Richard Lindzen - Climate Change

8/8/2019 Richard Lindzen - Climate Change

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Richard S. Lindzen

Born8 February 1940Webster, Massachusetts

Fields Atmospheric physics

Institutions Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Alma mater Harvard University

Doctoral

advisorRichard M. Goody

Notable

students

Siu-shung Hong, John Boyd, Edwin K.

Schneider, Jeffrey M. Forbes, Ka-Kit Tung,

Daniel Kirk-Davidoff, Christopher Snyder,

Gerard Roe

Known for Dynamic Meteorology, Atmospheric tides,

Ozone photochemistry, quasi-biennial

oscillation, Iris hypothesis

Notable

awards

NCAR Outstanding Publication Award, Member

of the NAS, AMS Meisinger Award, AMS

Charney Award, AGU Macelwane Award, Leo

Prize of the Wallin Foundation

Richard Lindzen

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Richard Siegmund Lindzen (born February 8, 1940,

Webster, Massachusetts) is an American atmospheric

physicist and Alfred P. Sloan Professor of

Meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology. Lindzen is known for his work in the

dynamics of the middle atmosphere, atmospheric tides

and ozone photochemistry. He has published more

than 200 scientific papers and books.[1] He was a lead

author of Chapter 7, 'Physical Climate Processes and

Feedbacks,' of the IPCC Third Assessment Report on

climate change. He is a well known skeptic of global

warming[2] and critic of what he states are political

pressures on climate scientists to conform to climatealarmism.[3]

Contents

1 Education

2 Career

3 Early work (1964-1972)

3.1 Ozone photochemistry

3.2 Atmospheric tides

3.3 The quasi-biennial oscillation

3.4 The superrotation of Venus

4 Middle period (1972-1990)

5 Recent work (1990-present)

5.1 Climate sensitivity

5.2 NAS panel

5.3 IPCC activities

5.4 Kyoto Accord

6 Views on climate change

6.1 Third-party characterizations of

Lindzen

7 Awards and honors

8 See also

9 References

10 External links

Education

rd Lindzen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard

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Lindzen attended the Bronx High School of Science and after winning Regents' and National Merit Scholarships

the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and then Harvard University.[4] From Harvard, he received an A.B. in

Physics in 1960, followed by an S.M. in Applied Mathematics in 1961 and then a Ph.D., also in Applied

Mathematics, in 1964. His thesis, entitled Radiative and photochemical processes in strato- and mesospheric

dynamics, concerned the interactions of ozone photochemistry, radiative transfer, and dynamics in the middle

atmosphere.

Career

Lindzen has published papers on Hadley circulation, monsoon meteorology, planetary atmospheres,

hydrodynamic instability, mid-latitude weather, global heat transport, the water cycle, ice ages, seasonal

atmospheric effects. His main contribution to the academic literature on anthropogenic climate change is his

proposal of the iris hypothesis in 2001, with co-authors Ming-Dah Chou and Arthur Y. Hou.[5][6] He is a

member of the National Academy of Sciences and the Science, Health, and Economic Advisory Council at the

Annapolis Center for Science-Based Public Policy. Educated at Harvard University (Ph.D., '64, S.M., '61, A.B.,

'60), he moved to MIT in 1983, prior to which he held positions at the University of Washington (1964–1965),

Institute for Theoretical Meteorology, University of Oslo (1965–1966), National Center for Atmospheric

Research (NCAR) (1966–1967), University of Chicago (1968–1972) and Harvard University (1972–1983). Healso briefly held a position of Visiting Lecturer at UCLA in 1967.

[7]As of January 2010, his publications list

included 230 papers and articles published between 1965 and 2008, with five in process for 2009. He is the

author of a standard textbook on atmospheric dynamics, and co-authored the monograph Atmospheric Tides

with Sydney Chapman.[8]

Early work (1964-1972)

Lindzen's early work was concerned with ozone photochemistry, the aerodynamics of the middle atmosphere,

the theory of atmospheric tides, and planetary waves. His work in these areas led him to a number of

fundamental mathematical and scientific discoveries, including the discovery of negative equivalent depths inclassical tidal theory, explanations for both the quasi-biennial oscillation of the Earth's stratosphere and the four

day period of the superrotation of the Venus atmosphere above the cloud top.

