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By Chris Sandom
Rewilding Scotland
Photos: C. Sandom
All I see is work
Photos: C. Sandom
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
NATURAL SUSTAINABILITY
BIODIVERSITY
Rewilding = The restoration of natural processes
Photo: C. Sandom
Three Facets of Rewilding
Ecosystem Function (Spared Core Areas)
Ecosystem Service (Shared land Connectivity)
Urban Wilding (Hearts & Minds)
Community Assembly Rules
Loss of species impoverished ecosystem
With that in mind, how do we rewild this system?
The location
Sandom et al., (2012) In Fencing for conserva.on: Restric.on of evolu.onary poten.al or a riposte to threatening processes? Photo: C. Sandom
Ecosystem Architecture
ExBncBons and introducBons have resulted in a large herbivore dominated system
Mountain hare, Brown hare,
Rabbit
Lion, Leopard, SpoOed hyaena
Eurasian brown bear, Wolf, Lynx,
Wolverine
Red fox, Pine marten, Wild cat, OOer
Polecat, Stoat, Weasel, Brown rat, American Mink
Straight tusked elephant,
Hippopotamus, Forest rhino
Bison, Aurochs, Horse,
European elk
Badger, Wild boar, Red deer, Roe deer, Beaver, Sika deer, Fallow deer, Chinese water deer,
Reeves’ muntjac, Red-‐necked wallaby
Field vole, Red squirrel, Water vole, Bank vole, Hazel dormouse, Wood mouse, Yellow-‐necked mouse,
Grey squirrel, Orkney vole, Black rat, Edible dormouse, Harvest mouse, House mouse
Predators
Prey/Herbivores
Hominins
Photo: C. Sandom
What should we reintroduce?
ExBncBons and introducBons have resulted in a large herbivore dominated system
Mountain hare, Brown hare,
Rabbit
Lion, Leopard, SpoOed hyaena
Eurasian brown bear, Wolf, Lynx,
Wolverine
Red fox, Pine marten, Wild
cat
Polecat, Stoat, Weasel, Brown rat, American Mink
Straight tusked elephant,
Hippopotamus, Forest rhino
Bison, Aurochs, Horse,
European elk
Red deer, Roe deer, Beaver, Wild boar, Sika deer, Fallow deer, Chinese water deer,
Reeves’ muntjac, Red-‐necked wallaby
Field vole, Red squirrel, Water vole, Bank vole, Hazel dormouse, Wood mouse, Yellow-‐necked mouse,
Grey squirrel, Orkney vole, Black rat, Edible dormouse, Harvest mouse, House mouse
Predators
Prey/Herbivores
Hominins
Sequential Reintroduction of Species
Wolf Boar
Beaver ToBpotent state
What impact on deer density?
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0 50 100 150
05
1015
2025
Maximum wolf density (/1000 km−2)
Min
imum
dee
r den
sity
(/ k
m−2
)(a)
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0 20 40 60 80 1000
510
1520
25Time to maximum wolf density (years)
Min
imum
dee
r den
sity
(/km
−2)
(b)
Bull et al.(submiOed) Modelling whether fences can increase likelihood that the reintroducBon of an apex predator leads to funcBonal rewilding.
• Range of outcomes possible.
• Probably variable over Bme.
• Self-‐willed ecosystems.
At what rate do wild boar root?
Sandom et al. (2013) Restora.on Ecology 21(3):329-‐335.
What should we reintroduce?
ExBncBons and introducBons have resulted in a large herbivore dominated system
Mountain hare, Brown hare,
Rabbit
Lion, Leopard, SpoOed hyaena
Eurasian brown bear, Wolf, Lynx,
Wolverine
Red fox, Pine marten, Wild
cat
Polecat, Stoat, Weasel, Brown rat, American Mink
Straight tusked elephant,
Hippopotamus, Forest rhino
Bison, Aurochs, Horse,
European elk
Red deer, Roe deer, Beaver, Wild boar, Sika deer, Fallow deer, Chinese water deer,
Reeves’ muntjac, Red-‐necked wallaby
Field vole, Red squirrel, Water vole, Bank vole, Hazel dormouse, Wood mouse, Yellow-‐necked mouse,
Grey squirrel, Orkney vole, Black rat, Edible dormouse, Harvest mouse, House mouse
Predators
Prey/Herbivores
Hominins
Restoring the system to a totipotent state
?
Photos: C. Sandom Photos: M. Hansen
?
Thank You
Prof. David Macdonald Dr. Joelene Hughes
Joe Bull
Prof. Jens-Christian Svenning
Dr. Rasmus Ejrnæs Morten D.D. Hansen
Dr. Søren Faurby Dr. Brody Sandel
Funding: 15. Juni Fonden
European Nature Trust
Paul Lister Hugh Fullerton-Smith
Innes McNeil David Clark
And everyone there
Photo: C. Sandom
Questions
• Is it natural and typical to have a non-top down impacted large herbivore guild?
• If so, if total biomass of mega, large, meso herbivores is the same is there a difference in ecosystem function?
• If we want to establish a system that is biodiverse, rich in ecosystem services and self-sustainingly totipotent what species should we reintroduce and in what sequence?
