The RenaissanceThe Renaissance

Rebirth of Greco-Roman learning Humanism - Man as a subject of culture, art and literature

The ReformationIndividualism in Christianity - Personal relationship with God

“ Grace” Dissenting sects “ National Churches”

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Method Empirical observation Experimentation “ The Mechanistic Universe” Mathematical proofs

ThE EnlightenmentThE EnlightenmentReason Individualism Social Contract Theory Inalienable Rights

Natural Law The Right of Revolution Science Liberty The Free Market

The Medieval World was a “ Throne and Altar ” society based on a Rule-Set of Feudalism and Monotheism

(in Asia the Rule-Set was Confucianism and Caste)

You were defined by your birth - serf, peasant, knight, noble - and your belief - Christianity, Islam, Judaism.

Nations did not exist yet

Kings or powerful Nobles waged DYNASTIC wars to increase their family’s holdings and power

What you did during a war depended on your station and your lord.

General religious wars called Crusades and Jihad could break out.

The Pope claimed to be the leader of all Christians.

The Caliph was the leader of all Muslims

Eventually, some religious wars saw Muslims fighting Muslims and Christians battling Christians.

Changed how mankind identified knowledge in order to better understand the universe

Dramatically sped up the rate of cultural evolution, especially technological progress.

Sir Francis Bacon 1561-1626

Novum OrganumNovum Organum Put aside old ideas, study the world and use inductive reasoning ( from specific fact to the general principal)

The Advancement of LearningThe Advancement of Learning

Knowledge is power. Practical knowledge is true knowledge

Renee Descartes 1596- 1650

Invented coordinate Geometry

Discourses on MethodDiscourses on MethodDoubt everything not reasonably proven Physical world can be measured, quantified and calculated.

Galileo Copernicus Kepler Laws of Terrestrial Motion

Heliocentric Theory

Laws of Planetary Motion

Rejected Ptolemy

Sir Isaac Newton 1642 -1727Sir Isaac Newton 1642 -1727

Invented Calculus

Discovered the Laws of Motion

Discovered the Law of Gravity

Deeply influenced Western civilization Deeply influenced Western civilization

Seek “ scientific explanations” of events proved through mathematics

Discoveries influenced Natural Law Theory of Hobbes and Locke