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Rights and Transcendentalism
Where do we find individuals rights?
• Who would be supporting this?• What helped in America ESTABLISHING religious freedom? (Catholics)• How did Enlightenment ideals help in establishing a separation of
Church and State?• Constitution mentions 3 populations inhabiting the United States:
• Indians, treated as members of independent tribes, not a part of the Govt.• Other Persons, slaves• The people
First 10 Amendments of the Constitution
Definition of what unalienable rights were mentioned in the Declaration of Independence
*
*
*Freedom of Religion
*Freedom of Expression
*Freedom of Assembly
*Freedom to Petition
*Freedom of the Press
**The right to (keep) Bear Arms
**Right to Privacy- Do not have to quarter “let
stay in your house” a soldier
*
*Right to Privacy – requires a search warrant issued by a judge which is based on probable cause to search and seize (take) property
**Right to a fair trial
*Must have indictment by a Grand Jury*Prohibits Double Jeopardy (Being tried twice for the same crime IF
found innocent the 1st time*Do not have to testify (give information under oath) about one’s
self*Must have due process of law before punishment
**Miranda Rights
*Speedy and fair trial
* Impartial (fair) Jury
*Given a Lawyer if a person cannot afford to hire one
*Confront Witnesses
*Understand the charges against you
**Right to a fair trial – The court system must
respect the verdict (decision) of the jury unless something happens that is against the law.
*
*Right to a Fair Trial*No excess (too much) bail for the crime
*No cruel and unusual punishment
**Limits federal powers to the Enumerated
powers listed in the Constitution. Acknowledescitizens have more rights than those listed*Ex- abortion, schools, education
**Powers not given to the Federal Government in
the US Constitution are Reserved for the States and the People*Ex- divorce, rules for marriage, driving licenses,
Rules for Police and fire departments
Monroe’s Presidency• Wins election of 1816 after Hartford Convention• Era of Good Feelings
• One-party government• Regional divisions, but no party division
• Success of Henry Clay’s American System • Advancements in technology, transportation, and communication• New markets open in both US and Internationally• Supreme Court was Nationalist• Panic of 1819
• Blamed the banks, not the President• Wins reelection in 1820 (almost unanimously – height of era)
• Still no other Party to oppose Republican
Missouri Compromise 1819• Form it’s own Constitution• Slave Pop was over 10,000• Tallmadge – no more & children freed at 25 • Sparked 2 years of debate that split the
Republican Party along sectional lines• Compromise
• Missouri gets to avoid Tallmadge discussion• Didn’t allow free blacks in
• Maine becomes annexed (free state)• Maintains balance
• Prohibited North of 36 parallel
• Jefferson saw it as an attempt to get Federalist Party back
• Slaves = power• All but Adams have came from Virginia
Election of 1824• Monroe Doctrine increased Nationalism• Sectionalism was the debate• Jackson vs Quincy Adams vs Clay vs Crawford
• all were Democratic Republicans• Clay gave support to Quincy Adams and earned a
secretary of State position• “Corrupt Barging”
• New system of Political Parties• Jackson and Crawford = Democratic Party• Clay and Adams = Whigs (1830)
Election of 1828• Jackson (Democrat) vs. Quincy Adams (Republican)
The Free Individual• Market Revolution and Westward Expansion
• Energetic, materialistic, constant motion• Produces a new middle class
• Americans had no attachment to place• American Freedom – availability of land in the
West• Manifest Destiny
• Divinely appointed mission• Mission to extend freedom
• Prevent becoming a society of fixed classes and large group of wage earning poor
Transcendentalists • Emphasis on the individual
• Connections between man nature and God
• Most important thing is making your own way
• Ralph Waldo Emerson – “the opportunity for personal growth offered a new definition of Jefferson’s pursuit of happiness”,
• Humanity and nature is good, society is evil
• Men=tools of their tools
Transcendentalist
• Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Advancements in transportation made things possible, market revolution made American Dream possible
• Individual judgment over existing social traditions and institutions
• Counter Culture – Hippies of their day
Birth of American Culture• Separate from that of European influence• Hudson River School of Painting• Knickerbockers – American values, settings
• Rip Van Winkle, Legend of Sleepy Hallow, Last of the Mohicans,\The Scarlet Letter, Moby-Dick (religion and morality)
• Washington Irvine, Nathanial Hawthorn, Herman Melville
Second Great Awakening• Reaction to the selfishness that comes with expansion and
individualism • Belief in Perfectionism
• Resemble the life of Jesus through faith, hard work, education, and temperance.
• 1820s– Protestant traditionalist• Charles G. Finney – minister
• Appealed to emotions, not reason – fire and brimstone• Fear of Satan and Hell• Did well in towns where people fell to sin
Impact of the Second Great Awakening • Methodist and Baptist traveled across
the South and West – tent revivals• Became the 2 largest denominations of
Christianity in the US• Aided by transportation
• Democratized American Christianity and influenced Politics on local, state and national level combining Christianity and liberty
• Temperance Movement• General Health – insane asylums and diet
• Dorothea Dix – penal system – taught job skills
• Sylvester Graham & John Harvey Kellogg
Utopian Communities
• Differed in structure• Single leader, democratic, • Most were religious, social and
economic as well• Cooperative
• Narrow gap of rich and poor• Socialism & Communism enter politics• Gender Norm/Relation Change
• Shakers (Ann Lee), Oneida Community (John Noyes)
• Mormons
Temperance movement
• Protestant Perfectionism / Religion merging in politics
• Fewer on the job accidents and more productivity
• Maine – Bans sale or manufacturing• Critics
• Attack on their individual freedom• Catholics – saw this as a way to impose
their religion’s morality• Individual is not morally free emphasis on
independence and Community
Abolitionism
• Fredric Douglas (North Star), William Lloyd Garrison (Liberator)
• Liberty Party – 1st anti-extension of slavery party
• Underground Railroad• Sojourner Truth• Harriet Tubman
Seneca Falls Convention• Beginning of women’s rights movement• Sarah and Angelina Grimke – opposition to male
dominance within the abolition movement
• L. Mott, Elizabeth Clay Stanton, Susan B. Anthony – organizers of Convention to discuss the plight of women in the US
• Declaration of Sentiments• Modeled after the Declaration of Independence• All men and women are created equal• Demand suffrage for women