Ozone photochemistry

His Ph.D. thesis of 1964 concerned the interactions of ozone photochemistry, radiative transfer and the

dynamics of the middle atmosphere. This formed the basis of his seminal Radiative and Photochemical

Processes in Mesospheric Dynamics that was published in four parts in the Journal of the Atmospheric

Sciences between 1965 and 1966.[9][10][11][12] The first of these, Part I: Models for Radiative and

Photochemical Processes, was co-authored with his Harvard colleague and former Ph.D. thesis advisor, RichardM. Goody, who is well-known for his 1964 textbook Atmospheric Radiation.[13] The Lindzen and Goody

(1965) study has been widely cited as foundational in the exact modeling of middle atmosphere ozone

photochemistry. This work was extended in 1973 to include the effects of nitrogen and hydrogen reactions with

his former Ph.D. student, Donna Blake, in Effect of photochemical models on calculated equilibria and cooling

rates in the stratosphere.[14]

Lindzen's work on ozone photochemistry has been important in studies that look at the effects that

anthropogenic ozone depletion will have on climate.[15]


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Atmospheric tides

Since the time of Laplace (1799),[16]

scientists had been puzzled as to why pressure variations measured at the

Earth's surface associated with the semi-diurnal solar tide dominate those of the diurnal tide in amplitude, when

intuitively one would expect the diurnal (daily) passage of the sun to dominate. Lord Kelvin (1882) had

proposed the so-called "resonance" theory, wherein the semi-diurnal tide would be "selected" over the diurnal

oscillation if the atmosphere was somehow able to oscillate freely at a period of very close to 12 hours, in the

same way that overtones are selected on a vibrating string. By the second half of the twentieth century,however, observations had failed to confirm this hypothesis, and an alternative hypothesis was proposed that

something must instead suppress the diurnal tide. In 1961, Manfred Siebert suggested that absorption of solar

insolation by tropospheric water vapour might account for the reduction of the diurnal tide.[17] However, he

failed to include a role for stratospheric ozone. This was rectified in 1963 by the Australian physicist Stuart

Thomas Butler and his student K.A. Small who showed that stratospheric ozone absorbs an even greater part of

the solar insolation.[18]

Nevertheless, the predictions of classical tidal theory still did not agree with observations. It was Lindzen, in his

1966 paper, On the theory of the diurnal tide,[19] who showed that the solution set of Hough functions given by

Bernard Haurwitz

[20]

to Laplace's tidal equation was incomplete: modes with negative equivalent depths hadbeen omitted.[21] Lindzen went on to calculate the thermal response of the diurnal tide to ozone and water

vapor absorption in detail and showed that when his theoretical developments were included, the surface

pressure oscillation was predicted with approximately the magnitude and phase observed, as were most of the

features of the diurnal wind oscillations in the mesosphere.[22] In 1967, along with his NCAR colleague,

Douglas D. McKenzie, Lindzen extended the theory to include a term for Newtonian cooling due to emission of

infrared radiation by carbon dioxide in the stratosphere along with ozone photochemical processes,[23] and then

in 1968 he showed that the theory also predicted that the semi-diurnal oscillation would be insensitive to

variations in the temperature profile, which is why it is observed so much more strongly and regularly at the

surface.[24]

While holding the position of Research Scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in

Boulder, Colorado, Lindzen was noticed and befriended by Professor Sydney Chapman, who had contributed to

the theory of atmospheric tides in a number of papers from the 1920s through to the 1940s. This led to their joint

publication in 1969 of a 186 page monograph (republished in 1970 as a book) Atmospheric Tides.[25][26]

The quasi-biennial oscillation

Although it wasn't realized at the time, the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) was observed during the 1883

eruption of Krakatoa, when the ash from the volcano was transported around the globe from east to west by

stratospheric winds in about two weeks. These winds became known as the "Krakatoa easterlies". It was

observed again in 1908, by the German meteorologist Arthur Berson, who saw that winds blow from the west at15 km (9.32 mi) altitude in tropical Africa from his balloon experiments. These became known as the "Berson

westerlies." However, it was not until the early 1960s that the ~ 26 month cycle of the QBO was first described,

independently by Richard J. Reed in 1960 and Veryhard and Ebdon in 1961.

Lindzen recalls his discovery of the mechanism underlying the QBO in the semi-autobiographical review article,

On the development of the theory of the QBO.[27] His interest in the phenomenon began in 1961 when his Ph.D

advisor, Richard M. Goody, speculated that the 26 month relaxation time for stratospheric ozone at 25 km

(15.53 mi) in the tropics might somehow be related to the 26 month period of the QBO, and suggested

investigation of this idea as a thesis topic. In fact, Lindzen's, Radiative and photochemical processes in


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mesospheric dynamics, Part II: Vertical propagation of long period disturbances at the equator , documented

the failure of this attempt to explain the QBO.[28]

Lindzen's work on atmospheric tides led him to the study of planetary waves and the general circulation of

atmospheres. By 1967, he had contributed a number papers on the theory of waves in the middle atmosphere. In

Planetary waves on beta planes, he developed a beta plane approximation for simplifying the equations of

classical tidal theory, whilst at the same time developing planetary wave relations. He noticed from his equations

that eastward-traveling waves (known as Rossby waves since their discovery in 1939 by Carl-Gustav Rossby)

and westward-traveling waves (which Lindzen himself helped in establishing as "atmospheric Kelvin waves")

with periods less than five days were "vertically trapped." At the same time, an important paper by Booker and

Bretherton (1967) appeared, which Lindzen read with great interest. Booker and Bretherton showed that

vertically propagating gravity waves were completely absorbed at a critical level.

