Rich to PoorRich to Poor CarsCars VacationsVacations FoodFood MoneyMoney

BillBill Driver Driver EuropeEurope Chief/MaidChief/Maid Give it aGive it aGates Gates other countriesother countries awayaway

MiddleMiddle BMW, LexusBMW, Lexus Large City, Large City, Restaurant InvestingRestaurant InvestingClass Class Mercedes Beach, MountainsMercedes Beach, Mountains College College

Poor Poor BUS, Friend no vacations simple meals Winning BUS, Friend no vacations simple meals Winning family reunion the lotteryfamily reunion the lottery

Other things that are very different: Other things that are very different: clothes, social interactions, etc.clothes, social interactions, etc.

Chapter 5Chapter 5Creating a Buffer ColonyCreating a Buffer Colony

GPSGPS: : Explain the importance of James Oglethorpe, the Explain the importance of James Oglethorpe, the

charter of 1732, the reasons for settlement charter of 1732, the reasons for settlement (charity, economics, defense), Tomochichi, Mary (charity, economics, defense), Tomochichi, Mary

Musgrove, and the city of Savannah.Musgrove, and the city of Savannah.

Essential QuestionEssential Question: : How was the founding/evolution of the How was the founding/evolution of the

Georgia colony unique?Georgia colony unique?

Video

Reasons for the ColonyThreats from Spanish Spanish encourage Native Americans to

attack Charles TownFort King George built to protect

Carolina border; abandoned 1728

What other countries do you think the Carolinas need protection from?

Hard Times in EnglandJames Edward Oglethorpe -member, British

Parliament England overcrowded, people unable to pay

debts imprisoned (Robert Castill) Oglethorpe favors prison reform, wants debtors’

colony-give debtors fresh start, colony could sell materials to England and protect Charles Town

Why do you think Oglethorpe favored prison reform?

The Creation of Georgia Oglethorpe, 20 other prominent men—

trustees-draft charter in 1730 Propose colony name “Georgia” after King

George II; three purposes of GA colony:1-charitable: relief for debtors, “worthy poor”2-economic: self-supporting, providing cheap

resources for England3-defensive: protective barrier between

Florida-Charles Town King signs charter, grants lands southwest of

Carolina, June 9, 1732Which purpose do you think the king is most concerned about?

The Creation of Georgia Colonists offered free passage, 50 acres, 1 year

support for family 500 acres tax-free for 10 years for those who

can pay passage Many “worthy poor” —artisans, businessmen

—apply instead of debtors “Resident Trustee” Oglethorpe pays own

way, leads colony

New Rules for a New Colony Trustees cannot own land in Georgia,

do not make profit All colonists get same amount of land

so social classes do not formHard liquor, slavery, Catholics,

and lawyers not allowed Land cannot be sold or borrowed

against; only men can inherit

Why do you think the trustees do not want social classes to form?

Sailing to GeorgiaSailing to Georgia Ship Ann sets sail November 17, 1732,

with 115 passengers Two months to cross Atlantic; travel

conditions poor Oglethorpe meets with Royal Governor

of South Carolina-wants protection from Spanish

and Yamasee Indians

What kind of problems might occur in during the voyage that might cause someone to get sick or die?

Establishing the ColonyEstablishing the ColonyYamacraw Bluff —spot near Savannah

River chosen for colony-becomes town of Savannah

John and Mary Musgrove own trading post near Yamacraw

John: son of Colonel John Musgrove of South Carolina

Mary: born “Cousaponakeesa” to white trader and Creek Indian

Musgroves have a trade monopoly with the Yamacraw, Charlestown colonist.

Chief TomochichiTomochichi is chief of Yamacraw; part of

Creek Confederacy Musgroves help Oglethorpe negotiate

treaty with Tomochichi Georgia guard prepares area, colonists

arrive February 1, 1733

Tomochichi lived into his late 90’s and a large granite stone commemorating his life was placed near his burial site in Savannah

Negotiating with the CreekNegotiating with the Creek Oglethorpe meets with Creek chiefs to

establish peace After three days, Treaty of Savannah

signed:1-colonists receive land, prices set for trade2-Creek will return escaped slaves to South Carolina3-promise that colonists will not take other Creek lands

Continued help from friendsContinued help from friends Musgroves translate, negotiate between

colonists and natives Allow Oglethorpe to use employees as

assistants Oglethorpe takes Musgroves, Tomochichi to

England in 1734 Tomochichi impressed by King, trustees; Creek,

English ally Oglethorpe and Creek chiefs sign Treaty of

Coweta in 1739-chiefs vow loyalty to George II, reconfirm 1733 land grant

Establishing SavannahEstablishing Savannah Colonists work as group and build

palisade—strong wooden wall of defense around compound

Savannah layout based on Azilia design Four district with open public square in each

