ZANZIBAR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION POLICY

REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT OF ZANZIBAR

Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Policy

REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT OF ZANZIBAR

April, 2008

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Table of ConTenTs

Abbreviations iiPreamble iv

I. Background 1

II. Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Situation Analysis 3 Nationallevelfoodsecuritysituation 3 Householdlevelfoodsecurityandnutritionsituation 5 Individuallevelfoodsecurityandnutrition 7

III. Linkages to development goals and sector policies 11 OverarchingPolicyFrameworks:Vision2020and MKUZA 11 CurrentPolicies,StrategiesandPlansrelatedtoFood SecurityandNutritioninZanzibar 13

IV. Strategic intent of the ZFSN Policy 18 VisionandMissionoftheZFSNPolicy 18 GeneralObjectiveandGoalsoftheZFSNP 18 PolicyImplementationPrinciples 18 StrategicAreasofPolicyInterventions 20

V. Creating an enabling environment for ZFSN Policy implementation 25

LegalFramework 25 InstitutionalFramework 25 Rolesandresponsibilitiesofstakeholders 26

VI. Monitoring and evaluation 34

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ANGOZA AssociationofNon-GovernmentalOrganizationsinZanzibar

ASP AgriculturalSectorPolicy

CAADP ComprehensiveAfricaAgriculturalDevelopmentProgramme

CBOs Community-BasedOrganizations

CESCR InternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights

CGC ChiefGovernmentChemist

CMO Chief Minister’s Office

CRC ConventionontheRightsoftheChild

CWG CommunicationsWorkingGroup

DAO District Administration Officer

DES DailyEnergySupply

DHS DemographicandHealthSurvey

DMD DisasterManagementDepartment

DMT DistrictManagementTeam

DPO District Planning Officer

FAO FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

FBOs FaithBasedOrganizations

FDIs ForeignDirectInvestment

FNPP FAONetherlandsPartnershipProgramme

FSN FoodSecurityandNutrition

HIV/AIDS Human Immune Deficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

HR Humanrights

IDD Iodine Deficiency Disorder

IMCI IntegratedManagementofChildhoodIllnesses

abbreviaTions

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ISSC Inter-SectoralSteeringCommittee

M&E MonitoringandEvaluation

MALE TheMinistryofAgriculture,LivestockandEnvironment

MDG MillenniumDevelopmentGoal

MFIs MicroFinanceInstitutions

MKUZA MkakatiwaKukuzaUchuminaKupunguzaUmasikini-Zanzibar

MMP MonitoringMasterPlan

MoEVT MinistryofEducationandVocationalTraining

MoFEA MinistryofFinanceandEconomicAffairs

MoHSW MinistryofHealthandSocialWelfare

MoISC MinistryofInformationSportsandCulture

MoLYWCD MinistryofLabour,Youth,WomenandChildrenDevelopment

MoRASD MinistryofStateRegionalAdministrationandSpecialDepartments

MS(PO)CAGG Ministry of State (President’s Office) Constitutional Affairs andGoodGovernance

MS(PO)RASD Ministry of State (President’s Office) Regional AdministrationandSpecialDepartments

MSME Micro,SmallandMediumEnterprises

MTEF Medium-TermExpenditureFramework

MTTI MinistryofTourism,TradeandInvestment

MWCEL MinistryofWater,Construction,EnergyandLand

NEPAD NewPartnershipforAfrica’sDevelopment

NFSND NationalFoodSecurityandNutritionDivision

NGO Non-GovernmentalOrganization

NLUP NationalLandUsePlan

OCGS Office of Chief Government Statistician

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PEM ProteinEnergyMalnutrition

PER PublicExpenditureReview

PS PermanentSecretary

RAAWG Research,AnalysisandAdvisoryWorkingGroups

RGoZ RevolutionaryGovernmentofZanzibar

RtF RighttoFood

SACCOS SavingsandCreditCooperatives

SME SmallandMediumEnterprises

SP AgriculturalSectorStrategicPlan

STC StakeholdersTechnicalCommittee

SWOC Strengths,Weaknesses,OpportunitiesandChallenges

TC TechnicalCommittee

TMA TanzaniaMeteorologicalAuthority

ToR TermsofReference

TWG TechnicalWorkingGroup

URT UnitedRepublicofTanzania

VAD Vitamin A deficiency

WFS WorldFoodSummit

WFSfyl World Food Summit: five years later

WG WorkingGroup

ZFSN ZanzibarFoodSecurityandNutrition

ZFSNP&P ZanzibarFoodSecurityandNutritionPolicyandprogramme

ZFSNSA ZanzibarFoodSecurity&NutritionSituationalAnalysis

ZNCCIA ZanzibarNationalChamberofCommerce,IndustriesandAgriculture

ZPRP TheZanzibarPovertyReductionPlan

ZSGRP ZanzibarStrategyforGrowthandReductionofPoverty

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Preamble

Overthepastfewyears,theRevolutionaryGovernmentofZanzibar(RGoZ)has been taking various initiatives on fighting food insecurity and malnutrition, improvinglifeconditionsandreducingpovertyofthepeople.In2000,RGoZlaunchedtheZanzibarDevelopmentVision2020fortheaimoferadicatingabsolutepovertyandattainingsustainabledevelopment.AsadevelopmentframeworktoimplementVision2020,theZanzibarPovertyReductionPlan(ZPRP,2002-2005)waslaunchedin2002,followedbyitssecondgeneration- theZanzibarStrategy forGrowthandReductionofPoverty (ZSGRPorMKUZA,itsKiswahiliacronym)-whichwaslaunchedin2007.

WhereZPRPmadenomentionoffoodsecurityandnutritionaskeypovertyreductionissuesandlackedcomprehensiveinitiativestoaddressthecomplexandmulti-dimensionalissuesofpovertyandfoodinsecurity,MKUZAputsemphasis on tackling food security and nutrition from a cross-sectoralperspectivestressingtheinterrelatingnaturebetweenpovertyreductionandfoodsecurity.Inviewoftheabove,MKUZArecommendedtheformulationofaFoodSecurityandNutritionPolicytoeffectivelyaddressthecross-sectoralissuesoffoodsecurityandnutritionandtocharacterizeandprioritizefoodinsecureandvulnerablegroups.TheZFSNPolicyistheresultofanalysisofthefoodsecurityandnutritionsituation,povertyrelatedliterature,extensivereview of sector policies as well as findings from field level consultations andregionalandnationalconsultativeworkshopsinvolvingawiderangeofstakeholders.

The Government is now focusing on addressing broad food security andnutritionconcernsaswellaslinkagesbetweenfoodsecurityandnutritionandpovertyreductionanddevelopmentasarticulatedintheZanzibarStrategyfor Growth and Reduction of Poverty. Equally the Policy aims at creating a conduciveenvironmenttoenableallZanzibaristoaccessatalltimessafe,nutritious and adequate food for an active and healthy life. The Policy is basedonanumberofprinciples thatguide the implementationprocess tomeet its objectives, including the recognition of the human right to adequate foodandnutrition and to a standardof livingconducive to an active andhealthy life, principles of equity and empowerment, as well as a clear focus onresource-poorhouseholdsandcommunities.

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TheRevolutionaryGovernmentofZanzibarfullyrecognisesthatsuccessfulimplementation of this Policy will require active participation of all stakeholdersfromvarioussectorsatdifferentlevelsofpolicyimplementation.Hencetheimportanceofastronginter-sectoralcoordinationandpartnershipwith reaffi rmation of the concept of food security and solidarity aimed at reducing by half, by the year 2015, the number of people who areundernourished and deprived of the basic necessities of life. This is anenormouschallenge,andonetowhichtheGovernmentisfullycommitted.WetrustthatallstakeholderswillcommitthemselvestotheimplementationprocessofthePolicysotogetherwecanmakehungerandpovertyahistory.

I would like to commend the entire team of offi cials from various institutions, particularlythemembersoftheInter-SectoralSteeringCommittee(ISSC)andtheZFSNPolicyandProgrammeFormulationTeam,undertheleadershipandcoordinationoftheMinistryofAgriculture,LivestockandEnvironmentfortheir determined efforts for fi nalizing the ZFSN Policy. I would further like to extendmygratitudetotheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations (FAO), particularly the FAO-Netherlands Partnership Programme(FNPP) for their technical and fi nancial support throughout the formulation process. Finally, I would like to thank all stakeholders - governmentdepartments,NGOs,publicandprivatesectororganizationsandindividuals-whocontributedtheirvaluableinputsduringvariousstagesofconsultation,whichhashelpedmakingthisPolicyacomprehensivedocument.

Hon. Amani A. KarumePresidentofZanzibar

andChairmanoftheRevolutionaryCouncil

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i. baCkground

FoodandnutritioninsecurityisstronglyprevalentinbothruralandurbanareasofZanzibar,whereinparticulartheabilityofhouseholdstoachieveanadequate and appropriate level of food consumption throughout the year is a criticalproblem.

Poverty is a well-known cause of hunger, but at the same time lack ofsufficient and adequate (nutritious) food undoubtedly causes poverty. Accordingly, reducing hunger and food and nutrition insecurity is anessential part of international development goals and objectives, as reflected in the 1996 Rome Declaration1 of the World Food Summit (WFS). TheUnited Nations Millennium Declaration reflected the WFS target by making hunger eradication part of the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG). Specifically, this Goal establishes a target of halving the proportion of people sufferingfromhungerby2015,asmeasuredbyprevalenceofunderweightchildren (under the age of five) and the proportion of the population below theminimumlevelofdietaryenergyconsumption.

Zanzibar, as part of the United Republic of Tanzania (URT), is firmly committed to implement international conventions and commitmentsas mentioned above and as such to achieving food security and nutritionfor all. In the WFSfyl (WFS: five years later)2, the URT was among thegovernments that reaffirmed “the right of everyone to have access to safe and nutritious food”.Beingparty to the InternationalCovenant onEconomic,Social andCulturalRights (CESCR) aswell as to theConventionon theRights of the Child (CRC) further demonstrates its commitment towardsthe implementation of the right to adequate food and the fundamental right ofeveryonetobefreefromhunger.EndorsementofregionalinitiativesastheComprehensiveAfricaAgriculturalDevelopmentProgramme(CAADP)underthe2002NEPADinitiativeputsTanzania’semphasisoncoordinationofeffortstowardsfoodsecurityandprovidesaframeworkforpartnercountriestopromotenational,householdandindividualfoodsecurity.

1UnitedNationsMillenniumDeclaration(2000):http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/millennium.htm2World Food Summit: five years later (2003): http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/MEETING/004/Y6948E.HTM

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Zanzibar’s commitment to fight food and nutrition insecurity is further reflected by the development and implementation in recent years of a number ofnationalpolicyframeworks,programmesandinitiativestowardsensuringfood security and adequate nutrition for its population. In accordance with Vision 2020 and the first generation of the Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Paper, in2002and2004respectivelyRGoZadoptedtheAgriculturalSectorPolicy(ASP)andAgriculturalSectorStrategicPlan(SP),thusinitiallyfocusingonagriculturalproductivityasakeyaspectoffoodsecurity.TheGovernmentishoweverincreasinglyacknowledgingthemultidimensionalnatureoffoodsecurity as shown in the recently launched Zanzibar Strategy for Growthand Reduction of Poverty (ZSGRP or MKUZA, the Swahili acronym).MKUZAaddresseslinkagesbetweenfoodsecurityandnutritionandpovertyreduction in termsof foodproduction(productivity increase), foodaccess(strengtheningofincomesofthefoodinsecureandpooraswellascreationoffood safety nets) as well as adequate food utilisation (promoting nutritional statusofindividuals).

