Revolt and Reform

Waves 1 & 2:1820-1832

Revolutions: SpainWave 1: 1820-1823

Revolt against Bourbon King Ferdinand VII 1812 promises to uphold

liberal concessions: liberal constitution, Cortes (leg. body)

1814 tears up constitution, dissolved Cortes – officers, merchants, intellectuals revolt

1820 King restores constitution 1823 Principle of Intervention

comes to Ferdinand’s aid (French army invades = Ferdinand restored)

Failed!

Revolutions: Italy Wave 1: 1820-1829

9 Italian states created by Congress of Vienna (but no Italian Confederation) under the control of Austria

Carbonari under the leadership of Gen. Pepe force King Ferdinand I (King of Two Sicilies) to sign constitution

but...at Congress of Laibach Ferdinand agrees to let Austrian troops “restore order”

Failed!

Revolutions: Greece1821-1827 National Liberation in

Greece Greek nationalists 1st led

by Ypsilanti 1821-1832 vs. Ottoman

Empire – support from Russia (wants Turk land) England, France vs. Turks!

Success! 1829 Treaty of Adrianople

Greece = Independent

DelacroixMassacre at Chios

Success!

Revolutions: Serbia, 1830 Serbia struggle for independence from

Ottoman Empire 1804-1813: Kara George employs guerilla tactics

= fails BUT inspires nationalism; other nations get interested in their cause

1815-16 Milos Obrenovitch = greater autonomous authority

1830 = Ottomans grant independence; gain international recognition

1833 - extends borders 1878 – begin to agitate the Austrians as they

press for more territory

Success!

The Americas

Latin America revolting vs. Spain Argentina, 1810Simon Bolivar – Colombia, 1819; Venezuela, 1820

Jose de San Martin – Chile, 1817; Peru, 1821

Mexico & Central American provinces, 1825

Monroe Doctrine (1823) vs. new colonization Counter Metternich: revolutions ok, if recognized by US! Great Britain agrees

Attempt to exclude Spain and Portugal from Latin American trade market – GB now in control

Revolutions: RussiaWave 1: 1820-1829 Decembrist Revolt 1825 –

death of Alexander (1801-1825) – Nicholas crowned tsar

Northern Union (aka Decembrists) est. after fall of Napoleon

Decembrists revolt?? – who really led the uprising?

Nicholas’ troops crush Decembrists Nicholas reacts CONSERVATIVELY:

Official Nationality program Third Section, wide spread deportation,

surveillance and spying

Reform and Revolution: Wave 2Poland, 1830-31

Suppressed by Russia – Nicholas I (1825-1855)

1830 uprising in Warsaw – drives Russian garrison out

Declare independence Nicholas I invades – “a land of graves

and crosses”; oppressive Russian military dictatorship

Organic Statute 1832: integral part of Russia

Reform and Revolution: Wave 2The July Revolution of 1830 / July

Monarchy

Charles X, Bourbon king vs. Constitutional Charter

By March 1830 – growing opposition vs. King and increased aristocratic privilege…

Charles X dissolves legislature BUT… 1830 elections, liberals win – Charles issues July (Four) Ordinances: dissolves Chamber again, crackdown on press, etc.

Bourgeois furious – but workers, students, intelligentsia lead July Revolution – 3 days barricade vs. army

Charles abdicates – and flees to England

Failed Reform and Revolution: Wave 2

The July Revolution of 1830 / July Monarchy

Lafayette solves dilemma: elect Duke of Orleans Louis Philippe – Cousin of Charles X but of

republican army – so accepted as Bourgeois Monarch

Pledged to uphold Constitutional Charter of 1814

Did little more than protect rich upper middle class

“King of the French” – Tri-color flag – Just who is this man?

meanwhile...in the Chamber of Deputies Party of Movement = ministerial

responsibility, limited expansion of franchise, & active foreign policy

Party of Resistance = currently have “perfect form” of gov’t.; dominant voice in Chamber, supported Louis-Philippe & upper-middle class

and Failure!

Reform and Revolution: Wave 2Belgium

Belgium 1830 – merged with Holland 1815 Students, workers revolt – defeat

Dutch army under King William I of Holland

Propertied classes form a provisional national gov’t.

1831 Liberal Constitution written Wins independence from Holland

– How come the Congress System didn’t tried to stop this uprising??

1831 Leopold of Saxe-Coburg= king of Belgium

Convention of 1839 = Belgian neutrality

Wave 2:Successful Reform in Britain British notice the July Revolution! –

threats work! 1820s Tories more liberal: Robert

Peel Pro free trade – pro secular state (vs.

Church) 1673 Test Act repealed – Catholics

Emancipated!!! (NOT IN IRELAND!!!)

Representation Problem Can’t reform House of Commons

Rotten Boroughs: empty with industrialization…

500 men (mainly House of Lords) elected House of Commons!

Successful Reform in Britain

1830 George IV dies --- William IX --- Whigs under Earl Grey push hard for reform Fear of revolution – the bill for reform

passes BUT with some “encouragement” from the king (pg. 642)

Reform Bill, 1832 (“English”) Increased numbers of voters

significantly House of Commons emerged as major

legislative body Industrial areas gained representation “Rotten boroughs” eliminated

Successful Revolutions

Failed Revolutions

Poland, 1830

Russia, 1825

Italy 1820

Spain 1820

South America

Serbia, 1830

Greece, 1821

• Where do we want to add France and Great Britain?

• How would these two countries impact our perception as to how successful these early revolutions were?

• Why do we even take the time to learn about these revolutions?