In his 1968 paper with James R. Holton, A theory of the quasi-biennial oscillation,[29] Lindzen presented his

theory of the QBO after testing it in a two-dimensional (2-D) numerical model that had been developed by

Holton and John M. Wallace.[30] They showed that the QBO could be driven by vertically propagating gravity

waves with phase speeds in both westward and eastward directions and that the oscillation arose through a

mechanism involving a two-way feedback between the waves and the mean flow. It was a bold conjecture,

given that there was very little observational evidence available to either confirm or confute the hypothesis. Inparticular, there was still no observational evidence of the westward-traveling "Kelvin" waves; Lindzen

postulated their existence theoretically.[31]

In the years following the publication of Lindzen and Holton (1968), more observational evidence became

available, and Lindzen's fundamental insight into the mechanism driving the QBO was confirmed. However, the

theory of interaction via critical level absorption was found to be incorrect and was replaced by attenuation due

to radiative cooling. The revised theory was published in the Holton and Lindzen (1972) paper, An updated

theory for the quasibiennial cycle of the tropical stratosphere.[32]

The superrotation of Venus

Since the 1960s a puzzling phenomenon has been observed in the atmosphere of Venus whereat the atmosphere

above the cloud base is seen to travel around the planet about 50 times faster than the rotation of the planet

surface, or in only four to five Earth-days.[33] In 1974 a theory was proposed by Stephen B. Fels and Lindzen to

explain this so-called "superrotation" which held that the rotation is driven by the thermal atmospheric tide.[34]

An alternative theory was proposed by Peter J. Gierasch in the following year which held instead that the

meridional (Hadley) circulation may transport the momentum by eddy-mixing.[35] The actual cause of this

phenomenon continues to be debated in the literature, with GCM experiments suggesting that both the

Fels/Lindzen and Gierasch mechanisms are involved.[36]

Middle period (1972-1990)

Recent work (1990-present)

Climate sensitivity

Lindzen hypothesized that the Earth may act like an infrared iris. A sea surface temperature increase in the

tropics would result in reduced cirrus clouds and thus more infrared radiation leakage from Earth's


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atmosphere.[37] This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of CO2 warming

by lowering the climate sensitivity. Satellite data from CERES has led researchers investigating Lindzen's theory

to conclude that the Iris effect would instead warm the atmosphere.[38][39] Lindzen has expressed his concern

over the validity of computer models used to predict future climate change. Lindzen said that predicted warming

may be overestimated because of inadequate handling of the climate system's water vapor feedback. The

feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur

with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide. Lindzen said that the water vapor feedback could

act to nullify future warming.[40]

Contrary to the IPCC's assessment, Lindzen said that climate models areinadequate. Despite accepted errors in their models, e.g., treatment of clouds, modelers still thought their climate

predictions were valid.[41] Lindzen has stated that due to the non-linear effects of carbon dioxide in the

atmosphere, CO2 levels are now around 30% higher than pre-industrial levels but temperatures have responded

by about 75% 0.6 °C (1.08 °F) of the expected value for a doubling of CO2. The IPCC (2007) estimates that the

expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.40 °F). Lindzen gave an estimate of

the Earth's climate sensitivity of less than 1 degree Celsius. Lindzen based this estimate on how the climate had

responded to volcanic eruptions. James E. Hansen, a climate scientist at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies,

estimated a climate sensitivity of 3–4 degrees Celsius based on evidence from ice cores.[41].

NAS panel

In 2001 Lindzen served on an 11-member panel organized by the National Academy of Sciences.[42] The panel's

report, entitled Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions,[43] has been widely cited.

Lindzen subsequently publicly criticized the report summary for leaving out doubts about the weight that could

be placed on 20 years of temperature records.[44]

IPCC activities

Lindzen worked on Chapter 7 of 2001 IPCC Working Group 1, which considers the physical processes that are

active in real world climate. He had previously been a contributor to Chapter 4 of the 1995 "IPCC SecondAssessment." He described the full 2001 IPCC report as "an admirable description of research activities in

climate science"[45] although he criticized the Summary for Policymakers. Lindzen stated in May 2001 that it

did not truly summarize the IPCC report[46] but had been amended to state more definite conclusions.[47] He

also emphasized the fact that the summary had not been written by scientists alone. The NAS panel on which

Lindzen served says that the summary was the result of dialogue between scientists and policymakers.[48][49]

Kyoto Accord

Of the Kyoto Accord, he claims there is no "controversy over the fact that the Kyoto Protocol, itself, will do

almost nothing to stabilize CO2. Capping CO2 emissions per unit of electricity generated will have a negligibleimpact on CO2 levels."[50] Although he accepts that the warming has occurred, he said in 2004 that "global

mean temperature is about 0.6 degrees Celsius higher than it was a century ago".[45] The IPCC Third

Assessment report (2001) stated that there had been 0.6 °C (1.080 °F) warming in the previous century.

