Revolutions 2/12/13 OBJECTIVE: Examine “Death in the Morning”. I. Administrative Stuff -Attendance II. CONNECTIONS -questions

Revolutions 2/12/13http://students.resa.net/milewski

• OBJECTIVE: Examine “Death in the Morning”.

• I. Administrative Stuff-Attendance

• II. CONNECTIONS-questions on episode#2 “Death in the Morning”

• III. Homework due Friday 2/15/131.) Read Chapter#19 section#1 p.480-484

-Answer questions (1-7)* p.4842.) Read Chapter#19 section#2 p. 484-489

-Answer questions (1-7)* p.489*Pick 4 questions of your choice

Revolutions 2/13/13http://mrmilewski.com

• OBJECTIVE: Examine the Old Regime & the beginnings of the French Revolution.

• I. Journal#22 pt.A-Examine the Chart on p.481-Answer questions (1-2) p.481

• II. Return of Chapter#18 Test• III. Journal#22 pt.B

-notes on the French Revolution • IV. Homework due Friday 2/15/13

1.) Read Chapter#19 section#1 p.480-484-Answer questions (1-7)* p.484

2.) Read Chapter#19 section#2 p. 484-489-Answer questions (1-7)* p.489

*Pick 4 questions of your choice

The French Economic Crisis• The corrupt governments of Louis,

XIV, XV, & XVI had racked up a huge debt, and caused an economic crisis.

• Louis XVI was weak and indecisive, but he made a wise decision in choosing Jacques Necker to be his financial advisor.

• He advised the king to cut spending and tax the 1st & 2nd estates.

• The nobles were outraged and forced the King to dismiss Necker.

• As the crisis got worse, the nobles pressured the king to summon the Estates General.

http://www.swisscastles.ch/vaud/coppet/coppetphoto/JaNecker.JPG

Estates General• The Estates General was similar to

Parliament in England, but it never gained the same amount of power.

• The body was more advisory than governing.

• The Estates General called by Louis XVI was the first one to met for 175 years.

• The reasons why the King didn’t call them was because they were afraid that the throne could possibly lose some of the absolute power it had.

• Reform minded nobles sought to use the Estates General in 1789 to protect their privileged status, establish a Constitution, and make the king a limited monarch.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Ouverture_des_États_généraux_de_1789_à_Versailles.jpg

Estates General• In May 1789, the Estates General

met at Versailles.• The estates brought their list of

grievances (cahiers) to the meeting.

• Among the demands were fairer taxes, freedom of the press, and regular meetings of the Estates General.

• From the beginning, the Estates General was at an impasse over voting.

• Traditionally each estate met separately and voted as a group. This allowed the 1st & 2nd estate to out vote the 3rd estate 2 to 1.

• The 3rd estate wanted to meet together.

http://artfiles.art.com/images/-/Jan-Bulthuis/Opening-of-the-Estates-General-at-Versailles-5th-May-1789-Giclee-Print-C12067230.jpeg

National Assembly• The 3rd estate took a bold step

after weeks of stalemate.• They formed the National

Assembly, invited members of the other estates to join them in drawing up a constitution.

• A few reform minded clergy & nobles joined them.

• The National Assembly found themselves locked out of their meeting place.

• On June 20, 1789, they met on the tennis court and took the famous “Tennis Court Oath” in which they vowed not to disband until they had written a constitution.

http://sourcebook.fsc.edu/history/tenniscourtoath.jpg

Problems Continue• As the financial crisis worsened,

the King brought back Necker in early July.

• Food shortages got worse as the full effect of the poor harvest of 1788 were felt.

• On July 14, 1789, 800 Parisians assembled outside the Bastille & demanded weapons & gunpowder because it was rumored that royal troops were going to occupy the capital.

• The commander of the Bastille refused and ordered the troops to open fire on the crowd.

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/kat_anna/bastille_c%20copy1.jpg

Bastille Day• After many people were

killed, the mob was able to break through the defenses, kill the commander, 5 guards, and released some prisoners, but they found no weapons.

• When Louis XVI found out, he asked “Is this a revolt?” A noble replied, “No sire, it is a revolution.”

• This was seen as a major step against tyranny and is celebrated as a national holiday in France (July 14th)

http://www.sophiesdiary.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/bastille-2.gif

Famine• As the political crisis grew, the

food shortage grew worse.• Starving peasants from the

countryside flocked to cities were they joined the growing ranks of the unemployed.

