and deposed the emperor; in return, Henry invaded Italy, captured Rome, and controlled invaded Italy, captured Rome, and controlled the city when Gregory died in 1085the city when Gregory died in 1085 Gregory’s successors encouraged Henry’s sons to Gregory’s successors encouraged Henry’s sons to

revolt against their fatherrevolt against their father In 1122, at a conference held at Worms, the In 1122, at a conference held at Worms, the

issue was settled by a compromiseissue was settled by a compromise Bishops were to be chosen according to canon law Bishops were to be chosen according to canon law

in the presence of the emperor or his delegatein the presence of the emperor or his delegate This allowed emperors an effective veto over This allowed emperors an effective veto over

ecclesiastical appointmentsecclesiastical appointments

The Papacy in the HighThe Papacy in the HighMiddle AgesMiddle Ages

Pope Urban II laid the foundations for the papal Pope Urban II laid the foundations for the papal monarchy by reorganizing the central monarchy by reorganizing the central government of the Roman church, the chancery, government of the Roman church, the chancery, and papal financesand papal finances He recognized the college of cardinals as a definite He recognized the college of cardinals as a definite

consultative bodyconsultative body These agencies combined with the papal chapel These agencies combined with the papal chapel

constituted the curia Romanaconstituted the curia Romana Curia Romana –Curia Romana – the papal court, the papacy’s administrative the papal court, the papacy’s administrative

bureaucracy and its court of lawbureaucracy and its court of law The Roman curia had its greatest impact as a court of The Roman curia had its greatest impact as a court of

lawlaw As the highest ecclesiastical tribunal, it formulated canon law As the highest ecclesiastical tribunal, it formulated canon law

for all of Christiandomfor all of Christiandom