Views on climate change

In a 2007 interview on the Larry King Show, Lindzen said:[51]


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“"we're talking of a few tenths of a degree change in temperature. None of it in the last eight

years, by the way. And if we had warming, it should be accomplished by less storminess. But

because the temperature itself is so unspectacular, we have developed all sorts of fear of

prospect scenarios -- of flooding, of plague, of increased storminess when the physics says we

should see less.

I think it's mainly just like little kids locking themselves in dark closets to see how much they can

scare each other and themselves." ”

In a 2009 editorial in the Wall Street Journal, Lindzen points out that the earth was just emerging from the

"Little Ice Age" in the 19th century and concludes that it is "not surprising" to see warming after that. He goes

on to state that the IPCC claims were[52]

“"based on the weak argument that the current models used by the IPCC couldn't reproduce the

warming from about 1978 to 1998 without some forcing, and that the only forcing that they

could think of was man. Even this argument assumes that these models adequately deal with

natural internal variability—that is, such naturally occurring cycles as El Nino, the Pacific

Decadal Oscillation, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, etc.

Yet articles from major modeling centers acknowledged that the failure of these models to

anticipate the absence of warming for the past dozen years was due to the failure of these

models to account for this natural internal variability. Thus even the basis for the weak IPCC

argument for anthropogenic climate change was shown to be false." ”

Third-party characterizations of Lindzen

The New York Times article included the comments of several other experts. Jerry Mahlman, director of the

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, did not accept Lindzen's assessment of the science, and said thatLindzen had "sacrificed his luminosity by taking a stand that most of us feel is scientifically unsound." Mahlman

did, however, admit that Lindzen was a "formidable opponent." William Gray of Colorado State University

basically agreed with Lindzen, describing him as "courageous." He said, "A lot of my older colleagues are very

skeptical on the global warming thing." He added that whilst he regarded some of Lindzen's views as flawed, he

said that, "across the board he's generally very good." John Wallace of the University of Washington agreed with

Lindzen that progress in climate change science had been exaggerated, but said there are "relatively few

scientists who are as skeptical of the whole thing as Dick [Lindzen] is."[40]

The November 10, 2004 online version of Reason magazine reported that Lindzen is "willing to take bets that

global average temperatures in 20 years will in fact be lower than they are now."[53] James Annan, a scientist

involved in climate prediction, contacted Lindzen to arrange a bet. Annan and Lindzen exchanged proposals for

bets, but were unable to agree. Lindzen's final proposal was a bet that if the temperature change were less than

0.2 °C (0.36 °F), he would win. If the temperature change were between 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) and 0.4 °C (0.72 °F)

the bet would be off, and if the temperature change were 0.4 °C (0.72 °F) or greater, Annan would win. He

would take 2 to 1 odds.[54]

Lindzen has been characterized as a contrarian, in relation to climate change and other issues. [55][56][57]

Lindzen's graduate students describe him as "fiercely intelligent, with a deep contrarian streak." [58]


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Awards and honors

Lindzen is a recipient of the American Meteorological Society's Meisinger and Charney Awards, American

Geophysical Union's Macelwane Medal, and the Leo Prize from the Wallin Foundation in Goteborg, Sweden. He

is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), and the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters,

and was named Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the

Advancement of Sciences, the American Geophysical Union, and the American Meteorological Society. He is a

corresponding member of the NAS Committee on Human Rights, and a member of the United States NationalResearch Council Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate. He was a consultant to the Global Modeling and

Simulation Group at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, and a Distinguished Visiting Scientist at California

Institute of Technology's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Lindzen is an ISI highly cited researcher,[59] and his

biography has been included in American Men and Women of Science.[60]

See also

Scientists opposing the mainstream scientific assessment of global warming

References

^ "Curriculum Vitae of Richard Siegmund Lindzen" (http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/CV.pdf) . http://www-

eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/CV.pdf. Retrieved 16 June 2009.

1.

^ Stevens, William K. (June 18, 1996). "SCIENTIST AT WORK: Richard S. Lindzen;A Skeptic Asks, Is It Getting

Hotter, Or Is It Just the Computer Model?" (http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/18/science/scientist-work-richard-

s-lindzen-skeptic-asks-it-getting-hotter-it-just-computer.html?pagewanted=1) . The New York Times.

http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/18/science/scientist-work-richard-s-lindzen-skeptic-asks-it-getting-hotter-it-just-

computer.html?pagewanted=1. Retrieved May 22, 2010.