TheZanzibarFoodSecurityandNutrition(ZFSN)Policyisformulatedinresponse toanearlierdetectedneedforamulti-sectoral foodsecurityandnutritionpolicyframework.ThepolicyisthusdirectlylinkedtotheMKUZAand plays an important role in building, maintaining and protecting foodsecurityandnutritioninZanzibar.Moreover,thepolicyintendstoassisttheRevolutionary Government in ensuring that food and nutrition security isadequately prioritized and addressed in future development plans at both nationalanddistrictlevels,highlightingtheimportantactionsthatneedtobetakenbytheagricultural,healthandothersectorsandprovidingaframeworkfor inter-institutional coordination of implementation, monitoring andevaluation.

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ii. ZanZibar food seCuriTy and nuTriTion siTuaTion analysis

In2006,theGovernmentofZanzibarundertookacomprehensivesituationalanalysisof existing food security andnutrition issues inZanzibar tohelpimprovetheunderstandingoffoodandnutritioninsecurityandvulnerabilityconditionsasimportantdimensionsofpoverty3.Thissectiondrawsheavilyon the findings of the Zanzibar Food Security & Nutrition Situational Analysis (ZFSNSA). These findings highlight food security and nutrition problemsinZanzibaronnational,householdandindividuallevels,identifyand characterize particularly vulnerable groups and the risk factors thesegroupsface.Thisinformationprovidesguidanceontargetedmulti-sectoralpolicyoptionsandfutureinterventionstoaddresstheunderlyingcausesoffoodinsecurity,malnutritionandvulnerabilityinthecountry.

National level food security situationAt national or regional levels, food and nutrition insecurity relates todemographic,socio-economic,environmentalandpoliticalconditions,andmainly concerns food availability, stability of both supplies and prices ofbasic foodstuffs. InZanzibarnational level foodsecurity ischaracterizedby:

•Generally low and unsustainable domestic production and productivitylevels (including agriculture, livestock and fisheries).The farming system is characterizedbysmallholderswhereproductionistypicallyofasubsistencenature and insufficient to meet national demand. About 70 percent of the agricultural labour force is made up of women who generally haveinadequate capacities and limited access to productive resources necessary for improvement of productivity. Food items locally produced includepaddy,maize,sorghum,cassava,sweetpotato,bananaandpulsesaswellas fish as the most important source of animal protein.

•Ahighdependenceon importationofbasic foodstuffs.Anestimated41percent of Zanzibar’s annual food requirements are accounted for by food imports.MajorfooditemsthatareimportedfromMainlandTanzaniaandabroad include rice, sugar, wheat flour and livestock products. The great relianceonfoodimportsimpliesthatfoodavailabilityinZanzibarishighlydeterminedbyexternalfactorsas importrulesandregulations,exchangeratesaswellas(inter)nationalpricedevelopments.

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•Efforts to improve domestic production are hampered by wide spreadenvironmental degradation, includingdeforestation, reducedbiodiversityandthetransformationofcoastalandmangrovezones.

There is a great potential for increasing both crop yield, livestock andfisheries output as well as diversifying production for local consumption and exportasmostoftheconstraintstoreachstableandsustainableproductionlevels are related to low capacity (finance, knowledge, skills, technology) to exploit available resources intensively and efficiently. Efforts to realize the existingpotentialandassuchtodecreasevulnerabilitytofoodunavailabilitydependonovercominganumberofchallengestodomesticfoodproduction,including high levels of subsistence farming, high level of productivelabourmigration(youth)fromruraltourbanareas,climaticvariationsandenvironmental degradation, inequity with respect to access to productive resources(especiallyforfemaleheadedhouseholds/womengroups),landmanagementinviewoftheexpansionofhumansettlement,postharvestlossesandthehighprevalenceofdiseases,includingHIV/AIDSandmalaria.Table1belowhighlightsthenatureofthevulnerablefoodsecurityandnutritionsituationatthenationallevelinZanzibaraswellaskeycontributingfactorstothissituation.

1RGoZ(2006).ZanzibarFoodSecurity&NutritionSituationalAnalysis

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Table 1: Key contributing factors to vulnerability to food insecurity at national level

Current FSN situation

Key contributing factors to vulnerability to food insecurity

Vulnerable group(s)

Lowdomesticfoodproductionandproductivity

•Limitedlandaccessibilityforagriculturalinvestment

•Encroachmentoffarmingareas(tourism/humansettlement)

•Limitedsupportservices•Lowadoptionlevelof

(innovative)productiontechnologies

•Highprevalenceofpestsanddiseases,preandpostharvestlosses

•Lowparticipationofmenandyouthindomesticfoodproduction

•Highlevelofproductivelabourmigration

• Inequitable access and control overproductiveresources

•Inappropriatemarketingsystem•Heavydependenceofrainfed

agriculturesystem•HIV/AIDSandotherdiseases,withprofoundimplicationsonquantity and quality of national labourforce

Wholepopulation,especiallysmallholderfarmersandlivestockkeepersand fishers in coral ragzonesandmarginalareas;peoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSinurbanandperi-urbanareasandfemaleheadedhouseholdsparticularlyinSouthernDistrictinUnguja

Heavyrelianceonfoodimport

•Fluctuatingimportpricesandpoor quality of imported food stuffs

• Inadequate control mechanisms of food quality and standards

Wholepopulation,especiallypoorhouseholdsinurbanandcoralragzones

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Reducedbiodiversityduetoenvironmentaldegradation,deforestation;andthechangingnatureofcoastalandmangrovezones

•Increasedhumansettlementfollowinggrowingpopulationandtourismdevelopmentencroachingonforestandfarmingareas

•Pooragriculturalsoilmanagement techniques resulting inerosionandsoildeterioration

•Socialeconomictransformationofcoastalenvironmentduetotourismdevelopment

•Coralharvestingforconstructionpurposes

• Destructive fishing techniques•Illegaldumpingofwasteand

litter•Uncomplimentaryenvironmental

relatedlegislationsandregulations

•Weakenforcementmechanismsonenvironmentalmanagementandconservationofnaturalresources

Urbanandrurallandless,seaweedfarmers and fishers, smallholderfarmers,peoplelivinginareaswithlowagriculturalpotential

Household level food security and nutrition situation LivelihoodsinZanzibararecategorizedintothreemajorzoneswhosemaincharacteristicswithregardstovulnerabilitytofoodinsecurityandmalnutritionare briefly described below:

•In the Fertile agricultural zones the mainstayof thehouseholds iscropproduction, livestock and clove related agricultural labour. Additionalincome earning activities include fishing, petty trade, seaweed farming and makingbricks,aggregatesandlime.Vulnerabilitytofoodinsecurityinthesezonesismoretransitoryandismostprevalentduringshortrainseasons(vulirains).

Current FSN situation

Key contributing factors to vulnerability to food insecurity

Vulnerable group(s)

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•Being locatedinthecoralareaswithpatchyarablelandthefishing zonesare characterized by marginal land with limited potential for crops andlivestock production. There is not much diversification of income generating activitiesasmostof theseareasareprone toenvironmentaldegradation.Thehouseholdsinthesezonesarehighlyvulnerabletoacute,chronicandtransitoryfoodinsecurityandmalnutrition.

•The UrbanandPeri-Urbanzoneshavelimitedagriculturalactivitiesduetolackofaccesstolandforcultivation.Themajorityofpersonsintheseareasdependon incomeearned from services, (petty) trade and casual labouropportunities.Vulnerabilityofthepeopleintheseareasisrelatedtoissuesof food price fluctuations and exposure and susceptibility to contagious diseaseoutbreaksandhighlevelofHIV/AIDSinfections.

Atthehouseholdorcommunitylevelfoodsecurityandnutritionisparticularlylinkedtotheabilityofhouseholdstoobtainanappropriateandnutritiousdiet,e.g. throughacombinationofhomeproduction, stocks,purchases,barter,gifts,borrowingorfoodaid.HighlightsofhouseholdlevelfoodsecurityandnutritioninZanzibarareasfollows:

ThemajorityofZanzibarhouseholdsaresmallholdersengagedinsubsistencefarming, livestock and some in artisanal fishing with (as described in the previoussection)productionandproductivitylevelsbeinggenerallylow.

Generally, roles and responsibilities are distributed unequally within the household.As described in the previous section about 70 percent of theagriculturallabourforceismadeupofwomen,whoarealsoresponsibleforchild care, housekeeping activities, etcetera.This has implications on theproductivitylevelsintheagriculturalsectorandthelevelofaccesstofoodfromownproduction.

The level of dependence on food purchases for fulfilling basic food requirements is high across all livelihood zones of Zanzibar (broadly categorized as fertile agricultural, fishing and (peri-) urban zones), with thehighestdependency rates found in theperi-urbanareasofUnguja (80percent) and Pemba (60 percent) as well as the fishing zones of Unguja (65

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percent).Thisheavyrelianceisrelatedtolowproductionandproductivitylevelsaswellastohouseholdconsumptionpreferencesforfoodsincludingricethatarenotlocallyproducedtoaleveltomeetlocaldemand

• Inefficiency of the current agricultural marketing system inflicts increased vulnerability to food insecurity and malnutrition to both small scaleproducersandconsumers.Smallscalefarmersusuallyareexploitedbythemiddlemenastheyareforcedtoacceptwhicheverpriceisbeingofferedbythebuyer,especiallyatthetimewhentheyrunoutofcash,thesituationthathinderstheirincomeearningpotentials.Similarly,theendconsumersarechargedexorbitantpricesforthecommoditieswhichcouldotherwisebe fairly priced if an efficient marketing mechanism is in place.

•Poverty levels are prominent in both rural and urban areas (with anoverall foodpoverty levelof13percentandabasicneedspoverty levelof49percent)1 due to low resources inadequate employment and lack of income generating activities, clearly affecting the ability and flexibility of household to achieve an adequate level of consumption. The rural areas aremorevulnerable toboth foodpoverty (16%)andbasicneedpoverty(55%)ascomparedtourbanareaswherepovertylevelsare9%and41%forfoodandbasicneedpovertyrespectively.FemaleheadedhouseholdsinZanzibar(nationalaverage21%and24%inurbanareas)areamongstthepoorestandmostvulnerablehouseholds.Theyareforexampleofteninvolved in low quality and low pay income earning activities due to their lowaccesstoskillsdevelopment.

