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RICE
Air Toxics Health Effects and Development of
Standards
Matt FraserCivil and EnvironmentalEngineering Department
Overview
• Review of Ambient Measurements of Air Toxics
• Current Air Toxics Regulations
•Research Agenda for HEI Funded Project
•(Air Toxics Apportionment Work at Rice University)
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Current Air Toxics Regulations
• Emission standards NESHAPs (Title V CAAA 1990)
regulate pollution control equipment for specific
industries and sources of hazardous air pollutants
• Does not preclude state regulations of ambient concentrations of air toxics
• Texas has established Effects Screening Levels (ESLs) that are evaluated in permitting process
usually set at 1% of threshold limit values
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Other State Approaches• California
10-6 carcinogenicity risk plus reference exposure level establishedby the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
• ConnecticutHazardous limiting values established as ambient air concentrationsby Commissioner of Health Services
• LouisianaCarcinogenicity risk not to exceed 10-4 for regulated HAPS
• Massachusetts115 health based allowable ambient levels
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Other State Approaches• Michigan
Initial Threshold Screening Level set by State. Then carcinogenicity not to exceed 10-6.
• New JerseyCarcinogenicity risk not to exceed 10-6 for regulated HAPS
• North CarolinaState has set acceptable ambient pollutant levels. If exceed these levels outside facility property, must show “maximum feasible control”.
• Rhode IslandAmbient concentrations not to exceed benchmarks set by State based on RfC from EPA’s IRIS, CARBs REL and New York acceptable levels
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HEI Funding• One year funding for six academic institutions
Rice, Baylor College of Medicine, UT School of Public Health, UTMB Galveston, Univ. Houston, Texas Southern Univ.
• Five Tasks-Identify and collect air toxics standards from other states and
other governmental agencies
-Determine health effect basis for existing standards in other jurisdictions
-Review toxicological endpoint information and epidemiological studies of health effects of air toxics
-Compile local data on air toxics sources and ambient levels
-Provide guidance on the chemicals that are of concern, their health impacts, and how standards could be implemented
Positive Matrix Factorization of Auto-GC Data for Source Attribution
• Use statistical correlations in time series to determine sources of VOCs
• Studied three sites: Wallisville Rd, HRM-3 and Lynchberg Ferry
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Representative Source Profiles
Petrochemical Production
00.020.040.060.08
0.10.120.14
Eth
an
eE
thyl
en
eP
rop
an
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rop
yle
ne
Ace
tyle
ne
n-B
uta
ne
Iso
bu
tan
et-
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ute
ne
c-2
-Bu
ten
e1
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uta
die
ne
n-P
en
tan
et-
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en
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ec-
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en
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-Me
thyl
pe
nta
ne
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exa
ne
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ep
tan
en
-Oct
an
en
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na
ne
n-D
eca
ne
Cyc
lop
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tan
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op
ren
e2
,2-
2,4
-C
yclo
he
xan
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-2
,3,4
-3
-Me
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ne
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cycl
oh
exa
ne
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op
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tan
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eth
ylh
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ne
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ute
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-n
-Un
de
can
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pta
ne
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ne
+ m
-B
en
zen
eT
olu
en
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thyl
Be
nze
ne
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yle
ne
1,3
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1,2
,4-
n-P
rop
ylb
en
zen
eIs
op
rop
yl B
en
zen
eo
-eth
ylto
lue
ne
m-E
thyl
tolu
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ep
-Eth
ylto
lue
ne
p-D
ieth
ylb
en
zen
eS
tyre
ne
1,2
,3-
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Representative Source Profiles
Refinery
00.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.08
Eth
ane
Eth
ylen
eP
ropa
neP
ropy
lene
Ace
tyle
nen-
But
ane
Isob
utan
et-
2-B
uten
ec-
2-B
uten
e1,
3-B
utad
iene
n-P
enta
net-
2-P
ente
nec-
2-P
ente
ne3-
Met
hylp
enta
nen-
Hex
ane
n-H
epta
nen-
Oct
ane
n-N
onan
en-
Dec
ane
Cyc
lope
ntan
eIs
opre
ne2,
2-2,
4-C
yclo
hexa
ne3-
Met
hylh
exan
e2,
2,4-
2,3,
4-3-
Met
hylh
epta
neM
ethy
lcyc
lohe
xM
ethy
lcyc
lope
nt2-
Met
hylh
exan
e1-
But
ene
2,3-
2-M
ethy
lpen
tane
2,3-
n-U
ndec
ane
2-M
ethy
lhep
tane
p-X
ylen
e +
m-
Ben
zene
Tol
uene
Eth
yl B
enze
neo-
Xyl
ene
1,3,
5-1,
2,4- n-
Isop
ropy
lo-
ethy
ltolu
ene
m-E
thyl
tolu
ene
p-E
thyl
tolu
ene p-
Sty
rene
1,2,
3-
RICE
Lynchberg Source Attribution
• Refinery: 115 ppbC
• Petrochemical Production: 83 ppbC
• Gasoline Evaporation: 71 ppbc
• Natural Gas: 68 ppbC
• Aromatics: 63 ppbC
• Other Industrial: 13 ppbC
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Petrochemical Production
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 11 20 7 16 1 12 21 9 18 5 14 23 10 19 6 15
Temporal Variability in Source Strength
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Combining Source and with Met Data:
Conditional Probability Function
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Comparison to Inventory:
TCEQ Speciated Point Source Data
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Petrochemical Conditional Probability Function
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Petrochemical Point Source Emission Inventory Data
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2003 Benzene Data Annual Concentration vs. Wind Direction
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2003 Benzene Data at HRM-3 Comparison of Ambient Data versus Inventory
Ambient Data Inventory Data