2.

^ http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=1100082203.

^ Eilperin, J. (October 2007). "An Inconvenient Expert" (http://outsideonline.com/outside/culture/200710/richard-

lindzen-1.html) . http://outsideonline.com/outside/culture/200710/richard-lindzen-1.html.

4.

^ "Publications" (http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/PublicationsRSL.html) . http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty

/lindzen/PublicationsRSL.html. Retrieved 2007-04-05.

5.

^ Lindzen, R.S., M.-D. Chou, and A.Y. Hou (2001). "Does the Earth have an adaptive infrared iris?"

(http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/adinfriris.pdf) . Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 82: 417–432.

doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0417:DTEHAA>2.3.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org

/10.1175%2F1520-0477%282001%29082%3C0417%3ADTEHAA%3E2.3.CO%3B2) . http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty

/lindzen/adinfriris.pdf.

6.

^ "Curriculum Vitae, Richard Siegmund Lindzen" (http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/CV.pdf) . June 1, 2008.

http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/CV.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-18.

7.

^ "Richard Lindzen's Publications" (http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/PublicationsRSL.html) . http://www-

eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/PublicationsRSL.html. Retrieved January 17, 2010.

8.

^ Lindzen, R.S. and R.M. Goody (1965). "Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics: Part I.

Models for radiative and photochemical processes" (http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/raphprmdy1.pdf) . J. Atmos.

Sci. 22: 341–348. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0341:RAPPIM>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org

/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281965%29022%3C0341%3ARAPPIM%3E2.0.CO%3B2) . http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty

/lindzen/raphprmdy1.pdf. See also Lindzen, R.S. (1965). "The radiative-photochemical response of the mesosphere

to fluctuations in radiation" (http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpremeflra.pdf) . J. Atmos. Sci.: 469–478.

http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpremeflra.pdf.

9.

^ Lindzen, R.S. (1966). "Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics: Part II. Vertical

propagation of long period disturbances at the equator" (http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpprIIpdeq.pdf) . J.

Atmos. Sci. 23: 334–343. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0334:RAPPIM>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org


10.


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/lindzen/rpprIIpdeq.pdf.

^ Lindzen, R.S. (1966). "Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics. Part III. Stability of a

zonal vortex at midlatitudes to axially symmetric disturbances" (http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpprIIIasd.pdf) .

J. Atmos. Sci. 23: 344–349. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0344:RAPPIM>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org


/lindzen/rpprIIIasd.pdf.

11.

^ Lindzen, R.S. (1966). "Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics. Part IV. Stability of a

zonal vortex at midlatitudes to baroclinic waves" (http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpprivbrwv.pdf) . J. Atmos.

Sci. 23: 350–359. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0350:RAPPIM>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org


/lindzen/rpprivbrwv.pdf.

12.

^ Goody, R.M. (1964). Atmospheric Radiation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.13.

^ Blake, D.W. and R.S. Lindzen (1973). "Effect of photochemical models on calculated equilibria and cooling rates

in the stratosphere" (http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/101/mwr-101-11-0783.pdf) . Mon. Wea. Rev. 101:

738–802. http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/101/mwr-101-11-0783.pdf.

14.

^ See for instance the widely cited study Fels, S.B., J.D. Mahlman, M.D. Schwarzkopf and R.W. Sinclair (1980).

"Stratospheric Sensitivity to Perturbations in Ozone and Carbon Dioxide: Radiative and Dynamical Response"

(http://www.gfdl.gov/~gth/netscape/1980/sbf8001.pdf) . J. Atmos. Sci. 37 (10): 2265–2297.

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<2265:SSTPIO>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org

/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281980%29037%3C2265%3ASSTPIO%3E2.0.CO%3B2) . http://www.gfdl.gov

/~gth/netscape/1980/sbf8001.pdf. The Lindzen and Blake formalism is used in the parameterization of radiative-photochemical damping (see Appendix A).

15.

^ Laplace, P. S. (1799). Méchanique Céleste. Paris.16.

^ Siebert, M. (1961). "Atmospheric tides". Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 7 . New York: Academic Press.

pp. 105–182.

17.

^ Butler, S. T. and Small, K. A. (1963). "The excitation of atmospheric oscillations". Proc. Roy. Soc. A274:

91–121.

18.