•Theincidenceofvulnerabilitytofoodinsecurityandmalnutritionbroadlydiffers per livelihood zone. Risk factors include the incidence of foodand income poverty (depending on availability of income generationopportunities),aswellaspotentialforagriculturalproduction(duetoe.g.erraticrainfall,poorsoilconditionsandlowcapacity).Themostvulnerablepopulations are found in Micheweni,Wete and Chake Chake district ofPemba and West, Town and North A districts of Unguja. Rural areas,particularly thecoastalplainandcoral ragareasaredescribedashighlydisadvantagesareas.Table2highlights thenatureof thevulnerablefoodsecurityandnutritionsituationathousehold level inZanzibaraswellaskey contributing factors to this situation. Specific vulnerable groups are also defined.

1ThefoodpovertylinemeasurestheproportionofZanzibar’spopulationwithapercapitaincomeoflessthanTSH12,988permonth.ThebasicneedspovertylinemeasurestheproportionofZanzibar’spopulationwithapercapita incomeof less thanTSH20,891permonth.

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Table 2: Key contributing factors to vulnerability to food insecurity and malnutrition at household level

Current FSN situation

Key contributing factors to vulnerability

Vulnerable groups

Lowandunstablehouseholdproduction

•Climaticconditions suchas drought, floods, erratic rainfall (including a highleveldependencyonrain-fedagriculture)

•Limitedaccess to landandextensionservices

•Lowlevelsofeducation•Insufficient marketing

infrastructure•Inequitable distribution of

household and child careroles

Smallholderfarmers,particularlyfemaleheadedhouseholds,mainlyincoralragzonesandmarginalareas;

Rurallandless,particularlywomen

Smallscaleentrepreneursandpettytradersmainlyinurbanandperi-urbanareas;

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Current FSN situation

Key contributing factors to vulnerability

Vulnerable groups

Highincidenceofpovertyanddecreasingpurchasingpower

•Low diversification of incomesourcesandhencelimited opportunitiesto improve livelihoods,further aggravated byvariations in ecologicalenvironments

•Low access to incomegenerating opportunitiesboth in rural and urbanareas

•Seasonality of incomegenerating sourcesparticularlyinagriculture

•High level ofunemployment

• I n a d e q u a t e entrepreneurshipskills

• Lack of sufficient safety nets including pensionandstrainedsocialsupportnetworks

•Limited access toproductive assets(including arable land,equipment)

•Instable income earningsources

•Devaluation of theTanzanianShilling

•Risingdomesticprices•Lowaccesstoandcontrol

overhousehold resourcesamongwomen

•Peoplelivingbelowfoodandbasicneedpoverty,especiallypeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDS,female,elderlyandorphansbothinurbanandruralarea

•RuralPoor,especially firewood collectors,clovepickers,seaweedfarmers, fisher folk incoralragandplantationzones

•Urbanpoor,especiallyunemployedyouthandseasonalworkers,femaleheadedhouseholdsandhousewives

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Individual level food security and nutrition Biologicalutilization relatestoindividuallevelfoodsecurityandnutritionandistheabilityofthehumanbodytoeffectivelyconvertfoodintoenergyandabsorbthemicronutrientscontainedinfoods.Individualfoodsecurityandnutritionalstatusthusdirectlyinvolvetheindividual’sfoodconsumptionand health status. The main findings with respect to individual food security andnutritionalstatusinZanzibarareasfollows:

• High levels of malnutrition as reflected by the high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and protein energy malnutrition (PEM). The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS 2004/05) indicates that undernutrition in children is significantly present in Zanzibar with 23 percent of under-fives being stunted, 6 percent wasted and 19 percent underweight.

The prevalence of micro-nutrient deficiencies in under-five children is further shownbyahighlevelofanaemia(75percent,DHS2004/05)andvitaminAdeficiency (VAD) (41 percent, MoHSW, 2004). For women in reproductive age(15-49years)theprevalenceofanaemiais63percent(DHS2004/05)andVADis37percent.

The Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) Study by MoHSW (2001) indicated thattheprevalenceofgoiterinschoolagechildrenis26percent,whilethehouseholdiodatedsaltutilizationis64percent.MoreprofoundcasesofgoiterwereobservedinPemba(32percent)comparedtoUnguja(21percent).

•Besidesundernutrition,27percentofwomenofthereproductiveageareobservedtobeoverweightorobese(DHS,2004/05).Thissituationistakenasapredispositionofchronicdiseasesrelatedtodietandnutritionincludingdiabetes,hypertension,cardio-vasculardiseases,canceranddentalcases.ItisalarmingtonotethatofallcasesreportedinMnaziMmojahospital,27percentisrelatedtohypertension(MoHSW,2005).

•Although breastfeeding in Zanzibar is common practice, with 98.4%children being breastfed (IMCI, 2002), exclusive breastfeeding (0-6months) is almost non-existent. A study on VAD (2004) indicated thatexclusivebreastfeeding infants aged0-6months is zero,whereas earlier

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study by IMCI (2002) revealed that only 21% infants aged 0-3 monthsoldareexclusivelybreastfed.Furthermore, themeanageat introductionof solid foods other than breast-fed milk is 3.7 months. Non-exclusivebreastfeeding precipitates malnutrition in infancy as reflected in prevalence of underweight, stunting and other growth related failures in subsequent growthphases.

•Highprevalenceofdiseases,includingHIV/AIDS,malaria,acuterespiratoryinfections and fever impacting upon overall well-being of people (withunder-fives and women particularly vulnerable) and contributing to low productivityinfoodproductionandnegativelyaffectinghouseholdearningcapacity while increasing public and private health expenditures. HIVinfection should be regarded as amongst the underlying causes of highlevelsofmalnutritionat individualandhousehold levelsas itstrikes themostproductiveandeconomicallyactivemembersand thusunderminesability of individuals and households to work and feed themselves.Likewise, AIDS can contribute to malnutrition by reducing appetite oftheindividualconcerned,interferingwithnutrientabsorptionandmakingadditionaldemandsonthebody’snutritionalstatus.Anadditionalelementcontributingtoindividualandhouseholdlevelfoodsecurityisthefactthatthediseasehasdistinctgenderimpacts.Thisispartlyduetowomenbeingmorepronetothediseasethanmen.

• Poor and inadequate sanitation facilities (one third of the households - mostlyinruralareas-donothavetoilets)whichincreasesvulnerabilitytodiseasesandillhealth.

•AlthoughtheRevolutionaryGovernmentofZanzibariscurrentlymakingstrongeffortsinensuringavailabilityofandaccessforalltosafedrinkingwater, coverage for safe water is still inadequate. In addition, proper use of safewatershouldbepromoted.

In addition to poverty, inadequate caring practices, unsanitary environments andlimitednutritionalknowledge,andlowdiversityinfoodintakeareamongtheimmediatecausesofmalnutrition.MainstaplefoodsinZanzibararericeandcassava,thelatterbeingknownforitslownutritionalvalue.Accordingto Ministry of Health experience, cereals, roots and tubers form over 80percentoftheaverageperpersonDailyEnergySupply(DES)withfatsandoilsaccountingfor10percentofDES.Fishandlegumesarethemainsource

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ofprotein.ThecontributionoflivestockproductstothefoodbasketoftheZanzibar population is not significant in that annually per capital consumption ofredmeatandmilkisestimatedat3-4kgand1literrespectively(whichdonotmeetnutritionalstandards).Approximately65percentofthepopulationdoesnoteatmeatonaregularbasis.Table3outlinesvulnerabilitiestoFSNonhouseholdandindividuallevels.

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Table 3: Key contributing factors to vulnerability to food insecurity and malnutrition at individual level

Current FSN situation

Key contributing factors to vulnerability

Vulnerable groups

Prevalenceofproteinenergymalnutrition(PEM)

•Poorhealthstatuse.g.HIV/AIDS(0.6percent)malaria(40percent),leadingtolowproductivityaswellasincreasedprivateandpublicmedicalexpenditure.

•Inadequate food intake (unequal intra-household foodallocation)

•Inappropriatefeedinghabits

•Lownutritioneducation

Under-five children andwomenofreproductiveageinvulnerablehouseholds

Prevalenceofovernutrition

•Inappropriatefoodeatinghabitsandexcessivefoodintakeabovetherecommendeddailyallowance(RDA).

•Lowenergyexpenditure(lessexercise)observedmainlyinwomenofreproductiveageandelderlygroup.

Womenofreproductiveageinwealthyhouseholds

Elderlyagedgroup

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Current FSN situation

Key contributing factors to vulnerability

Vulnerable groups

Highprevalenceofmicronutrientdeficiencies

•Lowlevelsofeducationandnutritionknowledgeandpoorfoodpreparationandconsumptionpractices(e.g.overcooking,eatingfoodswithlowlevelofmicro-nutrientsandtendencyofconsumingfoodsthatinhibitstheabsorptionofmicro-nutrients).

•Fluctuatingseasonalavailabilityoffoods

•Poorhealthstatus•Inadequate sanitation

facilities and inadequate accesstoanduseofsafedrinkingwater

Adultwomenandunder-five children of poorruralhouseholds,especially firewood collectors,clovepickers,seaweedfarmers, fisher folk, seasonalworkersinurbanareas

Pregnantandlactatingwomenmostlyinruralareas

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III. linkages To develoPmenT goals and seCTor PoliCies

Theprevioussectionhasclearlyoutlinedthecomplexandmulti-dimensionalnatureoffoodsecurityandnutrition.Overthelastfewyears,theRevolutionaryGovernmentofZanzibar (RGoZ)hasbeenplacingan increasedemphasison poverty reduction and the improvement of daily life conditions of theZanzibarpopulation, including foodsecurityandnutrition.Somekeyandoverarchingpolicyframeworkshavebeendeveloped,includingtheZanzibarDevelopment Vision 2020 and the Zanzibar Strategy for Growth andReductionofPoverty(MKUZA).TheZanzibarFoodSecurityandNutritionPolicy is formulatedwithin thecontextof theseframeworks,whichguidethedevelopmentagendaandinitiativesoftheGovernmentaswellasinthecontextofinternationalcommitmentsandconventionsandaseriesofnationalpolicies and strategies designed to establish an enabling environment forsustainabledevelopment.TheZFSNPdoesnotintendtoreplace,duplicateoroverwriteexistingpoliciesand initiatives. It ratheraimsatmaximizingsynergies, filling gaps and recognizes respective relationships to food security andnutrition issues.As such, this chapterdescribes the linkageswith theoverarchingpolicyframeworksofVision2020andMKUZAaswellastotargetssetbysectorpolicies.

Overarching Policy Frameworks: Vision 2020 and MKUZAZanzibar’soverallDevelopmentVision2020articulatesa longtermfocusonattainingsustainablehumandevelopmentwithanimmediateobjectivetoreducethenumberofpeoplebelowthefoodpovertylineinbothruralandurban areas by 15 percent in 2010. Poverty in the Vision is defined to include bothlackofincomeaswellaslackofaccessibilitytothebasicneedsoftheZanzibaripeopleandtheframeworkguidestoachievetheobjectiveabovethroughincreasedagriculturalproductionandproductivitysoastoenhancefoodsecurity,increaseagro-exportandfarmerincomethroughmodernizationand commercialization of agriculture. The Vision further underscores theimportance of provision of vocational training for the youth, women andthecommunityasawholetobetterpreparethemforself-employment,soastotransformthenon-formalsectoreffectiveandcompetitiveforeconomicgrowth and poverty reduction. Promotion of good governance is alsoenshrined inZanzibar’s long termdevelopmentVision, calling for a trulydemocraticandpluralisticsociety,accountabilityandtransparency.