-public buildings in each corner, house lots

surround square Fort Argyle along Ogeechee River first of 7

forts to protect Savannah Scots Highlanders build fort near Altamaha River, February 1736 -name area Darien, name town New Inverness

More residents for the ColonyMore residents for the Colony

Settlers continue to arrive, including three religious groups:

-Moravians—Protestants from Czechoslovakia

-Salzburgers—Austrian, near German border

-Jews from Portugal—initially, trustees prohibited Jewish settlers All groups had been persecuted in

original countries

Religion in the ColoniesReligion in the Colonies Trustees afraid Catholic settlers may ally

with Spanish in Florida Oglethorpe brings ministers, two

brothers, in 1736John Wesley —founds Methodist

movementCharles Wesley —Oglethorpe’s secretary,

chaplain at Fort FredericaGeorge Whitefield comes on later trip;

founds Bethesda Home for Boys

Augusta FoundedAugusta Founded Communications between Savannah,

Charles Town begins October 1734 Secure settlement between towns

needed as trade grows Oglethorpe completes way station north

of Savannah, June 1736-names site Augusta in honor of

Princess Augusta of Wales

Discontent Among the ColonistsDiscontent Among the ColonistsLand Trustees won’t trade poor land for better land Difficult to grow crops requested by England Colonists cannot sell, trade land; women can’t

inheritSlaves Farmers able to grow rice, indigo, but crops are

labor-intensive Envy profitability of South Carolina crops using

slave laborRum Banned, available in other colonies; item of

trade with Native Americans

Hardships take tollHardships take toll Colonists are unprepared for life in new

colony Soil, climate wrong for intended crops Trustees mock complainers; some

colonists leave for South Carolina

Defending the New ColonyDefending the New ColonyWilliam Stephens arrives in 1736 to

assist Oglethorpe Georgia divided into two counties.

Stephens in charge of Savannah, Oglethorpe in charge of Frederica

War of Jenkins’ Ear; Spanish guard cut off British officer’s ear; Britain declares war on Spain,1739

European conflict carried to the European conflict carried to the coloniescolonies

Oglethorpe invades Florida in 1740, aided by Native American allies

Spanish reinforcements arrive, Georgians retreat to Fort St. Simons

Minor fighting for two years, Spanish take Fort St. Simons in 1742

Oglethorpe evacuates, Spanish take fort

Spain is turned backSpain is turned back

Oglethorpe greatly outnumbered—650 to 2,000—but must defeat Spanish

Two small units ambush Spanish on march to Fort Frederica

Ambush—the Battle of Bloody Marsh —takes less than hour

Spanish retreat to St. Augustine three days later

England’s claim on Georgia land is now undisputed

Changes in LeadershipChanges in Leadership Despite victory, trustees and settlers

unhappy with Oglethorpe who returns to England. William Stephens new leader

Changing the RulesChanging the RulesLand 50-acre rule frustrates colonists, they want

larger farms Land limit increased to 2,000 acres, women

may now inherit propertyRum Rum drinking, sale allowed in 1742; valuable for

trading with nativesSlavery Some colonists asking for slavery since colony’s

start Slavery legalized in 1751; Scots Highlanders

and Salzburgers oppose

Becoming a Royal ColonyBecoming a Royal Colony

Trustees return colony to king in 1752 a year before charter expires

George II names John Reynolds first royal governor (1754)

Royal government: governor, 12-man council, legislature-council advises governor: forms Assembly’s Upper House, Court of Error-19 colonists elected to Commons House of Assembly, later 25

The Assembly takes ActionThe Assembly takes Action

First assembly meets on January 7, 1755

Reorganizes militia, funds roads, bridges; creates paper bills of credit

Establishes list of 10 crimes punishable by death

Approves first slave code—basis for all future Georgia slavery laws

A change of governorsA change of governors Reynolds disliked; tries to move capital, refuses advice from council Henry Ellis replaces him, 1758; inherits weak,

infighting colony Restores colony in three years; is well-liked,

respected-reforms government, divides Georgia into

parishes, settles land claims-keeps Creek neutral during French and Indian

War Resigns in early 1761, Lieutenant Governor

James Wright replaces him

A voice in governmentA voice in governmentColonists Have Voice in Government Commons House of Assembly gave colonists

political voice Forming Parishes Georgia divided into 8 districts—parishes—

similar to modern counties-primarily for organizaton; religious,

military bodies-members pay tax for church, poor

England has hands-off policy—“salutary neglect”—toward colonies

Colonists handle their own problems, Parliament’s laws rarely enforced