^ Lindzen, R.S. (1966). "On the theory of the diurnal tide" (http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=res-

loc&uri=urn%3Anoaa%3Apdf%3Afile%3Amwr-094-05-0295.pdf) . Mon. Wea. Rev. 94: 295–301.

doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1966)094<0295:OTTOTD>2.3.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org

/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281966%29094%3C0295%3AOTTOTD%3E2.3.CO%3B2) . http://ams.allenpress.com

/perlserv/?request=res-loc&uri=urn%3Anoaa%3Apdf%3Afile%3Amwr-094-05-0295.pdf.

19.

^ Haurwitz, B. (1962a). "Die tägliche Periode der Lufttemperatur in Bodenähe und ihre geographische Verteilung". Areh. Met. Geoph. Biokl. A12: 426–434.

20.

^ It should be noted that S. Kato had independently made the same discovery at about the same time in the Soviet

Union. See Kato, S. (1966). "Diurnal atmospheric oscillation, 1. Eigenvalues and Hough functions". J. Geophys.

Res. 71: 3201–3209.

21.

^ Lindzen, R.S. (1967). "Thermally driven diurnal tide in the atmosphere" (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com

/journal/113520655/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0) . Q. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 93: 18–42.

doi:10.1002/qj.49709339503 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fqj.49709339503) . http://www3.interscience.wiley.com

/journal/113520655/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0.

22.

^ Lindzen, R.S. and D.J. McKenzie (1967). "Tidal theory with Newtonian cooling" (http://www.springerlink.com

/content/n57x367018316l67/fulltext.pdf?page=1) . Pure & Appl. Geophys. 64: 90–96. http://www.springerlink.com

/content/n57x367018316l67/fulltext.pdf?page=1.

23.

^ Lindzen, R.S. (1968). "The application of classical atmospheric tidal theory"(http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/303/1474/299.full.pdf) . Proc. Roy. Soc. A303: 299–316.

http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/303/1474/299.full.pdf.

24.

^ Lindzen, R.S. and S. Chapman (1969). "Atmospheric tides" (http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen

/29_Atmos_Tides.pdf) . Sp. Sci. Revs. 10: 3–188. http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/29_Atmos_Tides.pdf.

25.

^ Chapman, S. and R.S. Lindzen (1970). Atmospheric Tides: Thermal and Graviational (http://books.google.com

/?id=fS_TJ63wdAYC&printsec=frontcover) . Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Press. pp. 200. ISBN 9789027701138.

http://books.google.com/?id=fS_TJ63wdAYC&printsec=frontcover.

26.

^ Lindzen, R.S. (1987). "On the development of the theory of the QBO" (http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen

/devtheoqbo.pdf) . Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 68: 329–337. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1987)068<0329:OTDOTT>2.0.CO;2

(http://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281987%29068%3C0329%3AOTDOTT%3E2.0.CO%3B2) .

27.


11 28/10/20



http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/devtheoqbo.pdf.

^ Ibid., p. 329.28.

^ Lindzen, R.S. and J.R. Holton (1968). "A theory of quasi-biennial oscillation" (http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen

/qubieoscil.pdf) . J. Atmos. Sci. 26: 1095–1107. http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/qubieoscil.pdf.

29.

^ Wallace, J. M., and J. R. Holton (1967). "A diagnostic numerical model of the quasi-biennial oscillation"

(http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0469/25/2/pdf/i1520-0469-25-2-280.pdf) (). J. Atmos. Sci. 25: 280–292.

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0280:ADNMOT>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org

/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281968%29025%3C0280%3AADNMOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2) . http://ams.allenpress.com

/archive/1520-0469/25/2/pdf/i1520-0469-25-2-280.pdf.

30.

^ Actually, the evidence was coming in at the time, see Wallace, J. M., and V. E. Kousky (1967). "Observational

evidence of Kelvin waves in the tropical stratosphere" (http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0469/25/5/pdf

/i1520-0469-25-5-900.pdf) (). J. Atmos. Sci. 25: 900–907.

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0900:OEOKWI>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org

/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281968%29025%3C0900%3AOEOKWI%3E2.0.CO%3B2) . http://ams.allenpress.com

/archive/1520-0469/25/5/pdf/i1520-0469-25-5-900.pdf. However, Lindzen says in his 1987 recollections that he did

not see this study until after the Lindzen and Holton (1968) paper was already submitted (1987, p. 330).

31.

^ Holton, J.R. and R.S. Lindzen (1972). "An updated theory for the quasibiennial cycle of the tropical stratosphere"

(http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/qbicytrstr.pdf) . J. Atmos. Sci. 29: 1076–1080.

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<1076:AUTFTQ>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org

/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281972%29029%3C1076%3AAUTFTQ%3E2.0.CO%3B2) . http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty

/lindzen/qbicytrstr.pdf.

32.

^ Taylor, F.W. and C.C.C. Tsang (February 2005). "Venus super-rotation" (http://web.archive.org

/web/20070706210100/http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/project/virtis/venus-super.html) . Archived from the original

(http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/project/virtis/venus-super.html) on July 6, 2007. http://web.archive.org

/web/20070706210100/http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/project/virtis/venus-super.html. Retrieved 2009-03-29.