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MKUZAis thesecondgenerationof thenationaldevelopmentframeworktoimplementVision2020andisinlinewithMDGsandotherinternationalagreedcommitmentsandtargets.Thefocusisonreductionofbothincomeand non-income poverty and ensuring the attainment of sustainablegrowth.MKUZAelaboratesontacklingfoodsecurityfromacrosssectoralperspectivestressingthesymbioticlinkagesbetweenpovertyreductionandfoodsecurity.Atwintrackapproachtofoodsecurity1 is clearly reflected in MKUZAthatisstructuredalongthethreeclustersofgrowthandreductionof income poverty; social services and well-being; and good governance.MKUZAalsoupholdsdemocraticgovernance(theprincipleoftransparency,full participation and consultation in the decision making process, withparticular attention to local governments) and promotes the fulfillment of HumanRights,includingtheRighttoFood,byinclusionofHRprinciplesofnon-discrimination,empowermentandaccountability.FoodsecurityandnutritiongoalsassetoutinMKUZAandthatconcurwiththeHumanRighttoFoodareshownintable4below.

5Thetwintrackapproachtypicallyfocusesonincreasedagriculturalproductionandproductivityontheonehand,distinguishingbetweensubsistenceandproductiveagriculture,andstrengtheningsafetynetsofvulnerablegroupsthroughimprovedsocialwellbeing,socialsecurityandincreasedincomesontheother.FAOTwinTrackapproachtoHungerReduction(2003).www.fao.org/docrep/006/J0563E/J0563E00.HTM

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Table 4: Relevant Goals relating to FSN and HR as set out in MKUZA2

CLUSTER 1

Promotinggrowthandreductionofincomepoverty,wherereductioninfoodinsecurityandpovertymeasuresisaddressedthrough:

CLUSTER 2

Addressingfoodsecurityandnutritionissuesofhumancapabilityintermsofsurvivalandaccesstosocialservicesthrough:

CLUSTER 3

Advocatingactiveparticipationprocessandfosteringofhumanrightstofoodthrough:

Goal 1:CreateanEnablingEnvironmentforGrowth

Goal 1:Ensuringequitable access todemanddrivenquality education, whichisgenderandenvironmentallyresponsive;

Goal 1:Ensureinclusivenessofpeopleinthegovernanceandindevelopmentprocesses

Goal 2: Promotesustainablepro-poorandbroadbasedgrowth

Goal 2:Improvedhealthstatusincludingreproductivehealth,survivalandwell-beingofchildren,womenandvulnerablegroups;

Goal 2:Improvedservicedeliveryandinstitutecivilservicereform

Goal 3: Reducingincomepovertyandattainingoverallfoodsecurity

Goal 3: Increasedaccesstoclean,safeandaffordablewater;

Goal 4:Improvepublicsafetyandsecurity-asrelatedtofoodsecurity&foodsafety

Table 4: Relevant Goals relating to FSN and HR as set out in MKUZA

6Table4onlyincludesthegoalsmostrelevanttoFSN

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Goal 4: Improvedsanitationandsustainableenvironment;

Goal 5:Increasecapacityofgovernmentinstitutionsandactors

Goal 6: Improvedfoodsecurityandnutritionamongthepoorest,pregnantwomen,childrenandmostvulnerablegroups;

Goal 7:Strengthenlegalframeworktosupporteconomicgrowth

Goal 7: Strengtheningandexpandingsocialsecurityandsafetynetsforthedisadvantagedandmostvulnerablepopulationgroups;

Goal 8:Strengtheninstitutionsofoversightandaccountability,includingimprovingaccesstoinformation

Goal 9: ProvisionoftimelyandreliableinformationanddataforM&Eofgovernmentactivitiesandgovernanceinitiatives

Goal 10:Inculcategoodgovernancepracticesatalllevels

Goal 11:Promoteandfacilitateenjoymentofhumanrights

Current Policies, Strategies and Plans related to Food Security and Nutrition in Zanzibar This section presents an overview of those policies, strategies and plansthat most immediately relate to addressing the underlying causes of foodinsecurity, vulnerability and malnutrition. The section identifies existing policygapsrelatedtomeasurestobeundertakentoaddresstheseproblems

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atnational,householdand individual levels (annex1providesacompleteoverviewoftheresultsofthepolicygapanalysis).SuccessfulimplementationoftheZFSNPolicywillbeachievedinclosecollaborationandcoordinationwiththeimplementationofthesesectorpolicies,strategiesandplans.

The Agricultural Sector Policy (2002)The overall goal for the ZanzibarAgricultural Sector Policy (ASP) is topromote sustainable development of the agricultural sector for economic,social and environmental benefits for its people. The policy has among its objectives to attain household and national food security and improvenutritionalstatusofthepeopleparticularlychildrenandlactatingmothers.

For effective implementation of the policy, a clear operational plan (theAgriculturalSectorStrategicPlan(SP))hasbeenformulatedin2004.Theplancomprisesasetofinnovativeactionsdesignedforthecommercializationof the agricultural sector so as to increase agricultural production andproductivity,ruralincomes,attainingnationalandhouseholdfoodsecurityandsupportoveralleconomicgrowth.

Thepolicyanditsoperationalplancomprehensivelyaddressissuesthathaveadirectlinkwithincreasedfoodavailabilityaswellashouseholdresourcelevels and as such contribute significantly to the food and nutrition status of thecountry.Despite this, thegrowthof theagriculturesector still isatmarginal level implying that much effort is needed to promote effectiveimplementationoftheAgricultureSectorPolicy.TheFSNPolicyintendstobuild upon strategic areas identified in ASP and SP in improving smallholder agriculturalproductionandproductivityand-throughpolicydialogues-tosetupmeasurestowardstheiroperationalizationtoachieveprojectedgoalsandbenchmarks.

Health Policy (2002)One of the goals of Zanzibar’s Health Policy is to improve and sustainthe nutritional status of Zanzibari people, particularly that of women andchildren. To achieve this goal the policy aims to ensure the availability,safetystorageanddistributionoffoodthroughoutthecountryandtoinitiatenutritioneducation.

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It is observed that Zanzibar does not have a defined, published policy regarding food safety and quality. There are, however, several laws of relevance to food safety and quality, institutions involved and the regulated food products or sectors.Thesearesummarizedinthetablebelow.

Table 5: Laws of relevance to food safety and quality

Law or Regulation Food Regulated

1.Food protection decree(chapter 73 of the laws ofZanzibar,1931)

Milkanddietaryproducts

2.PublicHealthRules(AeratedwaterandIcefactories),1998

Manufactureofaeratedwaterandice

3.PublicHealthAct,1998 Consolidation of public healthregulations

4.QuarantineRules(chapter74ofZanzibarLaws,1931)

Foodimports

5.FooddrugsandcosmeticAct2006

Allfoods

National Environmental Policy and Programme of Zanzibar (1992)Environmental sustainability is critical to thepursuitof food securityandnutrition and economic development that depends on appropriate andsustainableuseoftheenvironmentandthemanagementofnaturalresources.The National Environmental Policy and Programmes of Zanzibar guidethe framework for environmental management in management of waterresources,managementofdeepersoils,coastalzonemanagement,coralragmanagement, all of which endeavor to sustain adequate food security and nutritionalstatus.Thepolicyrecognizestheessentiallinkbetweensustainabledevelopment and sound environmental management in addressing foodinsecurityandmalnutrition.

National Land Use Plan (1995)Access to arable land is an important prerequisite for food security and nutritionformanyruralfamilies.TheNationalLandUsePlan(NLUP)forZanzibarrecognizesthatagricultureformsoneofthelargestlandconsuming

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sectorsinZanzibar,absorbingabout60percentoftotallandarea.Theplanadvocatessecurityoflandtenuresystemthatprovideaccesstoandcontrolof land resources which plays a very significant role in food production thus ensuringfoodavailabilityandaccessibilityathouseholdlevels.

ItisobviousthatthesecurityoffarminglandisveryimportantforsupportingfoodsecurityandnutritioninZanzibar.However,thecurrentNationalLandUsePlandoesnotguaranteesecurityoftenurewhichshouldmotivatefarmersto invest and manage their farm properly. The additional policy inadequacy in NLUP is lack of land zoning resulting into encroachment of potentialagriculturalland.Moreover,thereisalaxityonenforcementofexistinglandlegislationthatwasenactedtoimplementNLUP.

National Water Policy (2004)Waterisvitaltohealth,safetyandsocio-economicdevelopmentofpeople.The Zanzibar Water Policy recognizes the right to adequate clean and safe waterasanessentialelementinreducingpovertyandensuringfoodsecurityand nutrition through i) protection of water resources for quality and use in accordancewithwaterandenvironmentalconservationprinciples,andii)thedevelopmentandprovisionofwatersupplyandsanitationinasustainablemanner,withademandresponsiveoutlook.Thepolicyprovidesguidanceonaccessingcleanand safewater for itspeoplewhile consideringnatureconservation.

Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Policy (2006)TheoverallobjectiveoftheSMEpolicyistocreateconduciveenvironmentforpromotionofthesmallandmediumenterpriseswiththeaimtoincreaseemployment and incomeearningopportunities, aswell asproduction andcapacity in competitive production. The policy seeks to assist, build andstrengthen the current Government initiatives in promotion of nationaleconomyandreductionofpovertywith the involvementofprivatesector.As such thepolicyhasdirect link to food securityandnutrition issues inpromoting household food accessibility through increased opportunitiesfor self employment, creation of stable small enterprises and increaseddiversification of livelihood options.

Trade Policy (2006)Zanzibar’stradepolicyseekstofacilitatesmoothrunningofalltraderelatedactivitiesinZanzibar.ItaimsatstrengtheningprivatesectorparticipationinthetradeofgoodsandservicesinZanzibarandensuresthatthetraderelated

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initiatives are implemented in coordinatedmanner.The tradepolicy linkswiththeZanzibarFoodSecurityandNutritionPolicyontariffandtaxationissues.Thetradepolicyadvocatesthetariffandtaxationreliefonimportedgoods including food stuff as well promoting price stabilization.Anotherimportant linkage is the area on standard and quality control. The policy puts more emphasis on standard and quality control on imported and exported foodsitemsandproducts,andthusthestrengtheningofGovernmentChemistis given due priority. Lack of Board of Standards has been identified as a gap withinthetradepolicy.

Zanzibar Industrial Policy (1998)The Industrial Policy seeks to address critical issues facing the industrialsectorandprovidesfortheoptimalexploitationoftheexistingstrengthinnaturalresources,particularlyagriculture,marineproductsandforestry.Assuchitcreatesafavourableenvironmentforemploymentcreationandincomegeneration.Thepolicyaddressesissuesoflowinvestmentopportunitieswhichdeterimprovementofagriculturalandotherrelatedproductivesectors.