• Those with jobs had to spend up to 80% of their income on bread.

• Rumors of bands of starving peasants terrorizing townspeople and stories of troops seizing crops led to what became known as the “Great Fear”

http://revolution-francaise.net/images/reichardt/15.jpg

Marquis de Lafayette• Peasant attacks on nobles and riots in

Paris led to the creation of the National Guard.

• The head of this mostly middle class militia that was organized in response to the arrival of royal troops in Paris was headed by the aristocrat Marquis de Lafayette.

• He was seen as a hero of the 2nd & 3rd estates.

• He had fought side by side with George Washington in the American Revolution.

• As a more radical group, the Paris Commune replaced the royalist city government whole neighborhoods could be mobilized for protests or violent actions.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marquis_de_Lafayette_3.jpg/492px-Marquis_de_Lafayette_3.jpg

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity• The uprisings and the storming

of the Bastille forced the National Assembly to act.

• On August 4, 1789, the nobles voted to end their special privileges (manor dues, hunting, special legal status, & tax exempt status).

• In late August, the assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

• It was the first step to writing a constitution and was based on the American Declaration of Independence.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg


• OBJECTIVE: Examine the women of the French Revolution.

• I. Journal#23pt.A-Examine the pictures on p.486 & 487-Answer the caption questions p.486 & 487

• II. Journal#23pt.B-notes on the women of the French Revolution

• III. Homework due TOMORROW!1.) Read Chapter#19 section#1 p.480-484


-Answer questions (1-7)* p.489*Pick 4 questions of your choice

BREAD!!!!• King Louis XVI reluctantly

accepted the reforms of the National Assembly. Which included, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” Freedom of Religion, and a tax system based on the ability to pay.

• But, as the nobles enjoyed elaborate feasts, the peasants starved.

• By the fall, anger had grown into action.

http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/2200503/2/istockphoto_2200503_french_bread_top_view.jpg

CAKE!!!• Women from Paris marched the 12

miles from Paris to Versailles in a driving rain storm.

• Once to Versailles they refused to leave until they met with the king.

• Much of the crowds anger was directed at the queen.

• Marie Antoinette was the Hapsburg empress of Austria.

• She married Louis XVI and was heavily criticized for her lavish spending.

• Even though she had encouraged her husband to compromise with moderate reformers, she was still hated.

http://www.cakesetcetera.com/images/main_cake.jpg

Marie Antoinette• When at the beginning of the

revolution it was printed that she was rumored to have said in reference to the starving people who were concerned about bread prices, “Let them eat cake.” this made people hate her even more.

• The king did meet with the women who marched on Versailles.

• He reluctantly went back to Paris with them along with his family.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/7/71/20060807092917!MarieAntoinette1769-70.jpg

The King in Paris• The King, his wife, and his son moved back to Paris and lived in the

palace in the city.• For the next 3 years he was a virtual prisoner in his own capital.• The National Assembly (mostly Bourgeoisie) also followed the king to

Paris.• The Assembly worked to draft a Constitution• The Assembly put the Catholic Church under state control and began to

sell off its assets.• The clergy became elected state employees and ended papal authority

over the French Church.• The reaction was swift. The clergy rejected the Constitution and so did

the peasants. The pope condemned it.• When the government began to punish the clergy, the peasants revolted.

Louis XVI Failed Attempt• Following the king’s failed

attempt to flee the capital, threats from other European monarch’s were issued against France.

• European monarchs were fearful of Enlightenment ideas threatening their own lives of privilege.

• Deceleration of Pilnitz – Marie Antoinette’s brother, and king of Prussia & Austria threatened to intervene to protect the French monarchy.

• The French revolutionaries took this seriously & prepared for war.

http://www.lesfrancs.com/img/louisxvi.jpg

October 1791• The newly elected legislature took

office, but would last less than a year.• The Assignats, the revolutionary

currency fell in value causing inflation.

• This caused people to hoard and the food shortage worsened.

• The legislature was seated the following way. From right to left: those on the right felt reform had gone far enough & even wanted to turn the clock back to 1788.

• Those in the middle were the moderates.

• Those to the left wanted further social change like the abolishment of the monarchy (the Jacobins).http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/0/0f/250px-Assignat_de_15_sols.jpg

French Political Spectrum• Right – Conservatives• Middle – Moderates• Left – Liberals

http://www1.freewebs.com/ssjchokobo/06_french_revolution.jpg

European Political Spectrum Today

http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/b/b7/500px-European-political-spectrum.png


• OBJECTIVE: Examine the beginnings of the Radical Days of the French Revolution.