33.

^ Fels, S.B. and R.S. Lindzen (1974). "Interaction of thermally excited gravity waves with mean flows"

(http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/60_Interac.pdf) . Geophys. Fl. Dyn. 6: 149–191.

doi:10.1080/03091927409365793 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F03091927409365793) . http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty

/lindzen/60_Interac.pdf.

34.

^ Gierasch, P.J. (1975). "Meridional circulation and the maintenance of the Venus atmospheric rotation"

(http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0469/32/6/pdf/i1520-0469-32-6-1038.pdf) (). J. Atmos. Sci 32: 1038–1044

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<1038:MCATMO>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org

/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281975%29032%3C1038%3AMCATMO%3E2.0.CO%3B2) . http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0469/32/6/pdf/i1520-0469-32-6-1038.pdf.

35.

^ For example see Zhu, X. (2005). "Maintenance of Equatorial Superrotation in a Planetary Atmosphere: Analytic

Evaluation of the Zonal Momentum Budgets for the Stratospheres of Venus, Titan and Earth" (http://www.bu.edu

/csp/uv/cp-aeronomy/Zhu_2005.pdf) . SR SR A-2005-01, JHU /APL, Laurel, MD (2005). . http://www.bu.edu/csp/uv

/cp-aeronomy/Zhu_2005.pdf.

36.

^ Lindzen, R.S., M.-D. Chou, and A.Y. Hou (2001). "Does the Earth have an adaptive infrared iris?"

(http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/adinfriris.pdf) . Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 82: 417–432.

doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0417:DTEHAA>2.3.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org

/10.1175%2F1520-0477%282001%29082%3C0417%3ADTEHAA%3E2.3.CO%3B2) . http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty

/lindzen/adinfriris.pdf.

37.

^ Bing Lin, Bing; et al. (2002). "The iris hypothesis: a negative or positive cloud feedback?". J. Climate 15: 3–7.

doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0003:TIHANO>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282002%29015%3C0003%3ATIHANO%3E2.0.CO%3B2) .

38.

^ NASA (Jan 16, 2002). "NASA satellite instrument warms up global cooling theory" (http://www.nasa.gov/centers

/langley/news/releases/2002/02-005.html) . Press release. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/releases

/2002/02-005.html.

39.

^ a b Stevens, W. (June 18, 1996). "SCIENTIST AT WORK: Richard S. Lindzen;A Skeptic Asks, Is It Getting

Hotter, Or Is It Just the Computer Model?" (http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/18/science/scientist-work-richard-

s-lindzen-skeptic-asks-it-getting-hotter-it-just-computer.html?pagewanted=1) . The New York Times.

http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/18/science/scientist-work-richard-s-lindzen-skeptic-asks-it-getting-hotter-it-just-

computer.html?pagewanted=1. Retrieved 2009-07-26.

40.

^ a b Guterl, F. (July 23, 2001). "The Truth About Global Warming" (http://www.newsweek.com/id/78772/page/1) .41.


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Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/78772/page/1. Retrieved 2009-07-26.

^ "Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions: Committee on the Science of Climate Change"

(http://www.nap.edu/html/climatechange/committee.html) . National Academies Press. 2001. http://www.nap.edu

/html/climatechange/committee.html. Retrieved 2007-04-05.

42.

^ "Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions" (http://www.nap.edu/catalog

/10139.html?onpi_webextra6) . National Academies Press. 2001. http://www.nap.edu/catalog

/10139.html?onpi_webextra6. Retrieved 2007-04-05.

43.

^ Lindzen, Richard S. (June 11, 2001). "Scientists' Report Doesn't Support the Kyoto Treaty" (http://eaps.mit.edu

/faculty/lindzen/OpEds/LindzenWSJ.pdf) (PDF). The Wall Street Journal. http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/OpEds

/LindzenWSJ.pdf. Retrieved 2007-04-05.

44.

^ a b Lindzen, Richard S. (February 23, 2004). "Canadian Reactions To Sir David King" (http://meteo.lcd.lu

/globalwarming/Lindzen/canadian_reactions_to_sir_david_king.html) . The Hill Times. http://meteo.lcd.lu

/globalwarming/Lindzen/canadian_reactions_to_sir_david_king.html. Retrieved 2007-04-05.

45.

^ Lindzen, Richard S. (May 1, 2001). "Testimony of Richard S. Lindzen before the U.S. Senate Commerce

Committee" (http://www.lavoisier.com.au/articles/climate-policy/science-and-policy/Lindzen_McCain.pdf) (PDF).