Zanzibar Investment Policy (2005)Zanzibar InvestmentPolicyprovides themajor structuraland institutionalchangeswithrespecttoincreasedprivateinvestmentpromotion.Thepolicytakes into consideration the trade development requirements of having an efficient Freeport and Export Processing Zones and as such improves import-export marketing efficiency. In addition, the policy considers the need for improvingtheservicesectorandprovideslinkagetotourismsindustrywithpromotionalservices,trainingforhotelsandcatering,conservationandsitedevelopment.Basically,thepolicyprovidesopportunitiesforrurallandlessand urban unemployed youth to benefit from investment sector.

Zanzibar Tourism Development Policy (2004) Zanzibar is experiencing a steady development of its tourism sector.ThesectoroccupiesthebiggerproportionofthetotalForeignDirectInvestments(FDIs)anddomestic investments. Inorder to regulate thedevelopmentofthe tourism sector, the Government of Zanzibar introduced the ZanzibarTourismDevelopmentPolicy in2004and formulated theTourismMasterPlanthatlaiddownaframeworkofmeasuresforsustainabledevelopmentoftourism in Zanzibar. The policy seeks to stress on quality, while considering the environment impact, and offer institutional and market incentives tothosewhoareinvolvedintheproductionofessentialservicesforthetourismindustry.

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Zanzibar Education Policy (2006)Zanzibar Education Policy seeks to promote acquisition and appropriate use of all forms of knowledge and skills for full development of humanpersonality and improvement of quality of life of the society. It aims at transforming the Zanzibar society into a human capital able to meet thechallenges of changing socio-economic environment as such contributingto achievement of national goals of economic growth and attainment ofhouseholdfoodsecurity.Theeducationpolicy is therefore,directly linkedto food security and nutrition issues as it impacted on food accessibilitythrough increased competitiveness, entrepreneurship and quality of labor force,resultingintoimprovedemployabilityandselfemploymentandthusincreasedopportunitiesforincomegeneration Zanzibar Vocational Education and Training Policy (2005) Technicalandvocationaltrainingisanecessaryingredienttowardspovertyreductionasitprovidesopportunityforselfemploymentandenhancestheattainment of food security and nutrition at household level. The overallobjective of the Zanzibar Vocational Education and Training Policy is toprovide a framework for learning opportunities to youth with the aim ofcreating employment opportunities and fostering entrepreneurship valuesand skills. In this way, the policy links with food security and nutritionin promotion of household food accessibility and resource levels throughimprovinghumanresourcecapabilities.

Zanzibar Information Policy (2005)TheoverallobjectiveofZanzibarInformationPolicyistoinformtheZanzibarsocietyonsocio-economicchangesanddevelopmenttrendswithparticularattention on the fight against poverty and in the provision of basic social servicessuchaseducation,healthandsafedrinkingwater.AssuchthepolicyhasstrategicimpactonfoodsecurityandnutritionasitpromoteseffectivecommunicationonvariousFSNrelatedpoliciesandprogrammesaswellasconcernsofcommunitiesrelatedtopoverty,foodinsecurityandmalnutritionandongoodgovernance. Zanzibar National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan (2004/5 - 2008/9)TheNationalHIV/AIDSStrategicPlanunderlinesstrategicactionstowardscontrolandpreventionofanyfurtherspreadofthedisease.TheStrategyPlanhas identified five thematic areas for interventions of which health care and

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supporttopeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSisdirectlyrelatedtofoodsecurityand nutrition through strengthening the community home-based care ofpeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDS.

Zanzibar Land Husbandry Improvement Strategy and Action Plan (2003)TheZanzibarLandHusbandryImprovementProgramme(ZLHIP)outlinesthe integrated participatory approach towards improving soils and landhusbandrypracticesthatcouldimproveandsustainagriculturalproductionandproductivityandovercomeescalatedthreatsofsoildegradationandmis-managementoflandresources.Thestrategicactionplanproposedlinksverywellwithgoalsandstrategiesoffoodsecurityandnutritionpolicyasitsettoattainasustainablelevelsofagriculturalproductionandproductivitiesandassuchimproveslocalfoodproductionandenhanceavailability.

Other sector policies, plans and initiatives impacting on food security and nutritionGiven the multidisciplinary nature of food security and nutrition issues,there are several other policies and plans that influence food security and nutrition including those on finance, social welfare, gender, transport, telecommunication, community development and science and technology.Whilethesesectoralpoliciesandplansimpactonfoodsecurityandnutritiontheir implementation has not adequately addressed issues of food security andnutrition.Thishasmainlybeencontributedbyalackofacomprehensiveframeworkandmulti-sectoralcoordination.Inaddition,therehasnotbeenany attempt to monitor the impact of these policies on food security andnutrition.

TheincumbentoverviewofsectorpoliciesthatimpactonFSNrevealedtheexistenceofpolicyandinstitutionalgapsinenforcingrelevantregulationsand operationalization of endorsed policies as far as they relate to FSNissues.UltimatelytheZFSNPolicyintentionisnottoduplicateoroverwriteexistingsectorpoliciesbut ismeant toclearlyaddress thesegaps thatareelaboratedinAnnex1.

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iv. sTraTegiC inTenT of THe Zfsn PoliCy

Vision and Mission of the ZFSN PolicyThevisionoftheZFSNPolicyisdirectlyinlinewiththevisionoftheMKUZAenvisagingsustainableaccessforallcitizenstosafe,nutritiousandculturallyacceptable food to meet nutritional requirements for a healthy and active life.ThisvisionfullyrecognizestherightofallZanzibaritohavepermanentaccess to adequate, safe and nutritious food that is culturally acceptable.

The mission that the ZFSN Policy underwrites is to promote sustainableand permanent availability, equitable accessibility and utilization of safe andnutritious food for all through integrated andwell-coordinatedmulti-sectoralmeasures/initiativesatalllevelsofGovernmentdirectlyinvolvingcivilsocietyandtheprivatecommercialsector.

General Objective and Goals of the ZFSNPTheoverallobjectiveoftheZFSNPolicyistocreateaconduciveenvironmentthat enables all Zanzibari to have equitable access at all times to safe, nutritious and culturally acceptable food in sufficient quantities for an active andhealthylife,andtoprovidespecialprotectionofvulnerablepopulationgroupsfromtheeffectsofemergencysituationsontheirfoodsecurityandnutritionsituation.

Thegoalsofthepolicyare:1.Improvedfoodavailabilitythroughenhancingdomesticfoodproduction,

more efficient food marketing and trade.2.Increased purchasing power and access to food for all resource poor

households.3. Improved utilisation of adequate, nutritious, safe and high quality food to

allmembersofthehousehold.4.Reducedvulnerability to food insecurity andmalnutrition for resource-

poorpopulationgroupsthroughwell-targetedsocialprotectionmeasuresand effective national emergency preparedness and food emergencymeasures.

5.Improvedandsustainablemanagementoftheenvironmentandoflandandmarineresources.

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Policy Implementation PrinciplesThe ZFSNP is based on the following principles that will guide theimplementationprocesstomeetitsvision,missionandobjectives:i. Every person has the right to adequate food and nutrition and to a

standardoflivingconducivetoanactiveandhealthylife,asstipulatedintheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,theInternationalCovenanton Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and other internationalagreements, and re-affirmed in MKUZA;

ii. Interventions prioritized are based on the Zanzibar Food Securityand Nutrition SituationAnalysis (ZFSNSA), and address the thereinidentified high priority causes that affect resource-poor households and communities;

iii. Implementationofmeasuresdesignedtoattaintheoverallobjectiveandgoals of the ZFSN Policy are further defined in the ZFSN Programme and these are fully in line with the priority areas identified in the MKUZA.

iv. Based on identified needs, and in line with MKUZA priority areas, the implementationofmeasures to attain theZFSNPolicygoalswill beaccompaniedbyprogrammestostrengtheninstitutionalcapacitiesatalllevelsofgovernment

v. Implementationof theZFSNPolicywillbe infullcoordinationwithall relevant sector policies and strategies, focusing on measures notadequately covered in those policies in order to reduce food insecurity andvulnerabilityandmalnutritionparticularlyamongthemostaffectedpopulationgroups.

vi. ZFSNP is nationally owned. While RGoz will provide leadership inits implementation,specialeffortswillbemadetostrengthenpublic-private partnerships to achieve common goals and to strengthen thecapacityofcivilsocietyandtheprivatecommercialsectortocontributetofoodsecurityandgoodnutritionofallZanzibaris,inwayswhichfullrespectallhumanrights;

vii. TheZFSNpolicymeasuresandprogrammesbasedonthesewillbefullyconsistentwithpro-poorgrowthstrategiesandwillfocusonprovidingsocial protection for vulnerable population groups through food andnon-foodsafetynetprogrammes.

viii. The implementation and achievements of the ZFSN Policy andcompendium Programme will be monitored as part of the MKUZAMonitoring Master Plan and with special focus on ZFSN Policy

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objectivesandgoalsandguidingimplementationprinciples.ix. PolicyimplementationwillbeguidedbyHumanRightsprinciplesthat

include:(a)fullrespectforhuman dignity and the rule of law;(b)mechanismsinplacetoholdpublicinstitutionswithresponsibilities

fortheachievementoffoodsecurityandgoodnutritionaccountablefor theirperformanceandfortheuseofpublicresources;

(c)no discrimination with respect to age, gender, social status,religion,colorandracialbackground;

(d) due concern for equitable outcomes of implementing policy measures and other actions towards achieving permanent andsustainablefoodsecurityandgoodnutrition;

(e)effective and equal participation and empowerment of allZanzibaris and/or their representatives in the formulation,implementationandmonitoringofpolicymeasures,programmes,projectsandotheractions;and

(f)transparency indecisionmakingandpublic resourceallocationanduse.

Strategic Areas of Policy Interventions

Goal 1: Improve national food availability through the enhancement of domestic food production and productivity and more efficient food marketing and trade

Thesectorpoliciesforagriculture,trade,andsmallandmediumenterprises(SME) outline several relevant food security related policy measures toincreaseagriculturalproductionandmarketing.Neverthelessthesepoliciesand strategies generally have an agricultural growth orientation, and thushavenoexplicitfocusonfoodsecurity.Itisthereforenecessarytointegrate,emphasise and complement those policy fields and strategic actions to ensure sustainable increase in local production of food that is diversified, affordable and healthy. A number of operational targets are set to improve foodavailability throughenhancingdomesticfoodproductionandproductivity.In addition, the policy advocates for the improvement of efficiency in food marketingandtrade.

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Policy strategy 1.1: Ensure efficient and sustainable increase in domestic food production and productivity

Priority areas for intervention•Advocate and promote investment in agricultural areas, including crop,

livestock and fisheries with high potential for growth. •Promote policy dialogue towards implementation of agricultural sector

investments and access to productivity-enhancing, environmentallysustainabletechnologies(e.g.agro-processingandvalueaddition),targetingsmall-scaleproducers,particularlywomen.

•Provide effective linkages between technological generation, serviceprovidersandrecipients.Amorestrategicapproach toextensionsupportforincreasingagriculturalproductionbasedonthecomparativeadvantagewithintheagro-ecologicalpotentialneedstobeadopted.