• I. Journal#24pt.A-Examine the picture on p.492-Answer the caption question on p.492

• II. Journal#24pt.B-notes on the Radical Days of the French Revolution



-Answer questions (1-7)* p.4983.) Read Chapter#19 section#5 p.498-503

-Answer questions (1-6)* p.5034.) Chapter#19 Review*Pick 4 questions of your choice

The Left Takes Control• In April 1792, the war of words

between the European monarchs and France resulted in war.

• The left wanted to destroy tyranny (monarchy) not just in France but across Europe.

• The Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria, Prussia, Britain, and others.

• The European powers expected an easy victory over France which was divided by the revolution, but the war that begins in 1792 doesn’t end until 1815.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://astro.temple.edu/~barbday/

The Jacobins• The Jacobins tried to erase all

traces of the old order.• They renamed streets, squares,

buildings, etc.• In 1793, the Jacobins led France

into the bloodiest phase of the revolution.

• The French troops were getting decimated by well trained Prussian forces.

• The military elite (the Royalists) deserted the army and joined those in France who were trying restore the king to power (the Émigrés).

http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/csl1077l.jpg

The French Republic• The revolutionaries believed the

king was helping the foreign armies.• They also blamed those from the

former 1st & 2nd estates that were being held in prisons on political charges.

• On August 10, 1792, a group of Parisians invaded the king mansion, the Tuileries.

• The King fled to the National Assembly.

• A month later, they over ran the prisons where nobles & clergy were being held on political charges and killed them along with many common criminals.

http://cache.viewimages.com/xc/3249098.jpg?v=1&c=ViewImages&k=2&d=DCB332A6E7C66BD3D7182F440DDD28F8A55A1E4F32AD3138

French Republic• Backed by crowds of

Parisians, the radicals took control of the National Assemble.

• They called for a new election where all men could vote, not just property owing males.

• The new body, the National Convention, met in September 1792.

• They abolished the monarchy & made France a republic.

http://www.historyguide.org/images/jan21_1793.jpg

Guillotine• In August 1788 France’s

High Executioner Charles-Henri Sanson, while attempting to execute a prisoner by breaking on the wheel, was assaulted by a mob who freed the prisoner and destroyed and burned the wheel. Sensing the growing discontent Louis XVI banned the use of the wheel.[3] In 1791 as the French Revolution progressed, the National Assembly (at the suggestion of Assembly member Dr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin) sought a new method to be used on all condemned people regardless of class.

http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/f/f5/Guillotine_model_1792.jpg

The King on Trial• The National Convention

put Louis XVI on trial as a traitor in December 1792.

• He was convicted by one vote & put to death.

• In January 1793, he was beheaded.

• In October 1793, Marie Antoinette was also beheaded.

• Their son Louis XVII died of unknown causes.

http://www.pitt.edu/~med12/Louis%20XVI%20Execution.JPG

1793• The National Convention was in

trouble. France was at war with:– Britain– The Netherlands– Spain– Prussia– Vendee (region of western France

were the royalists & priests led the peasants against the gov’t)

• The sans-culottes (demanded food and relief from rising prices)

• The National Convention was divided between the Jacobins & the Girondins.

http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/MEPOD/10083421~Louis-XVII-Titular-King-of-France-1793-1795-Son-of-Louis-XVI-Posteres.jpg

Committee of Public Safety• To deal with the problems the

Convention created the 12 member Committee of Public Safety.

• They had almost absolute power and were charged with preserving the revolution.

• Many young French marched off to defend the republic.

• Young officers developed new battle tactics to win engagements with the better trained, but smaller forces.

• Soon, French armies had taken the Netherlands, and invaded Italy.

• Maximilien Robespierre, rose to the head of the Committee and battled counterrevolutionaries at home.

http://napoleonbonaparte.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/blog-portrait-robespierre.jpg

Committee of Public Safety• Maximilien Robespierre, rose to the

head of the Committee and battled counterrevolutionaries at home.

• He was a big fan of Rousseau & the concept of the General Will.

• He believed the only way to achieve liberty was through terror.

• He was the leader of the “Reign of Terror” which lasted from July 1793- July1794.