Lavoisier Group. http://www.lavoisier.com.au/articles/climate-policy/science-and-policy/Lindzen_McCain.pdf.

Retrieved 18 March, 2009.

46.

^ Solomon, Lawrence (December 22, 2006). "The Deniers – Part V: The original denier: into the cold"

(http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=63ab844f-8c55-4059-9ad8-89de085af353&k=0) . National

Post. http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=63ab844f-8c55-4059-9ad8-89de085af353&k=0. Retrieved

2007-04-05.

47.

^ The NAS panel said on the matter that "The committee finds that the full IPCC Working Group I (WGI) report is

an admirable summary of research activities in climate science, and the full report is adequately summarized in the

Technical Summary. The full WGI report and its Technical Summary are not specifically directed at policy. The

Summary for Policymakers reflects less emphasis on communicating the basis for uncertainty and a stronger

emphasis on areas of major concern associated with human-induced climate change. This change in emphasis

appears to be the result of a summary process in which scientists work with policy makers on the document. Written

responses from U.S. coordinating and lead scientific authors to the committee indicate, however, that (a) no changes

were made without the consent of the convening lead authors (this group represents a fraction of the lead and

contributing authors) and (b) most changes that did occur lacked significant impact."

48.

^ "Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions: Summary" (http://www.nap.edu

/html/climatechange/summary.html) . National Academies Press. 2001. http://www.nap.edu/html/climatechange

/summary.html. Retrieved 2007-04-05.

49.

^ Lindzen, Richard (09/17/2003). "A Mayor Mistake" (http://www.tcsdaily.com/Article.aspx?id=091703C) . TCS

(Tech Central Station). http://www.tcsdaily.com/Article.aspx?id=091703C. Retrieved 2009-03-15.

50.

^ CNN . http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0701/31/lkl.01.html. Retrieved May 22, 2010.51.

^ Lindzen, Richard S. (November 30, 2009). "The Climate Science Isn't Settled" (http://online.wsj.com/article

/SB10001424052748703939404574567423917025400.html) . The Wall Street Journal . http://online.wsj.com/article

/SB10001424052748703939404574567423917025400.html.

52.

^ Bailey, Ronald (November 10, 2005). "Two Sides to Global Warming" (http://web.archive.org

/web/20070313204825/http://www.reason.com/rb/rb111004.shtml) . Reason Magazine. Archived from the original

(http://www.reason.com/rb/rb111004.shtml) on March 13, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070313204825/http:

//www.reason.com/rb/rb111004.shtml. Retrieved 2007-04-05.

53.

^ Bailey, Ronald (June 8, 2005). "Betting on Climate Change" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070313205023/http:

//www.reason.com/rb/rb060805.shtml) . Reason Magazine. Archived from the original (http://www.reason.com

/rb/rb060805.shtml) on March 13, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070313205023/http://www.reason.com

/rb/rb060805.shtml. Retrieved 2007-04-05.

54.

^ "Climate change dissenters say they are demonized in debate - USATODAY.com" (http://www.usatoday.com

/weather/climate/2007-12-14-climate-change-skeptics_N.htm) . USA Today. December 17, 2007.

http://www.usatoday.com/weather/climate/2007-12-14-climate-change-skeptics_N.htm. Retrieved May 22, 2010.

55.

^ Eilperin, Juliet (October 2009). "Richard Lindzen: An Inconvenient Expert" (http://outsideonline.com/outside

/culture/200710/richard-lindzen-3.html) . Outside. http://outsideonline.com/outside/culture/200710/richard-lindzen-

3.html. Retrieved December 8, 2009.

56.

^ Achenbach, Joel (June 5, 2006). "Global-warming skeptics continue to punch away"

(http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003040068_warming05.html) . The Seattle Times.

57.


r 11 28/10/20



http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003040068_warming05.html. Retrieved December 8, 2009.

^ "The Contrarian" (http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/the_contrarian/) . Seed . August 24, 2006.

http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/the_contrarian/. Retrieved December 8, 2009.

58.

^ ISI record (http://hcr3.isiknowledge.com/author.cgi?&link1=Browse&link2=Results&id=2422)59.

^ American Men & Women of Science, 25th ed. Vol. 4, P.909 (2008)60.

External links

Richard Lindzen's Home page at MIT (http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen.htm)

A List of Publications (http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/PublicationsRSL.html)

Profile at Physics World (http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/20/2/2/1)

Testimony of Richard S. Lindzen Before the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works 2001

(http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/Testimony/Senate2001.pdf)

Profile on Source Watch (http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Richard_S._Lindzen)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lindzen"

Categories: American physicists | Environmental skepticism | Harvard University alumni | Members of the

United States National Academy of Sciences | Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of

Science | American meteorologists | 1940 births | Living people | Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty |

American climatologists | ISI highly cited researchers | Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters

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