•AdvocateandfacilitaterapidlandreformsthatwillreinforcetheZanzibarfarmers’securityoflandtenure,offerastimulusforincreasinginvestmentonland,andalsoascollateralforcredit.

•Enhance effective implementation of the Agriculture Sector Policy,AgricultureStrategicPlanandZanzibarIrrigationMasterPlantoincreaseintensityandyields.

•Exploitthepotentialofsmallholderfarmersindevelopmentandpromotionof backyard farming including home gardening, improved poultry andsmallscaledairykeeping.

•Exploitthepotentialandpositiveimpactsonruralandurbanemploymentand incomeopportunities togenerateon-farmandoff-farmemploymentand income expanding investment in regional development programs,specifically targeting youth.

•Identifyandpromotemoresustainablelivelihoodoptionsforresourcepoorfarmersinecologicallyfragileareas.

Policy strategy 1.2: Increase efficiency in (domestic) food marketing and trade

Priority areas for intervention•Formulate National Marketing Policy and Strategy to address among

other things poor physical infrastructure, lack of know-how and capitalinvestment, the existing weak institutional arrangement and provide aframeworktocoordinateandregulatetheoperationsofwholesaleandretail

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markets.•Improve market infrastructure such as roads, transport, markets, and

communication systems to ensure smooth movement of agriculturalproducts from production areas to the final markets, both internally and externally.

•Establishmechanismsforeffectivecoordinationofmarketinginstitutions.•Reviewoutdatedandobsoleteregulations.•Makeconcertedeffortsforthepromotion,productionandcommercialization

ofagriculturalproducts.•Raise awareness for the production of commodities with comparative

advantages.•Support development of appropriate technology for agricultural

commodities.• Strengthen institutional capacity to establish and enforce quality control.•Ensureproduceinspectionforbothlocalandexportmarkets.•Promoteboth foreignand local investment inagro-processingandagro-

basedindustriesforthepotentialagriculturalproducts.•Encourageformationofmarketinginterestgroupsandassociations.

Goal 2: Increased purchasing power and access to food for resource-poor households

The lack of food security reflects inadequate income (through e.g. inadequate employment opportunities) and purchasing power of individuals andhouseholds.Toenhancehouseholdeconomicaccess to food,anumberofpolicystrategiesaresettopromoteemploymentcreationandincomegrowthforthepoorandunemployedwomen,menandyouth.

Policy strategy 2.1: Increase diversification of rural and urban based economic activities to expand livelihood options and reduce vulnerability to risks of food insecurity and malnutrition

Priority areas for intervention:•Promote linkages of practices in agriculture, trade, manufacturing and

tourismtolocaleconomicactivitiesandenhanceexploitationofpotentialsinkeyeconomicgrowthsectors.

•Identifyandpromoteviableeconomicactivitiesaccordingtoagroecologicalpotentialsandencouragespecializationofeconomicactivitiesbasedonthe

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potentiality.•Improvesustainableaccesstomicro-credittosmall-holders,inparticular

womenandyouth.• Promote technical and vocational skills to reflect the comparative advantages

of the locality with emphasis on women, people with disabilities andyouth.

•Develop and promote adoption of appropriate micro-enterprisetechnologies.

•Develop special employment schemes (such as food for work and cashforfood)tocaptureparticular interestsandneedsofdifferentvulnerablegroupssuchaspeoplewithdisabilities,peoplelivingwithHIV,youthandwomen.

Policy strategy 2.2: Promote credit availability to rural and urban micro-entrepreneurs

Priority areas for intervention:•Formulate effective micro-credit policy which links well with other

development policies such as theVision 2020, ZSGRP and other sectorrelatedpolicies,takingintoconsiderationtheexistinggenderdisparityoncreditaccessibility.

•DevelopappropriatelegalframeworkfortheoperationsofMicroFinanceInstitutions(MFIs),includingSavingsandCreditCooperatives(SACCOS),promotingparticipationofespeciallyyouthandwomen.

• Promote dialogue for establishment of micro-finance window with commercialbanksforonlendingtosmallandmicro-enterprisesector.

• Promote skills to credit beneficiaries especially women and youth on credit management, saving mobilization, basic accounting, financial management, cash flow management, life skills, technical and marketing issues.

•Develop/strengthenspecialcreditprogrammesforwomen.

Policy strategy 2.3: Development of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) to enable the poor to take advantages of economic growth

Priority areas for intervention:•Promotemicro,smallandmediumenterpriseswithhighgrowthpotential

(in agriculture, tourism and trade sectors) and significant opportunities for selfemployment.

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•Initiatesmallbusinessdevelopmentservicesincludingbusinessincubationsystem,anddevelopprogrammesforprovidingmanagerial,technicalandinformationsupporttoMSME. RemovalofconstraintshinderingdevelopmentofMSME

Goal 3: Improved utilization of adequate, nutritious, safe and high quality food to all members of the household

Utilizationoffoodfornutrition,consumptionoffoodrichinmacronutrients(calorie,protein,fatsandoils),micronutrient-richfoodsupplementationandnutritioneducationandinformationtransfer,particularlyforthevulnerablepeople(poorwomen,children,peoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSanddisabled)play a significant role in the improvement of the overall nutrition situation. Over and above, prevention and control of diseases and programmesrelating to water, sanitation and other health development services needtobeaddressed.Toaddress theabove the followingpolicystrategieswillimplemented:

Policy strategy 3.1: Ensure use of clean and safe drinking water and improved sanitation

Priority areas for intervention•Promoteproperutilisationofcleanandsafedrinkingwater.•Promotepropersanitarypractices.

Policy strategy 3.2: Ensure effective public health and nutrition education interventions

Priority areas for intervention•Promoteeffectiveimplementationofhealthpolicywithspecialemphasis

onhealtheducation,childcareandphysicalexercises.• Strengthen analytical capacities, harmonization of standards and quality

assurancemechanisms.• Promote nutrition education to enhance quality and proper utilization of

safefoodtakingintoaccountthedifferentconcernsofmanandwomen.•Promotedialoguetoenforceappropriateregulatorymechanismtoassure

quality food supply.•Promoteproperuseoflocalavailablefoodstuffssuchascereals,legumes,

rootcrops,vegetablesandfruits.• Strengthen effective food supplementation and fortification

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Goal 4: Reduced vulnerability to food insecurity and malnutrition for resource-poor population groups through well-targeted social protection measures and effective national emergency preparedness and food emergency measures.

The effects to vulnerability to food insecurity and malnutrition inflicts upon thelivesofthevulnerablepopulationincludingthosemostvulnerablegroupswithout coping mechanisms in times of emergency as well as the elderlyworkingpopulationafterretirementage.Thepolicyrecognizestheneedtomitigatetheimpactoftheseshocksbyprotectingthemostvulnerablegroupsaswellasprovidingeffectivemechanismsforsocialprotectionforretiredworkersfrombothformalandinformalsectors.

Policy strategy 4.1: Strengthen disaster management, emergency relief and FSN information Systems

Priority areas for intervention:•Develop national emergency response system including annual crop

assessment,monitoring,surveillance,andearlywarningsystemsaswellasfoodandreliefdistribution.

•Buildthecapacityofresponsibleinstitutionstocarefullyplanandadoptaneffectivetargetingmechanismforfoodassistance,respondingtopotentialdisaster/crisis/shockstotheneedyinatimelymanner.

•Establish a food security early warning system to generate informationon weather, crop production forecast, and food price forecasts that areimportantforrespondingtoprevailingshocks.

•Providehumanitarianassistanceduringemergencysituationstovulnerablehouseholds.

•Promote public assistance programs primarily aimed at transferringresources to enable vulnerable people to re-invest / re-engage in theirlivelihoodsaftertheoccurrenceofanyshocks.

Policy strategy 4.2: Strengthen social protection and safety nets to the needy and vulnerable groups

Priority areas for intervention:•Supporttargetedpublicassistanceprogramswithaviewtoprovidebasic

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support targetedat thepoorandvulnerablegroups.This includesschoolfeeding, school gardening, home rationing and supplementary feedingprogrammes for vulnerable groups to reduce malnutrition and relatedillnesses.

•Advocate community self-support schemes for vulnerable populationincludingelderly,orphans,peoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSandpeoplewithdisabilities.

• Promote formation of sector specific retirement groups and extend coverage ofsocialprotectiontoinformalsectors.

•Mobilizecommunities toengageinandcontribute todifferent insuranceschemes.

Goal 5: improved management of the environment and of land and marine resources

TheZFSNPolicyrecognizestherelevanceofintegratedsoundmanagementof natural resources and environment in sustaining both agriculture andsupportivelivelihoodoptionsthatwillensurefoodandnutritionsecurityofthepopulace.Despitetheexistenceofpoliciesrelatedtolanduse,environmentand agriculture, there has been wide spread environmental degradationwhich is mainly attributed to increased human settlement, untamed over-exploitationofnaturalresources,improperdisposalofwasteandcontinueddepletionofsoil fertility.Toaddressabove issues the followingstrategieswillbeimplemented:Policy strategy 5.1: Enhance institutional coordination and management of environment and natural resources

Priority areas for intervention:•Promote harmonization of environmental related legislations and

regulations.•Enhance enforcement mechanisms for environmental management and

conservationissues.•Fostercommunityinvolvementinmanagementandconservationofnatural

resources.

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Policy strategy 5.2: Enhance improved land husbandry management practices

Priority areas for intervention:•Promote implementation of measures foreseen in the Zanzibar Land

HusbandryImprovementStrategyandActionPlanof2003

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v. CreaTing an enabling environmenT for Zfsn PoliCy imPlemenTaTion

Legal FrameworkTheMinistryofAgriculture,LivestockandEnvironment(MALE)hasbeengiven the mandate of Food Security and Nutrition by The RevolutionaryCounciloftheRGOZandassuchhastakentheleadtoformulatetheZanzibarFoodSecurityandNutritionPolicyandProgramme,infullconsultationwithother sector ministries and non-governmental stakeholders. Food securityisamulti-dimensionalconcept,andthussomeoftheissuesrelatedtofoodsecurityandnutritionfalloutsidethelegalmandateofMALEbutbelongtothemandatesofotherMinistries.Theexistingregulatoryframeworkforissuesrelated to nutrition, food quality and inspection lies within the mandate of the MinistryofHealthandSocialWelfare(MoHSW)whereasresponsibilitieson issues related to trade, consumer protection and marketing are withinthelegalmandateoftheMinistryofTourism,TradeandInvestment.Otherpertinent issues of FSN also fall within partial or full responsibilities ofotherMinistriessuchasemergenceresponse(underCMO),landandwaterresources (under MWCEL), district planning and administration (underMS(PO)RASD), andHumanRights toFood (underMS(PO)CAGG).ThecurrentlegalmandateofMALE,relatingtoagriculturalproductionrelatedissuesincludingthelegalmandateonenvironmentandcooperatives,hasnotbeen expanded to cover the requirements for effective implementation of all FSNissuesinlinewiththedirectivefromtheCabinet.