• 40,000 were killed• 15% clergy & nobles• 15% middle class• 70% sans culottes & peasants.• Many were executed & many were

cased of mistaken identity.http://napoleonbonaparte.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/blog-portrait-robespierre.jpg

Fall of the Reign of Terror• After a year of bloodshed & fearing for their own lives, the

National Convention turned on the members of the Committee of Public Safety.

• Once the leader of the reign fell from power, the executions slowed.

• In reaction to the reign of terror, a third constitution was written.• It set up a five man directory & a two house legislature elected

by property owing males.• The directory ruled from 1795 – 1799. • It was weak and corrupt• To solve the problem they turned to the military hero Napoleon.


• OBJECTIVE: Examine the rise of Napoleon.

• I. Journal#25pt.A-Examine the picture on p.495-Answer the caption question on p.495

• II. Journal#25pt.B-notes on Napoleon



-Answer questions (1-7)* p.4983.) Read Chapter#19 section#5 p.498-503

-Answer questions (1-6)* p.5034.) Chapter#19 Review*Pick 4 questions of your choice

Age of Napoleon• 1799 - Young army officer

Napoleon won control of the government.

• 1804 – He won enough power to declare himself emperor

• He issued Napoleonic Code.

• He attacked his neighbors & extended France all the way to Russia.

http://www.britishbattles.com/waterloo/images/napoleon-600.jpg

Who was Napoleon?• He was born in Corsica the

French controlled island.• His family were minor nobles,

but they had little money.• Before the beginning his autopsy

on the body of Napoleon, Antommarchi measured it. It came to 1.686 meters (you can thank the French National Assembly for the metric system)

• At age 9 he was sent to France to train for a military career.

• When the Revolution broke out he was 20.

http://www.beagoodbuzz.com/files/images/corsica-overview.gif

Napoleon’s Rise to Power• He rose to power quickly in the

army during the Revolution.• In December 1793, he drove

the Brits out of Tulon • (FYI, on this day in 1792, King

Louis XVI was put on trial).• Then he defeated the Austrians

& captured most of Northern Italy.

• He went to Egypt in 1798. Napoleon didn’t like it (got defeated)

http://www.solarnavigator.net/history/explorers_history/Napoleon_Bonaparte_young_officer.jpg

His plan to take over the world.• Military success fed his ambition & in

1799 he went from victorious general (minus Egypt) to political leader.

• In 1799, he helped overthrow the weak Directory and establish a three man Directory (Caesar).

• Another Constitution was written.

• In 1802, Napoleon was named Consul for life.

• In 1804, Napoleon took the title of Emperor.

• During his crowning at Notre Dame, he took the crown out of the Pope’s hands and placed it on his own head.

http://www.ddg.com/LIS/InfoDesignF96/Emin/napoleon/images/personal/napoleon8.jpg

Absolute Power• At each step along the

way to absolute power, he held votes to see if the French people supported him.

• The questions was always YES or NO on each plebiscite.

• Each time the French overwhelmingly supported him.

http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/Images/Glossary/Napoleon_Bonaparte.jpeg

Why did the French support Napoleon?• Modernized finances• Controlled prices• Encouraged the building of

new industry• Built infrastructure• Built schools under strict

government control to train military officers.

• Made peace with the Catholic Church (old 1st estate)

• Restoration of order welcomed.

• He was very popular.

http://www.solarnavigator.net/history/explorers_history/Napoleon_Bonapartes_portrait.jpg

As General• Napoleon moved quickly with his large

armies.• He never ran the same play twice.• He annexed (took) the Netherlands,

Belgium, and parts of Italy & Germany.• He abolished the Holy Roman Empire

& created the 38 member Confederation of the Rhine under French protection.

• Translation – “Do something I don’t like, and a French army will show up in your neighborhood.”

• He cut Prussia in half & forced other European nations to sign alliances with him.

• He made his brother the King of Spain.http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/Gifs/napoleon.gif

Napoleonic Code• Contained Enlightenment

ideas like equality, religious tolerance, & advancement on merit.

• But, women were treated as minors in the new legal system.

• Men in control satisfied Napoleon’s call for order. http://www.emersonkent.com/images/napoleonic_code.gif

Empire 1804-1814

• Napoleon divorced his wife Josephine & married a Hapsburg princess.

• The British were the only ones that had escaped French control.

• The British beat France on the seas & blockaded French ports.

• The Americans wound up fighting the British in the War of 1812.

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Revolutions 2/12/13 OBJECTIVE: Examine “Death in the Morning”. I. Administrative Stuff -Attendance II. CONNECTIONS -questions