Besides a clear need for strong collaboration and inter-institutionalcoordinationtoaddressFSNissueseffectively,ZFSNPolicyimplementationwill require the establishment of the legal mandate (by means of a Food SecurityandNutritionBill)forcoordinationofFSNissuestobeputundertheauspicesof theInter-SectoralSteeringCommittee(ISSC)representingall key Ministries that embrace FSN issues. The National FSN Divisionwill be legally established within MALE that will operate under thetechnicalguidanceofStakeholdersTechnicalCommittee(STC)andoverallsupervisionofISSC.TheDivisionwillprovideoverallcoordinationoftheimplementation of FSN policy and programme and will be drawing stafffromMALEandotherkeyMinistries.Secondment to theNFSNDofkeytechnicalstafffromvariousministrieswillbemandatedbythesamelawthatestablishestheNFSND.Inthisway,theexistinglegalmandatesofallother

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keyMinistriesonFSNissueswillbesustained,buttheimplementationofFSNpolicyandprogrammewillbecoordinatedthroughtheNationalFSNDivisionestablishedunderMALE.

Institutional FrameworkGiven the multi-dimensional nature of food and nutrition security,several ministries and institutions need to work together and ensure thatdiverse sectoral and multi-sectoral policies relate appropriately and makecontributionstotheimmediateandlongertermfoodsecurityandnutritionpolicyobjectives.TheinstitutionalSWOC7analysiswasconductedaspartof the ZFSNP&P formulation process to assess the current situation oninstitutions that bear the collective responsibilities over FSN issues. Theanalysiswassettodeterminetheinstitutionalstrengthsandweaknessesinfulfilling their roles on FSN and to foresee the Opportunities and challenges tobeexpected inassuming the responsibilitiesof implementationofFSNPolicy. The general outcome of SWOC analysis showed the existence ofpoliciesandguidelinesrelatedonFSNissuesandoverallfavorablepolicyenvironment.However,thereisexistenceofcapacitygapsinimplementationofFSNissuesbothatnationalandsubnationallevels.Atnationallevel,themain gaps have been identified as weak institutional capacities in terms of facilities and staff qualifications, weak implementation capacities for sector policies, weak enforcement of respective legislations and inadequacy in budgetary allocations. Other national issues rose during SWOC analysisincludeslackofcoordinationbetweenandamonginstitutionsdealingwithFSN and ambiguous and unclear regulatory framework with regards tofood quality control and marketing. The main weaknesses identified at sub national level includes inadequate human and physical resources, lack of comprehensive district development plan and incomplete decentralizationprocess.

The FSN Policy recognizes the multi-sectoral nature of FSN issues andas such, its objectives are set to be achieved through effective sectoralcoordination and active participation of various stakeholders with clearlydefined roles and responsibilities.

Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders The implementation of FSN Policy will involve a wide range of actors

7Anassessmentofinstitutionalstrength,weakness,opportunitiesandchallenges

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operatingindifferentsectorsandatdifferentlevels.ThemostkeyactorstobeinvolvedintheimplementationofFSNPolicyareGovernmentInstitutions,CivilSocietyOrganizations(Community-BasedOrganizations-CBOs-andFaithBasedOrganizations-FBOs),theDonorCommunityandthePrivateSector.

(a) Government institutionsVariousGovernmentInstitutionshaverolestoplayincreatinganenablingenvironment for implementation of the ZFSN Policy, as issues identified in thepolicytouchinonewayoranotherintheircurrentmandatoryareas.Thiscallsforastronginter-sectoralcollaborationandcoordinationasanecessarycondition for effective and efficient policy implementation. The following Ministries are identified as key actors in FSN implementation in accordance totheirrolesandmandatoryareas:

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment (MALE)The ministry is the leading institution in coordination of the Policyimplementation.ThecurrentmandatoryareaswithregardstoFSNincluderesponsibilitiesoverlocalagriculturalproductionandproductivityissuesandregulatoryframeworkforenvironment,naturalresourcesandcooperatives.AssuchtheMinistrywillassumeacoordinatingroleonpolicyimplementation,andevaluationandwillbeworkingverycloselywithallkeyministriesandinstitutionswhichareresponsibleforimplementationofFSNPolicy.

Ministry of Tourisms, Trade and Investment (MTTI)Withregards toFSN, theMinistry isresponsibleforregulationconcernedonfoodimportation,marketingandconsumerprotection.TheFSNPolicyrecognises the roleof food importationasmaincontributor to theoverallnationalfoodavailability,assuchtheMinistryresponsibilitiesonensuringfoodsafetyandconsumerprotectionadjoinimportantareasofFSNpolicyimplementation. The Ministry is also partially responsible for regulatoryframework on food marketing, the efficacy of which is considered by FSN Policyasanimportantlabelinreducingfoodinsecurityandmalnutritiontomostvulnerableproducerandconsumergroups.

7AnassessmentofinstitutionalStrengths,Weaknesses,OpportunitiesandChallenges

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Ministry of Labour, Youth, Women and Children Development (MLYWCD)The ministry is mandated to safeguard labour regulations with regardsto investments and enterprises related to income generation which areimportantareasenvisaged inFSNPolicy inensuring foodaccessibilityathouseholdlevel.TheMinistry’sfunctionalresponsibilitiesalsotouchesuponcommunity mobilizations, gender mainstreaming and care to vulnerablegroups especially women and children, all of which are identified as core areasinFSNPolicyimplementation.

Ministry of State Regional Administration and Special Departments (MoRASD)TheFSNPolicyrecognisestheroleofdistrictsforimplementingpolicyandprogrammeassuchtheMoRASDassumesaprominentroleinmainstreamingFSN in district development planning. The Ministry also responsible forensuring effective performance of district and community authorities insupervision,monitoringandevaluationofthedistrictandcommunitylevelFSNissues.

Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW)TheministryofHealthandSocialWelfareisresponsibleforallnutritionaland health related aspects of FSN Policy. In recognition of this role, theministry is mandated with the tasks of identification of the nutrient rich foods, conducting food analysis and enforcing food safety regulations. InadditiontheMinistry’sactivitiesinFSNareasincludesprovisionofnutritioncounseling,conductionofhealthandnutritioneducationsessions,promotionof hygiene and sanitation, and provision of nutritional support, care andtreatmenttoHIV/AIDSaffectedandinfectedaspartofsocialsafetynetsasidentified in FSN Policy.

Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy and Land (MWCEL)The FSN Policy recognizes that effective land administration includingimplementation of the Land Use Plan is a significant contributing factor in addressingbothfoodavailabilityandaccessibilityas itwill improvelocalagriculturalproductivityandensureaccesstocreditfacilities.TheMinistryresponsibleforLandhas thereforeaprominentrole in implementingFSNPolicy as it guarantee the effective implementation of land legislationincludingprotectionofpotential agricultural land fromencroachmentanddestruction ensuing from other challenging development activities. The

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ministryisalsoresponsibleinfacilitatingavailabilityofcleanandsafewaterforhuman,andlivestockconsumption,andinregulatingenergytariffsforsustainablelivelihooddevelopmentandassuchcontributestowardseffectiveimplementationofFSNPolicyinpromotinglivelihoodsandensuringfoodandwatersafety.

Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs (MoFEA)TheministryofFinanceandEconomicAffairshaveoverallresponsibilitiesoverNationalPlanningandBudgetaryissuesandiscustodianofoverarchingNational Policies such as Vision 2020 and ZSGRP (MKUZA). As FSNPolicyisbasicallyderivedfromMKUZAasoverarchingframeworkguidingimplementationoffoodsecurityandnutritiongoals,TheMinistryassumesimportantrolesonimplementationofFSNPolicyontheissueofregulatingrural and urban financial services for promoting agriculture and other micro- enterprises sectors; allocating adequate financial resources for FSN Policy implementation through and other frameworks and in encouragingprivatesectorinvestmentinagricultureandothermicro-enterprisesectorsthroughtaxesincentivesandotherrelatedtariffsaimedtoimprovebusinessenvironment. As coordinating institution for MKUZA, the Ministry alsoprovideframeworkforMonitoringofFSNinlinewithMKUZAMonitoringMasterplan.

Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MoEVT)Theministryisresponsibleforalltechnicalandvocationaltrainingandassuch is entitled to provide guidance in provision of appropriate vocationtrainingtoaddresstheconcernsoffoodsecurityandnutritioninterventionsas outlined in FSN Policy. The Ministry is also responsible for ensuringeffectivecoordinationofschoolfeedingandschoolgardeningactivitiesaspartofsocialsafetynetinaddressingissuesofmalnutritioninchildren.

Ministry of Information Sports and Culture (MoISC)The Ministry is responsible for mass media and is entitled for providingnecessarysupportforeffectivecommunicationthatisnecessaryforraisingawarenessandcreatinganenvironment that facilitatesactiveparticipationofbothmenandwomeninFSNPolicyandprogrammeinterventions.TheMinistry assumes important role in supporting implementation of ZFSNPComprehensiveCommunicationStrategythatwilllaydownapproachestobeusedtoreachandinteractwithdifferenttargetgroups/stakeholdersinaplannedandcoordinatedmanner.

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Chief Minister’s Office - Disaster Management Department (CMO-DMD)TheDDMhasacentralroleincoordinationofdifferenteffortsinresponsetoemergence situations and ensuring that food emergencies reach beneficiaries in appropriate time as embodied in FSN Policy. The Department is alsoinstitutionshomeofFSNITthatischargedwithcollectionanddisseminationof FSN information including provision of Early Warning to respectivestakeholdersandassuchlinkinternationalandinternalagenciesinfood-aidsupportandotheremergencyservices.

Ministry of Communication and TransportThe Ministry has a significant and supportive role in accelerating growth of both urban and rural based economies through provision of efficient transportationandcommunicationinfrastructurethatfosterlinkagesbetweenproduction,distributionandmarketingcentres for foodand related inputsneeded for improvement of productive and service sectors. The Ministryalsoassumesimportantroleinfacilitatingtrade,especiallyexportationandimportation of foodstuff and other commodities, which are important inensuringnationalfoodavailability.

Other government bodiesThereareseveralothergovernmentbodiesthathaveapartialroleinFSN.These include Office of Chief Government Statistician (OCGS – deals with data collection, analysis and M&E), Ministry of Good Governance(representing Human Rights and Good Government Commission) andTanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA - provides climatic data andinformationonFSNrelatedissues).

(b) Private SectorThepolicyrecognizestheimportantrolesofprivatesector(NGO’sandcivilsocietyorganizations)inadvocacy,advisory,trainingandotherservicesonfoodsecurityandnutrition.

(c) Development PartnersZanzibarappreciatesthecontributionandsupportofitsdevelopmentpartnersparticularlymultilateralandbilateraldonors.Thesewillplayanimportantrole in providing financial and technical assistance to support FSN policy as partofMKUZAimplementation.

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Implementation and coordination mechanism

AFoodSecurityandNutritionBillwillbedraftedbyMALEasperprovisionofZFSNPolicyandsubmittedtotheHouseofRepresentativestolegislatetheinstitutionalmandateswithrespecttotheimplementationoftheZFSNPolicyandforbudgetaryauthorizationslinkingtheZFSNPolicyandProgrammetotheMid-TermExpenditureFrameworkandannualbudgetingcycle.

InordertoeffectivelymonitortheimplementationandachievementsoftheZFSNPolicy(andcompendiumprogramme)inlinewithMKUZA,astrongandelaboratecoordinationmechanismwillbeputinplacethatispartoftheMKUZAMonitoringMasterPlanbutcanoperateindependentlytosafeguardthe focus on ZFSN Policy objectives and goals (see also figure 1 below). TheRGoZwillreviewandassessthefunctionalityandtheoperationsoftheproposed structures (by 2010), in order to determine whether modifications are neededor not, and to seewhether institutional tieswith theMKUZAstructureneedsstrengtheningornot.Thefollowinginstitutionswillprovidetheoverallimplementationframeworkatalllevels:

Inter-Sectoral Steering Committee (ISSC)ThereistheInterSectoralSteeringCommittee(ISSC),whosemembershipwillconsistsofhighlevelrepresentativesofkeyMinistries(PSlevel)withabearinguponfoodsecurityandnutrition,aswellasrepresentativesoftheprivatesector(ChamberofCommerce),andNGOs.

TheISSCwillcompriseofthefollowingmembers:

• PrincipalSecretary,MinistryofAgriculture,LivestockandEnvironment(MALE)

• Principal Secretary, Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs(MoFEA)

• PrincipalSecretary Ministry of Education and Vocational Training(MoEVT)

• PrincipalSecretary,MinistryofHealthandSocialWelfare(MoHSW)• PrincipalSecretary,MinistryofWater,Construction,EnergyandLands

(MWCEL)• Principal Secretary, Ministry of Tourism, Trade and Investments

(MTTI)

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• Principal Secretary, Chief Minister’s Office - (CMO)• PrincipalSecretary, Ministry of RegionalAdministration and Special

Departments(MoRASD)• PrincipalSecretary, Ministry of Labour,Youth, Women and Children

Development(MLYWCD)• Principal Secretary, Ministry of Communication and Transport (

MoCT)• ExecutiveDirector,ZanzibarNationalChamberofCommerce,Industries

andAgriculture(ZNCCIA)• SecretaryGeneral,AssociationofNGOsinZanzibar(ANGOZA)

ThePSMALEwillbethechairoftheISSCandtheNationalFSNDivision(NFSND) will perform the secretariat functions of the ISSC. The ISSCwill be the main decision making body and is responsible for providingoverall guidance to ZFSN Policy and Programme implementation andoperationalisation.Inparticular,theISSCwill:• Safeguardeffectiveinter-sectoralcommunicationandpolicycoordination

by meeting on a quarterly basis, in order to promote synergy effects, guide implementation of various activities and avoid duplications ofinterventions;

• Provide guidance on ZFSN Policy implementation according to defined priorities and implementation strategies and in developing key FSNstrategies;

• Solicit technical advice on specific food security and nutrition issues fromtheStakeholdersTechnicalCommittee(STC);

• DirecttheNationalFoodSecurityandNutritionDivision(NFSND)topreparerelevantreportsforconsiderationbyISSC(e.g.workandbudgetplans, monitoring reports, position papers on specific FSN issues etc.);

• Approve FSN budget proposals that promote efficient allocation and utilizationofresourcesfortheachievementofpolicygoalsandtargetsandprovideguidanceonresourcemobilization;

• Monitorthe ZFSN Policy implementation and make adjustments ifnecessary;

• Report to the MKUZA poverty monitoring system (i.e. MKUZAIMTC).

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Stakeholders Technical Committee - STCThe Stakeholders Technical Committee (STC) will serve as an advisorybody to the ISSC with the main aim to ensure effective and coordinatedimplementation of the ZFSNP&P. Members will include directors and/orprogrammecoordinatorsof thekey institutions asmentioned in the ISSCmembership listabove.Additionally, technicalagencies likeOCGS,TMAandChiefGovernmentChemist(CGC)willbeinvitedtoSTCmeetingsonanad hocbasisifneedarises.

TheDirectorforPolicyandPlanning(MALE)willbethechairoftheSTCandreportstotheISSC.TheNationalFSNDivision(NFSND)willperformthesecretariatfunctions.TheSTCwillmeetonceeverythreemonthsandbespecifically responsible for:

• Safeguardinginter-institutionalcoordination,guidingimplementationofactivities,promotingsynergiesandavoidduplication;

• ReviewingFSNbudgetplans,providing recommendations to ISSC toensureFSNissuesashighlightedinZFSNP&Ptobemainstreamedintoallsectorbudgetplans(MTEF);

• MonitorthefoodsecurityandnutritionsituationandevaluateprogressmadeunderZFSNP&Pimplementation;advisetheISSCaccordinglyonimprovingprogrammedesignandimplementationinlinewithpolicy;

• Interactwith the MKUZA poverty monitoring system (i.e. MKUZA /MKUZATWGs)aswellaswithNFSND

• ReporttoISSC.

National FSN Division - NFSND MALEhasbeengiventhemandateforhandlingfoodsecurityandnutritionissuesinZanzibarbytheGovernmentandassuchwillcoordinatethedayto day implementation of ZFSNP&P.The Division will be housed in thePolicyandPlanningDepartmentofMALEandperformsunderthetechnicalguidanceoftheSTCandtheoverallsupervisionoftheISSC.TheHeadofDivisionwhowillberesponsiblefordaytodaycoordinationoftheDivision’sactivities needs to be contracted, and officers from key ministries should be seconded to the NFSND to ensure inter-institutional coordination andharmonization of efforts. To this effect specific emphasis should be made to ensure that the seconded officers from key ministries are effectively involved indaytodayactivitiestoensuremulti-sectoralcommitmentsaresustainedinpolicyimplementation.

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TheNFSNDwillundertaketechnicalworkneededfordecisionmakingbytheISSCandassiststheSTCwithitstechnicaldeliberations.NFSNDwillinteractcontinuouslywiththeSTCandreportsdirectlytotheISSC.Mainresponsibilitiesinclude:

• Dailycoordinationoffoodsecurityandnutritionrelatedmatters;• Keeptrackwithnewdevelopments/challengesintheareaofZFSNP&P

implementationonnationalandsub-nationallevels;• Prepareannualworkplansandbudgets in linewithZFSNpolicyand

programme and work closely together with the Sector Reviews andthe Cluster PER working groups under the MKUZA MMP in ordermainstreamFSNissuesashighlightedinZFSNP&Pintorelevantsectorbudgetplans(MTEF);ThisincludesFSNissuesincluster1and2WGandRtFincluster3WG;

• LiaisecloselywiththeDistrictManagementTeam(DMT)incoordinatingandmonitoringdistrictlevelimplementationofZFSNP&P;

• EnsuremainstreamingofFSNpriorityissuesindistrictleveldevelopmentplans and budgets.This includes providing training, sensitization andother capacity building activities as relevant and required to district and communitylevels;

• Receiveand review monitoring reports of food security programmesand projects and prepare quarterly updates on the FSN situation and the progressofZFSNP&Pimplementation.

DMT - District Management TeamDistrictManagementTeams (DMT)are responsible forprovidingsupportto district and community (Shehia) development plans and budgets,including implementation of activities, review, appraisal and provision ofrecommendations.Currently,theseDMTsoperateonasectoralbasis,witharotatingsecretarydependingontheissueconcerned.Membershipincludesthe heads of sectors and the District Planning Officer (DPO) with the District Administration Officer (DAO) as permanent chair, reporting directly to Regional Administration Officer and subsequently to the MoRASD.

For ZFSNP&P implementation this structure shall be strengthened byexpanding the current ToRs with implementation of food security andnutrition interventions. The District Planning Officer will act as a secretary to DMT meetings and as such will be the liaison officer for FSN issues at

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districtlevel.ResponsibilitiesoftheDMTwithregardstofoodsecurityandnutritionwillinclude:

• Identifycapacitybuildingneedsatdistrictandcommunitylevels;• Support the identification of FSN issues and adequate integration into

districtdevelopmentplans;• Providetechnical guidance to ZFSNP implementation at district and

community levels, ensuring compliance with project requirements and identification of eligible beneficiaries;

• PrepareM&E reports of the implementation and progress of FSNinterventions;

• Report to MoRASD through regional office and liaise closely with NFSNDtoensureinter-institutionalcoordination.

TheGovernmentiscurrentlyintheprocessofLocalGovernmentReformstowards decentralization. The structures proposed might change whenreformsareimplemented.ThreeyearsaftertheimplementationoftheZFSNPolicy,theentireinstitutionalframeworkofthePolicywillbereviewedbytheISSCinordertoassesstheeffectivenessoftheinstitutionalarrangementsand the need for any changes or modifications in order to ensure optimal conditionsforPolicyimplementationandmonitoring.

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Figure 1: ZFSN Policy implementation structure and its linkages to existing national structure

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vi. moniToring and evaluaTion

TheMonitoringandEvaluation(M&E)activitiesassociatedwiththeZFSNPolicywillbedesigned tomonitorandassess the implementationprocessaswell as the impactof thePolicy. In this,monitoringwillbeguidedbythe policy implementation principles spelled out in Section IV, includingthe human rights principles mentioned therein. The impact of the policymeasuressetforthinthePolicywillbemonitoredandassessedover timeagainsttargetsandbenchmarksthatareestablishedintheZFSNProgrammeandinlinewiththePolicygoals.TheM&EsystemfortheZFSNPolicywillbelinkedtotheM&EframeworklaidoutintheMKUZAMonitoringMaster-plan.TheoverallresponsibilityforthemonitoringandevaluationprocessoftheZFSNPolicyimplementationwill bevestedunder the Inter-Sectoral SteeringCommittee (ISSC) whichwill receive progress and monitoring reports from NFSND. The nationallevel implementationwill bemonitored through respective lineministriesanddistrictlevelimplementationwillbemonitoredthroughMORASD.InthisregardtheNFSNDwillreceiveprogressandmonitoringreportsfromthelineministriesandMORASD(throughDistrictManagementTeamswhowillundertakephysicalmonitoringatrespectivedistrictandcommunitylevels)

Finally,MonitoringandevaluationoftheworkofISSC,STC,NFSNDandDMTwillbeguidedbyfourmaincriteria:

• ImplementationSchedule-adherencetotheimplementationschedulethat will be set up in FSN Programme in respect to time frame, financial requirements, attainment of objectives etc.

• Consistencywith National Development goals - adherence to theoverarchingnationalpoliciesandother sectoralpolicies thathaveanimpactorareimpactedbyFSNissues.

• Cohesiveness-attentiontolinkagesbetweenpriorityareasinthePolicyand specific actions within each area to ensure there is consistency.

• Stakeholders’performance-performanceofvariousactorsatnationaland district levels in relation to fulfilling their mandate, executing their rolesandresponsibilitiesandeffectivenessoftheirplansandactivitiesin delivering services and attaining the stated FSN goals and policyobjectives.

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ZANZIBAR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION POLICY

REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT OF ZANZIBAR